Chapter 18

187. Fort Pike was maintained for only a few years. The location proving undesirable, the troops were removed to Fort Pickering.—Ed.

188. In the day of the flatboat, a craft which went down stream and never returned, it was customary for the boatmen to return by land. This journey was often undertaken at unhealthy seasons of the year, and the death of boatmen and raftsmen was common. As the travellers usually carried large sums of money, their routes were beset by robbers who could, undoubtedly, have explained many a grave on these lonely roads.—Hulbert,Historic Highways of America, ix, pp. 125, 126.—Ed.

189. For Fort Pickering, see Cuming’sTour, note 192.—Ed.

190. Fort Stoddard was built in 1799 by Captain Shaumburg, U. S. A., on the Mobile River, at the Spanish boundary line provided in the treaty of 1795, and was named in honor of the acting secretary of war. It was a port of entry until Mobile became part of the United States.—Ed.

191. For the early history of the city of Natchez, see F. A. Michaux’sTravels, vol. iii of our series, note 53.The Natchez Indians, of Maskoki stock, were first encountered by the French near the present city of their name. In 1729 they fell upon the French garrison and massacred them all. The following year the French army took a terrible revenge, a remnant only of the tribe escaping. For full account, see Gayarré,History of Louisiana(rev. ed., New-Orleans, 1903), i, pp. 396–440.—Ed.

191. For the early history of the city of Natchez, see F. A. Michaux’sTravels, vol. iii of our series, note 53.

The Natchez Indians, of Maskoki stock, were first encountered by the French near the present city of their name. In 1729 they fell upon the French garrison and massacred them all. The following year the French army took a terrible revenge, a remnant only of the tribe escaping. For full account, see Gayarré,History of Louisiana(rev. ed., New-Orleans, 1903), i, pp. 396–440.—Ed.

192. The cotton-wood is a member of the poplar family, the scientific name beingPopulus monilifera.—Ed.

193. The China tree (Melia azedarach) is a native of India, and much cultivated in the Southern states for its shade.—Ed.

194. Point Pleasant, ten miles below New Madrid, must not be confounded with the point of that name at the mouth of Great Kanawha River.—Ed.

195. For an exploration of Arkansas River, see Nuttall’sJournal, vol. xiii of our series.—Ed.

196. For a brief description of Loftus Heights and Fort Adams, see Cuming’sTour, volume iv of our series, note 211.—Ed.

197. On Point Coupée, see Cuming’sTour, note 220.—Ed.

198. For an account of Baton Rouge, consult Cuming’sTour, note 215.—Ed.

199. St. Louis Bay at the outlet of Lake Borgne on Mississippi Sound, was explored by Iberville in 1699 and named after Louis IX, the saintly king of France. On it was located one of the early French colonies.—Ed.

200. On the Ursuline convent at New-Orleans, see Cuming’sTour, volume iv of our series, note 225.—Ed.

201. For a brief biography of General Wilkinson, see Cuming’sTour, note 160. The site of the battle of New-Orleans (January 8, 1815) is five miles below the city.—Ed.

202. Bienville, colonial governor of Louisiana, returning from an exploring trip (1699), met an English vessel of sixteen guns, about eighteen miles below the site of New-Orleans. The captain stated he was looking for a location for an English colony, and Bienville assured him that the Mississippi was already occupied by the French. Much to the latter’s surprise, the vessel sailed away. From this episode the English Bend received its name, not, as Evans implies, from the attacking fleet of 1815.—Ed.

203. Plaquemine Turn is thirty miles from the mouth of the Mississippi. It was fortified by the French in 1746.—Ed.

204. When, during the Seminole War, Jackson took possession of St. Marks, the Indian prophet Francis or Hellis Hajo, and the chief Hemollemico, were lured on board an American vessel (April 6, 1818) and hung by Jackson’s orders. These Indians had led the attack, the previous November, upon a boat under command of Lieutenant Scott, which was ascending the Appalachicola River. Having been forced to surrender, all survivors were tortured to death. Jackson’s act was in retaliation for this outrage.—Ed.

205. During Jackson’s expedition against the Seminoles, two Indian traders were also captured—Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert C. Ambrister. Both were put to death after the form of a trial, on the charge of being guilty of inciting the Seminole Indians to war against the United States. The latter was shot and the former hung from the yardarm of his vessel, April 29, 1818, at St. Marks, Florida. The execution raised a storm; Henry Clay, on the floor of the House, the following year, during the famous twelve-day debate on Jackson’s Seminole War conduct, declared that if Jackson were voted the public thanks, it would be a triumph of insubordination of military over civil authorities. The long feud between Jackson and Clay began with that speech.—Ed.

206. Adams made his strongest defense of Jackson in his letter to Don José Pizarro, Spanish secretary of state. He reviewed the whole situation, and accused the Spanish and Indian traders in Florida of stirring up the Indians, referring to Arbuthnot as “that British Indian trader from beyond the sea, the firebrand by whose touch the Negro-Indian war against our borders has been rekindled.”—Ed.

207. The Balise was in early times the best and deepest pass into the Mississippi River. Now known as South-west Pass, it is not used, there being hardly six feet of water on the bar. It was fortified by Bienville about 1720.—Ed.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTESTypos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

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