[95]S. Austin’s or Augustine’s hostel had a length of 220 feet with 80 of breadth.[96]Seepensioners, iv. p. 217n.Mr. J. Bass Mullinger has published (Hist. Univ. Camb.pp. 218-220) a highly interesting statute relating to hostels which dates in all probability from the end of the xiii c., and shows how rapidly university rights in thesehospitia locandawere extended as a consequence of Henry’s rescript (p. 47). Any scholar who “desired to be principal of a hostel” offered his “caution“—with sureties or pledges—to the landlord and becameipso factoits head, and could be instituted by the chancellor against the will of the landlord. The scholar, who has become principal, may not abdicate in favour of a fellow scholar but only give up possession to the said landlord. The next candidate could also appeal to the chancellor should the landlord refuse his request to succeed when a vacancy in the principalship occurred. An interesting clause provides that though the landlord should agree with the scholar-principal that “mine hostel” should not be taxed, the scholars who come to live there may, in spite of both of them, have the house taxed by the taxors, “inasmuch as agreements between private persons cannot have effect to the prejudice of public rights.”[97]For university and collegiate officials, see iv. pp. 203-10.[98]i. 29, 38, ii. 55-6.[99]See iv. 217n., and early college discipline pp. 221-2.[100]Balsham (a village 9-1/2 miles S.E. of Cambridge) was one of the 10 manorhouses, palaces, and castles of the bishops of Ely in the xiv c. Montacute resided here in 1341. In 1401 a controversy regarding archidiaconal jurisdiction in the university was held here: a similar dispute occurred in Balsham’s time (p. 28). On the alienation of this manor from the see of Ely it was purchased by the founder of the Charterhouse, and now forms part of the endowment of that college. There is a mention of Hugh de Balsham (Hugo de Belesale) in Matthew Paris.[101]S. John’s College, pp. 122-3.[102]iv. p. 214.[103]Gray,Installation Ode. There has been little water in Coe fen for the last hundred years. The wall and water gate were made during the mastership of Warkworth and the episcopacy of Alcock (1486-1500) and ornamented with the arms of the latter, who was probably a Peterhouse man.[104]i. p. 22. Their house was on a messuage purchased by them “opposite the chapel of S. Edmund“: it lay on the south of the two hostels, and reached “as far as the marsh“—i.e.Coe fen.[105]The rebuilding of the hall and combination room took place in 1866-70. Gilbert Scott, William Morris, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown were called in, and an excellent piece of work accomplished, the fellows’ old “Stone parlour” and “inner parlour” being thrown into one to make the present picturesque combination room.[106]College libraries, p. 138n.The two Beauforts, the Cardinal and the Duke of Exeter, and two of Henry VI.’s physicians Roger Marshall and John Somerset (p. 106), all enriched this library.[107]Beata Maria de Gratia.For S. Peter’s church and Peterhouse chapel, seeWillis and Clark, i. p. 40.[108]v. p. 280.[109]v. pp. 263-4. Isaac Barrow uncle of his great namesake was one of the fellows ejected by the Puritan commissioners, before his nephew who had been entered for the college could come into residence. Crashaw was another; and Whitgift was a third fellow whose name stands for anti-Puritanism.[110]Both sent by Edward VI. to inculcate Protestant doctrine in Cambridge.[111]See v. p. 278.[112]In the reign of Richard II. the merits of the Peterhouse scholars were as celebrated as their “indigence” was “notorious”; they continued in unceasing exercise of discipline and study, and the tithes of Cherry Hinton appear to have been bestowed in the hope of providing through them a bulwark against lollardry.[113]The Bible-clerks (bibliotistae) were so called because it was their duty to read the Scriptures in hall at meal time: they were a sort of poorer scholar or ‘sizar,’ see iv. p. 219.[114]He was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II.; Canon of York and Wells, and Rector of East Dereham and of North Creake in Norfolk. For Michaelhouse, see also Statutes p. 67 and Trinity College p. 133.[115]Elizabeth de Burgh speaks of “the college” of her “aforesaid house.” Cf. the words used by the founder of Trinity Hall as regards his own foundation: University Calendarsub rubricaTrinity Hall.[116]See royal visits, p. 113.[117]See Mill Street, pp. 96-7n.[118]She was daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford by Joan daughter of Edward I. Her brother and co-heir fell at Bannockburn 1314. Like Lady Margaret she was three times married, first to John de Burgh son and heir of Richard Earl of Ulster, her third husband also being an Irishman.Chancellor Badew was a member of the Chelmsford knightly family of that name.[119]April 5 1340. Grant by the university of thedomus universitatisto Elizabeth de Burgh Lady de Clare, in consideration of her gift of the advowson of Litlyngton. See Caius p. 144n.[120]Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Clare House—the earliest name for a Cambridge college; Corpus also was incorporated as theDomus Scholarium Corporis Christi, etc. King’s Hall is the first to be so styled and is followed by Pembroke Hall. In 1440 we have King’s College. Peterhouse and Trinity Hall are now the only colleges which retain the older style, although Clare itself was called Clare Hall until 1856.[121]Cf. p. 109n.[122]“Soler,” apparently used for a loggia or balcony. East Anglian belfries were called bell-solers. Cf.solariumfor an upper chamber, andnei solai(Ital.) for “in the garrets.” In early Cambridge college nomenclaturesolarwas an upstairs,celar(cellar) a downstairs room.[123]Simon Montacute, 17th Bishop of Ely, re-wrote the statutes of Peterhouse, 1338-44.[124]Cf. Merton’s “Oxoniae, vel alibi ubistudium vigerecontigerit” (1264), and the words in Alan Bassett’s bequest for monastic scholars at Oxford or elsewhereubi studium fuerit universitatis(1233).[125]See also p. 86 footnote.[126]The proportion of priests among the fellows (i.e.scholars on the foundation) was to be 6 in 30, 4 in 20, 2 in 12. See also pp. 152 and 153.[127]Cf. King’s Hall, p. 132.[128]The xv c. library at Pembroke was over the hall; the older library of the same date at Peterhouse was next the hall.[129]The earliest of these features appears at Pembroke, which had a treasury. For the combination room see p. 135 and iv. p. 214. For the gateway, p. 140. For students’ studies, iv. p. 232n.[130]Cf. Peterhouse p. 56. The Christian church evolved in Rome no doubt originated in the domesticaula, the basilica, of a great private house, and was surrounded by those dwelling-rooms which constituted the firsttitulusordomus ecclesiae. So at Cambridge we have adomus collegii, anddomus vel aula scholariumsancti Michaelis or Clarae.[131]After the founder’s death two rectors were to exercise complete jurisdiction, one of these was to be a secular graduate but the other is to be a Franciscan. Moreover the fellows of the college were “to give their best counsel and aid” to the abbess and sisters of Denney abbey who had from the founder “a common origin with them.” For Denney, see i. p. 25, 25n.[132]Notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium quod inter omnia loca universitatis ... mirabiliter splendet et semper resplenduit.[133]Spenser entered as a sizar.[134]Gray left Peterhouse on account of some horseplay on the part of its students who raised a cry of fire which brought him out of bed and down from his window overlooking Little S. Mary’s church in an escape which his dread of fire had induced him to contrive. Of his treatment at Pembroke he writes that it was such as might have been extended to “Mary de Valence in person.”[135]Pitt in introducing his son to the college writes: “Such as he is, I am happy to place him at Pembroke; and I need not say how much of his parents’ hearts goes along with him.” (Letter to the Senior tutor of the college, 1767.)[136]He was afterwards fellow of Trinity Hall, and Spenser dedicates one of the Eclogues to him there.[137]See Trinity Hall, p. 80.[138]The asterisks denote Masters of the College. Whitgift migrated from Queens’ to Pembroke, and was subsequently fellow of Peterhouse and Master of Pembroke. Langton of Winchester was a fellow.[139]pp. 27 and 96.[140]v. p. 275.[141]Reyner D’Aubeney and Robert Stanton.[142]p. 68n.[143]Alcock himself, by a unique arrangement made with Rotherham, held the Seals conjointly with that prelate, then Bishop of Lincoln, from April to September 1474; and he had acted in parliament in the same capacity for Stillington in 1472. Merton whose Cambridge operations were described in the last chapter was Lord Chancellor; so was Sir Robert Thorpe who began the Schools, and so were Booth and Rotherham who completed the Schools quadrangle and built the old library. John Somerset, who was chiefly instrumental in the founding of King’s College, was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VI.[144]Cf. nationality of founders of colleges p. 150.[145]The stone house (p. 24n.) and John Goldcorn’s property—all opposite Michaelhouse—were then fashioned by Bateman, after the founder’s demise, as Gonville Hall.[146]See Gonville and Caius, pp. 143-4.[147]Twelve preachers from each university were annually licensed for any diocese in England. Gonville was now allowed two such licences on its own account.[148]p. 141.[149]He landed at Yarmouth in June, and the charter of foundation is dated November 20.[150]Magdalene, p. 127.[151]The style “the keeper and scholars of the college of the Holy Trinity of Norwich,” reminds us that the original dedication of this and Gonville corresponds to that of two of the ancient Cambridge guilds—the Holy Trinity and the Annunciation.[152]The N.E. corner was obtained four years after the foundation by the purchase of a house at the corner of Henney Lane.[153]See also King’s.[154]See also Caius.[155]Account given of the building of Corpus by Archbishop Parker’s Latin secretary, John Jocelyn, fellow of Queens’. It is supposed that the hall of the guild of Corpus Christi was near the old court; S. Mary’s guild met at the hostel of that name near the present Senate House. See also p. 83.[156]Ibid.[157]The brethren and sisters of the two guilds presumably thus taxed all house property bequeathed by them to their college, to defray the expenses of the wax lights so freely used in funeral and other liturgical rites. It has been pointed out that the riots occurred two days after the feast of Corpus Christi, with its recent procession in England, the contribution of wax tapers for which may have greatly aggravated the grievance. The feast is of xiii c. origin, the outdoor procession dates from the late xivth.[158]She was heiress to her sister Eleanor who had been betrothed to Edward IV. They were the daughters of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth’s only child Ann was wife to Richard of York murdered in the Tower.[159]The dearth of clerks or clergy and the failure of learning: the former engaged the attention of the founders of Gonville, Trinity Hall, and Corpus, the latter of the founder of Clare who writes: “to promote ... the extension of these sciences, which by reason of the pestilence having swept away a multitude of men, are now beginning to fail rapidly.”[160]The fact that we have a guild college built in Cambridge is especially interesting, for, as Dr. Stubbs has shown, Cambridge ranks highest among English towns for its guild history. Even the Exeter statutes do not rival those of one of its ancient guilds which united the craft or religious guild with the frith-guild—the guild instituted for the religious interests of its members or to protect craftsmen and their craft, and the guild which was an attempt “on the part of the public authorities to supplement the defective execution of the law by measures for mutual defence.” The Cambridge statutes, in fact, show us the guild as an element in the development of the township or burgh, one of those communities within a community which was the earliest expedient of civilisation, the earliest essay in organisation, everywhere. The guild which combined these two institutions was a thanes guild. It made and enforced legal enactments; it paid the blood-money if a member slew a man with righteous cause, and exacted eight pounds from any one who robbed a member. “It is improbable” writes Dr. Stubbs “that any institution on so large a scale existed in any other town than London.” In Athelstan’s reign we have a complete code of such a London frith-guild. (Constitutional History of England, vol. i. p. 414.)It is against this historic background that we find the guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin uniting to add a common scholastic interest to interests civil and religious, by founding a college. The guilds were lay institutions; in two of the best known Cambridge guilds priests were either excluded, or, if admitted, denied a share in the government; and a chaplain for the guild of the Blessed Virgin was only to be maintained if the necessary assistance to the poorer members permitted of it.[161]“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyneAs chieffe schoole and vniuersitieVnto this tyme fro the daye it began”[162]The “good duke of Lancaster” was Alderman of the Guild of Corpus Christi. John of Gaunt greatly befriended the college. It wasanno 1356that the “translation of the college of Corpus Christi out of lay hand to the patronage of the duke of Lancaster,” took place; a document so entitled once formed part of the Registry MSS.[163]Augustinians never enjoyed their habit in comfort; in the xiii c. they were obliged to make their leather girdle long and their tunic short because they were suspected of a desire to pass as corded and sandalled Franciscans, and to cover over their white tunic with black in the streets lest they should be taken for friars preachers.[164]pp. 127, 128n., and p. 143, 143n.[165]Recorda et placita coram cancellario Ric. le Scrope in le Tollebouth. 2 Ric. II. 1378-9.MS. No. 49 in the Cambridge Registry.[166]Stephen le Scrope was chancellor in 1400 and 1414, Richard Scroop (who had been Master of King’s Hall) in 1461, and Lady Anne Scroope was one of the early benefactors of Gonville’s hall; see vi. p. 325, 325n.[167]Edward himself speaks of it as “so important a college” in 1342. See p. 132. Since going to press I see that Mr. Rouse Ball identifies King’s Hall as ‘Solar Hall’ in his monograph on Trinity College, published in March 1906. Prof. Willis conjectured that ‘Solar Hall’ = Garrett Hostel.[168]King’s Hall statutes name 14 as the age.It will be remembered that Pembroke, Clare, Corpus, and King’s Hall were all directly or indirectly connected with the reigning house. For the group of great names connected with Edward’s household and with Cambridge at this time cf. v. pp. 291-295.[169]The main artery of the xiv and xv century university was not, as now, the High street, but the Mill street (Milne street). It lay in a direct line between Clare Hall and Queens’ Lane, and 7 colleges had their entrances on it: Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Clare, old King’s College, S. Catherine’s, and Queens’. Gonville was approached from the north end, and King’s Hall lay on the same side. The church and property of the Knights of S. John and Garret’s and Ovyng’s hostels were in the same street. Mill street began at Queens’ Lane, and led northwards from the King’s and the Bishop’s Mills, which gave it its name. The larger part was alienated in 1445 to build the second King’s College.Another characteristic feature of old Cambridge was theKing’s Ditchmade by Henry III. in 1267, which starting from Castle Mound, with a walk beside it, formed the western boundary of King’s Hall, Michaelhouse, and Trinity Hall, and polluted the water supply of Peterhouse even in Andrew Perne’s time.[170]Temp. Laurence Booth, chancellor.[171]See Loggan’s print, 1688. The great schools in the School street are first mentioned 1346-7. The divinity schools were the first to be completed, by SirWilliamThorpe’s executors, in 1398. The quadrangle was completedc.1475. The eastern front was rebuilt in 1755. The buildings lie under the present library and are now used for the keeping of “acts” and for discussions, but not for lectures in the various faculties. The new Divinity schools are in S. John’s street, and were erected by friends as a memorial of Bishop Selwyn. The Science schools, school of Human Anatomy, chemical laboratories, etc. are on the site of the university botanical garden which was once Austinfriars’ property.[172]The room where these were treasured was thelibraria communisormagna(in the time of Caius the “old” or “public” library), which still exists on the south side, with Chancellor Rotherham’s library on the east. The ancient two-storeyed building on the west which existed as early as 1438 still contains the old Canon Law (now the Arts) school, with the original library and the university chapel (disused for centuries) above (p. 97).[173]Fuller and Caius both record this fact.[174]It consists of 700 MSS. and 30,000 volumes. Other and earlier benefactors to the library were Perne (1574), Fulke Greville, Stephen Perse of Caius, and George Villiers Duke of Buckingham.There is a library “Chest” and endowments, amounting to about £2000, plus the income of £4500 from the common university Fund.[175]A copy of every book and pamphlet published in England is sent here, to the British Museum, and to the Bodleian.[176]The printing of bibles and of the Book of Common Prayer is still confined to the king’s printer and the 2 universities. Until 1779 the printing of almanacks was also restricted to the universities and the Stationers’ Company.[177]See iii. p. 183, and iv. p. 205.[178]Cf. the laying of the foundation stone of the Norman church of S. Giles in 1092, when Anselm of Canterbury and the Bishop of Lincoln (then the diocesan) were present.[179]In 1439. Its site was the present ante-chapel, see Christ’s College p. 117.[180]The king’s design did not at first include the connexion of Eton and King’s. The foundations of a college and chapel for a rector and 12 scholars were first laid opposite Clare, between Mill Street and the Schools, on April 2, 1441. Within three years this foundation was changed into a society which, like Eton, is under a Provost and which was bound to provide the free education of poor Etonians. Here Henry imitated William of Wykeham, and the statutes which he drew up follow the lines laid down by the founder of Winchester and New College. The original “mean quadrant” was used till 1828 when it was sold to the university for the library extension on that side. The chapel fell down in 1536. A wall and gateway on the west, remain. The new design had the original court and Clare on the north, Austin’s hostel and Whitefriars on the south: the chapel was to form the north side of a quadrangle measuring 230 × 238 feet (cf. the measurements of Corpus); and, as in previous colleges, the west side was to contain the hall and provost’s lodging, a library and lecture rooms. The south and east sides were to be for the chambers and the latter was to have a gateway and tower. The present Queens’ College is on the site of the Whitefriars’ house; and the old gate of King’s which led from the chapel yard to Queens’ Lane used to be known as “Friars’ gate.” (For a full account of this most interesting design the reader is referred to Messrs. Willis and Clark’s book.)For the modern buildings fourseparateranges were designed, the first to be erected being the Gibbs’ building on the west: the southern side and the screen have been built since 1824, Wilkins being the architect; on this side are the hall, combination room, and library, and the Provost’s lodge. Sir Gilbert Scott erected the building on the south east, which was projected after 1870.[181]The Norfolk name of Boleyn is found at the university in the xv c. Henry Boleyn was proctor in 1454-5, and Anne’s uncle was churchwarden of S. Clement’s.[182]It has been suggested that Tudor architecture might be styled Heraldic architecture, so freely does heraldry and blazonry enter into its plan and the scheme of decoration. England’s two great specimens of the Perpendicular—King’s College chapel and Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster—are pervaded by a “gorgeous display of heraldry.” The west and south entrances of King’s are decorated with bold carvings of the badges of Henry VII.—the crowned rose and portcullis. “No person ever glanced his eye over the wonders around and above him, without being awestruck at the daring of the architect that could plan, and the builders that could erect such a structure. The whole of the lower part of the Chapel beneath the windows is divided into panels, and every panel is filled with the arms of the king who erected the building.” “The immense pendants hanging from the gorgeous roof are ornamented with the rose, the royal badge of both the king and queen at this period.” (Clark’sIntroduction to Heraldry, edited by J. R. Planché, Rouge Croix.) The arms and supporters of Eton, Henry VI. and VIII., Richard II., Edward IV. and VIth, Mary and Elizabeth, appear also. The gateway towers of Christ’s and John’s afford other examples of heraldic display as the exclusive scheme of decoration—they bear the arms, supporters, and badges of their founder, the mother of Henry VII. Finally the Entrance Gateway tower of Trinity exhibits the arms of Edward III. and his six sons (William of Hatfield being represented by a blank shield); above is a statue of Henry VIII. No street—no town—in England presents anything like this “boast of heraldry” which Gray had always under his eyes in Cambridge. It is a permanent record of the two royal groups in England who preferred this university; the gateway at Trinity being thetrait d’unionbetween them.[183]“The scholars of King’s enjoyed the questionable privilege of drifting into their degrees without examination. Lectures and rare compositions in Latin were the only demands upon their time,” writes Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. The same arrangements obtained at New College Oxford until 50 years ago.[184]The “13 poor men” who are to form part of the foundation at Eton are an addition of Henry’s own; they do not appear on Wykeham’s foundation.[185]For the Days, see v. p. 273n.Wickham was vice-provost of Eton.[186]Somerset returned to Cambridge in later life, after he had fallen into disgrace and poverty, and met, like Metcalfe of John’s, with small gratitude. Dr. Philip Baker, though a Catholic, retained the provostship under Elizabeth till 1570. For King’s men see also pp. 174-5, 272-3-4n., 283.[187]Eton is the only public school joined from its foundation with a Cambridge college. Merchant Taylors’ used however to be related to Pembroke (which owes Spenser’s presence there to this circumstance) and the ancient school of Bury used, it is said, to send itsalumnito Gonville. S. Paul’s school has tied scholarships and exhibitions at Corpus Christi and Trinity: Corpus was connected with Norwich school and Norfolk by Bacon, Parker, and other Norfolk benefactors, and has tied scholarships with King’s School, Canterbury, and Westminster; the last being also closely connected with Trinity College. Harrow has two tied scholarships at Caius; Magdalene holds the Latimer Neville scholarships for Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Uppingham, and Fettes schools, and tied exhibitions from Wisbech school. Uppingham is similarly connected with Emmanuel; Peterhouse with Huntingdon Free Grammar School, and S. John’s with 18 schools all over England and with several towns as well.[188]A chapel of S. Lucy (erected 1245) came into the possession of Peterhouse with the property of the friars of the Sack (1309) and was used by the fellows towards the end of that century. The licences obtained by Bateman (1352 and 1353) for chapels in Trinity Hall and Gonville were never acted upon. Gonville however had a house chapel in 1393. At this date Clare also had a chapel, which was used at the primate’s visitation in 1401. The Clare Statutes (1359) direct that S. John Baptist’s church be used. For ritual in the college chapels, see pp. 59, 145. Organs were placed in most of the chapels in the reign of Charles I., at a time when the courts, gates, and frontage of colleges underwent repair and decoration.[189]Cf. with the dimensions of Corpus old court which was considerably larger (220 by 140), of the proposed quadrangle at King’s p. 102n., and with the frontage of some of the hostels p. 50.[190]Haddon Hall in Derbyshire; the first owners of which were those Peverels (”of the Peak”) who figure in Cambridge history at the time of the Conquest (i. p. 17). The house passed to the Bassetts, a name which was also well known in the university; and from there—so the old story runs—Dorothy Vernon, a daughter of the last owners of the manor, ran away with Sir John the first Lord Manners.[191]For the marriage of a xvi c. President of Queens’, see iv. pp. 209, 212.[192]Pearson was educated here, then at King’s of which he became fellow, and was Master of Jesus and, in 1662, of Trinity.[193]See Bernard’s hostel p. 109.[194]Margaret had however called it “the quenes collage of sainte Margarete and S. Bernard.” In her petition for a charter she tells the king: “in the whiche vniuersitie is no college founded by eny quene of Englond hidertoward.” The statutes were drawn up by Millington first Provost of King’s, and others.
[95]S. Austin’s or Augustine’s hostel had a length of 220 feet with 80 of breadth.
[95]S. Austin’s or Augustine’s hostel had a length of 220 feet with 80 of breadth.
[96]Seepensioners, iv. p. 217n.Mr. J. Bass Mullinger has published (Hist. Univ. Camb.pp. 218-220) a highly interesting statute relating to hostels which dates in all probability from the end of the xiii c., and shows how rapidly university rights in thesehospitia locandawere extended as a consequence of Henry’s rescript (p. 47). Any scholar who “desired to be principal of a hostel” offered his “caution“—with sureties or pledges—to the landlord and becameipso factoits head, and could be instituted by the chancellor against the will of the landlord. The scholar, who has become principal, may not abdicate in favour of a fellow scholar but only give up possession to the said landlord. The next candidate could also appeal to the chancellor should the landlord refuse his request to succeed when a vacancy in the principalship occurred. An interesting clause provides that though the landlord should agree with the scholar-principal that “mine hostel” should not be taxed, the scholars who come to live there may, in spite of both of them, have the house taxed by the taxors, “inasmuch as agreements between private persons cannot have effect to the prejudice of public rights.”
[96]Seepensioners, iv. p. 217n.
Mr. J. Bass Mullinger has published (Hist. Univ. Camb.pp. 218-220) a highly interesting statute relating to hostels which dates in all probability from the end of the xiii c., and shows how rapidly university rights in thesehospitia locandawere extended as a consequence of Henry’s rescript (p. 47). Any scholar who “desired to be principal of a hostel” offered his “caution“—with sureties or pledges—to the landlord and becameipso factoits head, and could be instituted by the chancellor against the will of the landlord. The scholar, who has become principal, may not abdicate in favour of a fellow scholar but only give up possession to the said landlord. The next candidate could also appeal to the chancellor should the landlord refuse his request to succeed when a vacancy in the principalship occurred. An interesting clause provides that though the landlord should agree with the scholar-principal that “mine hostel” should not be taxed, the scholars who come to live there may, in spite of both of them, have the house taxed by the taxors, “inasmuch as agreements between private persons cannot have effect to the prejudice of public rights.”
[97]For university and collegiate officials, see iv. pp. 203-10.
[97]For university and collegiate officials, see iv. pp. 203-10.
[98]i. 29, 38, ii. 55-6.
[98]i. 29, 38, ii. 55-6.
[99]See iv. 217n., and early college discipline pp. 221-2.
[99]See iv. 217n., and early college discipline pp. 221-2.
[100]Balsham (a village 9-1/2 miles S.E. of Cambridge) was one of the 10 manorhouses, palaces, and castles of the bishops of Ely in the xiv c. Montacute resided here in 1341. In 1401 a controversy regarding archidiaconal jurisdiction in the university was held here: a similar dispute occurred in Balsham’s time (p. 28). On the alienation of this manor from the see of Ely it was purchased by the founder of the Charterhouse, and now forms part of the endowment of that college. There is a mention of Hugh de Balsham (Hugo de Belesale) in Matthew Paris.
[100]Balsham (a village 9-1/2 miles S.E. of Cambridge) was one of the 10 manorhouses, palaces, and castles of the bishops of Ely in the xiv c. Montacute resided here in 1341. In 1401 a controversy regarding archidiaconal jurisdiction in the university was held here: a similar dispute occurred in Balsham’s time (p. 28). On the alienation of this manor from the see of Ely it was purchased by the founder of the Charterhouse, and now forms part of the endowment of that college. There is a mention of Hugh de Balsham (Hugo de Belesale) in Matthew Paris.
[101]S. John’s College, pp. 122-3.
[101]S. John’s College, pp. 122-3.
[102]iv. p. 214.
[102]iv. p. 214.
[103]Gray,Installation Ode. There has been little water in Coe fen for the last hundred years. The wall and water gate were made during the mastership of Warkworth and the episcopacy of Alcock (1486-1500) and ornamented with the arms of the latter, who was probably a Peterhouse man.
[103]Gray,Installation Ode. There has been little water in Coe fen for the last hundred years. The wall and water gate were made during the mastership of Warkworth and the episcopacy of Alcock (1486-1500) and ornamented with the arms of the latter, who was probably a Peterhouse man.
[104]i. p. 22. Their house was on a messuage purchased by them “opposite the chapel of S. Edmund“: it lay on the south of the two hostels, and reached “as far as the marsh“—i.e.Coe fen.
[104]i. p. 22. Their house was on a messuage purchased by them “opposite the chapel of S. Edmund“: it lay on the south of the two hostels, and reached “as far as the marsh“—i.e.Coe fen.
[105]The rebuilding of the hall and combination room took place in 1866-70. Gilbert Scott, William Morris, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown were called in, and an excellent piece of work accomplished, the fellows’ old “Stone parlour” and “inner parlour” being thrown into one to make the present picturesque combination room.
[105]The rebuilding of the hall and combination room took place in 1866-70. Gilbert Scott, William Morris, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown were called in, and an excellent piece of work accomplished, the fellows’ old “Stone parlour” and “inner parlour” being thrown into one to make the present picturesque combination room.
[106]College libraries, p. 138n.The two Beauforts, the Cardinal and the Duke of Exeter, and two of Henry VI.’s physicians Roger Marshall and John Somerset (p. 106), all enriched this library.
[106]College libraries, p. 138n.The two Beauforts, the Cardinal and the Duke of Exeter, and two of Henry VI.’s physicians Roger Marshall and John Somerset (p. 106), all enriched this library.
[107]Beata Maria de Gratia.For S. Peter’s church and Peterhouse chapel, seeWillis and Clark, i. p. 40.
[107]Beata Maria de Gratia.For S. Peter’s church and Peterhouse chapel, seeWillis and Clark, i. p. 40.
[108]v. p. 280.
[108]v. p. 280.
[109]v. pp. 263-4. Isaac Barrow uncle of his great namesake was one of the fellows ejected by the Puritan commissioners, before his nephew who had been entered for the college could come into residence. Crashaw was another; and Whitgift was a third fellow whose name stands for anti-Puritanism.
[109]v. pp. 263-4. Isaac Barrow uncle of his great namesake was one of the fellows ejected by the Puritan commissioners, before his nephew who had been entered for the college could come into residence. Crashaw was another; and Whitgift was a third fellow whose name stands for anti-Puritanism.
[110]Both sent by Edward VI. to inculcate Protestant doctrine in Cambridge.
[110]Both sent by Edward VI. to inculcate Protestant doctrine in Cambridge.
[111]See v. p. 278.
[111]See v. p. 278.
[112]In the reign of Richard II. the merits of the Peterhouse scholars were as celebrated as their “indigence” was “notorious”; they continued in unceasing exercise of discipline and study, and the tithes of Cherry Hinton appear to have been bestowed in the hope of providing through them a bulwark against lollardry.
[112]In the reign of Richard II. the merits of the Peterhouse scholars were as celebrated as their “indigence” was “notorious”; they continued in unceasing exercise of discipline and study, and the tithes of Cherry Hinton appear to have been bestowed in the hope of providing through them a bulwark against lollardry.
[113]The Bible-clerks (bibliotistae) were so called because it was their duty to read the Scriptures in hall at meal time: they were a sort of poorer scholar or ‘sizar,’ see iv. p. 219.
[113]The Bible-clerks (bibliotistae) were so called because it was their duty to read the Scriptures in hall at meal time: they were a sort of poorer scholar or ‘sizar,’ see iv. p. 219.
[114]He was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II.; Canon of York and Wells, and Rector of East Dereham and of North Creake in Norfolk. For Michaelhouse, see also Statutes p. 67 and Trinity College p. 133.
[114]He was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward II.; Canon of York and Wells, and Rector of East Dereham and of North Creake in Norfolk. For Michaelhouse, see also Statutes p. 67 and Trinity College p. 133.
[115]Elizabeth de Burgh speaks of “the college” of her “aforesaid house.” Cf. the words used by the founder of Trinity Hall as regards his own foundation: University Calendarsub rubricaTrinity Hall.
[115]Elizabeth de Burgh speaks of “the college” of her “aforesaid house.” Cf. the words used by the founder of Trinity Hall as regards his own foundation: University Calendarsub rubricaTrinity Hall.
[116]See royal visits, p. 113.
[116]See royal visits, p. 113.
[117]See Mill Street, pp. 96-7n.
[117]See Mill Street, pp. 96-7n.
[118]She was daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford by Joan daughter of Edward I. Her brother and co-heir fell at Bannockburn 1314. Like Lady Margaret she was three times married, first to John de Burgh son and heir of Richard Earl of Ulster, her third husband also being an Irishman.Chancellor Badew was a member of the Chelmsford knightly family of that name.
[118]She was daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford by Joan daughter of Edward I. Her brother and co-heir fell at Bannockburn 1314. Like Lady Margaret she was three times married, first to John de Burgh son and heir of Richard Earl of Ulster, her third husband also being an Irishman.
Chancellor Badew was a member of the Chelmsford knightly family of that name.
[119]April 5 1340. Grant by the university of thedomus universitatisto Elizabeth de Burgh Lady de Clare, in consideration of her gift of the advowson of Litlyngton. See Caius p. 144n.
[119]April 5 1340. Grant by the university of thedomus universitatisto Elizabeth de Burgh Lady de Clare, in consideration of her gift of the advowson of Litlyngton. See Caius p. 144n.
[120]Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Clare House—the earliest name for a Cambridge college; Corpus also was incorporated as theDomus Scholarium Corporis Christi, etc. King’s Hall is the first to be so styled and is followed by Pembroke Hall. In 1440 we have King’s College. Peterhouse and Trinity Hall are now the only colleges which retain the older style, although Clare itself was called Clare Hall until 1856.
[120]Peterhouse, Michaelhouse, Clare House—the earliest name for a Cambridge college; Corpus also was incorporated as theDomus Scholarium Corporis Christi, etc. King’s Hall is the first to be so styled and is followed by Pembroke Hall. In 1440 we have King’s College. Peterhouse and Trinity Hall are now the only colleges which retain the older style, although Clare itself was called Clare Hall until 1856.
[121]Cf. p. 109n.
[121]Cf. p. 109n.
[122]“Soler,” apparently used for a loggia or balcony. East Anglian belfries were called bell-solers. Cf.solariumfor an upper chamber, andnei solai(Ital.) for “in the garrets.” In early Cambridge college nomenclaturesolarwas an upstairs,celar(cellar) a downstairs room.
[122]“Soler,” apparently used for a loggia or balcony. East Anglian belfries were called bell-solers. Cf.solariumfor an upper chamber, andnei solai(Ital.) for “in the garrets.” In early Cambridge college nomenclaturesolarwas an upstairs,celar(cellar) a downstairs room.
[123]Simon Montacute, 17th Bishop of Ely, re-wrote the statutes of Peterhouse, 1338-44.
[123]Simon Montacute, 17th Bishop of Ely, re-wrote the statutes of Peterhouse, 1338-44.
[124]Cf. Merton’s “Oxoniae, vel alibi ubistudium vigerecontigerit” (1264), and the words in Alan Bassett’s bequest for monastic scholars at Oxford or elsewhereubi studium fuerit universitatis(1233).
[124]Cf. Merton’s “Oxoniae, vel alibi ubistudium vigerecontigerit” (1264), and the words in Alan Bassett’s bequest for monastic scholars at Oxford or elsewhereubi studium fuerit universitatis(1233).
[125]See also p. 86 footnote.
[125]See also p. 86 footnote.
[126]The proportion of priests among the fellows (i.e.scholars on the foundation) was to be 6 in 30, 4 in 20, 2 in 12. See also pp. 152 and 153.
[126]The proportion of priests among the fellows (i.e.scholars on the foundation) was to be 6 in 30, 4 in 20, 2 in 12. See also pp. 152 and 153.
[127]Cf. King’s Hall, p. 132.
[127]Cf. King’s Hall, p. 132.
[128]The xv c. library at Pembroke was over the hall; the older library of the same date at Peterhouse was next the hall.
[128]The xv c. library at Pembroke was over the hall; the older library of the same date at Peterhouse was next the hall.
[129]The earliest of these features appears at Pembroke, which had a treasury. For the combination room see p. 135 and iv. p. 214. For the gateway, p. 140. For students’ studies, iv. p. 232n.
[129]The earliest of these features appears at Pembroke, which had a treasury. For the combination room see p. 135 and iv. p. 214. For the gateway, p. 140. For students’ studies, iv. p. 232n.
[130]Cf. Peterhouse p. 56. The Christian church evolved in Rome no doubt originated in the domesticaula, the basilica, of a great private house, and was surrounded by those dwelling-rooms which constituted the firsttitulusordomus ecclesiae. So at Cambridge we have adomus collegii, anddomus vel aula scholariumsancti Michaelis or Clarae.
[130]Cf. Peterhouse p. 56. The Christian church evolved in Rome no doubt originated in the domesticaula, the basilica, of a great private house, and was surrounded by those dwelling-rooms which constituted the firsttitulusordomus ecclesiae. So at Cambridge we have adomus collegii, anddomus vel aula scholariumsancti Michaelis or Clarae.
[131]After the founder’s death two rectors were to exercise complete jurisdiction, one of these was to be a secular graduate but the other is to be a Franciscan. Moreover the fellows of the college were “to give their best counsel and aid” to the abbess and sisters of Denney abbey who had from the founder “a common origin with them.” For Denney, see i. p. 25, 25n.
[131]After the founder’s death two rectors were to exercise complete jurisdiction, one of these was to be a secular graduate but the other is to be a Franciscan. Moreover the fellows of the college were “to give their best counsel and aid” to the abbess and sisters of Denney abbey who had from the founder “a common origin with them.” For Denney, see i. p. 25, 25n.
[132]Notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium quod inter omnia loca universitatis ... mirabiliter splendet et semper resplenduit.
[132]Notabile et insigne et quam pretiosum collegium quod inter omnia loca universitatis ... mirabiliter splendet et semper resplenduit.
[133]Spenser entered as a sizar.
[133]Spenser entered as a sizar.
[134]Gray left Peterhouse on account of some horseplay on the part of its students who raised a cry of fire which brought him out of bed and down from his window overlooking Little S. Mary’s church in an escape which his dread of fire had induced him to contrive. Of his treatment at Pembroke he writes that it was such as might have been extended to “Mary de Valence in person.”
[134]Gray left Peterhouse on account of some horseplay on the part of its students who raised a cry of fire which brought him out of bed and down from his window overlooking Little S. Mary’s church in an escape which his dread of fire had induced him to contrive. Of his treatment at Pembroke he writes that it was such as might have been extended to “Mary de Valence in person.”
[135]Pitt in introducing his son to the college writes: “Such as he is, I am happy to place him at Pembroke; and I need not say how much of his parents’ hearts goes along with him.” (Letter to the Senior tutor of the college, 1767.)
[135]Pitt in introducing his son to the college writes: “Such as he is, I am happy to place him at Pembroke; and I need not say how much of his parents’ hearts goes along with him.” (Letter to the Senior tutor of the college, 1767.)
[136]He was afterwards fellow of Trinity Hall, and Spenser dedicates one of the Eclogues to him there.
[136]He was afterwards fellow of Trinity Hall, and Spenser dedicates one of the Eclogues to him there.
[137]See Trinity Hall, p. 80.
[137]See Trinity Hall, p. 80.
[138]The asterisks denote Masters of the College. Whitgift migrated from Queens’ to Pembroke, and was subsequently fellow of Peterhouse and Master of Pembroke. Langton of Winchester was a fellow.
[138]The asterisks denote Masters of the College. Whitgift migrated from Queens’ to Pembroke, and was subsequently fellow of Peterhouse and Master of Pembroke. Langton of Winchester was a fellow.
[139]pp. 27 and 96.
[139]pp. 27 and 96.
[140]v. p. 275.
[140]v. p. 275.
[141]Reyner D’Aubeney and Robert Stanton.
[141]Reyner D’Aubeney and Robert Stanton.
[142]p. 68n.
[142]p. 68n.
[143]Alcock himself, by a unique arrangement made with Rotherham, held the Seals conjointly with that prelate, then Bishop of Lincoln, from April to September 1474; and he had acted in parliament in the same capacity for Stillington in 1472. Merton whose Cambridge operations were described in the last chapter was Lord Chancellor; so was Sir Robert Thorpe who began the Schools, and so were Booth and Rotherham who completed the Schools quadrangle and built the old library. John Somerset, who was chiefly instrumental in the founding of King’s College, was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VI.
[143]Alcock himself, by a unique arrangement made with Rotherham, held the Seals conjointly with that prelate, then Bishop of Lincoln, from April to September 1474; and he had acted in parliament in the same capacity for Stillington in 1472. Merton whose Cambridge operations were described in the last chapter was Lord Chancellor; so was Sir Robert Thorpe who began the Schools, and so were Booth and Rotherham who completed the Schools quadrangle and built the old library. John Somerset, who was chiefly instrumental in the founding of King’s College, was Chancellor of the Exchequer to Henry VI.
[144]Cf. nationality of founders of colleges p. 150.
[144]Cf. nationality of founders of colleges p. 150.
[145]The stone house (p. 24n.) and John Goldcorn’s property—all opposite Michaelhouse—were then fashioned by Bateman, after the founder’s demise, as Gonville Hall.
[145]The stone house (p. 24n.) and John Goldcorn’s property—all opposite Michaelhouse—were then fashioned by Bateman, after the founder’s demise, as Gonville Hall.
[146]See Gonville and Caius, pp. 143-4.
[146]See Gonville and Caius, pp. 143-4.
[147]Twelve preachers from each university were annually licensed for any diocese in England. Gonville was now allowed two such licences on its own account.
[147]Twelve preachers from each university were annually licensed for any diocese in England. Gonville was now allowed two such licences on its own account.
[148]p. 141.
[148]p. 141.
[149]He landed at Yarmouth in June, and the charter of foundation is dated November 20.
[149]He landed at Yarmouth in June, and the charter of foundation is dated November 20.
[150]Magdalene, p. 127.
[150]Magdalene, p. 127.
[151]The style “the keeper and scholars of the college of the Holy Trinity of Norwich,” reminds us that the original dedication of this and Gonville corresponds to that of two of the ancient Cambridge guilds—the Holy Trinity and the Annunciation.
[151]The style “the keeper and scholars of the college of the Holy Trinity of Norwich,” reminds us that the original dedication of this and Gonville corresponds to that of two of the ancient Cambridge guilds—the Holy Trinity and the Annunciation.
[152]The N.E. corner was obtained four years after the foundation by the purchase of a house at the corner of Henney Lane.
[152]The N.E. corner was obtained four years after the foundation by the purchase of a house at the corner of Henney Lane.
[153]See also King’s.
[153]See also King’s.
[154]See also Caius.
[154]See also Caius.
[155]Account given of the building of Corpus by Archbishop Parker’s Latin secretary, John Jocelyn, fellow of Queens’. It is supposed that the hall of the guild of Corpus Christi was near the old court; S. Mary’s guild met at the hostel of that name near the present Senate House. See also p. 83.
[155]Account given of the building of Corpus by Archbishop Parker’s Latin secretary, John Jocelyn, fellow of Queens’. It is supposed that the hall of the guild of Corpus Christi was near the old court; S. Mary’s guild met at the hostel of that name near the present Senate House. See also p. 83.
[156]Ibid.
[156]Ibid.
[157]The brethren and sisters of the two guilds presumably thus taxed all house property bequeathed by them to their college, to defray the expenses of the wax lights so freely used in funeral and other liturgical rites. It has been pointed out that the riots occurred two days after the feast of Corpus Christi, with its recent procession in England, the contribution of wax tapers for which may have greatly aggravated the grievance. The feast is of xiii c. origin, the outdoor procession dates from the late xivth.
[157]The brethren and sisters of the two guilds presumably thus taxed all house property bequeathed by them to their college, to defray the expenses of the wax lights so freely used in funeral and other liturgical rites. It has been pointed out that the riots occurred two days after the feast of Corpus Christi, with its recent procession in England, the contribution of wax tapers for which may have greatly aggravated the grievance. The feast is of xiii c. origin, the outdoor procession dates from the late xivth.
[158]She was heiress to her sister Eleanor who had been betrothed to Edward IV. They were the daughters of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth’s only child Ann was wife to Richard of York murdered in the Tower.
[158]She was heiress to her sister Eleanor who had been betrothed to Edward IV. They were the daughters of John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury, and Elizabeth’s only child Ann was wife to Richard of York murdered in the Tower.
[159]The dearth of clerks or clergy and the failure of learning: the former engaged the attention of the founders of Gonville, Trinity Hall, and Corpus, the latter of the founder of Clare who writes: “to promote ... the extension of these sciences, which by reason of the pestilence having swept away a multitude of men, are now beginning to fail rapidly.”
[159]The dearth of clerks or clergy and the failure of learning: the former engaged the attention of the founders of Gonville, Trinity Hall, and Corpus, the latter of the founder of Clare who writes: “to promote ... the extension of these sciences, which by reason of the pestilence having swept away a multitude of men, are now beginning to fail rapidly.”
[160]The fact that we have a guild college built in Cambridge is especially interesting, for, as Dr. Stubbs has shown, Cambridge ranks highest among English towns for its guild history. Even the Exeter statutes do not rival those of one of its ancient guilds which united the craft or religious guild with the frith-guild—the guild instituted for the religious interests of its members or to protect craftsmen and their craft, and the guild which was an attempt “on the part of the public authorities to supplement the defective execution of the law by measures for mutual defence.” The Cambridge statutes, in fact, show us the guild as an element in the development of the township or burgh, one of those communities within a community which was the earliest expedient of civilisation, the earliest essay in organisation, everywhere. The guild which combined these two institutions was a thanes guild. It made and enforced legal enactments; it paid the blood-money if a member slew a man with righteous cause, and exacted eight pounds from any one who robbed a member. “It is improbable” writes Dr. Stubbs “that any institution on so large a scale existed in any other town than London.” In Athelstan’s reign we have a complete code of such a London frith-guild. (Constitutional History of England, vol. i. p. 414.)It is against this historic background that we find the guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin uniting to add a common scholastic interest to interests civil and religious, by founding a college. The guilds were lay institutions; in two of the best known Cambridge guilds priests were either excluded, or, if admitted, denied a share in the government; and a chaplain for the guild of the Blessed Virgin was only to be maintained if the necessary assistance to the poorer members permitted of it.
[160]The fact that we have a guild college built in Cambridge is especially interesting, for, as Dr. Stubbs has shown, Cambridge ranks highest among English towns for its guild history. Even the Exeter statutes do not rival those of one of its ancient guilds which united the craft or religious guild with the frith-guild—the guild instituted for the religious interests of its members or to protect craftsmen and their craft, and the guild which was an attempt “on the part of the public authorities to supplement the defective execution of the law by measures for mutual defence.” The Cambridge statutes, in fact, show us the guild as an element in the development of the township or burgh, one of those communities within a community which was the earliest expedient of civilisation, the earliest essay in organisation, everywhere. The guild which combined these two institutions was a thanes guild. It made and enforced legal enactments; it paid the blood-money if a member slew a man with righteous cause, and exacted eight pounds from any one who robbed a member. “It is improbable” writes Dr. Stubbs “that any institution on so large a scale existed in any other town than London.” In Athelstan’s reign we have a complete code of such a London frith-guild. (Constitutional History of England, vol. i. p. 414.)
It is against this historic background that we find the guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin uniting to add a common scholastic interest to interests civil and religious, by founding a college. The guilds were lay institutions; in two of the best known Cambridge guilds priests were either excluded, or, if admitted, denied a share in the government; and a chaplain for the guild of the Blessed Virgin was only to be maintained if the necessary assistance to the poorer members permitted of it.
[161]“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyneAs chieffe schoole and vniuersitieVnto this tyme fro the daye it began”
[161]
“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyneAs chieffe schoole and vniuersitieVnto this tyme fro the daye it began”
“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyneAs chieffe schoole and vniuersitieVnto this tyme fro the daye it began”
“Thus of Cambridge the name gan first shyneAs chieffe schoole and vniuersitieVnto this tyme fro the daye it began”
[162]The “good duke of Lancaster” was Alderman of the Guild of Corpus Christi. John of Gaunt greatly befriended the college. It wasanno 1356that the “translation of the college of Corpus Christi out of lay hand to the patronage of the duke of Lancaster,” took place; a document so entitled once formed part of the Registry MSS.
[162]The “good duke of Lancaster” was Alderman of the Guild of Corpus Christi. John of Gaunt greatly befriended the college. It wasanno 1356that the “translation of the college of Corpus Christi out of lay hand to the patronage of the duke of Lancaster,” took place; a document so entitled once formed part of the Registry MSS.
[163]Augustinians never enjoyed their habit in comfort; in the xiii c. they were obliged to make their leather girdle long and their tunic short because they were suspected of a desire to pass as corded and sandalled Franciscans, and to cover over their white tunic with black in the streets lest they should be taken for friars preachers.
[163]Augustinians never enjoyed their habit in comfort; in the xiii c. they were obliged to make their leather girdle long and their tunic short because they were suspected of a desire to pass as corded and sandalled Franciscans, and to cover over their white tunic with black in the streets lest they should be taken for friars preachers.
[164]pp. 127, 128n., and p. 143, 143n.
[164]pp. 127, 128n., and p. 143, 143n.
[165]Recorda et placita coram cancellario Ric. le Scrope in le Tollebouth. 2 Ric. II. 1378-9.MS. No. 49 in the Cambridge Registry.
[165]Recorda et placita coram cancellario Ric. le Scrope in le Tollebouth. 2 Ric. II. 1378-9.MS. No. 49 in the Cambridge Registry.
[166]Stephen le Scrope was chancellor in 1400 and 1414, Richard Scroop (who had been Master of King’s Hall) in 1461, and Lady Anne Scroope was one of the early benefactors of Gonville’s hall; see vi. p. 325, 325n.
[166]Stephen le Scrope was chancellor in 1400 and 1414, Richard Scroop (who had been Master of King’s Hall) in 1461, and Lady Anne Scroope was one of the early benefactors of Gonville’s hall; see vi. p. 325, 325n.
[167]Edward himself speaks of it as “so important a college” in 1342. See p. 132. Since going to press I see that Mr. Rouse Ball identifies King’s Hall as ‘Solar Hall’ in his monograph on Trinity College, published in March 1906. Prof. Willis conjectured that ‘Solar Hall’ = Garrett Hostel.
[167]Edward himself speaks of it as “so important a college” in 1342. See p. 132. Since going to press I see that Mr. Rouse Ball identifies King’s Hall as ‘Solar Hall’ in his monograph on Trinity College, published in March 1906. Prof. Willis conjectured that ‘Solar Hall’ = Garrett Hostel.
[168]King’s Hall statutes name 14 as the age.It will be remembered that Pembroke, Clare, Corpus, and King’s Hall were all directly or indirectly connected with the reigning house. For the group of great names connected with Edward’s household and with Cambridge at this time cf. v. pp. 291-295.
[168]King’s Hall statutes name 14 as the age.
It will be remembered that Pembroke, Clare, Corpus, and King’s Hall were all directly or indirectly connected with the reigning house. For the group of great names connected with Edward’s household and with Cambridge at this time cf. v. pp. 291-295.
[169]The main artery of the xiv and xv century university was not, as now, the High street, but the Mill street (Milne street). It lay in a direct line between Clare Hall and Queens’ Lane, and 7 colleges had their entrances on it: Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Clare, old King’s College, S. Catherine’s, and Queens’. Gonville was approached from the north end, and King’s Hall lay on the same side. The church and property of the Knights of S. John and Garret’s and Ovyng’s hostels were in the same street. Mill street began at Queens’ Lane, and led northwards from the King’s and the Bishop’s Mills, which gave it its name. The larger part was alienated in 1445 to build the second King’s College.Another characteristic feature of old Cambridge was theKing’s Ditchmade by Henry III. in 1267, which starting from Castle Mound, with a walk beside it, formed the western boundary of King’s Hall, Michaelhouse, and Trinity Hall, and polluted the water supply of Peterhouse even in Andrew Perne’s time.
[169]The main artery of the xiv and xv century university was not, as now, the High street, but the Mill street (Milne street). It lay in a direct line between Clare Hall and Queens’ Lane, and 7 colleges had their entrances on it: Michaelhouse, Trinity Hall, Clare, old King’s College, S. Catherine’s, and Queens’. Gonville was approached from the north end, and King’s Hall lay on the same side. The church and property of the Knights of S. John and Garret’s and Ovyng’s hostels were in the same street. Mill street began at Queens’ Lane, and led northwards from the King’s and the Bishop’s Mills, which gave it its name. The larger part was alienated in 1445 to build the second King’s College.
Another characteristic feature of old Cambridge was theKing’s Ditchmade by Henry III. in 1267, which starting from Castle Mound, with a walk beside it, formed the western boundary of King’s Hall, Michaelhouse, and Trinity Hall, and polluted the water supply of Peterhouse even in Andrew Perne’s time.
[170]Temp. Laurence Booth, chancellor.
[170]Temp. Laurence Booth, chancellor.
[171]See Loggan’s print, 1688. The great schools in the School street are first mentioned 1346-7. The divinity schools were the first to be completed, by SirWilliamThorpe’s executors, in 1398. The quadrangle was completedc.1475. The eastern front was rebuilt in 1755. The buildings lie under the present library and are now used for the keeping of “acts” and for discussions, but not for lectures in the various faculties. The new Divinity schools are in S. John’s street, and were erected by friends as a memorial of Bishop Selwyn. The Science schools, school of Human Anatomy, chemical laboratories, etc. are on the site of the university botanical garden which was once Austinfriars’ property.
[171]See Loggan’s print, 1688. The great schools in the School street are first mentioned 1346-7. The divinity schools were the first to be completed, by SirWilliamThorpe’s executors, in 1398. The quadrangle was completedc.1475. The eastern front was rebuilt in 1755. The buildings lie under the present library and are now used for the keeping of “acts” and for discussions, but not for lectures in the various faculties. The new Divinity schools are in S. John’s street, and were erected by friends as a memorial of Bishop Selwyn. The Science schools, school of Human Anatomy, chemical laboratories, etc. are on the site of the university botanical garden which was once Austinfriars’ property.
[172]The room where these were treasured was thelibraria communisormagna(in the time of Caius the “old” or “public” library), which still exists on the south side, with Chancellor Rotherham’s library on the east. The ancient two-storeyed building on the west which existed as early as 1438 still contains the old Canon Law (now the Arts) school, with the original library and the university chapel (disused for centuries) above (p. 97).
[172]The room where these were treasured was thelibraria communisormagna(in the time of Caius the “old” or “public” library), which still exists on the south side, with Chancellor Rotherham’s library on the east. The ancient two-storeyed building on the west which existed as early as 1438 still contains the old Canon Law (now the Arts) school, with the original library and the university chapel (disused for centuries) above (p. 97).
[173]Fuller and Caius both record this fact.
[173]Fuller and Caius both record this fact.
[174]It consists of 700 MSS. and 30,000 volumes. Other and earlier benefactors to the library were Perne (1574), Fulke Greville, Stephen Perse of Caius, and George Villiers Duke of Buckingham.There is a library “Chest” and endowments, amounting to about £2000, plus the income of £4500 from the common university Fund.
[174]It consists of 700 MSS. and 30,000 volumes. Other and earlier benefactors to the library were Perne (1574), Fulke Greville, Stephen Perse of Caius, and George Villiers Duke of Buckingham.
There is a library “Chest” and endowments, amounting to about £2000, plus the income of £4500 from the common university Fund.
[175]A copy of every book and pamphlet published in England is sent here, to the British Museum, and to the Bodleian.
[175]A copy of every book and pamphlet published in England is sent here, to the British Museum, and to the Bodleian.
[176]The printing of bibles and of the Book of Common Prayer is still confined to the king’s printer and the 2 universities. Until 1779 the printing of almanacks was also restricted to the universities and the Stationers’ Company.
[176]The printing of bibles and of the Book of Common Prayer is still confined to the king’s printer and the 2 universities. Until 1779 the printing of almanacks was also restricted to the universities and the Stationers’ Company.
[177]See iii. p. 183, and iv. p. 205.
[177]See iii. p. 183, and iv. p. 205.
[178]Cf. the laying of the foundation stone of the Norman church of S. Giles in 1092, when Anselm of Canterbury and the Bishop of Lincoln (then the diocesan) were present.
[178]Cf. the laying of the foundation stone of the Norman church of S. Giles in 1092, when Anselm of Canterbury and the Bishop of Lincoln (then the diocesan) were present.
[179]In 1439. Its site was the present ante-chapel, see Christ’s College p. 117.
[179]In 1439. Its site was the present ante-chapel, see Christ’s College p. 117.
[180]The king’s design did not at first include the connexion of Eton and King’s. The foundations of a college and chapel for a rector and 12 scholars were first laid opposite Clare, between Mill Street and the Schools, on April 2, 1441. Within three years this foundation was changed into a society which, like Eton, is under a Provost and which was bound to provide the free education of poor Etonians. Here Henry imitated William of Wykeham, and the statutes which he drew up follow the lines laid down by the founder of Winchester and New College. The original “mean quadrant” was used till 1828 when it was sold to the university for the library extension on that side. The chapel fell down in 1536. A wall and gateway on the west, remain. The new design had the original court and Clare on the north, Austin’s hostel and Whitefriars on the south: the chapel was to form the north side of a quadrangle measuring 230 × 238 feet (cf. the measurements of Corpus); and, as in previous colleges, the west side was to contain the hall and provost’s lodging, a library and lecture rooms. The south and east sides were to be for the chambers and the latter was to have a gateway and tower. The present Queens’ College is on the site of the Whitefriars’ house; and the old gate of King’s which led from the chapel yard to Queens’ Lane used to be known as “Friars’ gate.” (For a full account of this most interesting design the reader is referred to Messrs. Willis and Clark’s book.)For the modern buildings fourseparateranges were designed, the first to be erected being the Gibbs’ building on the west: the southern side and the screen have been built since 1824, Wilkins being the architect; on this side are the hall, combination room, and library, and the Provost’s lodge. Sir Gilbert Scott erected the building on the south east, which was projected after 1870.
[180]The king’s design did not at first include the connexion of Eton and King’s. The foundations of a college and chapel for a rector and 12 scholars were first laid opposite Clare, between Mill Street and the Schools, on April 2, 1441. Within three years this foundation was changed into a society which, like Eton, is under a Provost and which was bound to provide the free education of poor Etonians. Here Henry imitated William of Wykeham, and the statutes which he drew up follow the lines laid down by the founder of Winchester and New College. The original “mean quadrant” was used till 1828 when it was sold to the university for the library extension on that side. The chapel fell down in 1536. A wall and gateway on the west, remain. The new design had the original court and Clare on the north, Austin’s hostel and Whitefriars on the south: the chapel was to form the north side of a quadrangle measuring 230 × 238 feet (cf. the measurements of Corpus); and, as in previous colleges, the west side was to contain the hall and provost’s lodging, a library and lecture rooms. The south and east sides were to be for the chambers and the latter was to have a gateway and tower. The present Queens’ College is on the site of the Whitefriars’ house; and the old gate of King’s which led from the chapel yard to Queens’ Lane used to be known as “Friars’ gate.” (For a full account of this most interesting design the reader is referred to Messrs. Willis and Clark’s book.)
For the modern buildings fourseparateranges were designed, the first to be erected being the Gibbs’ building on the west: the southern side and the screen have been built since 1824, Wilkins being the architect; on this side are the hall, combination room, and library, and the Provost’s lodge. Sir Gilbert Scott erected the building on the south east, which was projected after 1870.
[181]The Norfolk name of Boleyn is found at the university in the xv c. Henry Boleyn was proctor in 1454-5, and Anne’s uncle was churchwarden of S. Clement’s.
[181]The Norfolk name of Boleyn is found at the university in the xv c. Henry Boleyn was proctor in 1454-5, and Anne’s uncle was churchwarden of S. Clement’s.
[182]It has been suggested that Tudor architecture might be styled Heraldic architecture, so freely does heraldry and blazonry enter into its plan and the scheme of decoration. England’s two great specimens of the Perpendicular—King’s College chapel and Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster—are pervaded by a “gorgeous display of heraldry.” The west and south entrances of King’s are decorated with bold carvings of the badges of Henry VII.—the crowned rose and portcullis. “No person ever glanced his eye over the wonders around and above him, without being awestruck at the daring of the architect that could plan, and the builders that could erect such a structure. The whole of the lower part of the Chapel beneath the windows is divided into panels, and every panel is filled with the arms of the king who erected the building.” “The immense pendants hanging from the gorgeous roof are ornamented with the rose, the royal badge of both the king and queen at this period.” (Clark’sIntroduction to Heraldry, edited by J. R. Planché, Rouge Croix.) The arms and supporters of Eton, Henry VI. and VIII., Richard II., Edward IV. and VIth, Mary and Elizabeth, appear also. The gateway towers of Christ’s and John’s afford other examples of heraldic display as the exclusive scheme of decoration—they bear the arms, supporters, and badges of their founder, the mother of Henry VII. Finally the Entrance Gateway tower of Trinity exhibits the arms of Edward III. and his six sons (William of Hatfield being represented by a blank shield); above is a statue of Henry VIII. No street—no town—in England presents anything like this “boast of heraldry” which Gray had always under his eyes in Cambridge. It is a permanent record of the two royal groups in England who preferred this university; the gateway at Trinity being thetrait d’unionbetween them.
[182]It has been suggested that Tudor architecture might be styled Heraldic architecture, so freely does heraldry and blazonry enter into its plan and the scheme of decoration. England’s two great specimens of the Perpendicular—King’s College chapel and Henry VII.’s chapel at Westminster—are pervaded by a “gorgeous display of heraldry.” The west and south entrances of King’s are decorated with bold carvings of the badges of Henry VII.—the crowned rose and portcullis. “No person ever glanced his eye over the wonders around and above him, without being awestruck at the daring of the architect that could plan, and the builders that could erect such a structure. The whole of the lower part of the Chapel beneath the windows is divided into panels, and every panel is filled with the arms of the king who erected the building.” “The immense pendants hanging from the gorgeous roof are ornamented with the rose, the royal badge of both the king and queen at this period.” (Clark’sIntroduction to Heraldry, edited by J. R. Planché, Rouge Croix.) The arms and supporters of Eton, Henry VI. and VIII., Richard II., Edward IV. and VIth, Mary and Elizabeth, appear also. The gateway towers of Christ’s and John’s afford other examples of heraldic display as the exclusive scheme of decoration—they bear the arms, supporters, and badges of their founder, the mother of Henry VII. Finally the Entrance Gateway tower of Trinity exhibits the arms of Edward III. and his six sons (William of Hatfield being represented by a blank shield); above is a statue of Henry VIII. No street—no town—in England presents anything like this “boast of heraldry” which Gray had always under his eyes in Cambridge. It is a permanent record of the two royal groups in England who preferred this university; the gateway at Trinity being thetrait d’unionbetween them.
[183]“The scholars of King’s enjoyed the questionable privilege of drifting into their degrees without examination. Lectures and rare compositions in Latin were the only demands upon their time,” writes Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. The same arrangements obtained at New College Oxford until 50 years ago.
[183]“The scholars of King’s enjoyed the questionable privilege of drifting into their degrees without examination. Lectures and rare compositions in Latin were the only demands upon their time,” writes Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. The same arrangements obtained at New College Oxford until 50 years ago.
[184]The “13 poor men” who are to form part of the foundation at Eton are an addition of Henry’s own; they do not appear on Wykeham’s foundation.
[184]The “13 poor men” who are to form part of the foundation at Eton are an addition of Henry’s own; they do not appear on Wykeham’s foundation.
[185]For the Days, see v. p. 273n.Wickham was vice-provost of Eton.
[185]For the Days, see v. p. 273n.Wickham was vice-provost of Eton.
[186]Somerset returned to Cambridge in later life, after he had fallen into disgrace and poverty, and met, like Metcalfe of John’s, with small gratitude. Dr. Philip Baker, though a Catholic, retained the provostship under Elizabeth till 1570. For King’s men see also pp. 174-5, 272-3-4n., 283.
[186]Somerset returned to Cambridge in later life, after he had fallen into disgrace and poverty, and met, like Metcalfe of John’s, with small gratitude. Dr. Philip Baker, though a Catholic, retained the provostship under Elizabeth till 1570. For King’s men see also pp. 174-5, 272-3-4n., 283.
[187]Eton is the only public school joined from its foundation with a Cambridge college. Merchant Taylors’ used however to be related to Pembroke (which owes Spenser’s presence there to this circumstance) and the ancient school of Bury used, it is said, to send itsalumnito Gonville. S. Paul’s school has tied scholarships and exhibitions at Corpus Christi and Trinity: Corpus was connected with Norwich school and Norfolk by Bacon, Parker, and other Norfolk benefactors, and has tied scholarships with King’s School, Canterbury, and Westminster; the last being also closely connected with Trinity College. Harrow has two tied scholarships at Caius; Magdalene holds the Latimer Neville scholarships for Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Uppingham, and Fettes schools, and tied exhibitions from Wisbech school. Uppingham is similarly connected with Emmanuel; Peterhouse with Huntingdon Free Grammar School, and S. John’s with 18 schools all over England and with several towns as well.
[187]Eton is the only public school joined from its foundation with a Cambridge college. Merchant Taylors’ used however to be related to Pembroke (which owes Spenser’s presence there to this circumstance) and the ancient school of Bury used, it is said, to send itsalumnito Gonville. S. Paul’s school has tied scholarships and exhibitions at Corpus Christi and Trinity: Corpus was connected with Norwich school and Norfolk by Bacon, Parker, and other Norfolk benefactors, and has tied scholarships with King’s School, Canterbury, and Westminster; the last being also closely connected with Trinity College. Harrow has two tied scholarships at Caius; Magdalene holds the Latimer Neville scholarships for Shrewsbury, Marlborough, Uppingham, and Fettes schools, and tied exhibitions from Wisbech school. Uppingham is similarly connected with Emmanuel; Peterhouse with Huntingdon Free Grammar School, and S. John’s with 18 schools all over England and with several towns as well.
[188]A chapel of S. Lucy (erected 1245) came into the possession of Peterhouse with the property of the friars of the Sack (1309) and was used by the fellows towards the end of that century. The licences obtained by Bateman (1352 and 1353) for chapels in Trinity Hall and Gonville were never acted upon. Gonville however had a house chapel in 1393. At this date Clare also had a chapel, which was used at the primate’s visitation in 1401. The Clare Statutes (1359) direct that S. John Baptist’s church be used. For ritual in the college chapels, see pp. 59, 145. Organs were placed in most of the chapels in the reign of Charles I., at a time when the courts, gates, and frontage of colleges underwent repair and decoration.
[188]A chapel of S. Lucy (erected 1245) came into the possession of Peterhouse with the property of the friars of the Sack (1309) and was used by the fellows towards the end of that century. The licences obtained by Bateman (1352 and 1353) for chapels in Trinity Hall and Gonville were never acted upon. Gonville however had a house chapel in 1393. At this date Clare also had a chapel, which was used at the primate’s visitation in 1401. The Clare Statutes (1359) direct that S. John Baptist’s church be used. For ritual in the college chapels, see pp. 59, 145. Organs were placed in most of the chapels in the reign of Charles I., at a time when the courts, gates, and frontage of colleges underwent repair and decoration.
[189]Cf. with the dimensions of Corpus old court which was considerably larger (220 by 140), of the proposed quadrangle at King’s p. 102n., and with the frontage of some of the hostels p. 50.
[189]Cf. with the dimensions of Corpus old court which was considerably larger (220 by 140), of the proposed quadrangle at King’s p. 102n., and with the frontage of some of the hostels p. 50.
[190]Haddon Hall in Derbyshire; the first owners of which were those Peverels (”of the Peak”) who figure in Cambridge history at the time of the Conquest (i. p. 17). The house passed to the Bassetts, a name which was also well known in the university; and from there—so the old story runs—Dorothy Vernon, a daughter of the last owners of the manor, ran away with Sir John the first Lord Manners.
[190]Haddon Hall in Derbyshire; the first owners of which were those Peverels (”of the Peak”) who figure in Cambridge history at the time of the Conquest (i. p. 17). The house passed to the Bassetts, a name which was also well known in the university; and from there—so the old story runs—Dorothy Vernon, a daughter of the last owners of the manor, ran away with Sir John the first Lord Manners.
[191]For the marriage of a xvi c. President of Queens’, see iv. pp. 209, 212.
[191]For the marriage of a xvi c. President of Queens’, see iv. pp. 209, 212.
[192]Pearson was educated here, then at King’s of which he became fellow, and was Master of Jesus and, in 1662, of Trinity.
[192]Pearson was educated here, then at King’s of which he became fellow, and was Master of Jesus and, in 1662, of Trinity.
[193]See Bernard’s hostel p. 109.
[193]See Bernard’s hostel p. 109.
[194]Margaret had however called it “the quenes collage of sainte Margarete and S. Bernard.” In her petition for a charter she tells the king: “in the whiche vniuersitie is no college founded by eny quene of Englond hidertoward.” The statutes were drawn up by Millington first Provost of King’s, and others.
[194]Margaret had however called it “the quenes collage of sainte Margarete and S. Bernard.” In her petition for a charter she tells the king: “in the whiche vniuersitie is no college founded by eny quene of Englond hidertoward.” The statutes were drawn up by Millington first Provost of King’s, and others.