[454]See the original committeesuprapp. 317-18n.The existing members elect the majority of new members. The first official recognition of the existence of the college was made in 1880 when the Council of the Senate elected three members of the college from among its number, and so exercised a power conferred on it in the original articles of association.[455]The college still prepares for this examination; at Newnham it must be prepared for at the student’s own expense. It is however now usually taken by all students before coming up.[456]Classics: R. S. Cook (Mrs. C. P. Scott) and L. I. Lumsden. Mathematics: S. Woodhead (Mrs. Corbett) senior optime.[457]This was in 1882. First class honours in this tripos did not become usual until women came up better prepared from schools. A Cambridge man, however, writing in 1873 declares that a man may be a wrangler when his mathematical knowledge was contemporary with his admission to the university, but that “no one was ever placed inanyclass of the (classical) tripos who came up to the university knowing only the elements of Greek grammar.... The classical man, if plucked,” (i.e.in mathematics) “loses 10 years’ labour”—the time spent in classics from early school days. Women, nevertheless, belied this dictum from the first; many have not known even “the elements of Greek grammar” when they came up, and few indeed have 10 years’ Greek studies on their shoulders when they take the tripos.[458]The Claude Montefiore prize was founded in memory of the donor’s wife, who was at Girton. The Agnata Butler prize is awarded to classical students by the Master of Trinity and his wife. One of the early scholarships, offered by Mr. Justice Wright, was described as “a year’s proceeds of an Oxford fellowship.” Dr. W. Cunningham, fellow of Trinity College, assigned, in 1898, the entire profits of his bookGrowth of English Industry and Commercetowards a fund for publishing dissertations of conspicuous merit written by certificated Girton students. The above-named city companies have always been generous donors to the women’s colleges.[459]The committee of 1862 had had (as we see) for its avowed object the “obtaining the admission of women to university examinations”: the subsequent committee (of December 1867) was formed “for the establishment of a college holding to girls’ schools and home teaching a position analogous to that occupied by the universities towards the public schools for boys.” The following was the reply given by the first named committee when approached in March 1868 with a view to a joint memorial asking for “advanced examinations for women”:—“That this committee, believing that the distinctive advantage of the Cambridge University Local Examinations consists in their offering a common standard to boys and girls, and that the institution of independent schemes of examination for women exclusively tends to keep down the level of female education, cannot take part in the proposed memorial to the university of Cambridge for advanced examinations for women above the age of eighteen.”[460]“The brethren of Mount Carmel had a site at Newnham where they dwelt and where they founded their church, which site they had of Michael Malherbe” (Hundred Rolls ii. 360). “Here they made many cells, a church, a cloister, and dormitory, and the necessary offices, sufficiently well constructed, and here they dwelt for 40 years” (Barnwell Chartulary). See i. p. 20.[461]Scroope Terrace occupies part of the ground of Newnham Manor. Like the other great benefactors of colleges, Lady Elizabeth Clare and Lady Margaret Beaufort, Lady Anne was three times married. Her mother was a Gonville. Corpus Christi College benefited by tithes and houses in the manors both of Girton and Newnham (p. 318).[462]Those who held that Grantchester and Cambridge were but one and the same town, told us that the principal part lay on the north, towards Girton, while Newnham Lane, beyond the mill, extended as far as Grantchester “the old Cambridge”:Ad Neunhamiae vicum, ultra molendinam, que se longius promovebat versus Grantacestriam.... (Caius).[463]It may be recorded here that Madame Bodichon’s scheme was for a college (a)inCambridge (b) with the same intellectual conditions and tests as applied to men and (c) free of denominationalism. A chapel was not erected at Girton till after 1895. Of Mme. Bodichon as a pioneer it has been said that she had the singular faculty for realising in her imagination exactly what she wanted, down to the last detail—the creative power. Her failing health for the last fourteen years of her life made impossible the active share in the work which had been so ungrudgingly undertaken by her between 1867 and 1877; but her interest extended to every student who went up to Girton, and she was at pains to know them and to find out from their conversation how the college might be improved.[464]This house, 74 Regent Street, had been hired by (Professor) Henry Sidgwick in the spring of the year at his own financial risk, and here Miss Clough came in September.[465]The names of the 16 men (one being a Frenchman) who first lectured to women at the university are treasured at Newnham. Six were S. John’s men, 4 Trinity, and the other colleges represented were Christ’s, Queens’, and Caius. They were:†F. D. Maurice.†W. W. Skeat.†J. E. B. Mayor.J. Peile.W. C. Green.M. Boquel.†Prof. Cayley.J. F. Moulton.†W. K. Clifford.J. Venn.†A. Marshall.Prof. C. C. Babington.T. G. Bonney.P. T. Main.G. M. Garrett, Mus.D.S. Taylor.Dr. (afterwards Sir) Michael Foster, Adam Sedgwick, Frank Balfour (all of the Physiological laboratory) H. Sidgwick, Mr. Archer-Hind, Dr. E. S. Shuckburgh, and Mr. Keynes were also among the earliest lecturers.The general committee then formed included the first 3 of these names, and Nos. 7, 8, and 10; with Prof. Adams, Mr. Henry Jackson, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. C. Jebb. The Executive were: Prof. Maurice, Mr. T. G. Bonney, Mr. Ferrers (afterwards Master of Gonville and Caius) Mr. Peile (now Master of Christ’s) Mrs. Adams (the wife of the Lowndean professor) Mrs. Fawcett (the wife of the professor of Political Economy) Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Venn (the wife of Dr. Venn of Caius) H. Sidgwick and T. Markby, Hon. secretaries, and Mrs. Bateson (the wife of the Master of S. John’s) Hon. treasurer.Certain courses of lectures in the public and inter-collegiate lecture rooms were open to women from 1873—22 out of the 34. A few years later 29 were open, and now all are open.[466]Memoirof her aunt, by Blanche Athena Clough, Arnold, 1897—to which I am indebted for many of these details.[467]In her diary written the year she came of age she writes that honour and praise were not what she cared for. “If I were a man I would not work for riches or to leave a wealthy family behind me; I would work for my country, and make its people my heirs.”[468]This she lived to see accomplished. A training college for women was proposed by Miss Buss in 1885 and Miss E. P. Hughes was its first principal and guiding spirit at Cambridge. Out of this grew the latter’s Association of Assistant Mistresses.[469]The Association formed to promote the interests of students working for the university Higher Local examinations; see p. 326. The Newnham Hall Company was constituted in 1874 to build the first Hall.[470]The cost of which was mainly defrayed by a bequest for the benefit of women left by Mrs. Pfeiffer and her husband.[471]Mrs. Sidgwick is the daughter of the late James Balfour and of Lady Blanche Cecil, who was the sister of one Prime Minister as Mrs. Sidgwick is of another. Miss M. G. Kennedy is the daughter of the late Benjamin Hall Kennedy, one of the revisers of the New Testament with Lightfoot, Westcott, and Hort; fellow of S. John’s, Canon of Ely, and Regius Professor of Greek, in whose honour the Latin professorship was founded.[472]The style of Principal was, as we have already seen, used for the chief of a hostel in the university; it was also the tide of the head of thedomus universitatis, University Hall (1326).[473]See page 355. 1874 was the year in which Prof. James Ward was alone among the men in the first class when two of the examiners thought Mary Paley (Mrs. Marshall) should be there also, and two placed her in the second: no one doubts that Miss Paley attained the first class standard of any other year.[474]Professor of Anatomy.[475]Afterwards Mrs. Koppel.[476]October 1906. There are at Newnham 6 scholarships worth £50 a year, 1 of £70, 1 of £40, and 2 of £35. There is also a studentship of £75 and another of £80 a year, tenable for one year or more. Of these, two are for natural science students, one for a classic.Through the munificence of private donors Newnham has been enabled to appoint 4 fellows of the college, and a fund is being formed which it is hoped will place these fellowships on a permanent basis.[477]These include many who read for a tripos, and a large number who in early days passed in the various Higher Local “Groups,” besides all who have taken special courses of study.[478]Professor Seeley’s rendering of her views for use at the public meeting at Birmingham. In a leaflet appealing for funds, Miss Clough said that the Cambridge lectures had been “a free-will offering” made to women by members of the university; here at Cambridge women of “different occupations, different stations in life, and different religious persuasion” were brought together to receive in common “at least some share of academic education.” “If we are right,” she says, “in thinking our object one of national importance” the expense should not be thrown on Cambridge residents, “much less should members of the university, who are already giving their time ungrudgingly, be called upon to give money also.” The journey to Birmingham was made with Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Fawcett addressed the meeting.[479]It is interesting to note that there have been several students at both colleges bearing old Cambridge names, some known there in the xii, xiii, xiv and xv centuries: Bassett, Mortimer, Frost, Gaunt, Bingham, Booth, Parker, Alcock, Skelton, Crook, Bullock, Bentley, Parr, Creighton, Cartwright, Ridley, Day, May, Wallis, Sanderson, Morland, Herschell, Jebb, Sedgwick, Paley, and several others.[480]Some forty members of Parliament voted in favour of the “Graces” on this occasion.[481]See p. 338n.[482]Another clergyman also—the Rev. E. W. Bowling, afterwards rector of Houghton Conquest, and a light blue champion in the boat race.Battle of the Pons Trium Trojanorum, Thursday Feb. 24. 1881.Aemilia GirtonensisBy the Nine Muses sworeThat the great house of GirtonShould suffer wrong no more.By the Mutes Nine she swore itAnd named a voting day. . . . . . . . . .But by the yellow CamusWas tumult and affright. . . . . . . . . .‘O Varius, Father Varius,To whom the Trojans pray,The ladies are upon us!We look to thee this day!’. . . . . . . . . .The Three stood calm and silentAnd frowned upon their foes,As a great shout of laughterFrom the four hundred rose.[483]The first man to maintain that girls had a right to as good an education as boys, was aCantab(Eton and King’s College) a master at the new Merchant-Taylors’ school, and afterwards headmaster of Colet’s school. Lancelot Andrewes was one of his pupils. This famous Cantab and famous schoolmaster—Richard Mulcaster—also advised that teachers should be trained to teach. In the xviii c. Defoe’s appreciation of the woman with ‘knowledge’—“well-bred and well-taught”—led to his suggestion that there should be a college for her higher education.[484]For the subjects of this tripos, see iii. pp. 187-189.[485]For the 20 years from 1886 to 1906:—Mathematics 345 candidates, 31 wranglersFirst and 2nd classes 56 per cent.Classics 296 candidates, 54 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 61 per cent.Moral Sciences 83 candidates,21 first classes (this excludes the triumphs ofthe first 12 years)First and 2nd classes 76 per cent.Natural Sciences 246 candidates,64 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 70 per cent.History 290 candidates, 49 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 64 per cent.Medieval and Modern Languages(tripos created in 1886) 246 candidates,73 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 74 per cent.Hence in these 6 triposes the highest percentage of Firsts has been obtained in the Moral Sciences, Languages, and Natural Sciences, Classics coming fourth; while in the percentage of First and Second classes the order is again: Moral Sciences, Languages, Natural Sciences, followed by History, Classics, and Mathematics.In the first 10 years 250 students took a tripos, of whom one in five (51) was placed in the first class.Among the men the percentage ofFirst Classesforthe years 1900-1905is: mathematics 39 per cent, classics 28 per cent. For the subjects chosen by men cf. iv. p. 238n.[486]There are, roughly, 3000 men and 300 women at the university. Since 1881, 94 women and 168 men have taken this tripos—the proportion should have been 940 men.[487]The founders of Girton have been steadfast in demanding the degree. In 1887, 842 members of the senate signed a petition in favour of it. Miss Clough had signed a similar petition earlier. The objections to opening the degrees to women have been adequately met in the pamphlet “Women in the Universities of England and Scotland,” Cambridge, Macmillan and Bowes, 1896.[488]The entries for 1863, when girls were first informally examined, were 639, the next year they rose to 844.[489]Statutes regulating the examination of women, and opening to them the Mathematical, Natural Sciences, and Modern History schools, were voted in 1886 by a majority of 464 votes to 321. Responsions and the other schools were opened to women in 1888, 1890, and 1893 (the Theological school, Oriental studies, and theD.Mus.) and in 1894 the remaining examinations were opened. Pass and honour examinations are both open to women at Oxford, and the names of successful candidates appear in the official lists. The certificate, however, is given by the Oxford Association for the Education of Women, who restrict it to those students who have qualified like the men on all points.The position of women in other universities.In 1856 the first application was made—by Jessie White to London university—for admission as a candidate for the medical degree. A similar request was made seven years later. A supplementary charter establishing special examinations for women was procured by this university in 1869. In 1878 it made “every degree, honour, and prize awarded by the university accessible to students of both sexes on perfectly equal terms.” Since 1889 all disqualification for women in Scotch universities has ceased. The Victoria university, by its original charter 20 April 1880, admitted both sexes equally to its degrees and distinctions; and in 1895 Durham became a “mixed” university. All the more recent universities treat men and women equally.
[454]See the original committeesuprapp. 317-18n.The existing members elect the majority of new members. The first official recognition of the existence of the college was made in 1880 when the Council of the Senate elected three members of the college from among its number, and so exercised a power conferred on it in the original articles of association.
[454]See the original committeesuprapp. 317-18n.The existing members elect the majority of new members. The first official recognition of the existence of the college was made in 1880 when the Council of the Senate elected three members of the college from among its number, and so exercised a power conferred on it in the original articles of association.
[455]The college still prepares for this examination; at Newnham it must be prepared for at the student’s own expense. It is however now usually taken by all students before coming up.
[455]The college still prepares for this examination; at Newnham it must be prepared for at the student’s own expense. It is however now usually taken by all students before coming up.
[456]Classics: R. S. Cook (Mrs. C. P. Scott) and L. I. Lumsden. Mathematics: S. Woodhead (Mrs. Corbett) senior optime.
[456]Classics: R. S. Cook (Mrs. C. P. Scott) and L. I. Lumsden. Mathematics: S. Woodhead (Mrs. Corbett) senior optime.
[457]This was in 1882. First class honours in this tripos did not become usual until women came up better prepared from schools. A Cambridge man, however, writing in 1873 declares that a man may be a wrangler when his mathematical knowledge was contemporary with his admission to the university, but that “no one was ever placed inanyclass of the (classical) tripos who came up to the university knowing only the elements of Greek grammar.... The classical man, if plucked,” (i.e.in mathematics) “loses 10 years’ labour”—the time spent in classics from early school days. Women, nevertheless, belied this dictum from the first; many have not known even “the elements of Greek grammar” when they came up, and few indeed have 10 years’ Greek studies on their shoulders when they take the tripos.
[457]This was in 1882. First class honours in this tripos did not become usual until women came up better prepared from schools. A Cambridge man, however, writing in 1873 declares that a man may be a wrangler when his mathematical knowledge was contemporary with his admission to the university, but that “no one was ever placed inanyclass of the (classical) tripos who came up to the university knowing only the elements of Greek grammar.... The classical man, if plucked,” (i.e.in mathematics) “loses 10 years’ labour”—the time spent in classics from early school days. Women, nevertheless, belied this dictum from the first; many have not known even “the elements of Greek grammar” when they came up, and few indeed have 10 years’ Greek studies on their shoulders when they take the tripos.
[458]The Claude Montefiore prize was founded in memory of the donor’s wife, who was at Girton. The Agnata Butler prize is awarded to classical students by the Master of Trinity and his wife. One of the early scholarships, offered by Mr. Justice Wright, was described as “a year’s proceeds of an Oxford fellowship.” Dr. W. Cunningham, fellow of Trinity College, assigned, in 1898, the entire profits of his bookGrowth of English Industry and Commercetowards a fund for publishing dissertations of conspicuous merit written by certificated Girton students. The above-named city companies have always been generous donors to the women’s colleges.
[458]The Claude Montefiore prize was founded in memory of the donor’s wife, who was at Girton. The Agnata Butler prize is awarded to classical students by the Master of Trinity and his wife. One of the early scholarships, offered by Mr. Justice Wright, was described as “a year’s proceeds of an Oxford fellowship.” Dr. W. Cunningham, fellow of Trinity College, assigned, in 1898, the entire profits of his bookGrowth of English Industry and Commercetowards a fund for publishing dissertations of conspicuous merit written by certificated Girton students. The above-named city companies have always been generous donors to the women’s colleges.
[459]The committee of 1862 had had (as we see) for its avowed object the “obtaining the admission of women to university examinations”: the subsequent committee (of December 1867) was formed “for the establishment of a college holding to girls’ schools and home teaching a position analogous to that occupied by the universities towards the public schools for boys.” The following was the reply given by the first named committee when approached in March 1868 with a view to a joint memorial asking for “advanced examinations for women”:—“That this committee, believing that the distinctive advantage of the Cambridge University Local Examinations consists in their offering a common standard to boys and girls, and that the institution of independent schemes of examination for women exclusively tends to keep down the level of female education, cannot take part in the proposed memorial to the university of Cambridge for advanced examinations for women above the age of eighteen.”
[459]The committee of 1862 had had (as we see) for its avowed object the “obtaining the admission of women to university examinations”: the subsequent committee (of December 1867) was formed “for the establishment of a college holding to girls’ schools and home teaching a position analogous to that occupied by the universities towards the public schools for boys.” The following was the reply given by the first named committee when approached in March 1868 with a view to a joint memorial asking for “advanced examinations for women”:—“That this committee, believing that the distinctive advantage of the Cambridge University Local Examinations consists in their offering a common standard to boys and girls, and that the institution of independent schemes of examination for women exclusively tends to keep down the level of female education, cannot take part in the proposed memorial to the university of Cambridge for advanced examinations for women above the age of eighteen.”
[460]“The brethren of Mount Carmel had a site at Newnham where they dwelt and where they founded their church, which site they had of Michael Malherbe” (Hundred Rolls ii. 360). “Here they made many cells, a church, a cloister, and dormitory, and the necessary offices, sufficiently well constructed, and here they dwelt for 40 years” (Barnwell Chartulary). See i. p. 20.
[460]“The brethren of Mount Carmel had a site at Newnham where they dwelt and where they founded their church, which site they had of Michael Malherbe” (Hundred Rolls ii. 360). “Here they made many cells, a church, a cloister, and dormitory, and the necessary offices, sufficiently well constructed, and here they dwelt for 40 years” (Barnwell Chartulary). See i. p. 20.
[461]Scroope Terrace occupies part of the ground of Newnham Manor. Like the other great benefactors of colleges, Lady Elizabeth Clare and Lady Margaret Beaufort, Lady Anne was three times married. Her mother was a Gonville. Corpus Christi College benefited by tithes and houses in the manors both of Girton and Newnham (p. 318).
[461]Scroope Terrace occupies part of the ground of Newnham Manor. Like the other great benefactors of colleges, Lady Elizabeth Clare and Lady Margaret Beaufort, Lady Anne was three times married. Her mother was a Gonville. Corpus Christi College benefited by tithes and houses in the manors both of Girton and Newnham (p. 318).
[462]Those who held that Grantchester and Cambridge were but one and the same town, told us that the principal part lay on the north, towards Girton, while Newnham Lane, beyond the mill, extended as far as Grantchester “the old Cambridge”:Ad Neunhamiae vicum, ultra molendinam, que se longius promovebat versus Grantacestriam.... (Caius).
[462]Those who held that Grantchester and Cambridge were but one and the same town, told us that the principal part lay on the north, towards Girton, while Newnham Lane, beyond the mill, extended as far as Grantchester “the old Cambridge”:Ad Neunhamiae vicum, ultra molendinam, que se longius promovebat versus Grantacestriam.... (Caius).
[463]It may be recorded here that Madame Bodichon’s scheme was for a college (a)inCambridge (b) with the same intellectual conditions and tests as applied to men and (c) free of denominationalism. A chapel was not erected at Girton till after 1895. Of Mme. Bodichon as a pioneer it has been said that she had the singular faculty for realising in her imagination exactly what she wanted, down to the last detail—the creative power. Her failing health for the last fourteen years of her life made impossible the active share in the work which had been so ungrudgingly undertaken by her between 1867 and 1877; but her interest extended to every student who went up to Girton, and she was at pains to know them and to find out from their conversation how the college might be improved.
[463]It may be recorded here that Madame Bodichon’s scheme was for a college (a)inCambridge (b) with the same intellectual conditions and tests as applied to men and (c) free of denominationalism. A chapel was not erected at Girton till after 1895. Of Mme. Bodichon as a pioneer it has been said that she had the singular faculty for realising in her imagination exactly what she wanted, down to the last detail—the creative power. Her failing health for the last fourteen years of her life made impossible the active share in the work which had been so ungrudgingly undertaken by her between 1867 and 1877; but her interest extended to every student who went up to Girton, and she was at pains to know them and to find out from their conversation how the college might be improved.
[464]This house, 74 Regent Street, had been hired by (Professor) Henry Sidgwick in the spring of the year at his own financial risk, and here Miss Clough came in September.
[464]This house, 74 Regent Street, had been hired by (Professor) Henry Sidgwick in the spring of the year at his own financial risk, and here Miss Clough came in September.
[465]The names of the 16 men (one being a Frenchman) who first lectured to women at the university are treasured at Newnham. Six were S. John’s men, 4 Trinity, and the other colleges represented were Christ’s, Queens’, and Caius. They were:†F. D. Maurice.†W. W. Skeat.†J. E. B. Mayor.J. Peile.W. C. Green.M. Boquel.†Prof. Cayley.J. F. Moulton.†W. K. Clifford.J. Venn.†A. Marshall.Prof. C. C. Babington.T. G. Bonney.P. T. Main.G. M. Garrett, Mus.D.S. Taylor.Dr. (afterwards Sir) Michael Foster, Adam Sedgwick, Frank Balfour (all of the Physiological laboratory) H. Sidgwick, Mr. Archer-Hind, Dr. E. S. Shuckburgh, and Mr. Keynes were also among the earliest lecturers.The general committee then formed included the first 3 of these names, and Nos. 7, 8, and 10; with Prof. Adams, Mr. Henry Jackson, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. C. Jebb. The Executive were: Prof. Maurice, Mr. T. G. Bonney, Mr. Ferrers (afterwards Master of Gonville and Caius) Mr. Peile (now Master of Christ’s) Mrs. Adams (the wife of the Lowndean professor) Mrs. Fawcett (the wife of the professor of Political Economy) Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Venn (the wife of Dr. Venn of Caius) H. Sidgwick and T. Markby, Hon. secretaries, and Mrs. Bateson (the wife of the Master of S. John’s) Hon. treasurer.Certain courses of lectures in the public and inter-collegiate lecture rooms were open to women from 1873—22 out of the 34. A few years later 29 were open, and now all are open.
[465]The names of the 16 men (one being a Frenchman) who first lectured to women at the university are treasured at Newnham. Six were S. John’s men, 4 Trinity, and the other colleges represented were Christ’s, Queens’, and Caius. They were:
Dr. (afterwards Sir) Michael Foster, Adam Sedgwick, Frank Balfour (all of the Physiological laboratory) H. Sidgwick, Mr. Archer-Hind, Dr. E. S. Shuckburgh, and Mr. Keynes were also among the earliest lecturers.
The general committee then formed included the first 3 of these names, and Nos. 7, 8, and 10; with Prof. Adams, Mr. Henry Jackson, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. C. Jebb. The Executive were: Prof. Maurice, Mr. T. G. Bonney, Mr. Ferrers (afterwards Master of Gonville and Caius) Mr. Peile (now Master of Christ’s) Mrs. Adams (the wife of the Lowndean professor) Mrs. Fawcett (the wife of the professor of Political Economy) Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Venn (the wife of Dr. Venn of Caius) H. Sidgwick and T. Markby, Hon. secretaries, and Mrs. Bateson (the wife of the Master of S. John’s) Hon. treasurer.
Certain courses of lectures in the public and inter-collegiate lecture rooms were open to women from 1873—22 out of the 34. A few years later 29 were open, and now all are open.
[466]Memoirof her aunt, by Blanche Athena Clough, Arnold, 1897—to which I am indebted for many of these details.
[466]Memoirof her aunt, by Blanche Athena Clough, Arnold, 1897—to which I am indebted for many of these details.
[467]In her diary written the year she came of age she writes that honour and praise were not what she cared for. “If I were a man I would not work for riches or to leave a wealthy family behind me; I would work for my country, and make its people my heirs.”
[467]In her diary written the year she came of age she writes that honour and praise were not what she cared for. “If I were a man I would not work for riches or to leave a wealthy family behind me; I would work for my country, and make its people my heirs.”
[468]This she lived to see accomplished. A training college for women was proposed by Miss Buss in 1885 and Miss E. P. Hughes was its first principal and guiding spirit at Cambridge. Out of this grew the latter’s Association of Assistant Mistresses.
[468]This she lived to see accomplished. A training college for women was proposed by Miss Buss in 1885 and Miss E. P. Hughes was its first principal and guiding spirit at Cambridge. Out of this grew the latter’s Association of Assistant Mistresses.
[469]The Association formed to promote the interests of students working for the university Higher Local examinations; see p. 326. The Newnham Hall Company was constituted in 1874 to build the first Hall.
[469]The Association formed to promote the interests of students working for the university Higher Local examinations; see p. 326. The Newnham Hall Company was constituted in 1874 to build the first Hall.
[470]The cost of which was mainly defrayed by a bequest for the benefit of women left by Mrs. Pfeiffer and her husband.
[470]The cost of which was mainly defrayed by a bequest for the benefit of women left by Mrs. Pfeiffer and her husband.
[471]Mrs. Sidgwick is the daughter of the late James Balfour and of Lady Blanche Cecil, who was the sister of one Prime Minister as Mrs. Sidgwick is of another. Miss M. G. Kennedy is the daughter of the late Benjamin Hall Kennedy, one of the revisers of the New Testament with Lightfoot, Westcott, and Hort; fellow of S. John’s, Canon of Ely, and Regius Professor of Greek, in whose honour the Latin professorship was founded.
[471]Mrs. Sidgwick is the daughter of the late James Balfour and of Lady Blanche Cecil, who was the sister of one Prime Minister as Mrs. Sidgwick is of another. Miss M. G. Kennedy is the daughter of the late Benjamin Hall Kennedy, one of the revisers of the New Testament with Lightfoot, Westcott, and Hort; fellow of S. John’s, Canon of Ely, and Regius Professor of Greek, in whose honour the Latin professorship was founded.
[472]The style of Principal was, as we have already seen, used for the chief of a hostel in the university; it was also the tide of the head of thedomus universitatis, University Hall (1326).
[472]The style of Principal was, as we have already seen, used for the chief of a hostel in the university; it was also the tide of the head of thedomus universitatis, University Hall (1326).
[473]See page 355. 1874 was the year in which Prof. James Ward was alone among the men in the first class when two of the examiners thought Mary Paley (Mrs. Marshall) should be there also, and two placed her in the second: no one doubts that Miss Paley attained the first class standard of any other year.
[473]See page 355. 1874 was the year in which Prof. James Ward was alone among the men in the first class when two of the examiners thought Mary Paley (Mrs. Marshall) should be there also, and two placed her in the second: no one doubts that Miss Paley attained the first class standard of any other year.
[474]Professor of Anatomy.
[474]Professor of Anatomy.
[475]Afterwards Mrs. Koppel.
[475]Afterwards Mrs. Koppel.
[476]October 1906. There are at Newnham 6 scholarships worth £50 a year, 1 of £70, 1 of £40, and 2 of £35. There is also a studentship of £75 and another of £80 a year, tenable for one year or more. Of these, two are for natural science students, one for a classic.Through the munificence of private donors Newnham has been enabled to appoint 4 fellows of the college, and a fund is being formed which it is hoped will place these fellowships on a permanent basis.
[476]October 1906. There are at Newnham 6 scholarships worth £50 a year, 1 of £70, 1 of £40, and 2 of £35. There is also a studentship of £75 and another of £80 a year, tenable for one year or more. Of these, two are for natural science students, one for a classic.
Through the munificence of private donors Newnham has been enabled to appoint 4 fellows of the college, and a fund is being formed which it is hoped will place these fellowships on a permanent basis.
[477]These include many who read for a tripos, and a large number who in early days passed in the various Higher Local “Groups,” besides all who have taken special courses of study.
[477]These include many who read for a tripos, and a large number who in early days passed in the various Higher Local “Groups,” besides all who have taken special courses of study.
[478]Professor Seeley’s rendering of her views for use at the public meeting at Birmingham. In a leaflet appealing for funds, Miss Clough said that the Cambridge lectures had been “a free-will offering” made to women by members of the university; here at Cambridge women of “different occupations, different stations in life, and different religious persuasion” were brought together to receive in common “at least some share of academic education.” “If we are right,” she says, “in thinking our object one of national importance” the expense should not be thrown on Cambridge residents, “much less should members of the university, who are already giving their time ungrudgingly, be called upon to give money also.” The journey to Birmingham was made with Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Fawcett addressed the meeting.
[478]Professor Seeley’s rendering of her views for use at the public meeting at Birmingham. In a leaflet appealing for funds, Miss Clough said that the Cambridge lectures had been “a free-will offering” made to women by members of the university; here at Cambridge women of “different occupations, different stations in life, and different religious persuasion” were brought together to receive in common “at least some share of academic education.” “If we are right,” she says, “in thinking our object one of national importance” the expense should not be thrown on Cambridge residents, “much less should members of the university, who are already giving their time ungrudgingly, be called upon to give money also.” The journey to Birmingham was made with Miss M. G. Kennedy, and Mrs. Fawcett addressed the meeting.
[479]It is interesting to note that there have been several students at both colleges bearing old Cambridge names, some known there in the xii, xiii, xiv and xv centuries: Bassett, Mortimer, Frost, Gaunt, Bingham, Booth, Parker, Alcock, Skelton, Crook, Bullock, Bentley, Parr, Creighton, Cartwright, Ridley, Day, May, Wallis, Sanderson, Morland, Herschell, Jebb, Sedgwick, Paley, and several others.
[479]It is interesting to note that there have been several students at both colleges bearing old Cambridge names, some known there in the xii, xiii, xiv and xv centuries: Bassett, Mortimer, Frost, Gaunt, Bingham, Booth, Parker, Alcock, Skelton, Crook, Bullock, Bentley, Parr, Creighton, Cartwright, Ridley, Day, May, Wallis, Sanderson, Morland, Herschell, Jebb, Sedgwick, Paley, and several others.
[480]Some forty members of Parliament voted in favour of the “Graces” on this occasion.
[480]Some forty members of Parliament voted in favour of the “Graces” on this occasion.
[481]See p. 338n.
[481]See p. 338n.
[482]Another clergyman also—the Rev. E. W. Bowling, afterwards rector of Houghton Conquest, and a light blue champion in the boat race.Battle of the Pons Trium Trojanorum, Thursday Feb. 24. 1881.Aemilia GirtonensisBy the Nine Muses sworeThat the great house of GirtonShould suffer wrong no more.By the Mutes Nine she swore itAnd named a voting day. . . . . . . . . .But by the yellow CamusWas tumult and affright. . . . . . . . . .‘O Varius, Father Varius,To whom the Trojans pray,The ladies are upon us!We look to thee this day!’. . . . . . . . . .The Three stood calm and silentAnd frowned upon their foes,As a great shout of laughterFrom the four hundred rose.
[482]Another clergyman also—the Rev. E. W. Bowling, afterwards rector of Houghton Conquest, and a light blue champion in the boat race.
Battle of the Pons Trium Trojanorum, Thursday Feb. 24. 1881.
Aemilia GirtonensisBy the Nine Muses sworeThat the great house of GirtonShould suffer wrong no more.By the Mutes Nine she swore itAnd named a voting day. . . . . . . . . .But by the yellow CamusWas tumult and affright. . . . . . . . . .‘O Varius, Father Varius,To whom the Trojans pray,The ladies are upon us!We look to thee this day!’. . . . . . . . . .The Three stood calm and silentAnd frowned upon their foes,As a great shout of laughterFrom the four hundred rose.
Aemilia GirtonensisBy the Nine Muses sworeThat the great house of GirtonShould suffer wrong no more.By the Mutes Nine she swore itAnd named a voting day. . . . . . . . . .But by the yellow CamusWas tumult and affright. . . . . . . . . .‘O Varius, Father Varius,To whom the Trojans pray,The ladies are upon us!We look to thee this day!’. . . . . . . . . .The Three stood calm and silentAnd frowned upon their foes,As a great shout of laughterFrom the four hundred rose.
Aemilia GirtonensisBy the Nine Muses sworeThat the great house of GirtonShould suffer wrong no more.By the Mutes Nine she swore itAnd named a voting day. . . . . . . . . .But by the yellow CamusWas tumult and affright. . . . . . . . . .‘O Varius, Father Varius,To whom the Trojans pray,The ladies are upon us!We look to thee this day!’. . . . . . . . . .The Three stood calm and silentAnd frowned upon their foes,As a great shout of laughterFrom the four hundred rose.
[483]The first man to maintain that girls had a right to as good an education as boys, was aCantab(Eton and King’s College) a master at the new Merchant-Taylors’ school, and afterwards headmaster of Colet’s school. Lancelot Andrewes was one of his pupils. This famous Cantab and famous schoolmaster—Richard Mulcaster—also advised that teachers should be trained to teach. In the xviii c. Defoe’s appreciation of the woman with ‘knowledge’—“well-bred and well-taught”—led to his suggestion that there should be a college for her higher education.
[483]The first man to maintain that girls had a right to as good an education as boys, was aCantab(Eton and King’s College) a master at the new Merchant-Taylors’ school, and afterwards headmaster of Colet’s school. Lancelot Andrewes was one of his pupils. This famous Cantab and famous schoolmaster—Richard Mulcaster—also advised that teachers should be trained to teach. In the xviii c. Defoe’s appreciation of the woman with ‘knowledge’—“well-bred and well-taught”—led to his suggestion that there should be a college for her higher education.
[484]For the subjects of this tripos, see iii. pp. 187-189.
[484]For the subjects of this tripos, see iii. pp. 187-189.
[485]For the 20 years from 1886 to 1906:—Mathematics 345 candidates, 31 wranglersFirst and 2nd classes 56 per cent.Classics 296 candidates, 54 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 61 per cent.Moral Sciences 83 candidates,21 first classes (this excludes the triumphs ofthe first 12 years)First and 2nd classes 76 per cent.Natural Sciences 246 candidates,64 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 70 per cent.History 290 candidates, 49 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 64 per cent.Medieval and Modern Languages(tripos created in 1886) 246 candidates,73 first classesFirst and 2nd classes 74 per cent.Hence in these 6 triposes the highest percentage of Firsts has been obtained in the Moral Sciences, Languages, and Natural Sciences, Classics coming fourth; while in the percentage of First and Second classes the order is again: Moral Sciences, Languages, Natural Sciences, followed by History, Classics, and Mathematics.In the first 10 years 250 students took a tripos, of whom one in five (51) was placed in the first class.Among the men the percentage ofFirst Classesforthe years 1900-1905is: mathematics 39 per cent, classics 28 per cent. For the subjects chosen by men cf. iv. p. 238n.
[485]For the 20 years from 1886 to 1906:—
Classics 296 candidates, 54 first classes
First and 2nd classes 61 per cent.
Moral Sciences 83 candidates,21 first classes (this excludes the triumphs ofthe first 12 years)
First and 2nd classes 76 per cent.
Natural Sciences 246 candidates,64 first classes
First and 2nd classes 70 per cent.
History 290 candidates, 49 first classes
First and 2nd classes 64 per cent.
Medieval and Modern Languages(tripos created in 1886) 246 candidates,73 first classes
First and 2nd classes 74 per cent.
Hence in these 6 triposes the highest percentage of Firsts has been obtained in the Moral Sciences, Languages, and Natural Sciences, Classics coming fourth; while in the percentage of First and Second classes the order is again: Moral Sciences, Languages, Natural Sciences, followed by History, Classics, and Mathematics.
In the first 10 years 250 students took a tripos, of whom one in five (51) was placed in the first class.
Among the men the percentage ofFirst Classesforthe years 1900-1905is: mathematics 39 per cent, classics 28 per cent. For the subjects chosen by men cf. iv. p. 238n.
[486]There are, roughly, 3000 men and 300 women at the university. Since 1881, 94 women and 168 men have taken this tripos—the proportion should have been 940 men.
[486]There are, roughly, 3000 men and 300 women at the university. Since 1881, 94 women and 168 men have taken this tripos—the proportion should have been 940 men.
[487]The founders of Girton have been steadfast in demanding the degree. In 1887, 842 members of the senate signed a petition in favour of it. Miss Clough had signed a similar petition earlier. The objections to opening the degrees to women have been adequately met in the pamphlet “Women in the Universities of England and Scotland,” Cambridge, Macmillan and Bowes, 1896.
[487]The founders of Girton have been steadfast in demanding the degree. In 1887, 842 members of the senate signed a petition in favour of it. Miss Clough had signed a similar petition earlier. The objections to opening the degrees to women have been adequately met in the pamphlet “Women in the Universities of England and Scotland,” Cambridge, Macmillan and Bowes, 1896.
[488]The entries for 1863, when girls were first informally examined, were 639, the next year they rose to 844.
[488]The entries for 1863, when girls were first informally examined, were 639, the next year they rose to 844.
[489]Statutes regulating the examination of women, and opening to them the Mathematical, Natural Sciences, and Modern History schools, were voted in 1886 by a majority of 464 votes to 321. Responsions and the other schools were opened to women in 1888, 1890, and 1893 (the Theological school, Oriental studies, and theD.Mus.) and in 1894 the remaining examinations were opened. Pass and honour examinations are both open to women at Oxford, and the names of successful candidates appear in the official lists. The certificate, however, is given by the Oxford Association for the Education of Women, who restrict it to those students who have qualified like the men on all points.The position of women in other universities.In 1856 the first application was made—by Jessie White to London university—for admission as a candidate for the medical degree. A similar request was made seven years later. A supplementary charter establishing special examinations for women was procured by this university in 1869. In 1878 it made “every degree, honour, and prize awarded by the university accessible to students of both sexes on perfectly equal terms.” Since 1889 all disqualification for women in Scotch universities has ceased. The Victoria university, by its original charter 20 April 1880, admitted both sexes equally to its degrees and distinctions; and in 1895 Durham became a “mixed” university. All the more recent universities treat men and women equally.
[489]Statutes regulating the examination of women, and opening to them the Mathematical, Natural Sciences, and Modern History schools, were voted in 1886 by a majority of 464 votes to 321. Responsions and the other schools were opened to women in 1888, 1890, and 1893 (the Theological school, Oriental studies, and theD.Mus.) and in 1894 the remaining examinations were opened. Pass and honour examinations are both open to women at Oxford, and the names of successful candidates appear in the official lists. The certificate, however, is given by the Oxford Association for the Education of Women, who restrict it to those students who have qualified like the men on all points.
The position of women in other universities.
In 1856 the first application was made—by Jessie White to London university—for admission as a candidate for the medical degree. A similar request was made seven years later. A supplementary charter establishing special examinations for women was procured by this university in 1869. In 1878 it made “every degree, honour, and prize awarded by the university accessible to students of both sexes on perfectly equal terms.” Since 1889 all disqualification for women in Scotch universities has ceased. The Victoria university, by its original charter 20 April 1880, admitted both sexes equally to its degrees and distinctions; and in 1895 Durham became a “mixed” university. All the more recent universities treat men and women equally.