Chapter 48

FOOTNOTES:[1]πλατύς, flat or broad; ῥινές, nostrils.[2]κατά, downwards; ῥινές, nostrils.[3]Ἄνθρωπος, man; μορφή, form or shape.[4]The back edge of the hard, bony palate, with which the soft palate and uvula are continuous, forms a wide concave notch, whilst that of man projects in the centre of the notch.[5]The tongue has the same kind of papillæ, or slight projections of its surface, as in man; some called fungiform are seen at the tip, and on the surface generally, and others more or less cup-shaped. These last are found at the back, and are not arranged in any definite shape or order.[6]The Gibbons have no air sacs.[7]Seepage 16.[8]Troglodytes Tschiégo(Duvernoy);Troglodytes calvus(Du Chaillu).[9]Troglodytes Koolo-Kamba(Du Chaillu);Troglodytes Aubryi(Gratiolet and Alix).[10]Koolo is the cry, and Kambe means “to say.”[11]Troglodytes niger.[12]This interesting animal died in 1876.[13]They have several muscular peculiarities. Thus the great muscle of the hind part of the loins (sacro lumbalis) is vast and fleshy in man, but it is reduced to very small proportions in the great Apes. The great oblique muscle of the body is not attached to the hip, and the muscles of the buttocks are reduced excessively in the Apes. All this renders their erect position difficult and not usual. The motions of the shoulder and arms are assisted by extra muscles; one stretches from the sixth neck-vertebra to the first rib, another reaches from the outer part of the collar-bone to the neck in front, to the bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), and a third from the collar-bone to the side of the first vertebra. The small muscle of the chest (pectoralis minor) reaches to the capsule which surrounds the shoulder-joint. There is an extra muscle, which reaches from the back to the elbow, and which allows the animals, when hanging by one hand, to turn and twist the body slightly. The metacarpal bone of the little finger has a special muscle, which tends to enlarge the grasp of the hand. The great Apes have, however, an imperfect or deficient proper flexor to the thumb, and the extensor of the first joint of the thumb is wanting. The ill-developed “calf” has not its two great muscles combined in the one tendo Achillis, as in man, and the muscles of the foot are so arranged that they permit of much more independent motion than those of man have.[14]Simia satyrus.Simia morio.[15]TheTransversus pedis.[16]A muscle, called theaccessory flexorof the toes, is absent in the Orangs, and one termedscansorius, or climber, exists on the outside of the hip and the joint of the thigh.[17]* Is the intermediate bone.[18]Hylobates.[19]Hylobates syndactylus.[20]The abductor of the third joint of the second finger. The thumb counts as the first finger.[21]Hylobates lar.[22]Hylobates hoolook.[23]Hylobates pileatus.[24]Hylobates agilis.[25]Cynomorpha.[26]Semnopithecus melalophus.[27]Semnopithecus maurus.[28]Semnopithecus nasalis.[29]Semnopithecus entellus.[30]Semnopithecus frontatus.[31]Semnopithecus rubicundus.[32]Semnopithecus nemæus.[33]Semnopithecus nigripes.[34]Semnopithecus Nestor.[35]Semnopithecus ursinus.[36]The kinds of Monkeys included in this genus have a very wide geographical range. Mr. Wallace states that a species has been seen at an altitude of 11,000 feet in the Himalayas; andSemnopithecus roxellana, which resembles a youngSemnopithecus nasalis, occurs in Eastern Tibet (about lat. 30° N.) in the highest forests. Elsewhere, they extend over the forest land of the Oriental region of natural history.[37]Thumbless Monkeys.[38]Colobos guereza.[39]Cercopithecus.[40]Cercopithecus Diana.[41]Cercopithecus Mona.[42]Cercopithecus petaurista.[43]Cercopithecus talapoin.[44]Cercopithecus callitrichus.[45]Cercopithecus erythrogaster.[46]Cercopithecus ruber.[47]Cercopithecus æthiope.[48]In the Cercopitheci the skull has a large brain-case, and that part on which the brain and cerebellum rest is concave or pitted on the petrosal bone, and on each side of the crista galli in the fore part of the skull. In general there is a laryngeal pouch. The first premolar is like that of the Semnopitheci. The other anatomical peculiarities of these and of the Semnopitheci will be found in the description of the Macaques and Baboons.[49]Macacus, orInuus.[50]A name of the Roman divinity Faunus.[51]Macacus cynomolgus.[52]Macacus cyclopis.[53]Macacus radiatus.[54]Macacus rhesus.[55]Macacus maurus.[56]Macacus brunneus.[57]Macacus nemestrinus.[58]Macacus sylvanus, or Inuus ecaudatus.[59]Macacus silenus.[60]Cynocephalus.[61]Cynocephalus hamadryas.[62]Cynocephalus gelada.[63]Cynocephalus porcarius.[64]Cynocephalus sphinx.[65]Cynocephalus anubis.[66]Cynocephalus papio.[67]Cynocephalus mormon.[68]TheAcromio-trachelian. It does not exist in the Chimpanzees.[69]Cynocephalus leucophæus.[70]Cynocephalus niger.[71]Some zoologists make a new genus (Cynopithecus) of the Black Asiatic Baboons. We demur.[72]The Siamang is included in this genus.[73]This spelling is preferable to “Colobus.”[74]Some zoologists separate the Talapoin Monkey, and place it in a genus by itself; and the Mangabeys are sometimes included in a genus Cercocebus.[75]The Gelada is included by some in a genus Theropithecus, from its nostrils opening high up; and the Black Baboon is placed in a genus Cynopithecus. These are all inadvisable complications.[76]Platyrrhini.[77]Mycetes.[78]Mycetes chrysum.[79]Mycetes villosus.[80]Lagothrix.[81]Lagothrix olivaceus.[82]Ateles.[83]κρίκος, a ring; εἶδος, shape.[84]Ateles paniscus.[85]Ateles sub-pentadactylus.[86]Ateles variegatus.[87]Ateles cucullatus.[88]Cebus.[89]Cebus albifrons.[90]Cebus fatuelius.[91]Cebus capuchinus.[92]This genus is sometimes divided into two—CallithrixandChrysothrix.[93]Callithrix sciurea.[94]It appears to be a long-backed little thing, and this is not because it has more rib-bearing back-bones than the Monkeys of the Old World; on the contrary, they usually number only eleven. As regards the skeleton, the hips appear to be weakly joined on to the spine and to each other by one bone, instead of there being a long and strong sacrum to unite them. The breast-bone has only four pieces between the upper one (or the manubrium), and the cartilage at the lower end.[95]Callithrix lugens.[96]Callithrix discolor.[97]Nyctipithecus trivirgatus.[98]Nyctipithecus rufipes.[99]Nyctipithecus oseryi.[100]Pithecia.[101]Pithecia Satanas.[102]Pithecia hirsuta.[103]Pithecia monachus.[104]Pithecia, or Brachyurus calvus.[105]Pithecia melanocephala.[106]Pithecia leucocephala.[107]Arctopithecini.[108]Hapale.[109]Hapale Jacchus.[110]Hapale humeralifer.[111]Midas.[112]Midas ursulus.[113]Midas Devillii.[114]Midas rosalia.[115]An exception must be made in favour of the “Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar,” of M. Alfred Grandidier.[116]Indris diadema.[117]Indris laniger.[118]Indris brevicaudatus.[119]This classification is not that adopted by comparative anatomists, but rather by zoologists.[120]Lemur albifrons.[121]Lemur mayottensis.[122]Lemur mongoz.[123]Lemur varius.[124]Lemur niger.[125]χείρ (hand), γαλῆ (weasel).[126]Cheirogale furcifer.[127]Cheirogale Coquerellii.[128]Cheirogale nain.[129]Galago.[130]Galago Demidoffii and Galago murinus.[131]Galago senegalensis.[132]Galago sennaariensis.[133]Galago maholi.[134]This species, which intervenes between the Maholi and Grand Galago, we have already figured and described (seepp. 215,216).[135]Galago crassicaudatus(Geoffroy).[136]Galago Monteiri(Bartlett).[137]Perodicticus potto.[138]A very surprising term, as it applies to a Lemuroid.[139]Arctocebus calabarensis.[140]Nycticebus.[141]Loris, orStenops gracilis.[142]Tarsius spectrum(Geoffroy).[143]Cheiromys Madagascariensis.[144]The formula of the milk set is—I.42,C.20,M.22= 12. That of the permanent set is—I.22,C.00,P. M.20,M.66= 18. Professor Peters of Berlin moreover states his having found in a very early stage of development in the Aye-Aye, rudimentary teeth yielding a milk dentition—I.62,C.20,M.62= 18.[145]The simplicity of this classification is its great merit. The student will, however, find many other genera mentioned in books or placed before the specific names in museums. Thus, the beautiful Lemuroids in the British Museum of our genus Indris are called Propithecus, when the animals have tails, and the genus Lemur is termedVarecia. The genus Galago includes the animals called by some zoologistsOtolicnusandOtogale, &c.[146]Pteropus medius.[147]Colonel Sykes states that he had met with individuals more than fourteen inches long.[148]Pteropus edulis.[149]Pteropus nicobaricus,jubatus,dasymallus, andgriseus.[150]Pteropus poliocephalus.[151]Pteropus Gouldii.[152]Pteropus vulgaris.[153]Cynonycteris ægyptiaca.[154]Cynonycteris collaris.[155]Cynonycteris amplexicaudata.[156]Cynopterus marginatus.[157]Epomophorus Whitii.[158]Hypsignathus monstrosus.[159]Harpyia cephalotes.[160]Cephalotes Peronii.[161]Macroglossus minimus.[162]Melonycteris melanops.[163]Notopteris Macdonaldii.[164]Rhinolophus luctus,Phyllorhina armiger,Nycticejus luteus(=Scotophilus Temminckii),Miniopterus blepotis, andVespertilio Blythii.[165]Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum.[166]To this lobe the name of “antitragus” has been given.[167]Rhinolophus hipposideros.[168]Besides the two species found in Britain, two others inhabit southern Europe, the Levant, and Northern Africa, namely,Rhinolophus euryaleandR. Blasii, the latter often described under the name ofR. clivosus. Both these species are nearly allied to the English Horseshoe Bats.[169]Rhinolophus luctus.[170]The commonest of the numerous Eastern species of the genus are Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (R. Pearsonii), which has a very large nose-leaf and greatly developed ear lobes, and is found throughout the lofty hill-countries from the Himalayas to the mountains of Burmah and China; Roux’s Horseshoe Bat (R. affinis), which varies in colour from orange-brown to greyish-brown, and is found among the hills all over India, and in Ceylon, Burmah, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo; and the Dwarf Horseshoe Bat (R. minor), only about one inch and three-quarters in length, which occurs in Burmah, Yunnan, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Japan. Several varieties of the last two species have been described as distinct forms.[171]Rhinolophus megaphyllus.[172]Rhinonycteris aurantia.[173]Phyllorhina armigera.[174]Other common Eastern species are the Masked Leaf Bat (Phyllorhina larrata), which occurs in Bengal, Further India, Siam, and Java; the Bicolorous Leaf Bat (P. bicolor), which inhabits India, China, and many of the Eastern islands; and the Indian Horseshoe Bat (P. speoris), an abundant form in Central and Southern India and in Ceylon, and which has also been met with in Burmah. A single species (P. taitiensis) has been described from Tahiti. It is very nearly related to the last-named Indian form, if not merely a variety of it. A single species (P. cerrina) also inhabits North Australia, where it has been met with at Cape York, and in sandstone caverns in Albany Island. It is about two inches long; above, tawny-brown, darker on the face, head, and shoulders; below, paler, with a grey tinge on the belly. Several species of the genus inhabit the warmer parts of Africa, and one of these (P. tridens), a small species, only two inches in length, an inhabitant of Egypt and Nubia, has the posterior nose-leaf divided into three teeth towards the forehead, a character which it displays in common with an Indian species (P. Stoiiczkana), and another from Amboyna and Batchian, of still more diminutive proportions. A distinct genus (Asellia) has been proposed for the reception of these Bats. The largest species of the genus comes from Guinea and the Gold Coast, on the west coast of Africa. It is nearly five inches in length, and has received the name ofPhyllorhina gigas. It is associated with two or three smaller species, and two or three others occur in Southern and Eastern Africa.[175]Triænops persicus.[176]This character is of special importance here, as serving to distinguish the Megaderms from the species of another family of Leaf-nosed Bats belonging to the second principal group of Microchiroptera.[177]Megaderma lyra.[178]See also some general remarks on the supposed carnivorous propensities of theRhinolophidæ,p. 281.[179]Megaderma frons.[180]Nycteris thebaica.[181]Other described African species areN. capensis(Smith);N. macrotis(Dobson);N. hispida(Schreber); andN. grandis(Peters). The only species found out of Africa is the Javanese Desert Bat (N. javanica).[182]Plecotus auritus.[183]Synotus barbastellus.[184]Corynorhinus macrotis.[185]Nyctophilus Geoffroyi.[186]Vesperugo pipistrellus.[187]A name derived from the Italian equivalent of the word “Bat.”[188]Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., mentioned to the present writer an instance which fell within his own experience of the dislodgment of a Bat from beneath a large piece of bark which was torn from a tree by an entomologist in search of Beetles or larvæ. When the bark was detached, the Bat fell, but the entomologist, being unprepared probably for such large game, omitted to secure it, and the species was not ascertained.[189]Vesperugo noctula.[190]Vesperugo serotinus.[191]Vesperugo discolor.[192]Vesperugo abramus.[193]Vesperugo pachypus.[194]Another Eastern species, furnished with pads on the thumbs and feet, is the Club-footed Bat (V. tylopus), from Northern Borneo, which is distinguished from the above by the presence of two pre-molars on each side in the upper jaw. A small African species, the Dwarf Club-footed Bat (V. nanus), is similarly provided.[195]Scotophilus Temminckii.[196]Scotophilus Welwitschii.[197]Chalinolobus tuberculatus.[198]Vespertilio murinus.[199]Vespertilio Nattereri.[200]Vespertilio Daubentonii.[201]Vespertilio mystacinus.[202]Other European species are Bechstein’s Bat (Vespertilio Bechsteinii), which has occurred in the New Forest; the Marsh Bat (Vespertilio dasycneme), which inhabits the Altai Mountains, and in Europe extends, according to Mr. Dobson, from Russia to England; Capaccini’s Bat (V. Capaccinii), an inhabitant of Italy, with which specimens from the Philippine Islands and Japan have been identified; and the Notched-eared Bat (V. emarginatus), found in Central and Southern Europe, and extending eastward into Persia.[203]Vespertilio formosus.[204]Kerivoula picta.[205]Harpiocephalus harpia.[206]Atalapha novæboracensis.[207]Other recorded species of this genus are:A. intermedia, from Mexico,A. Pfeifferi, from Cuba,A. Frantzii, from Brazil and Costa Rica,A. varia, from Peru and Chili,A. paltescens, from Venezuela, andA. Grayi, from Chili, all with molars5–55–5; andA. egregia, from Brazil,A. Ega, from Brazil, andA. caudata, from Pernambuco and Chili, with molars4–45–5.A. Grayihas been said to occur at Juan da Fuca, in North America, and in the Sandwich Islands.[208]Miniopterus Schreibersii.[209]Other recorded species areMiniopterus tristis, from the Philippine Islands, andM. australis, from the Loyalty Islands.[210]Thyroptera tricolor.[211]Mr. Dobson’s paper above referred to (“Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” 1876, p. 526) contains some interesting particulars as to the occurrence of adhesive organs in Bats and other Mammals.[212]A second species,Thyroptera albiventer, has been described by Mr. Tomes from the vicinity of the Rio Napo, near Quito. It is rather larger than the preceding, and of a reddish-brown colour above, with the lower parts pure white.[213]Natalus stramineus.[214]Furipterus horrens.[215]Saccopteryx bilineata.[216]In one species,Saccopteryx plicata, from Costa Rica, of which Professor Peters makes his genusBalantiopteryx, the sac is placed in the middle of the shoulder membrane. In this species, also, the facial part of the skull is inflated on each side. InS. caninaand its allies the sac is in the margin of the membrane. These form the genusPeropteryxof Professor Peters.[217]Other described species of the genus areSaccopteryx canina, from Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, and Guatemala;S. leptura, from Surinam;S. villosa, from Brazil;S. Kappleri, andS. leucoptera, from Surinam;S. brevirostris, from Brazil; andS. plicata, from Costa Rica.Rhynchonycteris naso, the Sharp-nosed Bat, is allied to these, but distinguished especially by its very pointed snout. It inhabits Brazil, Surinam, and Guiana.[218]Emballonura monticola.[219]Other known species areEmballonura nigrescens, from Amboyna, Ternate, and Australia; andE. semicaudata, an inhabitant of the Samoa, Fiji, and Pelew Islands. An allied African species isColëura afra, which, however, presents some characters indicating a relationship to the AmericanSaccopteryx.[220]Taphozous perforatus.[221]Other described species of the genus are:—Taphozous longimanus, with a large throat-sac in the male, found in India, Ceylon, and Burmah;T. melanopagon, with no throat-pouch, but usually with a small black beard under the chin (seefigure above), an inhabitant of India, Penang, Burmah, Cochin China, Java, and the Philippine Islands;T. Theobaldi, from Tenasserim;T. australis, from Australia and New Guinea;T. mauritianus, with white wings, from tropical Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands;T. saccolaimus, from India and the larger Eastern islands;T. affinis, from Labuan; andT. Peli, from tropical Africa. The Valve-tailed Bat (Diclidurus albus), a native of Brazil, is remarkable for its whitish colour, and especially for the presence of a curious horny case, composed of two parts, which covers the extremity of the tail, and is attached to the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane.[222]Rhinopoma microphyllum.[223]Rhinopoma Lepsianum(Peters), is another African species. It inhabits the banks of the Blue Nile.[224]Noctilio leporinus.[225]The White-bellied Hare-lipped Bat (N. albiventris) is also an inhabitant of South America.[226]Nyctinomus Cestonii.[227]Nyctinomus tragatus(Dobson), from Continental India, is a nearly allied species, as alsoNyctinomus plicatus, an inhabitant of India, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.[228]Nyctinomus brasiliensis.[229]In a paper on the group Molossi, Mr. Dobson distinguishes in all twenty-one species of the genusNyctinomus, mostly inhabitants of the Eastern hemisphere. Three species besides the one above described are found in America.[230]Molossus nasutus.[231]Mr. Dobson (Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1876) describes nine species ofMolossus, all from tropical America.[232]Chiromeles torquatus.[233]Mystacina tuberculata.[234]Mormops Blainvillii.[235]Chilonycteris Macleayii.[236]Phyllostoma hastatum.[237]Vampryus spectrum.[238]Macrotus Waterhousii.[239]Other known species areMacrotus californicusandM. mexicanus, the native countries of which are indicated in their specific names.[240]Glossophaga soricina.[241]Monophyllus Redmanii.[242]Phyllonycteris Sezekornii.[243]Poey’s Leaf Bat (Phyllonycteris Poeyi) is a second species inhabiting Cuba.[244]The rest of the species forming the groupGlossophagahave three premolars on each side in each jaw, and the inner upper incisors smaller than the outer ones. The lower incisors are more or less deciduous, and sometimes altogether wanting in the adult.Lonchoglossa caudiferahas a well-developed zygomatic arch, and the interfemoral membrane, tail, and spurs very short. It is from Western Brazil and Surinam. The tail in this species is liable to be withdrawn, or lost in preparing the skin of the animal, and hence it has been described under the rather contradictory names ofcaudiferaandecaudata, and a distinct genus (Anura) was established upon the apparently tailless specimens. InGlossonycterus lasiopygathe zygomatic arch is deficient, and the tail is wanting; the spurs and interfemoral membrane are very short, and the latter is covered with hair. It is an inhabitant of Mexico.Chœronycteris mexicana, from Mexico, andC. minor, from Surinam, have a well-developed interfemoral membrane enclosing a very short tail. The anterior molars are very narrow, and the first upper premolar is deciduous.[245]Stenoderma perspicillatum.[246]Stenoderma jamaicense.[247]Two other species of Stenoderms are referred toArtibeusby Professor Peters, namely, hisA. fallax, andA. concolor, both from Surinam. Both these have five molar teeth in the upper jaw, the preceding species having only four on each side. Three other species forming the sub-genusDermanura, with only four molars on each side of both jaws, areArtibeus cinereusandquadrivittatus, from South America, andA. toltecum, from Mexico.Phyllops albomaculatus, from Cuba and Jamaica, andP. personatus, from Brazil, have five molars on each side in both jaws, and the palate is deeply cut out between the molars. InVampyrops lineatusandvittatus, both South American species, the number of molars is also five, but the palate is not so deeply cut. The typical species of the genusStenoderma,S. rufum, resembles this, but has only four molars on each side in each jaw, as described by Geoffroy, but this may be due to the youth of the specimen.Pygoderma bilabiatumandAmetrida centurioalso have only four molars on each side, and the hindmost of these is very small. In the latter the face is much flattened.Chiroderma villosumandpusillum, on the contrary, have the fourth or hindmost molar larger than any of the rest, and are further characterised by a broad fissure which runs up from the aperture of the nose to the space between the orbits.Sturnira liliumandchiliensishave five molars on each side, and no interfemoral membrane. The former is from Brazil and Paraguay, the latter from Chili.Brachyphylla cavernarum, a curious Bat from caves in the islands of St. Vincent and Cuba, which is also said to occur in South Carolina, has an oval nose-leaf surrounded behind by a pit, a triangular fissure in the lower lip, and a rudimentary tail; and the singular genusCenturio, including two species (C. senexandMcMurtrii), found in the West Indies and Central America, has a big, Bull-dog-like head and a flat face covered with naked cutaneous leaves. The teeth inCenturioresemble those of the Spectacled Stenoderm. There is no tail, and the wing-membranes display peculiar translucent patches.[248]Desmodus rufus.[249]According to Professor Gervais; some zoologists make the number of incisors in the first dentition six. The first teeth differ entirely in character from those of the adult animal.[250]The wound is, in fact, very much like that which many of our readers must occasionally have inflicted on themselves in shaving; and those who are experienced in such matters will know how long it takes to stop the bleeding thus produced.[251]There is sometimes a difficulty in distinguishing between canines and premolars, and it will be seen, hereafter, that in some cases the canines are supposed to be wanting; but no Insectivore possesses two chisel-like, constantly-growing incisors in each jaw, separated by a long interval from the molars, as in the Rodents, or Gnawing Mammals.[252]Galeopithecus volans.[253]Tupaia tana.[254]Tupaia ferruginea.[255]Ptilocercus Lowii.[256]Hylomys suillus.[257]Macroscelides typicus.[258]Macroscelides Rozeti.[259]Petrodromus tetradactylus.[260]Rhynchocyon Cernei.[261]Erinaceus europæus.[262]Erinaceus auritus.[263]Erinaceus collaris.[264]Gymnura Rafflesii.[265]Centetes ecaudatus.[266]Ericulus spinosus.[267]Oryzorictes hova.[268]Geogale aurita.[269]Solenodon paradoxus.[270]Solenodon cubanus.[271]Potamogale velox.[272]Chrysochloris capensis.[273]Talpa europæa.[274]Talpa cæca.[275]Condylura cristata.[276]Scalops aquaticus.[277]Myogale moschata.[278]Myogale pyrenaica.[279]Urotrichus talpoides.[280]Sorex vulgaris.[281]Hence the species was calledS. tetragonurus, by Hermann.[282]Two or three other Old World species belong to this group, among which may be mentioned the Alpine Shrew (S. alpinus), which appears to range from the Alps to India; and the Blackish Shrew (S. nigrescens), a very common species in Sikkim and Nepaul. At Darjeling Mr. Jerdon found many specimens lying dead in the roads without apparent injury. Several allied species also inhabit North America, such as Forster’s Shrew (S. Forsterii), the Long-nosed Shrew (S. longirostris), &c.[283]Blarina Dekayi.[284]Crocidura aranea.[285]Crocidura myosura.[286]Crossopus fodiens.[287]Nectogaie ciegans.[288]Anurosorex squamipes.

FOOTNOTES:

[1]πλατύς, flat or broad; ῥινές, nostrils.

[2]κατά, downwards; ῥινές, nostrils.

[3]Ἄνθρωπος, man; μορφή, form or shape.

[4]The back edge of the hard, bony palate, with which the soft palate and uvula are continuous, forms a wide concave notch, whilst that of man projects in the centre of the notch.

[5]The tongue has the same kind of papillæ, or slight projections of its surface, as in man; some called fungiform are seen at the tip, and on the surface generally, and others more or less cup-shaped. These last are found at the back, and are not arranged in any definite shape or order.

[6]The Gibbons have no air sacs.

[7]Seepage 16.

[8]Troglodytes Tschiégo(Duvernoy);Troglodytes calvus(Du Chaillu).

[9]Troglodytes Koolo-Kamba(Du Chaillu);Troglodytes Aubryi(Gratiolet and Alix).

[10]Koolo is the cry, and Kambe means “to say.”

[11]Troglodytes niger.

[12]This interesting animal died in 1876.

[13]They have several muscular peculiarities. Thus the great muscle of the hind part of the loins (sacro lumbalis) is vast and fleshy in man, but it is reduced to very small proportions in the great Apes. The great oblique muscle of the body is not attached to the hip, and the muscles of the buttocks are reduced excessively in the Apes. All this renders their erect position difficult and not usual. The motions of the shoulder and arms are assisted by extra muscles; one stretches from the sixth neck-vertebra to the first rib, another reaches from the outer part of the collar-bone to the neck in front, to the bone under the tongue (hyoid bone), and a third from the collar-bone to the side of the first vertebra. The small muscle of the chest (pectoralis minor) reaches to the capsule which surrounds the shoulder-joint. There is an extra muscle, which reaches from the back to the elbow, and which allows the animals, when hanging by one hand, to turn and twist the body slightly. The metacarpal bone of the little finger has a special muscle, which tends to enlarge the grasp of the hand. The great Apes have, however, an imperfect or deficient proper flexor to the thumb, and the extensor of the first joint of the thumb is wanting. The ill-developed “calf” has not its two great muscles combined in the one tendo Achillis, as in man, and the muscles of the foot are so arranged that they permit of much more independent motion than those of man have.

[14]Simia satyrus.Simia morio.

[15]TheTransversus pedis.

[16]A muscle, called theaccessory flexorof the toes, is absent in the Orangs, and one termedscansorius, or climber, exists on the outside of the hip and the joint of the thigh.

[17]* Is the intermediate bone.

[18]Hylobates.

[19]Hylobates syndactylus.

[20]The abductor of the third joint of the second finger. The thumb counts as the first finger.

[21]Hylobates lar.

[22]Hylobates hoolook.

[23]Hylobates pileatus.

[24]Hylobates agilis.

[25]Cynomorpha.

[26]Semnopithecus melalophus.

[27]Semnopithecus maurus.

[28]Semnopithecus nasalis.

[29]Semnopithecus entellus.

[30]Semnopithecus frontatus.

[31]Semnopithecus rubicundus.

[32]Semnopithecus nemæus.

[33]Semnopithecus nigripes.

[34]Semnopithecus Nestor.

[35]Semnopithecus ursinus.

[36]The kinds of Monkeys included in this genus have a very wide geographical range. Mr. Wallace states that a species has been seen at an altitude of 11,000 feet in the Himalayas; andSemnopithecus roxellana, which resembles a youngSemnopithecus nasalis, occurs in Eastern Tibet (about lat. 30° N.) in the highest forests. Elsewhere, they extend over the forest land of the Oriental region of natural history.

[37]Thumbless Monkeys.

[38]Colobos guereza.

[39]Cercopithecus.

[40]Cercopithecus Diana.

[41]Cercopithecus Mona.

[42]Cercopithecus petaurista.

[43]Cercopithecus talapoin.

[44]Cercopithecus callitrichus.

[45]Cercopithecus erythrogaster.

[46]Cercopithecus ruber.

[47]Cercopithecus æthiope.

[48]In the Cercopitheci the skull has a large brain-case, and that part on which the brain and cerebellum rest is concave or pitted on the petrosal bone, and on each side of the crista galli in the fore part of the skull. In general there is a laryngeal pouch. The first premolar is like that of the Semnopitheci. The other anatomical peculiarities of these and of the Semnopitheci will be found in the description of the Macaques and Baboons.

[49]Macacus, orInuus.

[50]A name of the Roman divinity Faunus.

[51]Macacus cynomolgus.

[52]Macacus cyclopis.

[53]Macacus radiatus.

[54]Macacus rhesus.

[55]Macacus maurus.

[56]Macacus brunneus.

[57]Macacus nemestrinus.

[58]Macacus sylvanus, or Inuus ecaudatus.

[59]Macacus silenus.

[60]Cynocephalus.

[61]Cynocephalus hamadryas.

[62]Cynocephalus gelada.

[63]Cynocephalus porcarius.

[64]Cynocephalus sphinx.

[65]Cynocephalus anubis.

[66]Cynocephalus papio.

[67]Cynocephalus mormon.

[68]TheAcromio-trachelian. It does not exist in the Chimpanzees.

[69]Cynocephalus leucophæus.

[70]Cynocephalus niger.

[71]Some zoologists make a new genus (Cynopithecus) of the Black Asiatic Baboons. We demur.

[72]The Siamang is included in this genus.

[73]This spelling is preferable to “Colobus.”

[74]Some zoologists separate the Talapoin Monkey, and place it in a genus by itself; and the Mangabeys are sometimes included in a genus Cercocebus.

[75]The Gelada is included by some in a genus Theropithecus, from its nostrils opening high up; and the Black Baboon is placed in a genus Cynopithecus. These are all inadvisable complications.

[76]Platyrrhini.

[77]Mycetes.

[78]Mycetes chrysum.

[79]Mycetes villosus.

[80]Lagothrix.

[81]Lagothrix olivaceus.

[82]Ateles.

[83]κρίκος, a ring; εἶδος, shape.

[84]Ateles paniscus.

[85]Ateles sub-pentadactylus.

[86]Ateles variegatus.

[87]Ateles cucullatus.

[88]Cebus.

[89]Cebus albifrons.

[90]Cebus fatuelius.

[91]Cebus capuchinus.

[92]This genus is sometimes divided into two—CallithrixandChrysothrix.

[93]Callithrix sciurea.

[94]It appears to be a long-backed little thing, and this is not because it has more rib-bearing back-bones than the Monkeys of the Old World; on the contrary, they usually number only eleven. As regards the skeleton, the hips appear to be weakly joined on to the spine and to each other by one bone, instead of there being a long and strong sacrum to unite them. The breast-bone has only four pieces between the upper one (or the manubrium), and the cartilage at the lower end.

[95]Callithrix lugens.

[96]Callithrix discolor.

[97]Nyctipithecus trivirgatus.

[98]Nyctipithecus rufipes.

[99]Nyctipithecus oseryi.

[100]Pithecia.

[101]Pithecia Satanas.

[102]Pithecia hirsuta.

[103]Pithecia monachus.

[104]Pithecia, or Brachyurus calvus.

[105]Pithecia melanocephala.

[106]Pithecia leucocephala.

[107]Arctopithecini.

[108]Hapale.

[109]Hapale Jacchus.

[110]Hapale humeralifer.

[111]Midas.

[112]Midas ursulus.

[113]Midas Devillii.

[114]Midas rosalia.

[115]An exception must be made in favour of the “Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar,” of M. Alfred Grandidier.

[116]Indris diadema.

[117]Indris laniger.

[118]Indris brevicaudatus.

[119]This classification is not that adopted by comparative anatomists, but rather by zoologists.

[120]Lemur albifrons.

[121]Lemur mayottensis.

[122]Lemur mongoz.

[123]Lemur varius.

[124]Lemur niger.

[125]χείρ (hand), γαλῆ (weasel).

[126]Cheirogale furcifer.

[127]Cheirogale Coquerellii.

[128]Cheirogale nain.

[129]Galago.

[130]Galago Demidoffii and Galago murinus.

[131]Galago senegalensis.

[132]Galago sennaariensis.

[133]Galago maholi.

[134]This species, which intervenes between the Maholi and Grand Galago, we have already figured and described (seepp. 215,216).

[135]Galago crassicaudatus(Geoffroy).

[136]Galago Monteiri(Bartlett).

[137]Perodicticus potto.

[138]A very surprising term, as it applies to a Lemuroid.

[139]Arctocebus calabarensis.

[140]Nycticebus.

[141]Loris, orStenops gracilis.

[142]Tarsius spectrum(Geoffroy).

[143]Cheiromys Madagascariensis.

[144]The formula of the milk set is—I.42,C.20,M.22= 12. That of the permanent set is—I.22,C.00,P. M.20,M.66= 18. Professor Peters of Berlin moreover states his having found in a very early stage of development in the Aye-Aye, rudimentary teeth yielding a milk dentition—I.62,C.20,M.62= 18.

[145]The simplicity of this classification is its great merit. The student will, however, find many other genera mentioned in books or placed before the specific names in museums. Thus, the beautiful Lemuroids in the British Museum of our genus Indris are called Propithecus, when the animals have tails, and the genus Lemur is termedVarecia. The genus Galago includes the animals called by some zoologistsOtolicnusandOtogale, &c.

[146]Pteropus medius.

[147]Colonel Sykes states that he had met with individuals more than fourteen inches long.

[148]Pteropus edulis.

[149]Pteropus nicobaricus,jubatus,dasymallus, andgriseus.

[150]Pteropus poliocephalus.

[151]Pteropus Gouldii.

[152]Pteropus vulgaris.

[153]Cynonycteris ægyptiaca.

[154]Cynonycteris collaris.

[155]Cynonycteris amplexicaudata.

[156]Cynopterus marginatus.

[157]Epomophorus Whitii.

[158]Hypsignathus monstrosus.

[159]Harpyia cephalotes.

[160]Cephalotes Peronii.

[161]Macroglossus minimus.

[162]Melonycteris melanops.

[163]Notopteris Macdonaldii.

[164]Rhinolophus luctus,Phyllorhina armiger,Nycticejus luteus(=Scotophilus Temminckii),Miniopterus blepotis, andVespertilio Blythii.

[165]Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum.

[166]To this lobe the name of “antitragus” has been given.

[167]Rhinolophus hipposideros.

[168]Besides the two species found in Britain, two others inhabit southern Europe, the Levant, and Northern Africa, namely,Rhinolophus euryaleandR. Blasii, the latter often described under the name ofR. clivosus. Both these species are nearly allied to the English Horseshoe Bats.

[169]Rhinolophus luctus.

[170]The commonest of the numerous Eastern species of the genus are Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (R. Pearsonii), which has a very large nose-leaf and greatly developed ear lobes, and is found throughout the lofty hill-countries from the Himalayas to the mountains of Burmah and China; Roux’s Horseshoe Bat (R. affinis), which varies in colour from orange-brown to greyish-brown, and is found among the hills all over India, and in Ceylon, Burmah, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo; and the Dwarf Horseshoe Bat (R. minor), only about one inch and three-quarters in length, which occurs in Burmah, Yunnan, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Japan. Several varieties of the last two species have been described as distinct forms.

[171]Rhinolophus megaphyllus.

[172]Rhinonycteris aurantia.

[173]Phyllorhina armigera.

[174]Other common Eastern species are the Masked Leaf Bat (Phyllorhina larrata), which occurs in Bengal, Further India, Siam, and Java; the Bicolorous Leaf Bat (P. bicolor), which inhabits India, China, and many of the Eastern islands; and the Indian Horseshoe Bat (P. speoris), an abundant form in Central and Southern India and in Ceylon, and which has also been met with in Burmah. A single species (P. taitiensis) has been described from Tahiti. It is very nearly related to the last-named Indian form, if not merely a variety of it. A single species (P. cerrina) also inhabits North Australia, where it has been met with at Cape York, and in sandstone caverns in Albany Island. It is about two inches long; above, tawny-brown, darker on the face, head, and shoulders; below, paler, with a grey tinge on the belly. Several species of the genus inhabit the warmer parts of Africa, and one of these (P. tridens), a small species, only two inches in length, an inhabitant of Egypt and Nubia, has the posterior nose-leaf divided into three teeth towards the forehead, a character which it displays in common with an Indian species (P. Stoiiczkana), and another from Amboyna and Batchian, of still more diminutive proportions. A distinct genus (Asellia) has been proposed for the reception of these Bats. The largest species of the genus comes from Guinea and the Gold Coast, on the west coast of Africa. It is nearly five inches in length, and has received the name ofPhyllorhina gigas. It is associated with two or three smaller species, and two or three others occur in Southern and Eastern Africa.

[175]Triænops persicus.

[176]This character is of special importance here, as serving to distinguish the Megaderms from the species of another family of Leaf-nosed Bats belonging to the second principal group of Microchiroptera.

[177]Megaderma lyra.

[178]See also some general remarks on the supposed carnivorous propensities of theRhinolophidæ,p. 281.

[179]Megaderma frons.

[180]Nycteris thebaica.

[181]Other described African species areN. capensis(Smith);N. macrotis(Dobson);N. hispida(Schreber); andN. grandis(Peters). The only species found out of Africa is the Javanese Desert Bat (N. javanica).

[182]Plecotus auritus.

[183]Synotus barbastellus.

[184]Corynorhinus macrotis.

[185]Nyctophilus Geoffroyi.

[186]Vesperugo pipistrellus.

[187]A name derived from the Italian equivalent of the word “Bat.”

[188]Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., mentioned to the present writer an instance which fell within his own experience of the dislodgment of a Bat from beneath a large piece of bark which was torn from a tree by an entomologist in search of Beetles or larvæ. When the bark was detached, the Bat fell, but the entomologist, being unprepared probably for such large game, omitted to secure it, and the species was not ascertained.

[189]Vesperugo noctula.

[190]Vesperugo serotinus.

[191]Vesperugo discolor.

[192]Vesperugo abramus.

[193]Vesperugo pachypus.

[194]Another Eastern species, furnished with pads on the thumbs and feet, is the Club-footed Bat (V. tylopus), from Northern Borneo, which is distinguished from the above by the presence of two pre-molars on each side in the upper jaw. A small African species, the Dwarf Club-footed Bat (V. nanus), is similarly provided.

[195]Scotophilus Temminckii.

[196]Scotophilus Welwitschii.

[197]Chalinolobus tuberculatus.

[198]Vespertilio murinus.

[199]Vespertilio Nattereri.

[200]Vespertilio Daubentonii.

[201]Vespertilio mystacinus.

[202]Other European species are Bechstein’s Bat (Vespertilio Bechsteinii), which has occurred in the New Forest; the Marsh Bat (Vespertilio dasycneme), which inhabits the Altai Mountains, and in Europe extends, according to Mr. Dobson, from Russia to England; Capaccini’s Bat (V. Capaccinii), an inhabitant of Italy, with which specimens from the Philippine Islands and Japan have been identified; and the Notched-eared Bat (V. emarginatus), found in Central and Southern Europe, and extending eastward into Persia.

[203]Vespertilio formosus.

[204]Kerivoula picta.

[205]Harpiocephalus harpia.

[206]Atalapha novæboracensis.

[207]Other recorded species of this genus are:A. intermedia, from Mexico,A. Pfeifferi, from Cuba,A. Frantzii, from Brazil and Costa Rica,A. varia, from Peru and Chili,A. paltescens, from Venezuela, andA. Grayi, from Chili, all with molars5–55–5; andA. egregia, from Brazil,A. Ega, from Brazil, andA. caudata, from Pernambuco and Chili, with molars4–45–5.A. Grayihas been said to occur at Juan da Fuca, in North America, and in the Sandwich Islands.

[208]Miniopterus Schreibersii.

[209]Other recorded species areMiniopterus tristis, from the Philippine Islands, andM. australis, from the Loyalty Islands.

[210]Thyroptera tricolor.

[211]Mr. Dobson’s paper above referred to (“Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” 1876, p. 526) contains some interesting particulars as to the occurrence of adhesive organs in Bats and other Mammals.

[212]A second species,Thyroptera albiventer, has been described by Mr. Tomes from the vicinity of the Rio Napo, near Quito. It is rather larger than the preceding, and of a reddish-brown colour above, with the lower parts pure white.

[213]Natalus stramineus.

[214]Furipterus horrens.

[215]Saccopteryx bilineata.

[216]In one species,Saccopteryx plicata, from Costa Rica, of which Professor Peters makes his genusBalantiopteryx, the sac is placed in the middle of the shoulder membrane. In this species, also, the facial part of the skull is inflated on each side. InS. caninaand its allies the sac is in the margin of the membrane. These form the genusPeropteryxof Professor Peters.

[217]Other described species of the genus areSaccopteryx canina, from Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, and Guatemala;S. leptura, from Surinam;S. villosa, from Brazil;S. Kappleri, andS. leucoptera, from Surinam;S. brevirostris, from Brazil; andS. plicata, from Costa Rica.Rhynchonycteris naso, the Sharp-nosed Bat, is allied to these, but distinguished especially by its very pointed snout. It inhabits Brazil, Surinam, and Guiana.

[218]Emballonura monticola.

[219]Other known species areEmballonura nigrescens, from Amboyna, Ternate, and Australia; andE. semicaudata, an inhabitant of the Samoa, Fiji, and Pelew Islands. An allied African species isColëura afra, which, however, presents some characters indicating a relationship to the AmericanSaccopteryx.

[220]Taphozous perforatus.

[221]Other described species of the genus are:—Taphozous longimanus, with a large throat-sac in the male, found in India, Ceylon, and Burmah;T. melanopagon, with no throat-pouch, but usually with a small black beard under the chin (seefigure above), an inhabitant of India, Penang, Burmah, Cochin China, Java, and the Philippine Islands;T. Theobaldi, from Tenasserim;T. australis, from Australia and New Guinea;T. mauritianus, with white wings, from tropical Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands;T. saccolaimus, from India and the larger Eastern islands;T. affinis, from Labuan; andT. Peli, from tropical Africa. The Valve-tailed Bat (Diclidurus albus), a native of Brazil, is remarkable for its whitish colour, and especially for the presence of a curious horny case, composed of two parts, which covers the extremity of the tail, and is attached to the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane.

[222]Rhinopoma microphyllum.

[223]Rhinopoma Lepsianum(Peters), is another African species. It inhabits the banks of the Blue Nile.

[224]Noctilio leporinus.

[225]The White-bellied Hare-lipped Bat (N. albiventris) is also an inhabitant of South America.

[226]Nyctinomus Cestonii.

[227]Nyctinomus tragatus(Dobson), from Continental India, is a nearly allied species, as alsoNyctinomus plicatus, an inhabitant of India, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

[228]Nyctinomus brasiliensis.

[229]In a paper on the group Molossi, Mr. Dobson distinguishes in all twenty-one species of the genusNyctinomus, mostly inhabitants of the Eastern hemisphere. Three species besides the one above described are found in America.

[230]Molossus nasutus.

[231]Mr. Dobson (Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1876) describes nine species ofMolossus, all from tropical America.

[232]Chiromeles torquatus.

[233]Mystacina tuberculata.

[234]Mormops Blainvillii.

[235]Chilonycteris Macleayii.

[236]Phyllostoma hastatum.

[237]Vampryus spectrum.

[238]Macrotus Waterhousii.

[239]Other known species areMacrotus californicusandM. mexicanus, the native countries of which are indicated in their specific names.

[240]Glossophaga soricina.

[241]Monophyllus Redmanii.

[242]Phyllonycteris Sezekornii.

[243]Poey’s Leaf Bat (Phyllonycteris Poeyi) is a second species inhabiting Cuba.

[244]The rest of the species forming the groupGlossophagahave three premolars on each side in each jaw, and the inner upper incisors smaller than the outer ones. The lower incisors are more or less deciduous, and sometimes altogether wanting in the adult.Lonchoglossa caudiferahas a well-developed zygomatic arch, and the interfemoral membrane, tail, and spurs very short. It is from Western Brazil and Surinam. The tail in this species is liable to be withdrawn, or lost in preparing the skin of the animal, and hence it has been described under the rather contradictory names ofcaudiferaandecaudata, and a distinct genus (Anura) was established upon the apparently tailless specimens. InGlossonycterus lasiopygathe zygomatic arch is deficient, and the tail is wanting; the spurs and interfemoral membrane are very short, and the latter is covered with hair. It is an inhabitant of Mexico.Chœronycteris mexicana, from Mexico, andC. minor, from Surinam, have a well-developed interfemoral membrane enclosing a very short tail. The anterior molars are very narrow, and the first upper premolar is deciduous.

[245]Stenoderma perspicillatum.

[246]Stenoderma jamaicense.

[247]Two other species of Stenoderms are referred toArtibeusby Professor Peters, namely, hisA. fallax, andA. concolor, both from Surinam. Both these have five molar teeth in the upper jaw, the preceding species having only four on each side. Three other species forming the sub-genusDermanura, with only four molars on each side of both jaws, areArtibeus cinereusandquadrivittatus, from South America, andA. toltecum, from Mexico.Phyllops albomaculatus, from Cuba and Jamaica, andP. personatus, from Brazil, have five molars on each side in both jaws, and the palate is deeply cut out between the molars. InVampyrops lineatusandvittatus, both South American species, the number of molars is also five, but the palate is not so deeply cut. The typical species of the genusStenoderma,S. rufum, resembles this, but has only four molars on each side in each jaw, as described by Geoffroy, but this may be due to the youth of the specimen.Pygoderma bilabiatumandAmetrida centurioalso have only four molars on each side, and the hindmost of these is very small. In the latter the face is much flattened.Chiroderma villosumandpusillum, on the contrary, have the fourth or hindmost molar larger than any of the rest, and are further characterised by a broad fissure which runs up from the aperture of the nose to the space between the orbits.Sturnira liliumandchiliensishave five molars on each side, and no interfemoral membrane. The former is from Brazil and Paraguay, the latter from Chili.Brachyphylla cavernarum, a curious Bat from caves in the islands of St. Vincent and Cuba, which is also said to occur in South Carolina, has an oval nose-leaf surrounded behind by a pit, a triangular fissure in the lower lip, and a rudimentary tail; and the singular genusCenturio, including two species (C. senexandMcMurtrii), found in the West Indies and Central America, has a big, Bull-dog-like head and a flat face covered with naked cutaneous leaves. The teeth inCenturioresemble those of the Spectacled Stenoderm. There is no tail, and the wing-membranes display peculiar translucent patches.

[248]Desmodus rufus.

[249]According to Professor Gervais; some zoologists make the number of incisors in the first dentition six. The first teeth differ entirely in character from those of the adult animal.

[250]The wound is, in fact, very much like that which many of our readers must occasionally have inflicted on themselves in shaving; and those who are experienced in such matters will know how long it takes to stop the bleeding thus produced.

[251]There is sometimes a difficulty in distinguishing between canines and premolars, and it will be seen, hereafter, that in some cases the canines are supposed to be wanting; but no Insectivore possesses two chisel-like, constantly-growing incisors in each jaw, separated by a long interval from the molars, as in the Rodents, or Gnawing Mammals.

[252]Galeopithecus volans.

[253]Tupaia tana.

[254]Tupaia ferruginea.

[255]Ptilocercus Lowii.

[256]Hylomys suillus.

[257]Macroscelides typicus.

[258]Macroscelides Rozeti.

[259]Petrodromus tetradactylus.

[260]Rhynchocyon Cernei.

[261]Erinaceus europæus.

[262]Erinaceus auritus.

[263]Erinaceus collaris.

[264]Gymnura Rafflesii.

[265]Centetes ecaudatus.

[266]Ericulus spinosus.

[267]Oryzorictes hova.

[268]Geogale aurita.

[269]Solenodon paradoxus.

[270]Solenodon cubanus.

[271]Potamogale velox.

[272]Chrysochloris capensis.

[273]Talpa europæa.

[274]Talpa cæca.

[275]Condylura cristata.

[276]Scalops aquaticus.

[277]Myogale moschata.

[278]Myogale pyrenaica.

[279]Urotrichus talpoides.

[280]Sorex vulgaris.

[281]Hence the species was calledS. tetragonurus, by Hermann.

[282]Two or three other Old World species belong to this group, among which may be mentioned the Alpine Shrew (S. alpinus), which appears to range from the Alps to India; and the Blackish Shrew (S. nigrescens), a very common species in Sikkim and Nepaul. At Darjeling Mr. Jerdon found many specimens lying dead in the roads without apparent injury. Several allied species also inhabit North America, such as Forster’s Shrew (S. Forsterii), the Long-nosed Shrew (S. longirostris), &c.

[283]Blarina Dekayi.

[284]Crocidura aranea.

[285]Crocidura myosura.

[286]Crossopus fodiens.

[287]Nectogaie ciegans.

[288]Anurosorex squamipes.

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