Exercise 104—Shall and Will
The auxiliary verbs used to form the future tenses areshallandwill. The two must be carefully distinguished because they denote different ideas, according to the person with which they are used. The rule is, to express simple future time, useshallin the first person,willin the second and third persons.
The future tense of the verbwalkis conjugated as follows:
I shall walkWe shall walkYou will walkYou will walkHe will walkThey will walk
This is the form to use when you expect the action to take place naturally.
On the other hand, instead of letting things take their natural course as they do in the simple future, you may force them to take place. You may, for example, be determined to walk, or determined to make some one else walk. In that case the use is reversed; as,
I will walkWe will walkYou shall walkYou shall walkHe shall walkThey shall walk
This form is used whenever the speaker has authority to bring about the action indicated by the verb.
In questions of the first person always useshall. In questions of the second and third persons use the same form that you expect in the answer; as,
Shallyou be at home to-morrow? Ishall.
In the following sentences insertshallorwill, giving the reason for your choice:
1. I —— finish the work by three o'clock, I think.2. To-morrow he —— feel sorry for this; I vow it.3. I am sorry, but I —— not be able to finish the work before next week.4. —— you finish your business course in February or in June? I —— finish in June, I think.5. —— he finish in February? No, he —— finish in June.6. The foreman declares he —— not have another chance.7. He —— see his mistake when it is too late.8. They —— surely be at the station to meet me.9. I'm afraid you —— be kicked if you go near that horse.10. If he doesn't take the examination, he —— fail.11. I am determined that I —— win.12. I —— sail probably on the fifteenth.13. He —— be twenty-one to-morrow.14. I —— go in spite of him.15. —— you go by train, do you think?16. I —— be greatly obliged if you —— send the book at once.17. I promise you John —— know his lesson to-morrow.18. —— you be at home this evening?19. —— the train be on time?20. —— the store be open this evening?
1. I —— finish the work by three o'clock, I think.
2. To-morrow he —— feel sorry for this; I vow it.
3. I am sorry, but I —— not be able to finish the work before next week.
4. —— you finish your business course in February or in June? I —— finish in June, I think.
5. —— he finish in February? No, he —— finish in June.
6. The foreman declares he —— not have another chance.
7. He —— see his mistake when it is too late.
8. They —— surely be at the station to meet me.
9. I'm afraid you —— be kicked if you go near that horse.
10. If he doesn't take the examination, he —— fail.
11. I am determined that I —— win.
12. I —— sail probably on the fifteenth.
13. He —— be twenty-one to-morrow.
14. I —— go in spite of him.
15. —— you go by train, do you think?
16. I —— be greatly obliged if you —— send the book at once.
17. I promise you John —— know his lesson to-morrow.
18. —— you be at home this evening?
19. —— the train be on time?
20. —— the store be open this evening?
Conjugate the future and future perfect tenses of the following verbs:
driveseegorunsweepridechoosesingeatsell
Exercise 105—Should and Would
Shouldandwouldare the past tenses ofshallandwilland, in general, express the same ideas as doshallandwill, except thatshouldsometimes meansought;as,
Youshouldnot speak in that way.
Would, also, sometimes indicates an action that occurs frequently; as,
Shewouldoften sit at the window all the morning.
The use ofshouldandwouldin indirect statements and questions is sometimes puzzling. First of all, decide whethershallorwillwould be used in the direct form of the sentence.If the direct form usesshall, useshouldin the indirect; if the direct useswill, usewouldin the indirect; as,
Direct:The marketwillimprove.Indirect:He said that the marketwouldimprove.
Direct:The marketwillimprove.
Indirect:He said that the marketwouldimprove.
In conditional clauses (if), useshouldfor all persons.
Insertshouldorwould.
1. If I knew his address, I —— send him a telegram.2. He promised that he —— not make the mistake again. (The direct form would read, I will not —— )3. I promised that I —— not make the mistake again.4. You promised that you —— not make the mistake again.5. Do you think that I —— go?6. I —— if I were you.7. I —— think he —— know better than to apply for that position.8. John said that, no matter what we thought, he —— not go.9. If you —— decide to accept the offer, let me know at once.10. I am sorry he did that. He —— not, of course.11. If I —— see him, I'd let him know.12. If he —— come during my absence, ask him to wait.13. I —— think you would be more careful.14. Let me know if you —— not be able to come.
1. If I knew his address, I —— send him a telegram.
2. He promised that he —— not make the mistake again. (The direct form would read, I will not —— )
3. I promised that I —— not make the mistake again.
4. You promised that you —— not make the mistake again.
5. Do you think that I —— go?
6. I —— if I were you.
7. I —— think he —— know better than to apply for that position.
8. John said that, no matter what we thought, he —— not go.
9. If you —— decide to accept the offer, let me know at once.
10. I am sorry he did that. He —— not, of course.
11. If I —— see him, I'd let him know.
12. If he —— come during my absence, ask him to wait.
13. I —— think you would be more careful.
14. Let me know if you —— not be able to come.
Exercise 106
Change the italicized verbs to past tense, future, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect. Wherever necessary, add sufficient to make the meaning of the tense clear; as,
Present:The manageris nowin his office.Past:The managerwasin his officea few minutes ago.Future:The managerwill bein his officeto-morrow at ten o'clock.Present Perfect:The managerhas beenin his officeall the morning. (It is still morning.)Past Perfect:The managerhad beenin his officeonly a few moments when the president arrived.Future Perfect:In about five minutesthe managerwill have beenin the president's officeexactly three hours.1. The cashieropensthe safe in the morning.2. The mechanicearnsgood wages.3. The buyerleavesto-night.4. The bookkeepermakesout the statements.5. The correspondentwritesthe booklets.6. The advertising managerapprovesthe copy.7. The adding machineis broken.8. The chief clerkattendsto the incoming mail.9. The superintendentvisitsthe factory every day.10. The salesmanis sellingfive thousand dollars' worth of goods a week.
Present:The manageris nowin his office.
Past:The managerwasin his officea few minutes ago.
Future:The managerwill bein his officeto-morrow at ten o'clock.
Present Perfect:The managerhas beenin his officeall the morning. (It is still morning.)
Past Perfect:The managerhad beenin his officeonly a few moments when the president arrived.
Future Perfect:In about five minutesthe managerwill have beenin the president's officeexactly three hours.
1. The cashieropensthe safe in the morning.
2. The mechanicearnsgood wages.
3. The buyerleavesto-night.
4. The bookkeepermakesout the statements.
5. The correspondentwritesthe booklets.
6. The advertising managerapprovesthe copy.
7. The adding machineis broken.
8. The chief clerkattendsto the incoming mail.
9. The superintendentvisitsthe factory every day.
10. The salesmanis sellingfive thousand dollars' worth of goods a week.
Exercise 107
The present tense is used to indicate general truths—things true in past time and still true. Omit the incorrect form in the following sentences:
1. What did you sayis—wasthe meaning of the termbona fide?2. Whatwas—isthe name of that book that you enjoyed so much?3. Didn't you know that the lionis—wascalled the king of beasts?4. They told me that the legal rate of interest at presentis-wassix per cent.5. Have you ever heard him try to prove that blackis—waswhite?6. Whatis—wasthe name of the banker who lectured to us yesterday?7. I never could remember what the important products of my countyare—were.8. The advocate of Equal Suffrage argued that mothersneed—neededthe ballot to protect their children.9. She said that a democracyis—wasa government of the people, by the people, and for the people, and that womenare-werepeople as well as men.10. The speaker asserted that this countryneeds—neededa tariff to protect home industries.
1. What did you sayis—wasthe meaning of the termbona fide?
2. Whatwas—isthe name of that book that you enjoyed so much?
3. Didn't you know that the lionis—wascalled the king of beasts?
4. They told me that the legal rate of interest at presentis-wassix per cent.
5. Have you ever heard him try to prove that blackis—waswhite?
6. Whatis—wasthe name of the banker who lectured to us yesterday?
7. I never could remember what the important products of my countyare—were.
8. The advocate of Equal Suffrage argued that mothersneed—neededthe ballot to protect their children.
9. She said that a democracyis—wasa government of the people, by the people, and for the people, and that womenare-werepeople as well as men.
10. The speaker asserted that this countryneeds—neededa tariff to protect home industries.
Exercise 108—Principal Parts
No one can be certain of using the correct form of a verb unless he knows the principal parts. Some verbs are regular;that is, they form their past tense and their perfect participle by addingedto the present tense; as,
PresentPastPerfect Participlewalkwalkedwalked
Some verbs, however, are very irregular, having a different form for each of the principal parts. A list of such verbs follows:
PresentPastPerfect Participlearisearosearisenawakeawoke or awakedawakedbewasbeenbear (carry)borebornebeatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomebeginbeganbegunbidbadebiddenbitebitbittenblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenchoosechosechosencomecamecomedodiddonedrawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenflyflewflownforbidforbadeforbiddenforsakeforsookforsakenfreezefrozefrozengivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhidehidhiddenknowknewknownlie (to rest)laylainrideroderiddenringrangrungriseroserisenrunranrunseesawseenshakeshookshakenshowshowedshownshrinkshrankshrunksingsangsungslayslewslainslideslidsliddensowsowedsownspeakspokespokenspringsprangsprungstealstolestolenstrivestrovestrivenswearsworeswornswellswelledswelled, swollenswimswamswumtaketooktakenteartoretornthrowthrewthrownwearworewornweavewovewovenwritewrotewritten
Exercise 109
Some verbs, though irregularly formed, have the past tense and perfect participle alike. A list of such verbs follows:
PresentPastPerfect Participlebendbentbentbeholdbeheldbeheldbeseechbesoughtbesoughtbindboundboundbleedbledbledblessblessed, blestblessed, blestbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltburnburned, burntburned, burntbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtclingclungclungclotheclothed, cladclothed, cladcreepcreptcreptdealdealtdealtdigdugdugdreamdreamed, dreamtdreamed, dreamtdwelldweltdweltfleefledfledgrindgroundgroundhanghung, hangedhung, hangedhavehadhadhearheardheardholdheldheldkneelkneltkneltlaylaidlaidleadledledleapleaptleaptlendlentlentpaypaidpaidsaysaidsaidshineshoneshonesitsatsatsleepsleptsleptslingslungslungspeedspedspedspinspunspunstandstoodstoodstingstungstungstrikestruckstruckstringstrungstrungsweepsweptsweptswingswungswungteachtaughttaughtthinkthoughtthoughtweepweptweptwinwonwonwindwoundwoundwringwrungwrung
Exercise 110
Some verbs have all three forms alike. A list of such follows:
PresentPastPerfect Participlebetbetbetburstburstburstcastcastcastcostcostcostcutcutcuthithithithurthurthurtknitknitknitletletletputputputridridridsetsetsetshedshedshedspreadspreadspreadsweatsweatsweatwetwetwet
Exercise 111
Choose the correct form of the italicized words below, and give the reason for your choice.
1. If itdon't—doesn'tfit you, we shall alter it.2. Iknew—knowedI was right.3.Aren't—ain'tyou glad we came?4.Ain't—isn'the well?5. Wedone—didthe right thing.6.Let—leavethe book on the table.7.Let—leaveme do as I planned.8. Mary hasbroke—brokenher arm.9. My mother hasgone—wentto Boston.10. Wherewas—wereyou yesterday?11. When the dinner bellrang—rung, we allcome—camerunning in.12. Hedon't—doesn'tknow what you said.13. To what hospital have theytaken—tookhim?14. Isaw—seenhim a few minutes ago.15. Isaw—seenhim yesterday.16. I shouldhave—ofbrought my book.17. My winter coat iswore—wornout.18. Have you everrode—riddenin an aeroplane?19. I haveshown—showedyou all the styles I have.20.Don't—doesn'tit seem odd that hedon't—doesn'tcome?21. Shedon't—doesn'tremember you.22. Webegan—begunthe work yesterday.23. I'm afraid my foot isfroze—frozen.24. Weran—runall the way.25. I'veshook—shakenhim three times, but hedon't—doesn'tawake.26. The bellrang—rungjust before you entered.27. Shesang—sungvery well.28. Heswam—swumall yesterday morning.29. Whydon't—doesn'tsome one tell John that his coat istore—torn?30.Don't—doesn'tmother know that the vase isbroke—broken?
1. If itdon't—doesn'tfit you, we shall alter it.
2. Iknew—knowedI was right.
3.Aren't—ain'tyou glad we came?
4.Ain't—isn'the well?
5. Wedone—didthe right thing.
6.Let—leavethe book on the table.
7.Let—leaveme do as I planned.
8. Mary hasbroke—brokenher arm.
9. My mother hasgone—wentto Boston.
10. Wherewas—wereyou yesterday?
11. When the dinner bellrang—rung, we allcome—camerunning in.
12. Hedon't—doesn'tknow what you said.
13. To what hospital have theytaken—tookhim?
14. Isaw—seenhim a few minutes ago.
15. Isaw—seenhim yesterday.
16. I shouldhave—ofbrought my book.
17. My winter coat iswore—wornout.
18. Have you everrode—riddenin an aeroplane?
19. I haveshown—showedyou all the styles I have.
20.Don't—doesn'tit seem odd that hedon't—doesn'tcome?
21. Shedon't—doesn'tremember you.
22. Webegan—begunthe work yesterday.
23. I'm afraid my foot isfroze—frozen.
24. Weran—runall the way.
25. I'veshook—shakenhim three times, but hedon't—doesn'tawake.
26. The bellrang—rungjust before you entered.
27. Shesang—sungvery well.
28. Heswam—swumall yesterday morning.
29. Whydon't—doesn'tsome one tell John that his coat istore—torn?
30.Don't—doesn'tmother know that the vase isbroke—broken?
Exercise 112—Troublesome Verbs
Lie, Lay
Lieis intransitive;layis transitive.Liesignifiesto rest;lay,to place. Insert the correct form in the following:
1. He told me to —— the book on the table. It —— there now.2. I —— all day waiting for help to arrive.3. Where did you —— the purse?4. I —— it on your desk.5. I have —— the letters on your desk.6. They told me to —— down. I —— down for about two hours.7. As I wished to bleach the clothes, I —— them on the grass.8. —— the bundle down and listen to me.9. You will probably find your cap ——ing where it has —— since you dropped it.10. They let the field —— fallow.11. How long has it —— fallow?12. Yesterday he —— on the grass almost all day.13. The hunter —— still and watched.14. He —— his gun beside him and waited.15. It will —— undisturbed till morning.16. —— down awhile before dinner.17. I don't know how long he has —— here.18. He let his tools —— in the rain.
1. He told me to —— the book on the table. It —— there now.
2. I —— all day waiting for help to arrive.
3. Where did you —— the purse?
4. I —— it on your desk.
5. I have —— the letters on your desk.
6. They told me to —— down. I —— down for about two hours.
7. As I wished to bleach the clothes, I —— them on the grass.
8. —— the bundle down and listen to me.
9. You will probably find your cap ——ing where it has —— since you dropped it.
10. They let the field —— fallow.
11. How long has it —— fallow?
12. Yesterday he —— on the grass almost all day.
13. The hunter —— still and watched.
14. He —— his gun beside him and waited.
15. It will —— undisturbed till morning.
16. —— down awhile before dinner.
17. I don't know how long he has —— here.
18. He let his tools —— in the rain.
Exercise 113—Troublesome Verbs
Sit, Set
Sitis intransitive and signifiesto rest.Setis transitive and meansto place. Insert the correct form:
1. I have —— the ferns in the rain.2. —— down for a few minutes.3. She drew up a chair and —— down, while we were ——ting down the probable expenses of the new house.4. Why don't you —— us a good example?5. ——ting the table is not strenuous enough for one who has been ——ting all day.6. The hen is ——ting on her eggs.7. The man is ——ting out trees.8. —— still; I'll go.
1. I have —— the ferns in the rain.
2. —— down for a few minutes.
3. She drew up a chair and —— down, while we were ——ting down the probable expenses of the new house.
4. Why don't you —— us a good example?
5. ——ting the table is not strenuous enough for one who has been ——ting all day.
6. The hen is ——ting on her eggs.
7. The man is ——ting out trees.
8. —— still; I'll go.
Fly, Flow, Flee
Remember that birdsfly;riversflow;hunted creaturesflee.
9. Still the river —— on its accustomed course.10. Every autumn the birds —— south.11. The birds have not yet —— away.12. The deer —— before the dogs.
9. Still the river —— on its accustomed course.
10. Every autumn the birds —— south.
11. The birds have not yet —— away.
12. The deer —— before the dogs.
Rise, Raise
Riseis intransitive;raiseis transitive.
13. I have been trying all morning to —— this window.14. I set the bread to ——.15. He will surely —— in his profession.
13. I have been trying all morning to —— this window.
14. I set the bread to ——.
15. He will surely —— in his profession.
Teach, Learn
16. Will you —— me how to play tennis?17. I thought you had —— how to play tennis.18. I —— (past tense) her the new system of filing.
16. Will you —— me how to play tennis?
17. I thought you had —— how to play tennis.
18. I —— (past tense) her the new system of filing.
May, Can
Maysignifies permission;candenotes possibility.
19. —— I use your book?20. —— you write shorthand?21. —— I go with you?22. My mother says that I —— go with you.
19. —— I use your book?
20. —— you write shorthand?
21. —— I go with you?
22. My mother says that I —— go with you.
Might, Could
Mightis the past tense ofmay, andcouldis the past tense ofcan.
23. He said that I —— go.24. He —— do the work if he wished.25. Did you say I —— use your typewriter?
23. He said that I —— go.
24. He —— do the work if he wished.
25. Did you say I —— use your typewriter?
Exercise 114—Accept, Except
Acceptmeansto receive.Exceptas a verb meansto exclude;as a preposition it meanswith the exception of. Insert the correct form in the following:
1. Did you —— the position? Yes, no one applied for it —— me.2. I have no other reason for not ——ing your invitation —— that I shall not be in the city.3. —— Mary all ——ed the invitation.4. He would not —— the money —— on one condition.5. Why do you —— him from the general offer that you are making?6. I agree with you —— on one point.7. He ——ed the rebuke in silence.8. We were forced to —— their conditions.9. He said he would not —— the money —— that he knew he could return it.10. You have answered everything —— what I asked you.
1. Did you —— the position? Yes, no one applied for it —— me.
2. I have no other reason for not ——ing your invitation —— that I shall not be in the city.
3. —— Mary all ——ed the invitation.
4. He would not —— the money —— on one condition.
5. Why do you —— him from the general offer that you are making?
6. I agree with you —— on one point.
7. He ——ed the rebuke in silence.
8. We were forced to —— their conditions.
9. He said he would not —— the money —— that he knew he could return it.
10. You have answered everything —— what I asked you.
Exercise 115—Affect, Effect
Affectmeansto influence. It is always a verb.Effectas a verb meansto bring to pass;as a noun it meansresult. Insert the correct form in the following sentences:
1. His opinion does not —— the case.2. How does war —— trade?3. His walking has had a good —— upon his health.4. The ruling did not —— the wholesale dealers, but it had a big —— upon us.5. What —— did the loss have upon him?6. The failure of the bank ——ed the small depositors but had no —— upon the big business men.7. The —— of the law has been startling because of the number of people ——ed by it.8. They ——ed the consolidation, but thereby produced a bad —— upon the price of their stock.9. The accident seriously ——ed his nervous system. In fact, the —— of the fall is only gradually disappearing.10. Did the celebrated physician really —— a cure?
1. His opinion does not —— the case.
2. How does war —— trade?
3. His walking has had a good —— upon his health.
4. The ruling did not —— the wholesale dealers, but it had a big —— upon us.
5. What —— did the loss have upon him?
6. The failure of the bank ——ed the small depositors but had no —— upon the big business men.
7. The —— of the law has been startling because of the number of people ——ed by it.
8. They ——ed the consolidation, but thereby produced a bad —— upon the price of their stock.
9. The accident seriously ——ed his nervous system. In fact, the —— of the fall is only gradually disappearing.
10. Did the celebrated physician really —— a cure?
Exercise 116—Lose, Loose
Loseis a verb, whilelooseis usually an adjective. The two should be carefully distinguished. Insert the correct form:
1. I have a note book with —— leaves.2. Aren't you afraid you will —— some of the —— leaves of that book?3. Be careful that you don't —— that —— bolt.4. Do you remember that you had warned me that I'd —— the —— button on my coat? I did —— it not five minutes afterward.5. One of the hinges of the door has become ——.6. Do not —— the —— change in that pocket.7. He will —— the parcel as the cord is ——.8. Did you —— the —— leaf journal?9. She may —— the money, as the clasp of her purse is ——.10. I keep my —— journal paper together by a rubber band so that there will be no chance of ——ing it.
1. I have a note book with —— leaves.
2. Aren't you afraid you will —— some of the —— leaves of that book?
3. Be careful that you don't —— that —— bolt.
4. Do you remember that you had warned me that I'd —— the —— button on my coat? I did —— it not five minutes afterward.
5. One of the hinges of the door has become ——.
6. Do not —— the —— change in that pocket.
7. He will —— the parcel as the cord is ——.
8. Did you —— the —— leaf journal?
9. She may —— the money, as the clasp of her purse is ——.
10. I keep my —— journal paper together by a rubber band so that there will be no chance of ——ing it.
Exercise 117—Had ought
Wrong:We had ought to go.Right:We ought to go.Wrong:We had ought to have gone.Right:We ought to have gone.
Correct the following sentences:
1. I had ought to have studied harder.2. You ought to do it, hadn't you?3. Hadn't you ought to have gone?4. Yes, I had ought to have gone yesterday.5. Do you think I had ought to have accepted?6. He had ought to come to-morrow.7. The tickets had ought to have come from the printer's yesterday.8. We had not ought to stay out so late.9. You had ought to wear your coat.10. He had ought to have become naturalized.11. You had ought to have washed the dishes before you went out.12. You had ought to take an umbrella.13. You had ought to have heard what she said.14. We hadn't ought to disagree.15. You ought to have invested, hadn't you?
1. I had ought to have studied harder.
2. You ought to do it, hadn't you?
3. Hadn't you ought to have gone?
4. Yes, I had ought to have gone yesterday.
5. Do you think I had ought to have accepted?
6. He had ought to come to-morrow.
7. The tickets had ought to have come from the printer's yesterday.
8. We had not ought to stay out so late.
9. You had ought to wear your coat.
10. He had ought to have become naturalized.
11. You had ought to have washed the dishes before you went out.
12. You had ought to take an umbrella.
13. You had ought to have heard what she said.
14. We hadn't ought to disagree.
15. You ought to have invested, hadn't you?
Exercise 118
Conjugation of the verbbein the
Indicative Mode
Present TenseSingularPluralI amWe areYou areYou areHe isThey arePast TenseI wasWe wereYou wereYou wereHe wasThey wereFuture TenseI shall beWe shall beYou will beYou will beHe will beThey will bePresent Perfect TenseI have beenWe have beenYou have beenYou have beenHe has beenThey have beenPast Perfect TenseI had beenWe had beenYou had beenYou had beenHe had beenThey had beenFuture Perfect TenseI shall have beenWe shall have beenYou will have beenYou will have beenHe will have beenThey will have been
The verbbeis used to form the progressive tenses of the active voice (SeeExercise 102) and the simple tenses of the passive voice; as,
Passive Voice
Present TenseSingularPluralI am followedWe are followedYou are followedYou are followedHe is followedThey are followedPast TenseI was followedWe were followedYou were followedYou were followedHe was followedThey were followedFuture TenseI shall be followedWe shall be followedYou will be followedYou will be followedHe will be followedThey will be followedPresent Perfect TenseI have been followedWe have been followedYou have been followedYou have been followedHe has been followedThey have been followedPast Perfect TenseI had been followedWe had been followedYou had been followedYou had been followedHe had been followedThey had been followedFuture Perfect TenseI shall have been followedWe shall have been followedYou will have been followedYou will have been followedHe will have been followedThey will have been followed
If we add the progressive form wherever it may be used, we have the following synopsis of the indicative mood:
Passive Voice
TensesBracketPrimaryBracketPresentI am followed (simple)I am being followed (progressive)PastI was followed (simple)I was being followed (progressive)FutureI shall be followedPerfectBracketPresent PerfectI have been followedPast PerfectI had been followedFuture PerfectI shall have been followed
Exercise 119
Conjugate the following in the passive voice:
1. Simple present ofpay.2. Progressive past ofpay.3. Present perfect ofthrow.4. Future ofpraise.5. Past perfect offorget.6. Progressive present ofchoose.7. Past progressive ofchoose.8. Future ofchoose.9. Future perfect ofchoose.10. Past perfect ofchoose.
1. Simple present ofpay.
2. Progressive past ofpay.
3. Present perfect ofthrow.
4. Future ofpraise.
5. Past perfect offorget.
6. Progressive present ofchoose.
7. Past progressive ofchoose.
8. Future ofchoose.
9. Future perfect ofchoose.
10. Past perfect ofchoose.
Exercise 120
Supply the verb forms indicated. Use the active unless the passive is definitely called for.
1. The vegetables (present perfect oflie) in water all the morning.2. Rumors (past progressive passive ofspread) far and wide that Germany would fight England.3. I thought the gingham (past perfect passive ofshrink) before the dress (past passive ofmade).4. I am afraid my ear (present progressive offreeze).5. Is it true that your ring (present perfect passive ofsteal)?6. A sudden storm (past ofarise) yesterday afternoon, and a little boy (past passive ofdrown) in the river where he and several of his companions (past perfect progressive ofswim) since noon.7. I (present perfect ofspeak) of the matter to no one.8. I suppose that it (present perfect passive ofbreak).9. I must (present perfect ofshow) him twenty different styles, but he (past ofchoose) none of them, for as soon as I (past ofshow) him one, he (past ofshake) his head.10. She (past progressive ofwring) out the clothes when the door bell (past ofring).11. I am afraid my purse (present passive oflose).12. The knight (past ofsay) that he (past perfect ofdecide) (infinitive offollow) the quest.13. I thought I (past perfect ofbring) you the morning paper.14. He (past ofswim) the river twice yesterday.15. There he stood (present participle ofring) the dinner bell.16. His coat (present perfect passive ofwet) through more than once.17. The trip (past ofcost) him a hundred dollars.18. I (past ofsee) the superintendent yesterday, but he said that there (present ofbe) no vacancies at present.19. They (past oflay) the clippings on the desk, and then they (past ofsit) down.20. As he (past ofspeak), he (past progressive ofshake) from head to foot.21. The clouds (past oflie) low on the horizon.22. The building in which I work (present perfect passive ofburn).23. Your employer (present perfectdeal) fairly with you.24. I (present perfect ofhave) the same position for three years.25. I (future oflend) him no money.26. The floor (past passive oflay) by an expert workman.27. The beads (past passive ofstring) on a waxed thread.28. He (present perfect ofthrow) the whole office into confusion.29. Before he came forward, he (past ofset) the child down.30. After the storm, leaves and twigs (past progressive oflie) thick upon the roads.31. He (past ofdrive) to town yesterday. He (future ofgo) again to-morrow.32. The dictionary (present progressive oflie) on the table where you (past oflay) it.33. The dog (past oflay) the bone down, and then he (past oflie) down.34. He (past ofset) the chair by the window and then (past ofsit) down.35. I think we (future ofsee) him as we pass, for he usually (present oflie) on a couch by the window.36. The snow (past perfect progressive offall) for several hours and now (past oflie) deep on every path.37. Everything (present perfect passive oflay) in readiness.38. (Present participle oflie) in the hammock, he soon fell asleep.39. I saw the man (present participle oflie) on the ground.40. After he (past perfect oflie) there a few minutes, he suddenly (past ofsit) up.41. The biplane, which (past perfect progressive oflie) in the hangar since it (past perfect passive ofraise) from the water in which it (past perfect oflie) for two weeks, (past ofrise) up over the city.42. Large crowds (past progressive ofsit) on the fields, (present participle ofwait) for the aeroplane (infinitive of rise).43. Many people (past perfect ofset) tents on the field during the night and now (past progressive ofget) a good view of the flight.44. All eyes (past progressive ofturn) toward the aeroplane, which (past progressive ofrise) steadily.45. The biplane (past ofrise) until it (past perfect ofrise) about five hundred feet above the tallest building; then it (past passive ofraise) about fifty feet more to get it out of an air current that (past progressive ofraise) one end of it.
1. The vegetables (present perfect oflie) in water all the morning.
2. Rumors (past progressive passive ofspread) far and wide that Germany would fight England.
3. I thought the gingham (past perfect passive ofshrink) before the dress (past passive ofmade).
4. I am afraid my ear (present progressive offreeze).
5. Is it true that your ring (present perfect passive ofsteal)?
6. A sudden storm (past ofarise) yesterday afternoon, and a little boy (past passive ofdrown) in the river where he and several of his companions (past perfect progressive ofswim) since noon.
7. I (present perfect ofspeak) of the matter to no one.
8. I suppose that it (present perfect passive ofbreak).
9. I must (present perfect ofshow) him twenty different styles, but he (past ofchoose) none of them, for as soon as I (past ofshow) him one, he (past ofshake) his head.
10. She (past progressive ofwring) out the clothes when the door bell (past ofring).
11. I am afraid my purse (present passive oflose).
12. The knight (past ofsay) that he (past perfect ofdecide) (infinitive offollow) the quest.
13. I thought I (past perfect ofbring) you the morning paper.
14. He (past ofswim) the river twice yesterday.
15. There he stood (present participle ofring) the dinner bell.
16. His coat (present perfect passive ofwet) through more than once.
17. The trip (past ofcost) him a hundred dollars.
18. I (past ofsee) the superintendent yesterday, but he said that there (present ofbe) no vacancies at present.
19. They (past oflay) the clippings on the desk, and then they (past ofsit) down.
20. As he (past ofspeak), he (past progressive ofshake) from head to foot.
21. The clouds (past oflie) low on the horizon.
22. The building in which I work (present perfect passive ofburn).
23. Your employer (present perfectdeal) fairly with you.
24. I (present perfect ofhave) the same position for three years.
25. I (future oflend) him no money.
26. The floor (past passive oflay) by an expert workman.
27. The beads (past passive ofstring) on a waxed thread.
28. He (present perfect ofthrow) the whole office into confusion.
29. Before he came forward, he (past ofset) the child down.
30. After the storm, leaves and twigs (past progressive oflie) thick upon the roads.
31. He (past ofdrive) to town yesterday. He (future ofgo) again to-morrow.
32. The dictionary (present progressive oflie) on the table where you (past oflay) it.
33. The dog (past oflay) the bone down, and then he (past oflie) down.
34. He (past ofset) the chair by the window and then (past ofsit) down.
35. I think we (future ofsee) him as we pass, for he usually (present oflie) on a couch by the window.
36. The snow (past perfect progressive offall) for several hours and now (past oflie) deep on every path.
37. Everything (present perfect passive oflay) in readiness.
38. (Present participle oflie) in the hammock, he soon fell asleep.
39. I saw the man (present participle oflie) on the ground.
40. After he (past perfect oflie) there a few minutes, he suddenly (past ofsit) up.
41. The biplane, which (past perfect progressive oflie) in the hangar since it (past perfect passive ofraise) from the water in which it (past perfect oflie) for two weeks, (past ofrise) up over the city.
42. Large crowds (past progressive ofsit) on the fields, (present participle ofwait) for the aeroplane (infinitive of rise).
43. Many people (past perfect ofset) tents on the field during the night and now (past progressive ofget) a good view of the flight.
44. All eyes (past progressive ofturn) toward the aeroplane, which (past progressive ofrise) steadily.
45. The biplane (past ofrise) until it (past perfect ofrise) about five hundred feet above the tallest building; then it (past passive ofraise) about fifty feet more to get it out of an air current that (past progressive ofraise) one end of it.
Exercise 121—Infinitives and Participles
Infinitivesare verb forms that are used as nouns, as adjectives, or as adverbs.Participlesare verb forms that are used as adjectives. Thus at the same time each acts as two parts of speech. As verbs both have the meaning of the verbs from which they are made; both have tense and voice; both may be modified by adverbial expressions; and, if they are made from transitive verbs, both may take objects.
The Participle
The tenses and voices of the participle are as follows:
Active VoicePresentSimpleProgressiveselling——Perfecthaving soldhaving been sellingPassive VoicePresentbeing sold——Perfecthaving been sold——
The participle frequently introduces a phrase. Usually the phrase is used like an adjective; occasionally it is used like a noun (sometimes called thegerundphrase).