[10: The following is the article in full: "The line of demarcation between the possessions of the high contracting parties upon the coast of the continent and the islands of America to the north-west, shall be drawn in the following manner: commencing from the southernmost point of the island called Prince of Wales Island, which point lies in the parallel of fifty-four degrees forty minutes north latitude, and between the one hundred and thirty-first and the one hundred and thirty-third degree of west longitude, the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the fifty-sixth degree of north latitude. From this last-mentioned point the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast as far as the point of intersection of the one hundred and forty-first degree of west longitude (of the same meridian), and finally from the said point of intersection of the one hundred and forty-first degree in its prolongation as far as the frozen ocean, shall form the limit between the Russian and British possessions, on the continent of America to the north-west"]
[Illustration: MAP OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND YUKON DISTRICT SHOWINGDISPUTED BOUNDARY BETWEEN]
The Canadian commissioners first offered as a compromise to leave Dyea and Skagway in the possession of the United States if the commissioners of that country would agree that Canada should retain Pyramid Harbour, which would give to Canadians a highway into the Yukon district. The acceptance of this compromise would have made a common water of the Lynn Canal, and at the same time left to the United States the greater portion of the territory in dispute. When the commissioners of the United States refused this fair compromise, the Canadians offered to refer the whole question to arbitration in order to ascertain the true boundary under the Anglo-Russian treaty. They proposed that the arbitrators should be three jurists of repute: one chosen for Great Britain by the judicial committee of the privy council, one appointed by the president of the United States, and the third a high international authority to act as an umpire. The commissioners of the United States positively refused to agree to this proposition and suggested the appointment of six jurists, three to be appointed by Great Britain, and the others by the United States. The Canadian representatives were unable to agree to the amendment suggested by their American colleagues, on the ground that it did not "provide a tribunal which would necessarily, and in the possible event of differences of opinion, finally dispose of the question," They also refused to agree to other propositions of the United States as "a marked and important departure from the rules of the Venezuelan boundary reference." The commissioners of the United States were not only unwilling to agree to the selection of an impartial European umpire, but were desirous of the appointment of an American umpire—from the South American Republics—over whom the United States would have more or less influence. Under these circumstances the Canadian commissioners were unwilling to proceed to the determination of other questions (on which a conclusion had been nearly reached) "until the boundary question had been disposed of either by agreement or reference to arbitration." The commission adjourned until August in the same year, but the negotiations that took place in the interval between the governments of Great Britain and the United States on the question at issue were not sufficiently advanced to enable a meeting at the proposed date. In these circumstances amodus vivendiwas arranged between the United States and Canada, whose interests have been carefully guarded throughout the controversy by the government of the imperial state.
This review of Canada's relations with the United States and England for more than a century illustrates at once her weakness and her strength—her weakness in the days of provincial isolation and imperial indifference; her strength under the inspiring influences of federal union and of an imperial spirit which gives her due recognition in the councils of the empire. It may now be said that, in a limited sense, there is already a loose system of federation between Great Britain and her dependencies. The central government of Great Britain, as the guardian of the welfare of the whole empire, cooperates with the several governments of her colonial dependencies, and, by common consultation and arrangement, endeavours to come to such a determination as will be to the advantage of all the interests at stake. In other words, the conditions of the relations between Great Britain and Canada are such as to insure unity of policy so long as each government considers the interests of Great Britain and the dependency as identical, and keeps in view the obligations, welfare, and unity of the empire at large. Full consultation in all negotiations affecting Canada, representation in every arbitration and commission that may be the result of such negotiations, are the principles which, of late years, have been admitted by Great Britain in acknowledgement of the development of Canada and of her present position in the empire; and any departure from so sound a doctrine would be a serious injury to the imperial connection, and an insult to the ability of Canadians to take a part in the great councils of the world. The same mysterious Providence that has already divided the continent of North America, as far as Mexico, between Canada and the United States, and that in the past prevented their political fortunes from becoming one, still forces the Canadian communities with an irresistible power to press onward until they realise those high conceptions which some statesmen already imagine for them in a not very distant future. These conceptions are of a still closer union with the parent state, which shall increase their national responsibilities, and at the same time give the Dominion a recognised position in the central councils of the empire.
CANADA. AUSTRALIA. |Name.NameThe Dominion of Canada The Commonwealth of Australia.
How Constituted.How ConstitutedOf provinces. Of states.
Seat of Government.Seat of GovernmentAt Ottawa until the Queen Within federal territory inotherwise directs. New South Wales, at least 100miles from Sydney
Executive Power.Executive PowerVested in the Queen. Vested in the Queen. Queen's representative, a Queen's representative, a governor-general, appointed by governor-general, appointed by the Queen in council. the Queen in council.
Salary of governor-general Not less than £10,000 paid £10,000 sterling, paid by Dominion by the commonwealth, fixed by government, alterable by parliament from time to time, the parliament of Canada, but not diminished during tenure of subject to the disallowance of a governor-general. the crown, as in 1868, when parliament passed a bill to reduce this salary.
CANADA. AUSTRALIA. Ministers called by governor-general Same—only for "privy to form a cabinet, first councillors" read "executive sworn in as privy councillors, councillors" hold office while they have the confidence of the popular house of parliament, in accordance with the conventions, understandings, and maxims of responsible or parliamentary government.
Privy councillors hold, as the Executive councillors administer crown may designate, certain such departments as departments of state, not limited governor-general from time to in name or number, but left to time establishes. Until other the discretionary action of provision is made by parliament, parliament. Such heads of number of such officers, who departments must seek a new may sit in parliament, shall not election on accepting these exceed seven. office of emolument.
_Command of Military andCommand of Military andNaval ForcesNaval Forces_Vested in the Queen. In the Queen's representative.
ParliamentParliamentThe Queen. The Queen.Senate. Senate.House of commons. House of representatives.Session once at least every The same.year.Privileges, immunities and Such as declared by the parliamentpowers held by senate and house of the commonwealth,of commons, such as are defined and, until declared, such as areby act of the parliament of held by the commons' house ofCanada, but not to exceed those parliament of Great Britain atenjoyed at the passing of such the date of the establishment ofact by the commons' house of the commonwealth.parliament of Great Britain.
Senate composed of twenty-four Senate composed of sixmembers for each of the senators for each state, directlythree following divisions (1) chosen for six years by theOntario, (2) Quebec, and (3) people of the state voting asmaritime provinces of Nova one electorate; half the numberScotia, New Brunswick, and shall retire every three years,Prince Edward Island. Other but shall be eligible forprovinces can be represented re-election. No propertyunder the constitution, but the qualification is required, but thetotal number of senators shall senators must be British subjectsnot at any time exceed of the full age of twenty-one years.seventy-eight, except in the In Queensland the people cancase of the admission of vote in divisions, instead of inNewfoundland, when the maximum one electorate.may be eighty-two. Senatorsappointed by the crown for life,but removable for certaindisabilities. They must havea property qualification and beof the full age of thirty years.
Speaker of the senate appointed President of the senate electedby the governor-general by that body.(in council).
Fifteen senators form a quorum One-third of whole number ofuntil parliament of Canada senators form a quorum untilotherwise provides. parliament of commonwealthotherwise provides.Non-attendance for two whole Non-attendance for two consecutivesessions vacates a senator's seat. months of any sessionvacates a senator's seat.Members of house of commons Every three years.elected every five years,or whenever parliament is dissolvedby the governor-general.
No property qualification, but The same. must be British subjects of full age of twenty-one years.
CANADA. AUSTRALIA The electors for the Dominion Qualification of electors for commons are the electors of the members of the house of several provinces, under the representatives is that limitations of a statute passed prescribed by the law of each by the Dominion parliament in state for the electors of the 1878. Qualifications vary, but more numerous house of the universal suffrage, qualified by parlianment of the state. residence, generally prevails.
A fresh apportionment of The same. representatives to be made after each census, or not longer than intervals of ten years.
Speaker of house of commons The same. elected by the members of the house.
Quorum of house of commons Quorum of house of representatives—twenty members, of whom the —one-third of thespeaker counts one. whole number of membersuntil otherwise provided byparliament.
No such provision. Member vacates his seatwhen absent, without permission,for two months of asession.
No such provision. Parliament to be called togethernot later than thirty daysafter that appointment for returnof writs.
Allowance to each member of Allowance of £400 to members senate and commons $1,000 for of both houses until other a session of thirty days, and provision is made by parliament. mileage expenses, 10 cents a mile going and returning. Not expressly provided for by constitution but by statute of parliament from time to time.
CANADA. AUSTRALIA. Canadian statutes disqualify Same classes disqualified in contractors and certain persons the constitution. holding office on receiving emoluments or fees from the crown while sitting in parliament.
Each house determines the The constitution has a specialrules, and orders necessary for provision on the subject.the regulation of its own proceedings;not in the constitution.
Money And Tax BillsMoney and Tax BillsThe same. Money and tax bills can onlyoriginate in the house ofrepresentatives.
|Same by practice. The senate can reject, but not amend, taxation or appropriation bills.
Not in Canadian constitution. The senate may return money and appropriation bills to the house of representatives, requesting the omission or amendment of any provision therein, but it is optional for the house to make such omissions or amendments.
No such provision. If bills, other than money bills, have twice been passed by the house of representatives and twice been rejected by the senate or passed by that body with amendments to which the house of representatives will not agree, the governor-general may dissolve the two houses simultaneously; and if, after the new election they continue to disagree, the governor-general may convene a joint sitting of the members of the two houses, who shall deliberate and vote upon the bill, which can only become law if passed by an absolute majority of the members sitting and voting.
_Legislative Powers of theLegislative Powers of theParliament of the Dominion. Parliament of theCommonwealth_.
Respective powers of the federal The Legislative powers of the parliament and provincial federal parliament are alone legislatures are enumerated and enumerated, and the states defined in the constitution; the expressly retain all the powers residuum of power rests with the vested in them by their central government in relation respective constitutions at the to all matters not coming within establishment of the the classes of subjects by the commonwealth as to matters not British North America act of specified as being within the 1867 assigned exclusively to the exclusive jurisdiction of the legislatures. federal parliament.
The Provinces.The States.
Legislatures may alter provincial Constitutions may be altered constitutions except as under the authority of the regards the office of lieutenant parliaments thereof. -governor.
Lieutenant-governors are appointed The constitution of each stateby the governor-general-in-council, continues (subject to theand removable by constitution) as at thehim within five years only for establishment of thecause assigned and communicated commonwealth, or as at theby message to the two admission or establishmenthouses of parliament. of the states, as the casemay be, until altered inaccordance with theconstitution of thestates. In other words,the powers of the statesover their own constitutionsare preserved.
Acts of the provincial When a law of the state islegislatures may be disallowed inconsistent with one of theby the governor-general-in-council commonwealth, the latter shall,one year after their receipt. to the extent of suchinconsistency, be invalid.
Education is within exclusive No special provisions in the jurisdiction of the provinces, constitution; education being but with conditions for the one of the subjects exclusively maintenance and protection of within the powers of the state rights and privileges of parliaments, under the clause religious bodies in a province leaving them in possession of with respect to denominational all powers not expressly given schools. to the federal parliament.
The federal parliament can A state shall not impose anyalone impose duties or taxes on taxes or duties upon importsimports. except such as are necessaryfor executing the inspectionlaws of a state, but the netproduce of all charges solevied shall be for use of the,commonwealth, and suchinspection laws may be annulledby the parliament of thecommonwealth.
Similar power. The parliament of the commonwealth may from time to time admit new states, and make laws for the provisional administration and government of any territory surrendered by any state to the commonwealth, or of any territory placed by the Queen under the commonwealth, or otherwise acquired by the same.
The Judiciary.The Judiciary.
The same. The parliament of thecommonwealth can establish afederal supreme court, calledthe High Court of Australia,and other federal courts forthe commonwealth; the judgesto be appointed by thegovernor-general, to holdoffice during good behaviour,No such provision with respect not to be removed except uponto diminution of salary during an address of both houses oftenure of office. parliament, but so that thesalary paid to any judge shallnot be diminished during hiscontinuance in office.
Similar provisions by statutory The high court can adjudicateenactments of Dominion in cases arising out of theparliament. constitution, or controversiesbetween states, or in which thecommonwealth is a party.
No such stringent provision Appeals only allowed to exists in the Canadian Queen-in-council from high court constitution, but appeals in all on constitutional issues between civil—though not in commonwealth and any state, criminal—cases are allowed, by or between two or more states, virtue of the exercise of the when high court gives leave to royal prerogative, from appeal. Otherwise, the royal provincial courts as well as prerogative to grant appeals is from the supreme court of Canada not impaired. Parliament may, to the Queen-in-council; however, make laws limitingi.e., in practice, to the such appeals, but they must judicial committee of the privy be reserved for her Majesty's council. pleasure.
Judges of the superior and Judges in the states are appointedcounty courts in the provinces and removable under existing state(except those of probate in New constitutions, which the stateBrunswick, Nova Scotia and parliaments can change at will.Prince Edward Island) are appointedby the governor-general-in-council,and removable onlyby the same on the address ofthe two houses of parliament.Their salaries and allowancesare fixed by the parliament ofCanada.
The provinces have jurisdiction Similar powers in the states. over the administration of justice in a province, including the constitution, maintenance, and organisation of provincial courts, both of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and including the procedure in civil matters in those courts.
The enactment and amendment With the states. of the criminal law rest with the Dominion parliament.
The enactment and amendment With the states. of all laws relating to property and civil rights rest with the provinces.
Trade and Finance.Trade and Finance.Customs and excise, trade and The parliament of the commonwealthcommerce, are within exclusive has sole power tojurisdiction of Dominion parliament. impose uniform duties of customsand excise, and to grant bountiesupon goods when it thinks itexpedient. As soon assuch duties or customsare imposed, trade andintercourse throughout thecommonwealth, whether byinternal carriageor oceannavigation, is to be free.
The Dominion government The parliament of the commonwealthcan veto any such unconstitutional may annul any statelaw. law interfering with the freedomof trade or commerce betweenthe different parts of thecommonwealth, or giving preferenceto the ports of one part overthose of another.
The power of direct taxation Direct taxation may be imposed is within the jurisdiction of both by the commonwealth Dominion parliament and provincial and by each state within its own legislatures, the one for limits—but taxation, when Dominion and the other solely exercised by the commonwealth, for provincial purposes. must be uniform.
Both Dominion and provincial Same is true of commonwealth governments have unlimited and states. borrowing power under the authority of parliament and legislatures.
Certain money subsidies are Of the net revenue of thepaid annually to the provinces commonwealth from duties oftowards the support of their customs and excise, not moregovernments and legislatures. than one-fourth shall be appliedannually by the commonwealthtowards its expenditure. Thebalance shall, in accordancewith certain conditions of theconstitution, be paid to theseveral states, or appliedtowards the payment ofinterest on debts of theseveral states. This arrangementis limited to ten years. Financialaid may be granted to any stateupon such terms as the federalparliament may deem expedient.Western Australia may, subjectto certain restrictions, imposeduties on goods imported fromother parts of the commonwealth.
No such provision; but the For the administration of theDominion parliament and provincial laws relating to interstate tradelegislatures could by the governor-general-in-councillegislation arrange a similar may appoint an interstatecommission. commission.
Canada is liable for amount of The parliament of the commonwealththe debts and liabilities of the may consolidate orprovinces existing at the time of take over state debts by generalthe union, under the conditions consent, but a state shalland terms laid down in the indemnify the commonwealth, andconstitution. the amount of interest payable inrespect to a debt shall bededucted from its share of thesurplus revenue of thecommonwealth.
Imperial Control overImperial Control overDominion Legislation.Australian Legislation.Bills may be reserved by the The same. governor-general for the Queen's pleasure, and her Majesty in As the old state constitutions council may within two years continue in force until amended after receipt of any Dominion by the state, state legislation is act disallow the same. still subject to power of disallowance by Queen in council.
No such provision. The governor-general may return any "law" presented to him for the Queen's assent and suggest amendments therein, and the houses may deal with them as they think fit.
The recommendation of the The same. crown is required before initiation of a money vote in parliament.
_Amendments to theAmendments to theConstitution. Constitution._
By the imperial parliament on Any proposed amendment toan address of the houses of the the constitution must be firstDominion parliament to the passed by an absolute majorityQueen. of each house of parliament,and submitted in each state tothe electors qualified to vote formembers of the house ofrepresentatives. If in majority ofthe states a majority of theelectors voting approve theproposed law, and if a majorityof all the electorsvoting also approve theproposed law, it shall bepresented to the governor-generalfor the royal assent.
I confine these notes to the most accurate and available books and essays on the history of Canada.
For the French régime consult.—Jacques Cartier's Voyages, by Joseph Pope (Ottawa, 1889), Charlevoix'sHistory and General Description of New France, translated by J. Gilmary Shea (New York, 1868);Cours d'histoire du Canada, by Abbé Ferland (Quebec, 1861);Histoire du Canada, by F.X. Garneau (4th ed., Montreal, 1882); F. Parkman's series of admirable histories of the French régime (Boston, 1865—1884),The Story of Canada(Nations' Series, London, New York and Toronto, 1896), by J.G. Bourinot, necessarily written in a light vein, is largely devoted to the days of French rule, and may profitably be read on that account in connection with this later book, chiefly devoted to British dominion.
For the history of Acadia, consult.—Acadia, by James Hannay (St. John, N.B., 1879);History of Nova Scotia, by Thomas C. Haliburton (Halifax, N.S., 1829). A valuable compilation of annals isA History of Nova Scotia or Acadie, by Beamish Murdoch (Halifax, 1867).Builders of Nova Scotia, by J.G. Bourinot (Toronto, and "Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.," 1900), contains many portraits of famous Nova Scotians down to confederation, and appendices of valuable historical documents.
Cape Breton and its Memorials of the French Régime("Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.," vol. IX, and in separate form, Montreal, 1891) by J.G. Bourinot, gives a full bibliography of voyages of Northmen, the Cabots, Carrier, and Champlain, and of the Histories of the Seven Years' War. The same remarks apply to Winsor'sNarrative and Critical History of America(Boston, 1886—89). The "Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.," since 1894, have several important papers by Archbishop O'Brien, Dr. S.E. Dawson, and others on the Cabot discovery.
British rule, 1760-1900:—Garneau'sHistory, already mentioned, gives the French Canadian view of the political situation from 1760 until 1840; William Kingsford'sHistory of Canada(Toronto, 1887-1898) has a fairly accurate account of events from 1760 until 1840, in vols. V-X;A History of Lower Canada, by R. Christie, a member of the assembly of the province (Quebec, 1848-1854) is very useful for copies of public documents from 1774 until 1840.
The most important accounts of the U.E. Loyalists of the AmericanRevolution by writers in the United States are:—L. Sabine'sLoyalists(Boston, 1864), and Tyler'sLiterary History of the AmericanRevolution(New York, 1897). Canadian accounts are to be found inEgerton Ryerson'sLoyalists of America(Toronto, 1880)—remarkablyprosaic—and Canniff'sHistory of Upper Canada(Toronto, 1872).Consult also articles of J.G. Bourinot in theQuarterly ReviewforOctober, 1898, and theCanadian Magazinefor April, 1898, in whichnames of prominent Canadian descendants of Loyalists are given.
Kingsford'sHistory, vol. VIII, has the best Canadian account of theWar of 1812-15. The most impartial American record of its causes andprogress is Henry Adams'sHistory of the United States of America(NewYork, 1860), vols VI and VII.
Garneau'sHistorygives the most favourable estimate of Papineau and his party, who brought about the Rebellion in Lower Canada. Kingsford (vols. IX and X) writes impartially on the risings in the two Canadas.
Other works to be consulted are:—Lord Durham'sReport on the Affairs of British North America(London, 1839);Life of W. Lyon Mackenzie, by Charles Lindsey, his son-in-law (Toronto, 1863);The Upper Canadian Rebellion, by J. Charles Dent (Toronto, 1885). TheSpeeches and Lettersof the Hon. Joseph Howe (Boston, 1858) contain the ablest expositions of the principles of responsible government by its greatest advocate in British North America. See also Campbell'sHistory of Prince Edward Island(Charlottetown, 1875). New Brunswick has not a single good history.The Life and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley, by James Hannay (St. John, N.B. 1897), can be read with advantage. See Prof. Ganong's valuable essays on the early history of New Brunswick in "Trans. Roy. Soc. Can," New Series, vols. I—v. Rev. Dr. Withrow'sHistory of Canada(Toronto, 1888) has chapters on affairs of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, to date of publication.
For the history of Canada since 1840, consult.—Canada since the Union(1840—1880), by J. Charles Dent (Toronto, 1880—81);Le Canada sous l'Union, by Louis Turcotte (Quebec, 1871);Memoirs of the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, by Joseph Pope, his private secretary (London and Ottawa, 1894);Debates on Confederation(Quebec, 1865);Confederation, by Hon. J.H. Gray, M.P., a delegate to the Quebec Conference (Toronto, 1872).
For the constitutional development of Canada, consult.—A Manual, by J.G. Bourinot (Montreal, 1888, and included in latest edition of hisParliamentary Procedure, 1891);How Canada is Governed, by the same (Toronto, 1897—1900);Parliamentary Government in the Colonies, by Alpheus Todd (London, 1894);Documents illustrative of the Canadian Constitution, by W. Houston (Toronto, 1891).Parliamentary Government in Canada, by J.G. Bourinot (Amer. Hist. Association, Washington, 1892, and "Trans. Roy. Soc. Can.," 1892), contains a long list of books relating to the constitutional history of Canada. Also consultHow Canada is Governedfor works on constitutional, legal, municipal and educational history of the provinces of Canada.
For Manitoba and the North-west Territories the reader mayconsult:—Manitoba. Its Infancy, Growth and Present Condition, by Rev.Prof. Bryce (London, 1882);History of the North-west, by A. Begg(Toronto, 1894);The Great Company, by Beckles Wilson (Toronto andLondon, 1899);Reminiscences of the North-west Rebellions, by MajorBoulton (Toronto, 1886). A remarkableHistory of the Hudson's BayCompany, by Rev. Prof. Bryce (London, New York and Toronto, 1900). ForBritish Columbia:—A. Begg'sHistory(Toronto, 1896).
For the literary progress of Canada, consult:—The Intellectual Development of the Canadian People, by J.G. Bourinot (Toronto, 1881);Canada's Intellectual Strength and Weakness("Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada," vol. XI, also in separate form, Montreal, 1893), by the same, contains an elaborate list of Canadian literature, French and English, to date. The 17 volumes of the same Transactions contain numerous valuable essays on French Canadian literary progress.
Other valuable books to be consulted are:—Canada and Newfoundlandin Stanford'sCompendium of Geography and Travel(London, 1897), by Dr. S.E. Dawson, F.R.S.C.;The Statistical Year Book of Canada, a government publication issued annually at Ottawa, and edited by Geo. Johnson, F.S.S.;The Great Dominion(London, 1895), by Dr. G.R. Parkin, C.M.G., LL.D., the eloquent advocate of imperial federation for many years, merits careful reading.Canada and the United States, in Papers of the Amer. Hist Assoc. (Washington, July, 1891), andCanada and the United States: their Past and Present Relations, in theQuarterly Reviewfor April, 1891, both by the present author, have been largely used in the preparation of the last chapter of this book.
With respect to the boundaries of Canada and the English colonies during the days of French dominion, and from 1763 until 1774—i.e.from the Treaty of Paris until the Quebec Act—consult a valuable collection of early French and English maps, given inA Report on the Boundaries of Ontario(Toronto, 1873), by Hon. David Mills, now Minister of Justice in the Laurier government, who was an Ontario commissioner to collect evidence with respect to the western limits of the province. Consult also Prof. Hinsdale'sOld North-west(New York, 1888);Epochs of American History, edited by Prof. Hart, of Harvard University (London and Boston, 1893);Remarks on the French Memorials concerning the Limits of Acadia(London, 1756) by T. Jefferys, who gives maps showing clearly French and English claims with respect to Nova Scotia or Acadia "according to its ancient limits" (Treaty of Utrecht). These and other maps are given in that invaluable compilation, Winsor'sNarrative and Critical History of America. See also Mitchell's map of British and French possessions in North America, issued by the British Board of Plantations in 1758, and reprinted (in part) in theDebates on the Quebec Act, by Sir H. Cavendish (London, 1839). For text of Treaties of Utrecht (1612), of Paris (1763), of Quebec Act (1774), and other treaties and imperial acts relating to Canada, see Houston'sDocuments, cited above, p. 329. The maps of Canada and the disputed boundary in Alaska, which I give in this book, are taken from the small maps issued in 1899 by the Department of the Interior at Ottawa.
Abbott, Sir John; prime minister of Canada, 257; death of, ib
Aberdeen, Earl of; governor-general of Canada, 265-267
Aberdeen, Lady, 267
Acadia College, N.S., founded, 163
AcadieorLa Cadie; name of, 8; settled by France, 8, 9; ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 9; French inhabitants expelled from, 22, 23
Adams, President John; on the U.K. Loyalists, 76
Alaskan Boundary, 310-312; map of, 311
Alexander, Sir William (Lord Stirling); names Nova Scotia, 11
Allan, Sir Hugh; contributes funds to Conservative elections, 236; results of, 237
Allouez, Father; founds mission at La Pointe (Ashland), 17
Almon, M, B.; banker and politician of Nova Scotia, 178
American Revolution; causes of, 56-65; momentous events of, 63-67; its effects upon Canada and Maritime Provinces, 67-74, 81
Angers, lieutenant-governor; dismisses Mercier ministry in Quebec, 247
Anglican Church: first built in Upper Canada, 84
Annand, William; Nova Scotian journalist, and first minister of province after Confederation, 218
Annapolis (Port Royal) named, 9
Archibald, Sir Adams, delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 204; first lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 230
Architecture in Canada, 288, 289
Art in Canada, 288
Assiniboia; name of Lord Selkirk's domain in North-west, 225
Australia, Commonwealth of; constitution of, 282, 283; comparisons between Canadian and Australian federal systems, 315-326 (Appendix A)
Baccalaos, or Newfoundland, 8
Bagot, Sir Charles, governor-general of Canada, 169
Baldwin, Robert, efforts of, for responsible government, 168, 169; joint leader with Lafontaine in Reform ministry, 170, 173; admirable character of, 184
Ballot, vote by; established, 239
Basques in Canada, 5
Batoche, N.W.T.; victory of loyal Canadian forces at, in secondNorth-west rebellion of 1885, 253
Bay of Chaleurs Railway; scandal connected with, 247
Bering Sea dispute, 308, 309
Bibliographical notes, see App. B
Bidwell, Marshall Spring; reformer of Upper Canada, 146, 149, 151; unjust treatment of, by lieutenant-governor Head, 153
Big Bear, Indian Chief in N.W.T.; rebels against Canada and is punished, 253-254
Bishop's Palace; first parliament house of Lower Canada, 92, 160
Blair, Mr.; Canadian statesman, 265
Blake, Edward; Canadian statesman, 230, 231, 234, 241, 244, 255
Blanchard, Hiram; Nova Scotia, Unionist, defeated in 1867, 218
Botsford, Amos; first speaker of assembly of New Brunswick, 88
Boucherville, M. de; prime minister of Quebec, 245, 247
Bouchette, Joseph, Canadian general and author, 164
Boundary disputes; in North-west, 292; in Maine, 296-300; in Oregon, 300-302; in British Columbia (San Juan) 301, 302; in Alaska, 310-312. SeeMaps
Boundary of Ontario settled, 238
Bourgeoys, Sister, 34
Bowell, Sir Mackenzie; prime minister of Canada, 257
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanega), Mohawk Chief, 84; his loyalty to GreatBritain, ib.
Brébeuf, Jean de, Jesuit martyr, 12
Bretons in Canada, 51
Briand, Bishop; consecrated after conquest, 43; loyalmandementof, in 1775, 58
British American League suggests federal union of provinces, 194
British Columbia, province of; its early history, 231, 232; entersConfederation, 232
British North America Act of 1867; passed to unite provinces, 215. SeeConstitution of Canada.
Brock, General; services of, during war of 1812-15, 114, 119; death of, ib.
Brown, George; Canadian journalist and reformer, suggests federal union, 196; advocates representation by population, 197; assists in bringing about Confederation, 197; joins the Taché-Macdonald government with other reformers, 198; leaves the coalition ministry, 217; unsuccessful mission to Washington to obtain reciprocity, 306; assassination of, 256; character of, 197, 202
Brown, Thomas Storrow; leads Canadian rebels at St. Charles in 1837, 134
By, Colonel, founder of Bytown (Ottawa), 158; engineer of Ruleau Canal, ib.
Cabot, John; voyages of, to North America, 4, 5
Caldwell, Receiver-General; defaulter to government, 126
Calvet, Pierre du; opponent of Governor Haldimand, 72; disloyalty of, 72, 73
Campbell, Sir Alexander; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 203
Campbell, Sir Colin; governor of Nova Scotia, 173; opposes responsible government, ib.
Canada, name of, 6; discovery and settlement of, by France, 4-15; French exploration of, 15-21; conquered by Great Britain, 21-27; political, economic, and social conditions of, during French rule, 27-36; beginnings of British rule in, 37-45; influence of Quebec Act of 1774 upon, 45-48; during American Revolution, 67-74; United Empire Loyalists settle in, 81-86; political divisions of (in 1792), 91; effects of war of 1812-15 upon, 110-123; rebellion in, 134-156; social and economic condition of, in 1838, 156-164; union of, in 1840, 166; responsible government in, 167-173; social and economic conditions of, in 1866, 185-192; Confederation of, 215, 216; federal constitution of, 273-284, 315-326; first ministry of, under Confederation, 216, first parliament of, 218, 219; trade and revenue of, in 1899, 273; literature in, 284-287, art in, 288; sculpture in, ib.; architecture in, 288, 289; education in 289, 290; libraries in, ib.; relations with England and the United States, 390-314; bibliographical notes of, 327-330; maps of, seeMaps
Canada's representation at "Diamond Jubilee" (1897), 35, 36, 270, 271
Canada Temperance Act. SeeTemperance Legislation
Canada and the United States, relations between (1783-1900), 290-313
Canadien, Le; established in French Canada, 95
Canadian Pacific Railway; history of 232, 233, 236, 242, 244
Canadian Trade Acts; respecting Upper and Lower Canada, 153
Canals of Canada, 273
Cape Breton, name of, 5
Carignan-Salières regiment settled in Canada 14
Carleton, Guy (Lord Dorchester); governor general of Canada, 44; his just treatment of French Canadians, ib.; his part in framing of the Quebec Act, 45; saves Canada during American revolution, 67; again governor-general, 89; his tribute to the U.E. Loyalists, ib.
Carleton, Colonel John; first governor of New Brunswick, 87
Carnarvon, Earl of; introduces British North America Act of 1867 inBritish Parliament, 215
Caroline steamer; seized by Canadians 295; international complications respecting 295, 296
Caron Father le; French missionary, 16
Caron, Sir Adolphe; minister of militia during North-west rebellion of 1885, 252; resists Riel agitation in French Canada, 254
Carter, Frederick B.T.; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 206
Cartier, Sir George; a father of Confederation, 201; great public services of, ib.; death of, 233
Cartier, Jacques, discovers the St. Lawrence, 6, 7
Cartwright, Sir Richard; Canadian statesman, 94, 265
Casgrain, Abbé; Canadian author, 284
Cathcart, Lord; governor-general of Canada, 171, 172
Champlain, Samuel; founds Quebec, 9; career of, in Canada, 9-12, character of, ib.
Chandler, Edward Barron delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 205; public career of, 206
Chapais, J.C., delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 304
Chapleau, Sir Adolphe; resists popular clamour in French Canada forRiel's pardon after rebellion of 1885, 254
Charlesbourg-Royal, 7
Charlevoix, Jesuit priest; historian of New France, 19
Chartier, Abbé; Canadian rebel of 1837, 135
Chartrand, murder of, in Lower Canadian rebellion of 1837, 135
Chateauguay, battle of; won by French Canadians, 116, 121
Château of St. Louis; founded at Quebec, 31; destroyed by fire, 160
Chauveau, Pierre O.J.; his services to education, 192; first prime minister of Quebec after Confederation, 217
Chenier, Dr.; Canadian rebel, 134; monument to, 135
Christie, Mr.; expelled from assembly of Lower Canada, 127;
Chrystler's Farm, battle at; won by British troops in 1813, 116
Civil Law of French Canada, 29; established under British rule, 46, 278
Clergy Reserves Question; origin of, 141; powerful factor in political controversy for years, ib.; settled, 186
Cockburn, James; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 204; first speaker of commons' house of Dominion parliament, ib.
Code Napoléon in French Canada, 278
Colbert, French minister, 27
Colborne, Sir John (Lord Seaforth); represses rebellion in Lower Canada, 134, 138; governor-general of Canada, 138
Colebrooke, Sir William; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 174
Coles, George; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 206
Colonial Conference at Ottawa (1894), 200
Commissions, International, affecting Canada; Maine boundary, 296,Washington (1871), 302, 304-306; Washington (1887), 307, 308, BeringSea, 309; joint high commission (Quebec and Washington, 1897-98),309-313
Commonwealth of Australia. SeeAustralia
Confederation of the British North American provinces; foreshadowed, 194; beginnings of, 195-198; initiated at Quebec Convention of 1864, 199; fathers of, 199-206, consummated, 206-215; birth of Dominion of Canada, 216; constitution of, 206-209, 273-284; first ministry under, 216; first parliament under, 217; results of, 272, 273
Congrégation de Notre-Dame established, 34
Constitutional Act of 1791; forms provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, 90, 91; general provisions of, 91, 92
Constitution of Canadian Dominion, 273-281; compared with that ofAustralian Commonwealth, 282-284, 315, 326 (App. A)
Cornwallis, Colonel, founds Halifax, 49
Corrupt elections: measures to restrain and punish, 239
Cortereal, Gaspar and Miguel; voyages of, to North America, 5
Coureurs-de-bois,17, 18
Coutume de Parisestablished in French Canada, 29
Craig, Sir James; governor-general of Canada, 96; quarrels of, with leading French Canadians, character of, 96, 97
Crémazie, Canadian poet, 192
Crozier, Superintendent; defeated by half-breeds in North-west rebellion of 1885, 252
Cut Knife Greek, N.W.T.; Colonel Otter engages Indians at, in North-west rebellion of 1885, 253
Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia; founded, 163
Dalhousie, Lord, governor-general of Canada; quarrel of, with Papineau, 129
Daly, Sir Dominick; first minister of Canada under Lord Metcalfe, 170
Davies, Sir Louis; Canadian statesman, 265
Davies, English navigator; voyages of, to Canada, 7
Dawson, Sir William; Canadian scientist, 192, 286
Dickey, R.B.; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 305
Dochet Island (St. Croix River); first settlement of French on, 8
Dominion of Canada; origin of name, 215; established, 215, 216; first ministry of, 216; first parliament of, 217; completed from Atlantic to Pacific, 227, 232, 234; history of, from 1873-1900, 236-272; map of,at end.
Dorchester, Lord; seeCarleton, Sir Guy
Douglas, Sir James; governor of British Columbia, 232
Drew, Captain; seizes steamer Caroline on U.S. frontier, 154. SeeCaroline.
Drummond, Attorney-General; member of MacNab-Morin ministry, 186
Drummond, Dr., Canadian poet, 285
Drummond, General, services of, during war of 1812-15, 116, 117, 122
Duck Lake, N.W.T., defeat of government forces at, in Canadian rebellion of 1885, 252
Dumont Gabriel; takes part in Riel's North-west revolt of 1885, 252, 253
Dufferin, Lord; governor-general of Canada, 241, 243, 267
Durham, Earl of; high commissioner to Canada after rebellion of 1837, 136; his humanity and justice, 137; returns from Canada when rebuked in England, ib., his report on Canadian affairs, 165
Durham Terrace, constructed, 160
Education in Canada; state of, under French rule, 33, 34, in 1838, 162, 163; after union of 1840, 192; present condition of, 290; contributions by government and people, ib.
Elgin, Lord; governor-general of Canada, character of, 172, 173; established responsible government, 173; action of, on Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849, 188, 189
Falkland, Lord; governor of Nova Scotia, 176; quarrels with Joseph Howe and Liberal party, 177-179; returns to England, 179
Family Compact in Upper Canada; meaning of, 141; controls government, ib.
Fenian raids; in 1866, 213; in 1870-71, 230, 231, Canada never indemnified for, 305
Ferland, French Canadian historian, 192
Fielding, Mr., finance minister of Canada, 265, his budget of 1897, 209
Fish Creek, N.W.T.; General Middleton checked at, in engagement with rebels of 1885, 253
Fisher, Charles; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 205
Fishery question between Canada and the United States, 293, 302, 304, 307, 308
Fitzgibbon, Lieutenant; successful strategy of, at Beaver Dams in 1813, 116
Franchise Act of Dominion, passed, 255, repealed, 268
Frechétte, French Canadian poet, 285
Free Trade policy of England; its early effects upon Canada, 172, 187, 189
French Acadians SeeNeutrals
French Canada; during French regime (1534-1760), 4-37; under military government after conquest by Great Britain, 37, 38; desire of British government to do justice to, 44, 45, provisions of Quebec Act affecting, 45, 48; political struggles and rebellion in, 124-138; influence of Union Act of 1840 upon, 170, 187; brought into confederation, 216; results of union upon, 273; literature in, 284, 285
French exploration in great valleys of North America, 15-21
French language; use of, restricted by Union Act of 1840, 187; restriction removed, ib.
Frobisher, English navigator; voyages of, to Canada, 8
Frog Lake, massacre at, in North-west rebellion of 1885, 252
Frontenac, Count de (Louis de La Buade); French governor of Canada, 13; eminent services of, ib.
Galloway, Thomas; his scheme for readjusting relations between GreatBritain and her old Colonies, 79
Galt, Sir Alexander; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 20; public services of, ib.
Garneau, French Canadian historian, 192
German and Belgian Treaties; denunciation of, 261, 271
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey; takes possession of Newfoundland, 8
Glenelg, Lord; colonial secretary in 1838, 137
Gordon, Lt.-Governor; promotes federal union in New Brunswick, 212
Gosford, Lord; governor-general of Canada, 132, 134
Gourlay, Robert; misfortunes of, as a reformer in Upper Canada, 143-145
Grasett, Colonel; assists in repressing North-west rebellion of 1885, 253
Gray, Colonel; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 206
Gray, John Hamilton, delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 205
Grey, Earl; colonial secretary, 172
Haldimand, general; governor-general of Canada, 71, 72
Haliburton, Judge, author ofSam Sack, etc., 164
Halifax, founded, 49
Harvey, Colonel; victory of, at Stoney Creek in 1813, 116. SeeHarvey,Sir John.
Harvey, Sir John; governor of Nova Scotia, of New Brunswick, establishes responsible government in the maritime provinces. SeeHarvey, Colonel.
Haviland, Thomas Heath; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 206; public career of, ib.
Head, Sir Francis Bond; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 148; his unjust treatment of reformers, 149-151; his rashness before rebellion, 152; represses rebellion, 153
Henry, William A.; delegate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 204
Hincks, Sir Francis; Canadian statesman, melancholy death of, 233
Historian of Canada, 192, 284
Hochelaga (Montreal); Indian village of, visited by Jacques Cartier, 6
Howe, Joseph; father of responsible government in Nova Scotia, 175, 176; his quarrel with Lord Falkland, 176-179; ability of, 183, 184; advocate of imperial federation, 195; opposes confederation from 1864-1868, 212, 219; his reasons for receding from his hostile position, 219; enters the Macdonald ministry, 220; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, ib; sudden death of, ib; orator, poet, and statesman, 220, 221
Howland, Sir William P.; delegate to Westminster Palace Conference of 1866-67, 214; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 217
Hudson's Bay Company; its great territorial privileges, 231-324; its claims purchased by the Canadian government, 227; map illustrating its charter, 222
Hull, General; defeat of, by Brock at Detroit, 114
Hundred Associates, Company of; established in Canada, 10
"Hunter's Lodges"; formed in United States to invade Canada, 154
Huntington, Lucius Seth; makes charges against Sir John Macdonald, 236
Huron Indians; massacre of, by the Iroquois, 12
Hutchinson, Governor Thomas (of Massachusetts); on relations betweenGreat Britain and her old Colonies, 98
Iberville, founder of Louisiana, 19
Immigration to Canada, 78, 79
Independence of old Thirteen Colonies acknowledged, by Great Britain, 74
Indians; British treatment of, 41,42; Canadian relations with, 238, 239
Intellectual culture in Canada; under French rule, 35; under British rule, 164, 192, 284, 285
Intercolonial Railway; history of, 191, 215, 219
Iroquois Indians; ferocity of, 10-13
Jameson, Miss Anna, her "Winter Studies and Summer Rambles" in UpperCanada in 1838, 157-159
Jesuit College at Quebec, 34
Jesuits' Estates, Act; political controversies respecting, 248
Jesuits in Canada, 11, 12; their estates confiscated by the British government, 38; restored in part, 248
Johnson, John; delegate to the Quebec Convention of 1864, 206
Johnston, James William; public career of, 175; eminence of, 185; early advocate of confederation, 194, 195