FOOTNOTES:[1]The genusOvis.[2]Ovis Poli.[3]The genusCapra.[4]“Falling from a height, it protects its whole body, between its horns, from shock, and receives upon its horns the concussion of the huge stones.”[5]The genusGazella.[6]Saïga tartarica.[7]Panthalops Hodgsoni.[8]Æpyceros melampus.[9]Antilope bezoartica.[10]The genusCephalophus.[11]The genusTetraceros.[12]The genusEleotragusand its allies.[13]Oreas canna.[14]Strepsiceros kudu.[15]Euryceros Angasii.[16]The genusTragelaphus.[17]TheDamalidæ.[18]The genusCatoblepas.[19]Rupicapra tragus.[20]The genusOryx.[21]Portax picta.[22]Ovibos moschatus.[23]Bos taurus.[24]The genusBison.[25]The genusBubalus.[26]Antilocapra americana.[27]Moschus moschiferus.[28]Camelopardalis giraffa.[29]Alces machlis.[30]The restricted genusCervus.[31]Cervus elaphus.[32]The generaPseudaxisandDama.[33]Dama mesopotamica.[34]The genusRusaand its allies.[35]Rusa Alfredi.[36]Rucervus Duvaucelli.[37]Rucervus Eldi.[38]The genusCervulus.[39]Capreolus caprea.[40]Hydropotes inermis.[41]Elaphurus Davidianus.[42]Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. VII. p. 333.[43]Rangifer tarandus.[44]Tragulidæ.[45]Camelus dromedarius.[46]Camelus bactrianus.[47]Auchenia.[48]In the young there are four of these small additional teeth, but the outer pair disappear after a short time.[49]The upper teeth always constitute a larger segment of a smaller circle than the lower ones.[50]The genusHeliophobiusamong the Mole Rats is described as having six molars on each side in both jaws; but the number in this genus appears to be variable, the sixth molar being often undeveloped.[51]See Note on p. 83.[52]Having the hind feet hand-like.[53]SeeArvicola rutilus, p. 117.[54]Dr. Coues has proposed this generic name for the American Jumping Mouse, as the namesJaculusandMeriones, given to the genus by various authors, had been previously used for other groups.[55]Described almost at the same time by M. Bravard under the name ofTypotherium. We here employ M. Serres’ name.[56]Waterton’s “Wanderings,” pp. 161, 284.[57]Arctopithecus castaniceps.[58]Bradypus torquatus, orBradypus crinitus.[59]Arctopithecus flaccidus.—Arctopithecus Ai.[60]Cholœpus didactylus.[61]Cholœpus Hoffmanni.[62]Orycteropus capensis(Geoffroy).[63]The uterus is double, and the placenta is disc-shaped, and is cast off (deciduate). There are chest and inguinal. teats. The vertebræ are—seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, eight lumbar, six sacral, twenty-five caudal.[64]The muscle called pronator quadratus is a fleshy band, four-sided in shape more or less. One side is attached to one of the bones of the fore-arm, the ulna in front above the wrist; and the other and opposite side adheres to the radius. The ulna being motionless, the muscle contracts and pulls the radius over, so as to turn the back of the wrist forwards, or upwards. The prone position is thus produced, and hence the name of the muscle. The other muscle which produces this movement is fixed to the fore-arm in front, near the inner elbow, and it is long, having a tendon which is implanted on the radius. As this muscle contracts, it pulls the radius over the ulna, and makes the wrist take up a prone position. It is called the pronator teres.[65]GenusManis.[66]Manis tetradactyla(Linn.).[67]Manis gigantea(Illiger).[68]Manis brachyura.—Manis pentadactyla(Linn.).[69]Myrmecophaga jubata.[70]It is certainly remarkable that the brain of this animal should present numerous convolutions, whilst the brain of the Sloth has barely any. The commissures of the brain are large, especially that of the centre, or corpus callosum, and also the anterior. The uterus is simple, the os is double, and the placenta is said to be discoidal.[71]Tamandua tetradactyla.[72]Cyclothurus didactylus.[73]Dasypus gigas(Cuvier).[74]Dasypus Tatouay(Desmarest).[75]Dasypus sexcintus(Linn.).[76]Dasypus villosus(Desmarest).[77]Dasypus minutus(Desmarest).[78]Dasypus Peba(Desmarest).[79]Dasypus (Tolypeutes) apar(Geoffroy).[80]Chlamydophorus truncatus(Harlan).[81]TheMacropodidæ.[82]Macropus giganteus(Shaw).[83]The presence of the pouch, or marsupium, containing the teats, involves many structural and physiological peculiarities which separate the Marsupialia, in a classificatory sense, from the rest of the Mammalia. The Great Kangaroo, which may be considered a fair example of the Marsupials, has in the female a set of skin muscles, around the pouch, beneath the skin, which close it. The milk, or mammary gland, has four long, slender teats in the pouch, and beneath the skin of it is a muscle called the cremaster, which is largely developed. It spreads over the surface of the gland, and its action is to squeeze it and to force out the milk through the teat. There is thus protection for the young, and milk is given forth, without the effort of the young in sucking. The reason for this is obvious. The Great Kangaroo, which is often as tall as a man, is pregnant for about thirty-nine days only, and then a little one, not bigger than a thumb, is born; it is not completely formed, and is blind and cannot move itself. The mother places it in her pouch, and it fixes on to a teat, where it hangs for about eight months, and then it begins to look out of the pouch. The duration of the life of the young in the womb is thus very small, and it has no placenta there, which in the other and non-marsupial Mammalia forms the life-union between the mother and the offspring before its birth. Thus, the Marsupials form one great group of Mammalia which are “implacentalia,” without placentas or “after-births,” and all the other Mammalia are “placentalia,” and have this link between mother and young. In all the Mammalia hitherto described the young come into the world by a single passage. In those now under consideration (the Marsupialia) there is a double passage, and the womb is separated into two portions, being double; so they are termed Didelphia. The marsupium has two remarkable bones more or less in relation to it, and all animals thus furnished are termed Marsupialia, and they form two sections or sub-orders—(1) The Marsupiata proper, with marsupial bones, mostly with pouches, and with inflected lower jaws. (2) The Monotremata, which have marsupial bones, depressions in the skin, when suckling, like ill-developed pouches, and beak-like jaws in front, which are not inflected.[84]See Footnote 83 on previous page.[85]Waterhouse’s “Natural History of the Mammalia,” order Marsupiata, from which much of this description of the order has been taken.[86]R. Owen, “Marsupialia;” “Todd’s Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology.”[87]See also Vol. I., page 58, Note.[88]Mr. Gould’s works on Australian animals, occasionally quoted by me.[89]Macropus leporoides(Gould).[90]Macropus rufus(Desm.).[91]Macropus agilis(Gould, sp.).[92]Dendrolagus ursinus(Müll.).[93]Sub-genusHypsiprymnus.[94]Hypsiprymnus rufescens.[95]Hypsiprymnus penicillatus.[96]Hypsiprymnus murinus.[97]Description by E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., and communication from Sir R. Owen to Linnean Society, London.[98]Phascolomys wombat(Peron and Lesson). φάσκωλος, a pouch, and μῦς, a mouse.[99]Phascolarctus(pouched-bear)cinereus.[100]Phalangista ursina.[101]Phalangista (Cuscus) maculatus.[102]Phalangista vulpina.[103]Phalangista fuliginosa.[104]Phalangista Nana.[105]Petaurus sciureus(Shaw).[106]Petaurus ariel.[107]Petaurus breviceps.[108]Petaurus pygmæus.[109]Tarsipes rostratus.[110]Perameles lagotis.[111]Perameles Gunnii.[112]Perameles fasciata.[113]Perameles doreyanus.[114]Perameles moresbyensis(Rams.).[115]Chœropus castanotis—χοῖρος, a hog; and πούς, a foot.[116]Myrmecobius fasciatus—μύρμηξ, ant; βίος, life.[117]Dasyurus ursinus.[118]Dasyurus macrurus, ormaculatus.[119]Dasyurus Maugei(Geoffroy).[120]θύλακος, a pouch.[121]Thylacinus cynocephalus.[122]Phascogale penicillata.[123]Didelphys virginianum.[124]Didelphys D’Azaræ.[125]Didelphys cancrivora.[126]Didelphys crassicaudatus.[127]Chironectes variegatus.[128]The sub-genera Halmaturus and Heteropus, Osphranter, Lagorchestes, and Petrogale, are included in Macropus, and many other sub-genera relating to the other families merely complicate the classification. Bettongia, Potoroiis, are sub-genera or artificial groups of the genus Hypsiprymnus; Cuscus, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, and Dromicia, are groups of Phalangistidæ; Petaurista, Belideus, and Acrobata are divisions of the genus Petaurus; Macrotis is a sub-genus of Perameles; Antechinus is a division of the genus Phascogale; Sarcophilus is a sub-genus of Dasyurus. These are unnecessary sub-divisions.[129]μόνος, one; τρῆμα, opening.[130]Echidna hystrix(Cuvier). Much confusion has been produced by Illiger, who changed the generic title to Tachyglossus, ταχύς, quick, and γλῶσσα, tongue; but the name given by Cuvier must stand, except in the minds of those zoologists who delight in novelties, and believe that the use of long words carries wisdom. Lately more confusion has been produced by the introduction of the generic termAcanthoglossus, which we do not admit or use.[131]Ornithorhynchus anatinus.[132]Dr. Brehm: “Bird-life,” pp. 503, 504.[133]Huxley, “Anatomy of Vertebrates,” p. 274.[134]παλαιός, old; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theOldWorld.[135]νέος, new; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theNewWorld.[136]νέος, new; τροπικός, tropical:i.e., the tropical division of theNewWorld.[137]Dr. Sclater, F.R.S., originated, in 1858, this scheme of the six zoogeographical divisions of the globe.[138]In the preparation of this chapter, the author begs to acknowledge the assistance he has received from his friend Professor F. Jeffrey Bell, B.A.[139]These lines are thus translated by Mr. Hayward:—“I hurry on to drink his everlasting light—the day before me and the night behind—the heavens above, and under me the waves. A glorious dream! as it is passing, he is gone. Alas! no bodily wing will so easily keep pace with the wings of the mind! Yet it is the inborn tendency of our being for feeling to strive upwards and onwards; when, over us, lost in the blue expanse the lark sings its thrilling lay; when, over rugged pine-covered heights, the out-spread eagle soars; and, over marsh and sea, the crane struggles onward to her home.”[140]These plates may become united with one another in the middle line, and the birds that possess this arrangement have been calledDesmognathæ(δεσμός, “a bond;” γνάθος, “jaw”); or they may be separated by a more or less narrow cleft, in which case the birds in which this is found are calledSchizognathæ(σχίζω, “I cleave”). As a matter of fact, the term Schizognathous is confined to those birds in which the above-mentioned vomer is pointed in front, while where it is truncated the birds are calledÆgithognathæ(αἴγιθος, “a sparrow,” as the character is seen in these birds). In these groups, however, the Ostriches, or running birds, which are distinguished by having no keel to their sternum, are not included; nor in them is the vomer narrow behind. This broad character of the hinder end of the vomer is seen also in one group of birds with a keeled sternum—the Tinamous—which are consequently distinguished from other “Carinate” birds by the termDromæognathæ(Dromæus, the Emu).[141]The presence or absence of it, or of the other muscles, is used as a means for arranging the smaller divisions of the larger groups into which the two first-named sub-classes are, by the aid of other anatomical facts, divided. One striking advantage of this system, as suggested by the late Prof. A. H. Garrod, is that the characters of theambienshave been observed to go hand in hand with certain other characters. Thus, the cæca found at the end of the small intestine are always present in the Homalogonatæ, or birds having the normal arrangement of knee-muscles; but in this connection there is another structure to be mentioned, namely, the so-called oil-gland, or gland by the secretion of which the bird “preens” its feathers, and which is always set in the skin in the region of the tail. Now this “uropygial,” or oil-gland, may or may not be provided with a tuft of feathers, and as there may or may not be cæca to the intestine, it follows that—(1) the gland may be tufted and there may be cæca, or (2) the gland may have no feathers and cæca may be present, or (3) there may be no cæca and a tufted gland, or (4) there may be no cæca and no tufts (the possible arrangement of neither being present is found in a few Pigeons). But this is not the place to follow out the details of this classification.With regard to the proposition made by a French observer, M. Alix, that birds should be divided into the Homœomyarii, Entomyarii, and Ectomyarii, according to the character of certain of the flexor muscles at the back of the leg, it seems only necessary to remark that so far anatomical investigations have not supported his views, while his system would separate birds which seem to be closely allied.[142]Compare Vol. I., p. 213[143]Accipitres diurniof authors.[144]Accipitres nocturniof authors.[145]Machærhamphus Anderssoni.[146]Accipitrinæ.[147]Falco, a Falcon.[148]Πανδίων, a Greek mythological name.[149]στρίγξ, an Owl.[150]“Song of Hiawatha,” Book XIX.[151]“Essays on Natural History,” 1866, p. 17.[152]“Notes on the Birds of Damara Land and the adjacent countries of South-west Africa,” 1872, p. 3.[153]1864, p. 307.[154]1859, p. 277.[155]Vultur monachus.[156]Gyps fulvus.[157]J. H. Gurney: “Descriptive Catalogue of the Raptorial Birds in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum.”[158]οὖς, ὠτός, an ear; γύψ, a vulture.[159]Auricularis, having ears.[160]A mythological name.[161]περκνός, dark-coloured; πτερόν, a wing; so called from the colour of its wings.[162]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 31.[163]σάρξ, flesh; ῤάμφος, a bill; so called on account of the fleshy wattles on the base of the bill.[164]Gryphus, a mythological name, a Griffon.[165]καθαρτής, a scavenger.[166]Papa, a pope.[167]D’Orbigny, “Voyage dans l’Amérique Meridionale,” p. 30.[168]ῤίν (ῤίς), ῤινός, a nose; _gryphus_, as before, a Griffon, or Vulture; so called on account of its peculiar perforated nose.[169]Helotarsus ecaudatus.[170]Serpentarius, a devourer of Serpents.[171]Secretarius, a secretary.[172]Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1856, p. 348.[173]Gymnogene: from two Greek words (γυμνός, bare, naked; γένυς, a cheek).[174]Polyboroides: like aPolyborusor Caracara.[175]Col. Irby, “Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 34.[176]μικρός, small;astur, a Goshawk. See “Lawrence’s Birds of Western and North-Western Mexico.” “Memoirs of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,” Vol. ii., p. 299.[177]μέλι honey; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.[178]Rete, Lat., a net, so called on account of the network pattern.[179]Buteo, Lat., a Buzzard.[180]“Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 46.[181]θράσος, daring; ἀετός, an Eagle.[182]ἄρπη, a bird of prey.[183]“Sketches of Nature in the Alps.”[184]οὐρά, a tail; ἀετός, an Eagle.[185]Audax, bold.[186]Newton Ed., Yarrell’s “British Birds,” i., p. 19.[187]“Rough Notes on Indian Ornithology,” p. 145.[188]χρυσός, gold; ἀετός, an Eagle.[189]νέος, new; πούς, a foot: meaning that there was something novel and extraordinary about its foot.[190]“Birds of Ceylon,” p. 49.[191]κίρκος, a Harrier; ἀετός, an Eagle.[192]Ibis, 1865, p. 253.[193]ἕλω (αἱρέω), to lift; ταρσός, a tarsus.[194]Ecaudatus, Latin, meaning “without tail,” on account of its shortness.[195]ἁλιάετος, a Sea Eagle.[196]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 47.[197]ἰκτῖνος, a Kite.[198]“Bird-life,” p. 543.[199]μάχαιρα, a sharp knife; ῥάμφος, a bill.[200]Andersson’s “Birds of Damara Land.” Edited by J. H. Gurney, 1872, p. 22.[201]Lit., like a Cuckoo.[202]μικρός, small, tiny; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.[203]A wanderer.[204]μέλας, black; γένυς, a cheek.[205]Nigriceps, black-headed.[206]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 93.[207]ἱερός, sacred;falco, a Falcon;candicans, white.[208]κερχνηίς, or κέρχνη, Gr., a Kestrel;tinnunculus, Lat., a Hawk.[209]pp. 82, 95.[210]Ornithology of Shakspere.[211]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” &c., p. 56.[212]“Essays on Natural History,” p. 8.[213]Ketupa, a “barbarous” name, with no meaning.[214]σκότος, darkness; πέλεια, a Dove, with a covert allusion to the name of the discoverer (Sclater).[215]Ibis, 1859, p. 447.[216]Bubo, a Horned Owl (Vergil);ignavus, dastardly—an inappropriate title for so fine a bird.[217]νύκτιος, nightly,i.e., a bird of night—a most inappropriate title for the Snowy Owl, which is a day-flier.[218]Scandiaca, Scandinavian.[219]A proper name.[220]A “barbarous” name, of no meaning.[221]From γλαυκός, blue or grey.[222]Passerine, or Sparrow-like:i.e., of the size of a Sparrow.[223]A proper name.[224]Σύρνιον, a proper name.[225]νυκταλός, nocturnal.[226]Like a Hawk.[227]ὦτος, long-eared Owl.[228]στρίγξ, an Owl.[229]Fiery; flame-coloured.[230]Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s “British Birds,” Vol. I., p. 147.[231]FromPicus, a Woodpecker.[232]Fissus, cleft;rostrum, a beak.[233]ζυγόν, a yoke; δάκτυλος, a toe.[234]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, a jaw.[235]κάμπτω, to bend; λόφος, a crest.[236]μικρός, small; γλῶσσα, a tongue.[237]Very black.[238]ἀνήρ, a man; γλῶσσα, a tongue.[239]χρυσός, gold; οὖς, an ear.[240]“Birds of Jamaica,” p. 266.[241]G. D. Rowley, “Ornithological Miscellany,” Vol. I, p. 175.[242]“Natural History of Cage-birds,” Part I.[243]Jerdon, “Birds of India,” I., p. 258.[244]στρίγξ, an Owl; ὤψ, a face,i.e., having the appearance of an Owl.[245]ἁβρός, soft; πτίλον, feather.[246]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, jaw.[247]Trichoglossi.[248]Professor Garrod inProceedings of the Zoological Society for 1872, p. 787.[249]“Stray Feathers,” 1877, p. 385.[250]“Bird-life,” p. 595.[251]Sharpe’s edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 141.[252]γῆ, earth, and κινέω, I shake;viridis, green.[253]The classical Greek name, from its double note sounding like the exclamation ἰΰ, hence the verb ἰΰζω, I cry out.[254]Compare Fig. 1,ch.; this bone usually exists in a paired condition, but in Woodpeckers and some other birds it appears single by the confluence of its members. In many birds the “basi-hyal” is succeeded by the “uro-hyal” (Fig. 1,b. br.), a bone altogether absent whenever the tongue is capable of extraordinary protrusion.[255]σφῦρα, a hammer;picus, a woodpecker.[256]Yarrell, “British Birds,” vol. ii., p. 137.[257]μέλας, black; ἕρπω, I creep;formicivorus, ant-eating.[258]Linnæus. A proper name.[259]From ῥάμφος, a bill.[260]“Monograph of theRhamphastidæ, or Family of Toucans,” by John Gould, F.R.S. Introduction.[261]FromCapito, the principal genus: a proper name.[262]“A Monograph of the Capitonidæ, or Scansorial Barbets,” by C. H. T. Marshall and G. F. L. Marshall (1871).[263]Galbula, a proper name.[264]Sclater, “Synopsis of the Fissirostral Family Bucconidæ,” 8vo, 1854.[265]Alcedo, a Kingfisher.[266]Sharpe’s “Monograph of the Alcedinidæ, or Kingfishers.”[267]“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septemIncubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.[268]κηρύλος, a sea-bird of the halcyon kind.[269]“Ornithologie Nord Ost Afrikas,” p. 185.[270]πελαργός, a stork; ὤψ, a face.[271]Diminutive ofIspida, a Kingfisher.[272]τανύω, to stretch; πτερόν, a wing.[273]βούκερως, having the horn (κέρας) of a cow (βοῦς).[274]Elliot: “Monograph of the Bucerotidæ, or family of the Hornbills,” Part IV.[275]“Missionary Travels in South Africa.”[276]“Malay Archipelago,” Vol. I., p. 212.[277]See Sharpe’s Edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 122.[278]Sharpe and Dresser, “Birds of Europe,” Part VII., 1871.[279]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 66.[280]φᾶρος, a mantle; μακρός, large.[281]Ibis, 1861, p. 138.[282]στέαρ, στέατος, fat; ὄρνις, a bird.[283]βάτραχος, a frog; στόμα, a mouth.[284]Owl-like.[285]μακρός, long; χείρ, a hand, in the sense of a wing of a bird.[286]Cypselus, a swift; α, not; πούς, a foot.[287]Nest-building.
FOOTNOTES:[1]The genusOvis.[2]Ovis Poli.[3]The genusCapra.[4]“Falling from a height, it protects its whole body, between its horns, from shock, and receives upon its horns the concussion of the huge stones.”[5]The genusGazella.[6]Saïga tartarica.[7]Panthalops Hodgsoni.[8]Æpyceros melampus.[9]Antilope bezoartica.[10]The genusCephalophus.[11]The genusTetraceros.[12]The genusEleotragusand its allies.[13]Oreas canna.[14]Strepsiceros kudu.[15]Euryceros Angasii.[16]The genusTragelaphus.[17]TheDamalidæ.[18]The genusCatoblepas.[19]Rupicapra tragus.[20]The genusOryx.[21]Portax picta.[22]Ovibos moschatus.[23]Bos taurus.[24]The genusBison.[25]The genusBubalus.[26]Antilocapra americana.[27]Moschus moschiferus.[28]Camelopardalis giraffa.[29]Alces machlis.[30]The restricted genusCervus.[31]Cervus elaphus.[32]The generaPseudaxisandDama.[33]Dama mesopotamica.[34]The genusRusaand its allies.[35]Rusa Alfredi.[36]Rucervus Duvaucelli.[37]Rucervus Eldi.[38]The genusCervulus.[39]Capreolus caprea.[40]Hydropotes inermis.[41]Elaphurus Davidianus.[42]Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. VII. p. 333.[43]Rangifer tarandus.[44]Tragulidæ.[45]Camelus dromedarius.[46]Camelus bactrianus.[47]Auchenia.[48]In the young there are four of these small additional teeth, but the outer pair disappear after a short time.[49]The upper teeth always constitute a larger segment of a smaller circle than the lower ones.[50]The genusHeliophobiusamong the Mole Rats is described as having six molars on each side in both jaws; but the number in this genus appears to be variable, the sixth molar being often undeveloped.[51]See Note on p. 83.[52]Having the hind feet hand-like.[53]SeeArvicola rutilus, p. 117.[54]Dr. Coues has proposed this generic name for the American Jumping Mouse, as the namesJaculusandMeriones, given to the genus by various authors, had been previously used for other groups.[55]Described almost at the same time by M. Bravard under the name ofTypotherium. We here employ M. Serres’ name.[56]Waterton’s “Wanderings,” pp. 161, 284.[57]Arctopithecus castaniceps.[58]Bradypus torquatus, orBradypus crinitus.[59]Arctopithecus flaccidus.—Arctopithecus Ai.[60]Cholœpus didactylus.[61]Cholœpus Hoffmanni.[62]Orycteropus capensis(Geoffroy).[63]The uterus is double, and the placenta is disc-shaped, and is cast off (deciduate). There are chest and inguinal. teats. The vertebræ are—seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, eight lumbar, six sacral, twenty-five caudal.[64]The muscle called pronator quadratus is a fleshy band, four-sided in shape more or less. One side is attached to one of the bones of the fore-arm, the ulna in front above the wrist; and the other and opposite side adheres to the radius. The ulna being motionless, the muscle contracts and pulls the radius over, so as to turn the back of the wrist forwards, or upwards. The prone position is thus produced, and hence the name of the muscle. The other muscle which produces this movement is fixed to the fore-arm in front, near the inner elbow, and it is long, having a tendon which is implanted on the radius. As this muscle contracts, it pulls the radius over the ulna, and makes the wrist take up a prone position. It is called the pronator teres.[65]GenusManis.[66]Manis tetradactyla(Linn.).[67]Manis gigantea(Illiger).[68]Manis brachyura.—Manis pentadactyla(Linn.).[69]Myrmecophaga jubata.[70]It is certainly remarkable that the brain of this animal should present numerous convolutions, whilst the brain of the Sloth has barely any. The commissures of the brain are large, especially that of the centre, or corpus callosum, and also the anterior. The uterus is simple, the os is double, and the placenta is said to be discoidal.[71]Tamandua tetradactyla.[72]Cyclothurus didactylus.[73]Dasypus gigas(Cuvier).[74]Dasypus Tatouay(Desmarest).[75]Dasypus sexcintus(Linn.).[76]Dasypus villosus(Desmarest).[77]Dasypus minutus(Desmarest).[78]Dasypus Peba(Desmarest).[79]Dasypus (Tolypeutes) apar(Geoffroy).[80]Chlamydophorus truncatus(Harlan).[81]TheMacropodidæ.[82]Macropus giganteus(Shaw).[83]The presence of the pouch, or marsupium, containing the teats, involves many structural and physiological peculiarities which separate the Marsupialia, in a classificatory sense, from the rest of the Mammalia. The Great Kangaroo, which may be considered a fair example of the Marsupials, has in the female a set of skin muscles, around the pouch, beneath the skin, which close it. The milk, or mammary gland, has four long, slender teats in the pouch, and beneath the skin of it is a muscle called the cremaster, which is largely developed. It spreads over the surface of the gland, and its action is to squeeze it and to force out the milk through the teat. There is thus protection for the young, and milk is given forth, without the effort of the young in sucking. The reason for this is obvious. The Great Kangaroo, which is often as tall as a man, is pregnant for about thirty-nine days only, and then a little one, not bigger than a thumb, is born; it is not completely formed, and is blind and cannot move itself. The mother places it in her pouch, and it fixes on to a teat, where it hangs for about eight months, and then it begins to look out of the pouch. The duration of the life of the young in the womb is thus very small, and it has no placenta there, which in the other and non-marsupial Mammalia forms the life-union between the mother and the offspring before its birth. Thus, the Marsupials form one great group of Mammalia which are “implacentalia,” without placentas or “after-births,” and all the other Mammalia are “placentalia,” and have this link between mother and young. In all the Mammalia hitherto described the young come into the world by a single passage. In those now under consideration (the Marsupialia) there is a double passage, and the womb is separated into two portions, being double; so they are termed Didelphia. The marsupium has two remarkable bones more or less in relation to it, and all animals thus furnished are termed Marsupialia, and they form two sections or sub-orders—(1) The Marsupiata proper, with marsupial bones, mostly with pouches, and with inflected lower jaws. (2) The Monotremata, which have marsupial bones, depressions in the skin, when suckling, like ill-developed pouches, and beak-like jaws in front, which are not inflected.[84]See Footnote 83 on previous page.[85]Waterhouse’s “Natural History of the Mammalia,” order Marsupiata, from which much of this description of the order has been taken.[86]R. Owen, “Marsupialia;” “Todd’s Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology.”[87]See also Vol. I., page 58, Note.[88]Mr. Gould’s works on Australian animals, occasionally quoted by me.[89]Macropus leporoides(Gould).[90]Macropus rufus(Desm.).[91]Macropus agilis(Gould, sp.).[92]Dendrolagus ursinus(Müll.).[93]Sub-genusHypsiprymnus.[94]Hypsiprymnus rufescens.[95]Hypsiprymnus penicillatus.[96]Hypsiprymnus murinus.[97]Description by E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., and communication from Sir R. Owen to Linnean Society, London.[98]Phascolomys wombat(Peron and Lesson). φάσκωλος, a pouch, and μῦς, a mouse.[99]Phascolarctus(pouched-bear)cinereus.[100]Phalangista ursina.[101]Phalangista (Cuscus) maculatus.[102]Phalangista vulpina.[103]Phalangista fuliginosa.[104]Phalangista Nana.[105]Petaurus sciureus(Shaw).[106]Petaurus ariel.[107]Petaurus breviceps.[108]Petaurus pygmæus.[109]Tarsipes rostratus.[110]Perameles lagotis.[111]Perameles Gunnii.[112]Perameles fasciata.[113]Perameles doreyanus.[114]Perameles moresbyensis(Rams.).[115]Chœropus castanotis—χοῖρος, a hog; and πούς, a foot.[116]Myrmecobius fasciatus—μύρμηξ, ant; βίος, life.[117]Dasyurus ursinus.[118]Dasyurus macrurus, ormaculatus.[119]Dasyurus Maugei(Geoffroy).[120]θύλακος, a pouch.[121]Thylacinus cynocephalus.[122]Phascogale penicillata.[123]Didelphys virginianum.[124]Didelphys D’Azaræ.[125]Didelphys cancrivora.[126]Didelphys crassicaudatus.[127]Chironectes variegatus.[128]The sub-genera Halmaturus and Heteropus, Osphranter, Lagorchestes, and Petrogale, are included in Macropus, and many other sub-genera relating to the other families merely complicate the classification. Bettongia, Potoroiis, are sub-genera or artificial groups of the genus Hypsiprymnus; Cuscus, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, and Dromicia, are groups of Phalangistidæ; Petaurista, Belideus, and Acrobata are divisions of the genus Petaurus; Macrotis is a sub-genus of Perameles; Antechinus is a division of the genus Phascogale; Sarcophilus is a sub-genus of Dasyurus. These are unnecessary sub-divisions.[129]μόνος, one; τρῆμα, opening.[130]Echidna hystrix(Cuvier). Much confusion has been produced by Illiger, who changed the generic title to Tachyglossus, ταχύς, quick, and γλῶσσα, tongue; but the name given by Cuvier must stand, except in the minds of those zoologists who delight in novelties, and believe that the use of long words carries wisdom. Lately more confusion has been produced by the introduction of the generic termAcanthoglossus, which we do not admit or use.[131]Ornithorhynchus anatinus.[132]Dr. Brehm: “Bird-life,” pp. 503, 504.[133]Huxley, “Anatomy of Vertebrates,” p. 274.[134]παλαιός, old; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theOldWorld.[135]νέος, new; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theNewWorld.[136]νέος, new; τροπικός, tropical:i.e., the tropical division of theNewWorld.[137]Dr. Sclater, F.R.S., originated, in 1858, this scheme of the six zoogeographical divisions of the globe.[138]In the preparation of this chapter, the author begs to acknowledge the assistance he has received from his friend Professor F. Jeffrey Bell, B.A.[139]These lines are thus translated by Mr. Hayward:—“I hurry on to drink his everlasting light—the day before me and the night behind—the heavens above, and under me the waves. A glorious dream! as it is passing, he is gone. Alas! no bodily wing will so easily keep pace with the wings of the mind! Yet it is the inborn tendency of our being for feeling to strive upwards and onwards; when, over us, lost in the blue expanse the lark sings its thrilling lay; when, over rugged pine-covered heights, the out-spread eagle soars; and, over marsh and sea, the crane struggles onward to her home.”[140]These plates may become united with one another in the middle line, and the birds that possess this arrangement have been calledDesmognathæ(δεσμός, “a bond;” γνάθος, “jaw”); or they may be separated by a more or less narrow cleft, in which case the birds in which this is found are calledSchizognathæ(σχίζω, “I cleave”). As a matter of fact, the term Schizognathous is confined to those birds in which the above-mentioned vomer is pointed in front, while where it is truncated the birds are calledÆgithognathæ(αἴγιθος, “a sparrow,” as the character is seen in these birds). In these groups, however, the Ostriches, or running birds, which are distinguished by having no keel to their sternum, are not included; nor in them is the vomer narrow behind. This broad character of the hinder end of the vomer is seen also in one group of birds with a keeled sternum—the Tinamous—which are consequently distinguished from other “Carinate” birds by the termDromæognathæ(Dromæus, the Emu).[141]The presence or absence of it, or of the other muscles, is used as a means for arranging the smaller divisions of the larger groups into which the two first-named sub-classes are, by the aid of other anatomical facts, divided. One striking advantage of this system, as suggested by the late Prof. A. H. Garrod, is that the characters of theambienshave been observed to go hand in hand with certain other characters. Thus, the cæca found at the end of the small intestine are always present in the Homalogonatæ, or birds having the normal arrangement of knee-muscles; but in this connection there is another structure to be mentioned, namely, the so-called oil-gland, or gland by the secretion of which the bird “preens” its feathers, and which is always set in the skin in the region of the tail. Now this “uropygial,” or oil-gland, may or may not be provided with a tuft of feathers, and as there may or may not be cæca to the intestine, it follows that—(1) the gland may be tufted and there may be cæca, or (2) the gland may have no feathers and cæca may be present, or (3) there may be no cæca and a tufted gland, or (4) there may be no cæca and no tufts (the possible arrangement of neither being present is found in a few Pigeons). But this is not the place to follow out the details of this classification.With regard to the proposition made by a French observer, M. Alix, that birds should be divided into the Homœomyarii, Entomyarii, and Ectomyarii, according to the character of certain of the flexor muscles at the back of the leg, it seems only necessary to remark that so far anatomical investigations have not supported his views, while his system would separate birds which seem to be closely allied.[142]Compare Vol. I., p. 213[143]Accipitres diurniof authors.[144]Accipitres nocturniof authors.[145]Machærhamphus Anderssoni.[146]Accipitrinæ.[147]Falco, a Falcon.[148]Πανδίων, a Greek mythological name.[149]στρίγξ, an Owl.[150]“Song of Hiawatha,” Book XIX.[151]“Essays on Natural History,” 1866, p. 17.[152]“Notes on the Birds of Damara Land and the adjacent countries of South-west Africa,” 1872, p. 3.[153]1864, p. 307.[154]1859, p. 277.[155]Vultur monachus.[156]Gyps fulvus.[157]J. H. Gurney: “Descriptive Catalogue of the Raptorial Birds in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum.”[158]οὖς, ὠτός, an ear; γύψ, a vulture.[159]Auricularis, having ears.[160]A mythological name.[161]περκνός, dark-coloured; πτερόν, a wing; so called from the colour of its wings.[162]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 31.[163]σάρξ, flesh; ῤάμφος, a bill; so called on account of the fleshy wattles on the base of the bill.[164]Gryphus, a mythological name, a Griffon.[165]καθαρτής, a scavenger.[166]Papa, a pope.[167]D’Orbigny, “Voyage dans l’Amérique Meridionale,” p. 30.[168]ῤίν (ῤίς), ῤινός, a nose; _gryphus_, as before, a Griffon, or Vulture; so called on account of its peculiar perforated nose.[169]Helotarsus ecaudatus.[170]Serpentarius, a devourer of Serpents.[171]Secretarius, a secretary.[172]Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1856, p. 348.[173]Gymnogene: from two Greek words (γυμνός, bare, naked; γένυς, a cheek).[174]Polyboroides: like aPolyborusor Caracara.[175]Col. Irby, “Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 34.[176]μικρός, small;astur, a Goshawk. See “Lawrence’s Birds of Western and North-Western Mexico.” “Memoirs of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,” Vol. ii., p. 299.[177]μέλι honey; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.[178]Rete, Lat., a net, so called on account of the network pattern.[179]Buteo, Lat., a Buzzard.[180]“Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 46.[181]θράσος, daring; ἀετός, an Eagle.[182]ἄρπη, a bird of prey.[183]“Sketches of Nature in the Alps.”[184]οὐρά, a tail; ἀετός, an Eagle.[185]Audax, bold.[186]Newton Ed., Yarrell’s “British Birds,” i., p. 19.[187]“Rough Notes on Indian Ornithology,” p. 145.[188]χρυσός, gold; ἀετός, an Eagle.[189]νέος, new; πούς, a foot: meaning that there was something novel and extraordinary about its foot.[190]“Birds of Ceylon,” p. 49.[191]κίρκος, a Harrier; ἀετός, an Eagle.[192]Ibis, 1865, p. 253.[193]ἕλω (αἱρέω), to lift; ταρσός, a tarsus.[194]Ecaudatus, Latin, meaning “without tail,” on account of its shortness.[195]ἁλιάετος, a Sea Eagle.[196]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 47.[197]ἰκτῖνος, a Kite.[198]“Bird-life,” p. 543.[199]μάχαιρα, a sharp knife; ῥάμφος, a bill.[200]Andersson’s “Birds of Damara Land.” Edited by J. H. Gurney, 1872, p. 22.[201]Lit., like a Cuckoo.[202]μικρός, small, tiny; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.[203]A wanderer.[204]μέλας, black; γένυς, a cheek.[205]Nigriceps, black-headed.[206]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 93.[207]ἱερός, sacred;falco, a Falcon;candicans, white.[208]κερχνηίς, or κέρχνη, Gr., a Kestrel;tinnunculus, Lat., a Hawk.[209]pp. 82, 95.[210]Ornithology of Shakspere.[211]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” &c., p. 56.[212]“Essays on Natural History,” p. 8.[213]Ketupa, a “barbarous” name, with no meaning.[214]σκότος, darkness; πέλεια, a Dove, with a covert allusion to the name of the discoverer (Sclater).[215]Ibis, 1859, p. 447.[216]Bubo, a Horned Owl (Vergil);ignavus, dastardly—an inappropriate title for so fine a bird.[217]νύκτιος, nightly,i.e., a bird of night—a most inappropriate title for the Snowy Owl, which is a day-flier.[218]Scandiaca, Scandinavian.[219]A proper name.[220]A “barbarous” name, of no meaning.[221]From γλαυκός, blue or grey.[222]Passerine, or Sparrow-like:i.e., of the size of a Sparrow.[223]A proper name.[224]Σύρνιον, a proper name.[225]νυκταλός, nocturnal.[226]Like a Hawk.[227]ὦτος, long-eared Owl.[228]στρίγξ, an Owl.[229]Fiery; flame-coloured.[230]Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s “British Birds,” Vol. I., p. 147.[231]FromPicus, a Woodpecker.[232]Fissus, cleft;rostrum, a beak.[233]ζυγόν, a yoke; δάκτυλος, a toe.[234]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, a jaw.[235]κάμπτω, to bend; λόφος, a crest.[236]μικρός, small; γλῶσσα, a tongue.[237]Very black.[238]ἀνήρ, a man; γλῶσσα, a tongue.[239]χρυσός, gold; οὖς, an ear.[240]“Birds of Jamaica,” p. 266.[241]G. D. Rowley, “Ornithological Miscellany,” Vol. I, p. 175.[242]“Natural History of Cage-birds,” Part I.[243]Jerdon, “Birds of India,” I., p. 258.[244]στρίγξ, an Owl; ὤψ, a face,i.e., having the appearance of an Owl.[245]ἁβρός, soft; πτίλον, feather.[246]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, jaw.[247]Trichoglossi.[248]Professor Garrod inProceedings of the Zoological Society for 1872, p. 787.[249]“Stray Feathers,” 1877, p. 385.[250]“Bird-life,” p. 595.[251]Sharpe’s edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 141.[252]γῆ, earth, and κινέω, I shake;viridis, green.[253]The classical Greek name, from its double note sounding like the exclamation ἰΰ, hence the verb ἰΰζω, I cry out.[254]Compare Fig. 1,ch.; this bone usually exists in a paired condition, but in Woodpeckers and some other birds it appears single by the confluence of its members. In many birds the “basi-hyal” is succeeded by the “uro-hyal” (Fig. 1,b. br.), a bone altogether absent whenever the tongue is capable of extraordinary protrusion.[255]σφῦρα, a hammer;picus, a woodpecker.[256]Yarrell, “British Birds,” vol. ii., p. 137.[257]μέλας, black; ἕρπω, I creep;formicivorus, ant-eating.[258]Linnæus. A proper name.[259]From ῥάμφος, a bill.[260]“Monograph of theRhamphastidæ, or Family of Toucans,” by John Gould, F.R.S. Introduction.[261]FromCapito, the principal genus: a proper name.[262]“A Monograph of the Capitonidæ, or Scansorial Barbets,” by C. H. T. Marshall and G. F. L. Marshall (1871).[263]Galbula, a proper name.[264]Sclater, “Synopsis of the Fissirostral Family Bucconidæ,” 8vo, 1854.[265]Alcedo, a Kingfisher.[266]Sharpe’s “Monograph of the Alcedinidæ, or Kingfishers.”[267]“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septemIncubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.[268]κηρύλος, a sea-bird of the halcyon kind.[269]“Ornithologie Nord Ost Afrikas,” p. 185.[270]πελαργός, a stork; ὤψ, a face.[271]Diminutive ofIspida, a Kingfisher.[272]τανύω, to stretch; πτερόν, a wing.[273]βούκερως, having the horn (κέρας) of a cow (βοῦς).[274]Elliot: “Monograph of the Bucerotidæ, or family of the Hornbills,” Part IV.[275]“Missionary Travels in South Africa.”[276]“Malay Archipelago,” Vol. I., p. 212.[277]See Sharpe’s Edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 122.[278]Sharpe and Dresser, “Birds of Europe,” Part VII., 1871.[279]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 66.[280]φᾶρος, a mantle; μακρός, large.[281]Ibis, 1861, p. 138.[282]στέαρ, στέατος, fat; ὄρνις, a bird.[283]βάτραχος, a frog; στόμα, a mouth.[284]Owl-like.[285]μακρός, long; χείρ, a hand, in the sense of a wing of a bird.[286]Cypselus, a swift; α, not; πούς, a foot.[287]Nest-building.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]The genusOvis.
[1]The genusOvis.
[2]Ovis Poli.
[2]Ovis Poli.
[3]The genusCapra.
[3]The genusCapra.
[4]“Falling from a height, it protects its whole body, between its horns, from shock, and receives upon its horns the concussion of the huge stones.”
[4]“Falling from a height, it protects its whole body, between its horns, from shock, and receives upon its horns the concussion of the huge stones.”
[5]The genusGazella.
[5]The genusGazella.
[6]Saïga tartarica.
[6]Saïga tartarica.
[7]Panthalops Hodgsoni.
[7]Panthalops Hodgsoni.
[8]Æpyceros melampus.
[8]Æpyceros melampus.
[9]Antilope bezoartica.
[9]Antilope bezoartica.
[10]The genusCephalophus.
[10]The genusCephalophus.
[11]The genusTetraceros.
[11]The genusTetraceros.
[12]The genusEleotragusand its allies.
[12]The genusEleotragusand its allies.
[13]Oreas canna.
[13]Oreas canna.
[14]Strepsiceros kudu.
[14]Strepsiceros kudu.
[15]Euryceros Angasii.
[15]Euryceros Angasii.
[16]The genusTragelaphus.
[16]The genusTragelaphus.
[17]TheDamalidæ.
[17]TheDamalidæ.
[18]The genusCatoblepas.
[18]The genusCatoblepas.
[19]Rupicapra tragus.
[19]Rupicapra tragus.
[20]The genusOryx.
[20]The genusOryx.
[21]Portax picta.
[21]Portax picta.
[22]Ovibos moschatus.
[22]Ovibos moschatus.
[23]Bos taurus.
[23]Bos taurus.
[24]The genusBison.
[24]The genusBison.
[25]The genusBubalus.
[25]The genusBubalus.
[26]Antilocapra americana.
[26]Antilocapra americana.
[27]Moschus moschiferus.
[27]Moschus moschiferus.
[28]Camelopardalis giraffa.
[28]Camelopardalis giraffa.
[29]Alces machlis.
[29]Alces machlis.
[30]The restricted genusCervus.
[30]The restricted genusCervus.
[31]Cervus elaphus.
[31]Cervus elaphus.
[32]The generaPseudaxisandDama.
[32]The generaPseudaxisandDama.
[33]Dama mesopotamica.
[33]Dama mesopotamica.
[34]The genusRusaand its allies.
[34]The genusRusaand its allies.
[35]Rusa Alfredi.
[35]Rusa Alfredi.
[36]Rucervus Duvaucelli.
[36]Rucervus Duvaucelli.
[37]Rucervus Eldi.
[37]Rucervus Eldi.
[38]The genusCervulus.
[38]The genusCervulus.
[39]Capreolus caprea.
[39]Capreolus caprea.
[40]Hydropotes inermis.
[40]Hydropotes inermis.
[41]Elaphurus Davidianus.
[41]Elaphurus Davidianus.
[42]Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. VII. p. 333.
[42]Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. VII. p. 333.
[43]Rangifer tarandus.
[43]Rangifer tarandus.
[44]Tragulidæ.
[44]Tragulidæ.
[45]Camelus dromedarius.
[45]Camelus dromedarius.
[46]Camelus bactrianus.
[46]Camelus bactrianus.
[47]Auchenia.
[47]Auchenia.
[48]In the young there are four of these small additional teeth, but the outer pair disappear after a short time.
[48]In the young there are four of these small additional teeth, but the outer pair disappear after a short time.
[49]The upper teeth always constitute a larger segment of a smaller circle than the lower ones.
[49]The upper teeth always constitute a larger segment of a smaller circle than the lower ones.
[50]The genusHeliophobiusamong the Mole Rats is described as having six molars on each side in both jaws; but the number in this genus appears to be variable, the sixth molar being often undeveloped.
[50]The genusHeliophobiusamong the Mole Rats is described as having six molars on each side in both jaws; but the number in this genus appears to be variable, the sixth molar being often undeveloped.
[51]See Note on p. 83.
[51]See Note on p. 83.
[52]Having the hind feet hand-like.
[52]Having the hind feet hand-like.
[53]SeeArvicola rutilus, p. 117.
[53]SeeArvicola rutilus, p. 117.
[54]Dr. Coues has proposed this generic name for the American Jumping Mouse, as the namesJaculusandMeriones, given to the genus by various authors, had been previously used for other groups.
[54]Dr. Coues has proposed this generic name for the American Jumping Mouse, as the namesJaculusandMeriones, given to the genus by various authors, had been previously used for other groups.
[55]Described almost at the same time by M. Bravard under the name ofTypotherium. We here employ M. Serres’ name.
[55]Described almost at the same time by M. Bravard under the name ofTypotherium. We here employ M. Serres’ name.
[56]Waterton’s “Wanderings,” pp. 161, 284.
[56]Waterton’s “Wanderings,” pp. 161, 284.
[57]Arctopithecus castaniceps.
[57]Arctopithecus castaniceps.
[58]Bradypus torquatus, orBradypus crinitus.
[58]Bradypus torquatus, orBradypus crinitus.
[59]Arctopithecus flaccidus.—Arctopithecus Ai.
[59]Arctopithecus flaccidus.—Arctopithecus Ai.
[60]Cholœpus didactylus.
[60]Cholœpus didactylus.
[61]Cholœpus Hoffmanni.
[61]Cholœpus Hoffmanni.
[62]Orycteropus capensis(Geoffroy).
[62]Orycteropus capensis(Geoffroy).
[63]The uterus is double, and the placenta is disc-shaped, and is cast off (deciduate). There are chest and inguinal. teats. The vertebræ are—seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, eight lumbar, six sacral, twenty-five caudal.
[63]The uterus is double, and the placenta is disc-shaped, and is cast off (deciduate). There are chest and inguinal. teats. The vertebræ are—seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, eight lumbar, six sacral, twenty-five caudal.
[64]The muscle called pronator quadratus is a fleshy band, four-sided in shape more or less. One side is attached to one of the bones of the fore-arm, the ulna in front above the wrist; and the other and opposite side adheres to the radius. The ulna being motionless, the muscle contracts and pulls the radius over, so as to turn the back of the wrist forwards, or upwards. The prone position is thus produced, and hence the name of the muscle. The other muscle which produces this movement is fixed to the fore-arm in front, near the inner elbow, and it is long, having a tendon which is implanted on the radius. As this muscle contracts, it pulls the radius over the ulna, and makes the wrist take up a prone position. It is called the pronator teres.
[64]The muscle called pronator quadratus is a fleshy band, four-sided in shape more or less. One side is attached to one of the bones of the fore-arm, the ulna in front above the wrist; and the other and opposite side adheres to the radius. The ulna being motionless, the muscle contracts and pulls the radius over, so as to turn the back of the wrist forwards, or upwards. The prone position is thus produced, and hence the name of the muscle. The other muscle which produces this movement is fixed to the fore-arm in front, near the inner elbow, and it is long, having a tendon which is implanted on the radius. As this muscle contracts, it pulls the radius over the ulna, and makes the wrist take up a prone position. It is called the pronator teres.
[65]GenusManis.
[65]GenusManis.
[66]Manis tetradactyla(Linn.).
[66]Manis tetradactyla(Linn.).
[67]Manis gigantea(Illiger).
[67]Manis gigantea(Illiger).
[68]Manis brachyura.—Manis pentadactyla(Linn.).
[68]Manis brachyura.—Manis pentadactyla(Linn.).
[69]Myrmecophaga jubata.
[69]Myrmecophaga jubata.
[70]It is certainly remarkable that the brain of this animal should present numerous convolutions, whilst the brain of the Sloth has barely any. The commissures of the brain are large, especially that of the centre, or corpus callosum, and also the anterior. The uterus is simple, the os is double, and the placenta is said to be discoidal.
[70]It is certainly remarkable that the brain of this animal should present numerous convolutions, whilst the brain of the Sloth has barely any. The commissures of the brain are large, especially that of the centre, or corpus callosum, and also the anterior. The uterus is simple, the os is double, and the placenta is said to be discoidal.
[71]Tamandua tetradactyla.
[71]Tamandua tetradactyla.
[72]Cyclothurus didactylus.
[72]Cyclothurus didactylus.
[73]Dasypus gigas(Cuvier).
[73]Dasypus gigas(Cuvier).
[74]Dasypus Tatouay(Desmarest).
[74]Dasypus Tatouay(Desmarest).
[75]Dasypus sexcintus(Linn.).
[75]Dasypus sexcintus(Linn.).
[76]Dasypus villosus(Desmarest).
[76]Dasypus villosus(Desmarest).
[77]Dasypus minutus(Desmarest).
[77]Dasypus minutus(Desmarest).
[78]Dasypus Peba(Desmarest).
[78]Dasypus Peba(Desmarest).
[79]Dasypus (Tolypeutes) apar(Geoffroy).
[79]Dasypus (Tolypeutes) apar(Geoffroy).
[80]Chlamydophorus truncatus(Harlan).
[80]Chlamydophorus truncatus(Harlan).
[81]TheMacropodidæ.
[81]TheMacropodidæ.
[82]Macropus giganteus(Shaw).
[82]Macropus giganteus(Shaw).
[83]The presence of the pouch, or marsupium, containing the teats, involves many structural and physiological peculiarities which separate the Marsupialia, in a classificatory sense, from the rest of the Mammalia. The Great Kangaroo, which may be considered a fair example of the Marsupials, has in the female a set of skin muscles, around the pouch, beneath the skin, which close it. The milk, or mammary gland, has four long, slender teats in the pouch, and beneath the skin of it is a muscle called the cremaster, which is largely developed. It spreads over the surface of the gland, and its action is to squeeze it and to force out the milk through the teat. There is thus protection for the young, and milk is given forth, without the effort of the young in sucking. The reason for this is obvious. The Great Kangaroo, which is often as tall as a man, is pregnant for about thirty-nine days only, and then a little one, not bigger than a thumb, is born; it is not completely formed, and is blind and cannot move itself. The mother places it in her pouch, and it fixes on to a teat, where it hangs for about eight months, and then it begins to look out of the pouch. The duration of the life of the young in the womb is thus very small, and it has no placenta there, which in the other and non-marsupial Mammalia forms the life-union between the mother and the offspring before its birth. Thus, the Marsupials form one great group of Mammalia which are “implacentalia,” without placentas or “after-births,” and all the other Mammalia are “placentalia,” and have this link between mother and young. In all the Mammalia hitherto described the young come into the world by a single passage. In those now under consideration (the Marsupialia) there is a double passage, and the womb is separated into two portions, being double; so they are termed Didelphia. The marsupium has two remarkable bones more or less in relation to it, and all animals thus furnished are termed Marsupialia, and they form two sections or sub-orders—(1) The Marsupiata proper, with marsupial bones, mostly with pouches, and with inflected lower jaws. (2) The Monotremata, which have marsupial bones, depressions in the skin, when suckling, like ill-developed pouches, and beak-like jaws in front, which are not inflected.
[83]The presence of the pouch, or marsupium, containing the teats, involves many structural and physiological peculiarities which separate the Marsupialia, in a classificatory sense, from the rest of the Mammalia. The Great Kangaroo, which may be considered a fair example of the Marsupials, has in the female a set of skin muscles, around the pouch, beneath the skin, which close it. The milk, or mammary gland, has four long, slender teats in the pouch, and beneath the skin of it is a muscle called the cremaster, which is largely developed. It spreads over the surface of the gland, and its action is to squeeze it and to force out the milk through the teat. There is thus protection for the young, and milk is given forth, without the effort of the young in sucking. The reason for this is obvious. The Great Kangaroo, which is often as tall as a man, is pregnant for about thirty-nine days only, and then a little one, not bigger than a thumb, is born; it is not completely formed, and is blind and cannot move itself. The mother places it in her pouch, and it fixes on to a teat, where it hangs for about eight months, and then it begins to look out of the pouch. The duration of the life of the young in the womb is thus very small, and it has no placenta there, which in the other and non-marsupial Mammalia forms the life-union between the mother and the offspring before its birth. Thus, the Marsupials form one great group of Mammalia which are “implacentalia,” without placentas or “after-births,” and all the other Mammalia are “placentalia,” and have this link between mother and young. In all the Mammalia hitherto described the young come into the world by a single passage. In those now under consideration (the Marsupialia) there is a double passage, and the womb is separated into two portions, being double; so they are termed Didelphia. The marsupium has two remarkable bones more or less in relation to it, and all animals thus furnished are termed Marsupialia, and they form two sections or sub-orders—(1) The Marsupiata proper, with marsupial bones, mostly with pouches, and with inflected lower jaws. (2) The Monotremata, which have marsupial bones, depressions in the skin, when suckling, like ill-developed pouches, and beak-like jaws in front, which are not inflected.
[84]See Footnote 83 on previous page.
[84]See Footnote 83 on previous page.
[85]Waterhouse’s “Natural History of the Mammalia,” order Marsupiata, from which much of this description of the order has been taken.
[85]Waterhouse’s “Natural History of the Mammalia,” order Marsupiata, from which much of this description of the order has been taken.
[86]R. Owen, “Marsupialia;” “Todd’s Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology.”
[86]R. Owen, “Marsupialia;” “Todd’s Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology.”
[87]See also Vol. I., page 58, Note.
[87]See also Vol. I., page 58, Note.
[88]Mr. Gould’s works on Australian animals, occasionally quoted by me.
[88]Mr. Gould’s works on Australian animals, occasionally quoted by me.
[89]Macropus leporoides(Gould).
[89]Macropus leporoides(Gould).
[90]Macropus rufus(Desm.).
[90]Macropus rufus(Desm.).
[91]Macropus agilis(Gould, sp.).
[91]Macropus agilis(Gould, sp.).
[92]Dendrolagus ursinus(Müll.).
[92]Dendrolagus ursinus(Müll.).
[93]Sub-genusHypsiprymnus.
[93]Sub-genusHypsiprymnus.
[94]Hypsiprymnus rufescens.
[94]Hypsiprymnus rufescens.
[95]Hypsiprymnus penicillatus.
[95]Hypsiprymnus penicillatus.
[96]Hypsiprymnus murinus.
[96]Hypsiprymnus murinus.
[97]Description by E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., and communication from Sir R. Owen to Linnean Society, London.
[97]Description by E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., and communication from Sir R. Owen to Linnean Society, London.
[98]Phascolomys wombat(Peron and Lesson). φάσκωλος, a pouch, and μῦς, a mouse.
[98]Phascolomys wombat(Peron and Lesson). φάσκωλος, a pouch, and μῦς, a mouse.
[99]Phascolarctus(pouched-bear)cinereus.
[99]Phascolarctus(pouched-bear)cinereus.
[100]Phalangista ursina.
[100]Phalangista ursina.
[101]Phalangista (Cuscus) maculatus.
[101]Phalangista (Cuscus) maculatus.
[102]Phalangista vulpina.
[102]Phalangista vulpina.
[103]Phalangista fuliginosa.
[103]Phalangista fuliginosa.
[104]Phalangista Nana.
[104]Phalangista Nana.
[105]Petaurus sciureus(Shaw).
[105]Petaurus sciureus(Shaw).
[106]Petaurus ariel.
[106]Petaurus ariel.
[107]Petaurus breviceps.
[107]Petaurus breviceps.
[108]Petaurus pygmæus.
[108]Petaurus pygmæus.
[109]Tarsipes rostratus.
[109]Tarsipes rostratus.
[110]Perameles lagotis.
[110]Perameles lagotis.
[111]Perameles Gunnii.
[111]Perameles Gunnii.
[112]Perameles fasciata.
[112]Perameles fasciata.
[113]Perameles doreyanus.
[113]Perameles doreyanus.
[114]Perameles moresbyensis(Rams.).
[114]Perameles moresbyensis(Rams.).
[115]Chœropus castanotis—χοῖρος, a hog; and πούς, a foot.
[115]Chœropus castanotis—χοῖρος, a hog; and πούς, a foot.
[116]Myrmecobius fasciatus—μύρμηξ, ant; βίος, life.
[116]Myrmecobius fasciatus—μύρμηξ, ant; βίος, life.
[117]Dasyurus ursinus.
[117]Dasyurus ursinus.
[118]Dasyurus macrurus, ormaculatus.
[118]Dasyurus macrurus, ormaculatus.
[119]Dasyurus Maugei(Geoffroy).
[119]Dasyurus Maugei(Geoffroy).
[120]θύλακος, a pouch.
[120]θύλακος, a pouch.
[121]Thylacinus cynocephalus.
[121]Thylacinus cynocephalus.
[122]Phascogale penicillata.
[122]Phascogale penicillata.
[123]Didelphys virginianum.
[123]Didelphys virginianum.
[124]Didelphys D’Azaræ.
[124]Didelphys D’Azaræ.
[125]Didelphys cancrivora.
[125]Didelphys cancrivora.
[126]Didelphys crassicaudatus.
[126]Didelphys crassicaudatus.
[127]Chironectes variegatus.
[127]Chironectes variegatus.
[128]The sub-genera Halmaturus and Heteropus, Osphranter, Lagorchestes, and Petrogale, are included in Macropus, and many other sub-genera relating to the other families merely complicate the classification. Bettongia, Potoroiis, are sub-genera or artificial groups of the genus Hypsiprymnus; Cuscus, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, and Dromicia, are groups of Phalangistidæ; Petaurista, Belideus, and Acrobata are divisions of the genus Petaurus; Macrotis is a sub-genus of Perameles; Antechinus is a division of the genus Phascogale; Sarcophilus is a sub-genus of Dasyurus. These are unnecessary sub-divisions.
[128]The sub-genera Halmaturus and Heteropus, Osphranter, Lagorchestes, and Petrogale, are included in Macropus, and many other sub-genera relating to the other families merely complicate the classification. Bettongia, Potoroiis, are sub-genera or artificial groups of the genus Hypsiprymnus; Cuscus, Trichosurus, Pseudochirus, and Dromicia, are groups of Phalangistidæ; Petaurista, Belideus, and Acrobata are divisions of the genus Petaurus; Macrotis is a sub-genus of Perameles; Antechinus is a division of the genus Phascogale; Sarcophilus is a sub-genus of Dasyurus. These are unnecessary sub-divisions.
[129]μόνος, one; τρῆμα, opening.
[129]μόνος, one; τρῆμα, opening.
[130]Echidna hystrix(Cuvier). Much confusion has been produced by Illiger, who changed the generic title to Tachyglossus, ταχύς, quick, and γλῶσσα, tongue; but the name given by Cuvier must stand, except in the minds of those zoologists who delight in novelties, and believe that the use of long words carries wisdom. Lately more confusion has been produced by the introduction of the generic termAcanthoglossus, which we do not admit or use.
[130]Echidna hystrix(Cuvier). Much confusion has been produced by Illiger, who changed the generic title to Tachyglossus, ταχύς, quick, and γλῶσσα, tongue; but the name given by Cuvier must stand, except in the minds of those zoologists who delight in novelties, and believe that the use of long words carries wisdom. Lately more confusion has been produced by the introduction of the generic termAcanthoglossus, which we do not admit or use.
[131]Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
[131]Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
[132]Dr. Brehm: “Bird-life,” pp. 503, 504.
[132]Dr. Brehm: “Bird-life,” pp. 503, 504.
[133]Huxley, “Anatomy of Vertebrates,” p. 274.
[133]Huxley, “Anatomy of Vertebrates,” p. 274.
[134]παλαιός, old; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theOldWorld.
[134]παλαιός, old; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theOldWorld.
[135]νέος, new; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theNewWorld.
[135]νέος, new; ἄρκτος, north:i.e., the northern division of theNewWorld.
[136]νέος, new; τροπικός, tropical:i.e., the tropical division of theNewWorld.
[136]νέος, new; τροπικός, tropical:i.e., the tropical division of theNewWorld.
[137]Dr. Sclater, F.R.S., originated, in 1858, this scheme of the six zoogeographical divisions of the globe.
[137]Dr. Sclater, F.R.S., originated, in 1858, this scheme of the six zoogeographical divisions of the globe.
[138]In the preparation of this chapter, the author begs to acknowledge the assistance he has received from his friend Professor F. Jeffrey Bell, B.A.
[138]In the preparation of this chapter, the author begs to acknowledge the assistance he has received from his friend Professor F. Jeffrey Bell, B.A.
[139]These lines are thus translated by Mr. Hayward:—“I hurry on to drink his everlasting light—the day before me and the night behind—the heavens above, and under me the waves. A glorious dream! as it is passing, he is gone. Alas! no bodily wing will so easily keep pace with the wings of the mind! Yet it is the inborn tendency of our being for feeling to strive upwards and onwards; when, over us, lost in the blue expanse the lark sings its thrilling lay; when, over rugged pine-covered heights, the out-spread eagle soars; and, over marsh and sea, the crane struggles onward to her home.”
[139]These lines are thus translated by Mr. Hayward:—“I hurry on to drink his everlasting light—the day before me and the night behind—the heavens above, and under me the waves. A glorious dream! as it is passing, he is gone. Alas! no bodily wing will so easily keep pace with the wings of the mind! Yet it is the inborn tendency of our being for feeling to strive upwards and onwards; when, over us, lost in the blue expanse the lark sings its thrilling lay; when, over rugged pine-covered heights, the out-spread eagle soars; and, over marsh and sea, the crane struggles onward to her home.”
[140]These plates may become united with one another in the middle line, and the birds that possess this arrangement have been calledDesmognathæ(δεσμός, “a bond;” γνάθος, “jaw”); or they may be separated by a more or less narrow cleft, in which case the birds in which this is found are calledSchizognathæ(σχίζω, “I cleave”). As a matter of fact, the term Schizognathous is confined to those birds in which the above-mentioned vomer is pointed in front, while where it is truncated the birds are calledÆgithognathæ(αἴγιθος, “a sparrow,” as the character is seen in these birds). In these groups, however, the Ostriches, or running birds, which are distinguished by having no keel to their sternum, are not included; nor in them is the vomer narrow behind. This broad character of the hinder end of the vomer is seen also in one group of birds with a keeled sternum—the Tinamous—which are consequently distinguished from other “Carinate” birds by the termDromæognathæ(Dromæus, the Emu).
[140]These plates may become united with one another in the middle line, and the birds that possess this arrangement have been calledDesmognathæ(δεσμός, “a bond;” γνάθος, “jaw”); or they may be separated by a more or less narrow cleft, in which case the birds in which this is found are calledSchizognathæ(σχίζω, “I cleave”). As a matter of fact, the term Schizognathous is confined to those birds in which the above-mentioned vomer is pointed in front, while where it is truncated the birds are calledÆgithognathæ(αἴγιθος, “a sparrow,” as the character is seen in these birds). In these groups, however, the Ostriches, or running birds, which are distinguished by having no keel to their sternum, are not included; nor in them is the vomer narrow behind. This broad character of the hinder end of the vomer is seen also in one group of birds with a keeled sternum—the Tinamous—which are consequently distinguished from other “Carinate” birds by the termDromæognathæ(Dromæus, the Emu).
[141]The presence or absence of it, or of the other muscles, is used as a means for arranging the smaller divisions of the larger groups into which the two first-named sub-classes are, by the aid of other anatomical facts, divided. One striking advantage of this system, as suggested by the late Prof. A. H. Garrod, is that the characters of theambienshave been observed to go hand in hand with certain other characters. Thus, the cæca found at the end of the small intestine are always present in the Homalogonatæ, or birds having the normal arrangement of knee-muscles; but in this connection there is another structure to be mentioned, namely, the so-called oil-gland, or gland by the secretion of which the bird “preens” its feathers, and which is always set in the skin in the region of the tail. Now this “uropygial,” or oil-gland, may or may not be provided with a tuft of feathers, and as there may or may not be cæca to the intestine, it follows that—(1) the gland may be tufted and there may be cæca, or (2) the gland may have no feathers and cæca may be present, or (3) there may be no cæca and a tufted gland, or (4) there may be no cæca and no tufts (the possible arrangement of neither being present is found in a few Pigeons). But this is not the place to follow out the details of this classification.With regard to the proposition made by a French observer, M. Alix, that birds should be divided into the Homœomyarii, Entomyarii, and Ectomyarii, according to the character of certain of the flexor muscles at the back of the leg, it seems only necessary to remark that so far anatomical investigations have not supported his views, while his system would separate birds which seem to be closely allied.
[141]The presence or absence of it, or of the other muscles, is used as a means for arranging the smaller divisions of the larger groups into which the two first-named sub-classes are, by the aid of other anatomical facts, divided. One striking advantage of this system, as suggested by the late Prof. A. H. Garrod, is that the characters of theambienshave been observed to go hand in hand with certain other characters. Thus, the cæca found at the end of the small intestine are always present in the Homalogonatæ, or birds having the normal arrangement of knee-muscles; but in this connection there is another structure to be mentioned, namely, the so-called oil-gland, or gland by the secretion of which the bird “preens” its feathers, and which is always set in the skin in the region of the tail. Now this “uropygial,” or oil-gland, may or may not be provided with a tuft of feathers, and as there may or may not be cæca to the intestine, it follows that—(1) the gland may be tufted and there may be cæca, or (2) the gland may have no feathers and cæca may be present, or (3) there may be no cæca and a tufted gland, or (4) there may be no cæca and no tufts (the possible arrangement of neither being present is found in a few Pigeons). But this is not the place to follow out the details of this classification.
With regard to the proposition made by a French observer, M. Alix, that birds should be divided into the Homœomyarii, Entomyarii, and Ectomyarii, according to the character of certain of the flexor muscles at the back of the leg, it seems only necessary to remark that so far anatomical investigations have not supported his views, while his system would separate birds which seem to be closely allied.
[142]Compare Vol. I., p. 213
[142]Compare Vol. I., p. 213
[143]Accipitres diurniof authors.
[143]Accipitres diurniof authors.
[144]Accipitres nocturniof authors.
[144]Accipitres nocturniof authors.
[145]Machærhamphus Anderssoni.
[145]Machærhamphus Anderssoni.
[146]Accipitrinæ.
[146]Accipitrinæ.
[147]Falco, a Falcon.
[147]Falco, a Falcon.
[148]Πανδίων, a Greek mythological name.
[148]Πανδίων, a Greek mythological name.
[149]στρίγξ, an Owl.
[149]στρίγξ, an Owl.
[150]“Song of Hiawatha,” Book XIX.
[150]“Song of Hiawatha,” Book XIX.
[151]“Essays on Natural History,” 1866, p. 17.
[151]“Essays on Natural History,” 1866, p. 17.
[152]“Notes on the Birds of Damara Land and the adjacent countries of South-west Africa,” 1872, p. 3.
[152]“Notes on the Birds of Damara Land and the adjacent countries of South-west Africa,” 1872, p. 3.
[153]1864, p. 307.
[153]1864, p. 307.
[154]1859, p. 277.
[154]1859, p. 277.
[155]Vultur monachus.
[155]Vultur monachus.
[156]Gyps fulvus.
[156]Gyps fulvus.
[157]J. H. Gurney: “Descriptive Catalogue of the Raptorial Birds in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum.”
[157]J. H. Gurney: “Descriptive Catalogue of the Raptorial Birds in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum.”
[158]οὖς, ὠτός, an ear; γύψ, a vulture.
[158]οὖς, ὠτός, an ear; γύψ, a vulture.
[159]Auricularis, having ears.
[159]Auricularis, having ears.
[160]A mythological name.
[160]A mythological name.
[161]περκνός, dark-coloured; πτερόν, a wing; so called from the colour of its wings.
[161]περκνός, dark-coloured; πτερόν, a wing; so called from the colour of its wings.
[162]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 31.
[162]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 31.
[163]σάρξ, flesh; ῤάμφος, a bill; so called on account of the fleshy wattles on the base of the bill.
[163]σάρξ, flesh; ῤάμφος, a bill; so called on account of the fleshy wattles on the base of the bill.
[164]Gryphus, a mythological name, a Griffon.
[164]Gryphus, a mythological name, a Griffon.
[165]καθαρτής, a scavenger.
[165]καθαρτής, a scavenger.
[166]Papa, a pope.
[166]Papa, a pope.
[167]D’Orbigny, “Voyage dans l’Amérique Meridionale,” p. 30.
[167]D’Orbigny, “Voyage dans l’Amérique Meridionale,” p. 30.
[168]ῤίν (ῤίς), ῤινός, a nose; _gryphus_, as before, a Griffon, or Vulture; so called on account of its peculiar perforated nose.
[168]ῤίν (ῤίς), ῤινός, a nose; _gryphus_, as before, a Griffon, or Vulture; so called on account of its peculiar perforated nose.
[169]Helotarsus ecaudatus.
[169]Helotarsus ecaudatus.
[170]Serpentarius, a devourer of Serpents.
[170]Serpentarius, a devourer of Serpents.
[171]Secretarius, a secretary.
[171]Secretarius, a secretary.
[172]Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1856, p. 348.
[172]Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1856, p. 348.
[173]Gymnogene: from two Greek words (γυμνός, bare, naked; γένυς, a cheek).
[173]Gymnogene: from two Greek words (γυμνός, bare, naked; γένυς, a cheek).
[174]Polyboroides: like aPolyborusor Caracara.
[174]Polyboroides: like aPolyborusor Caracara.
[175]Col. Irby, “Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 34.
[175]Col. Irby, “Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 34.
[176]μικρός, small;astur, a Goshawk. See “Lawrence’s Birds of Western and North-Western Mexico.” “Memoirs of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,” Vol. ii., p. 299.
[176]μικρός, small;astur, a Goshawk. See “Lawrence’s Birds of Western and North-Western Mexico.” “Memoirs of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist.,” Vol. ii., p. 299.
[177]μέλι honey; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.
[177]μέλι honey; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.
[178]Rete, Lat., a net, so called on account of the network pattern.
[178]Rete, Lat., a net, so called on account of the network pattern.
[179]Buteo, Lat., a Buzzard.
[179]Buteo, Lat., a Buzzard.
[180]“Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 46.
[180]“Birds of the West of Scotland,” p. 46.
[181]θράσος, daring; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[181]θράσος, daring; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[182]ἄρπη, a bird of prey.
[182]ἄρπη, a bird of prey.
[183]“Sketches of Nature in the Alps.”
[183]“Sketches of Nature in the Alps.”
[184]οὐρά, a tail; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[184]οὐρά, a tail; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[185]Audax, bold.
[185]Audax, bold.
[186]Newton Ed., Yarrell’s “British Birds,” i., p. 19.
[186]Newton Ed., Yarrell’s “British Birds,” i., p. 19.
[187]“Rough Notes on Indian Ornithology,” p. 145.
[187]“Rough Notes on Indian Ornithology,” p. 145.
[188]χρυσός, gold; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[188]χρυσός, gold; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[189]νέος, new; πούς, a foot: meaning that there was something novel and extraordinary about its foot.
[189]νέος, new; πούς, a foot: meaning that there was something novel and extraordinary about its foot.
[190]“Birds of Ceylon,” p. 49.
[190]“Birds of Ceylon,” p. 49.
[191]κίρκος, a Harrier; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[191]κίρκος, a Harrier; ἀετός, an Eagle.
[192]Ibis, 1865, p. 253.
[192]Ibis, 1865, p. 253.
[193]ἕλω (αἱρέω), to lift; ταρσός, a tarsus.
[193]ἕλω (αἱρέω), to lift; ταρσός, a tarsus.
[194]Ecaudatus, Latin, meaning “without tail,” on account of its shortness.
[194]Ecaudatus, Latin, meaning “without tail,” on account of its shortness.
[195]ἁλιάετος, a Sea Eagle.
[195]ἁλιάετος, a Sea Eagle.
[196]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 47.
[196]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 47.
[197]ἰκτῖνος, a Kite.
[197]ἰκτῖνος, a Kite.
[198]“Bird-life,” p. 543.
[198]“Bird-life,” p. 543.
[199]μάχαιρα, a sharp knife; ῥάμφος, a bill.
[199]μάχαιρα, a sharp knife; ῥάμφος, a bill.
[200]Andersson’s “Birds of Damara Land.” Edited by J. H. Gurney, 1872, p. 22.
[200]Andersson’s “Birds of Damara Land.” Edited by J. H. Gurney, 1872, p. 22.
[201]Lit., like a Cuckoo.
[201]Lit., like a Cuckoo.
[202]μικρός, small, tiny; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.
[202]μικρός, small, tiny; ἱέραξ, a Hawk.
[203]A wanderer.
[203]A wanderer.
[204]μέλας, black; γένυς, a cheek.
[204]μέλας, black; γένυς, a cheek.
[205]Nigriceps, black-headed.
[205]Nigriceps, black-headed.
[206]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 93.
[206]“Ootheca Woolleyana,” p. 93.
[207]ἱερός, sacred;falco, a Falcon;candicans, white.
[207]ἱερός, sacred;falco, a Falcon;candicans, white.
[208]κερχνηίς, or κέρχνη, Gr., a Kestrel;tinnunculus, Lat., a Hawk.
[208]κερχνηίς, or κέρχνη, Gr., a Kestrel;tinnunculus, Lat., a Hawk.
[209]pp. 82, 95.
[209]pp. 82, 95.
[210]Ornithology of Shakspere.
[210]Ornithology of Shakspere.
[211]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” &c., p. 56.
[211]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” &c., p. 56.
[212]“Essays on Natural History,” p. 8.
[212]“Essays on Natural History,” p. 8.
[213]Ketupa, a “barbarous” name, with no meaning.
[213]Ketupa, a “barbarous” name, with no meaning.
[214]σκότος, darkness; πέλεια, a Dove, with a covert allusion to the name of the discoverer (Sclater).
[214]σκότος, darkness; πέλεια, a Dove, with a covert allusion to the name of the discoverer (Sclater).
[215]Ibis, 1859, p. 447.
[215]Ibis, 1859, p. 447.
[216]Bubo, a Horned Owl (Vergil);ignavus, dastardly—an inappropriate title for so fine a bird.
[216]Bubo, a Horned Owl (Vergil);ignavus, dastardly—an inappropriate title for so fine a bird.
[217]νύκτιος, nightly,i.e., a bird of night—a most inappropriate title for the Snowy Owl, which is a day-flier.
[217]νύκτιος, nightly,i.e., a bird of night—a most inappropriate title for the Snowy Owl, which is a day-flier.
[218]Scandiaca, Scandinavian.
[218]Scandiaca, Scandinavian.
[219]A proper name.
[219]A proper name.
[220]A “barbarous” name, of no meaning.
[220]A “barbarous” name, of no meaning.
[221]From γλαυκός, blue or grey.
[221]From γλαυκός, blue or grey.
[222]Passerine, or Sparrow-like:i.e., of the size of a Sparrow.
[222]Passerine, or Sparrow-like:i.e., of the size of a Sparrow.
[223]A proper name.
[223]A proper name.
[224]Σύρνιον, a proper name.
[224]Σύρνιον, a proper name.
[225]νυκταλός, nocturnal.
[225]νυκταλός, nocturnal.
[226]Like a Hawk.
[226]Like a Hawk.
[227]ὦτος, long-eared Owl.
[227]ὦτος, long-eared Owl.
[228]στρίγξ, an Owl.
[228]στρίγξ, an Owl.
[229]Fiery; flame-coloured.
[229]Fiery; flame-coloured.
[230]Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s “British Birds,” Vol. I., p. 147.
[230]Newton’s edition of Yarrell’s “British Birds,” Vol. I., p. 147.
[231]FromPicus, a Woodpecker.
[231]FromPicus, a Woodpecker.
[232]Fissus, cleft;rostrum, a beak.
[232]Fissus, cleft;rostrum, a beak.
[233]ζυγόν, a yoke; δάκτυλος, a toe.
[233]ζυγόν, a yoke; δάκτυλος, a toe.
[234]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, a jaw.
[234]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, a jaw.
[235]κάμπτω, to bend; λόφος, a crest.
[235]κάμπτω, to bend; λόφος, a crest.
[236]μικρός, small; γλῶσσα, a tongue.
[236]μικρός, small; γλῶσσα, a tongue.
[237]Very black.
[237]Very black.
[238]ἀνήρ, a man; γλῶσσα, a tongue.
[238]ἀνήρ, a man; γλῶσσα, a tongue.
[239]χρυσός, gold; οὖς, an ear.
[239]χρυσός, gold; οὖς, an ear.
[240]“Birds of Jamaica,” p. 266.
[240]“Birds of Jamaica,” p. 266.
[241]G. D. Rowley, “Ornithological Miscellany,” Vol. I, p. 175.
[241]G. D. Rowley, “Ornithological Miscellany,” Vol. I, p. 175.
[242]“Natural History of Cage-birds,” Part I.
[242]“Natural History of Cage-birds,” Part I.
[243]Jerdon, “Birds of India,” I., p. 258.
[243]Jerdon, “Birds of India,” I., p. 258.
[244]στρίγξ, an Owl; ὤψ, a face,i.e., having the appearance of an Owl.
[244]στρίγξ, an Owl; ὤψ, a face,i.e., having the appearance of an Owl.
[245]ἁβρός, soft; πτίλον, feather.
[245]ἁβρός, soft; πτίλον, feather.
[246]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, jaw.
[246]ὀρθός, straight; γνάθος, jaw.
[247]Trichoglossi.
[247]Trichoglossi.
[248]Professor Garrod inProceedings of the Zoological Society for 1872, p. 787.
[248]Professor Garrod inProceedings of the Zoological Society for 1872, p. 787.
[249]“Stray Feathers,” 1877, p. 385.
[249]“Stray Feathers,” 1877, p. 385.
[250]“Bird-life,” p. 595.
[250]“Bird-life,” p. 595.
[251]Sharpe’s edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 141.
[251]Sharpe’s edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 141.
[252]γῆ, earth, and κινέω, I shake;viridis, green.
[252]γῆ, earth, and κινέω, I shake;viridis, green.
[253]The classical Greek name, from its double note sounding like the exclamation ἰΰ, hence the verb ἰΰζω, I cry out.
[253]The classical Greek name, from its double note sounding like the exclamation ἰΰ, hence the verb ἰΰζω, I cry out.
[254]Compare Fig. 1,ch.; this bone usually exists in a paired condition, but in Woodpeckers and some other birds it appears single by the confluence of its members. In many birds the “basi-hyal” is succeeded by the “uro-hyal” (Fig. 1,b. br.), a bone altogether absent whenever the tongue is capable of extraordinary protrusion.
[254]Compare Fig. 1,ch.; this bone usually exists in a paired condition, but in Woodpeckers and some other birds it appears single by the confluence of its members. In many birds the “basi-hyal” is succeeded by the “uro-hyal” (Fig. 1,b. br.), a bone altogether absent whenever the tongue is capable of extraordinary protrusion.
[255]σφῦρα, a hammer;picus, a woodpecker.
[255]σφῦρα, a hammer;picus, a woodpecker.
[256]Yarrell, “British Birds,” vol. ii., p. 137.
[256]Yarrell, “British Birds,” vol. ii., p. 137.
[257]μέλας, black; ἕρπω, I creep;formicivorus, ant-eating.
[257]μέλας, black; ἕρπω, I creep;formicivorus, ant-eating.
[258]Linnæus. A proper name.
[258]Linnæus. A proper name.
[259]From ῥάμφος, a bill.
[259]From ῥάμφος, a bill.
[260]“Monograph of theRhamphastidæ, or Family of Toucans,” by John Gould, F.R.S. Introduction.
[260]“Monograph of theRhamphastidæ, or Family of Toucans,” by John Gould, F.R.S. Introduction.
[261]FromCapito, the principal genus: a proper name.
[261]FromCapito, the principal genus: a proper name.
[262]“A Monograph of the Capitonidæ, or Scansorial Barbets,” by C. H. T. Marshall and G. F. L. Marshall (1871).
[262]“A Monograph of the Capitonidæ, or Scansorial Barbets,” by C. H. T. Marshall and G. F. L. Marshall (1871).
[263]Galbula, a proper name.
[263]Galbula, a proper name.
[264]Sclater, “Synopsis of the Fissirostral Family Bucconidæ,” 8vo, 1854.
[264]Sclater, “Synopsis of the Fissirostral Family Bucconidæ,” 8vo, 1854.
[265]Alcedo, a Kingfisher.
[265]Alcedo, a Kingfisher.
[266]Sharpe’s “Monograph of the Alcedinidæ, or Kingfishers.”
[266]Sharpe’s “Monograph of the Alcedinidæ, or Kingfishers.”
[267]“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septemIncubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.
[267]
“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septemIncubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.
“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septemIncubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.
“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septemIncubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.
“Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem
Incubat alcyone pendentibus æquore nidis.”—Ovid,Met.xi. 745.
[268]κηρύλος, a sea-bird of the halcyon kind.
[268]κηρύλος, a sea-bird of the halcyon kind.
[269]“Ornithologie Nord Ost Afrikas,” p. 185.
[269]“Ornithologie Nord Ost Afrikas,” p. 185.
[270]πελαργός, a stork; ὤψ, a face.
[270]πελαργός, a stork; ὤψ, a face.
[271]Diminutive ofIspida, a Kingfisher.
[271]Diminutive ofIspida, a Kingfisher.
[272]τανύω, to stretch; πτερόν, a wing.
[272]τανύω, to stretch; πτερόν, a wing.
[273]βούκερως, having the horn (κέρας) of a cow (βοῦς).
[273]βούκερως, having the horn (κέρας) of a cow (βοῦς).
[274]Elliot: “Monograph of the Bucerotidæ, or family of the Hornbills,” Part IV.
[274]Elliot: “Monograph of the Bucerotidæ, or family of the Hornbills,” Part IV.
[275]“Missionary Travels in South Africa.”
[275]“Missionary Travels in South Africa.”
[276]“Malay Archipelago,” Vol. I., p. 212.
[276]“Malay Archipelago,” Vol. I., p. 212.
[277]See Sharpe’s Edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 122.
[277]See Sharpe’s Edition of Layard’s “Birds of South Africa,” p. 122.
[278]Sharpe and Dresser, “Birds of Europe,” Part VII., 1871.
[278]Sharpe and Dresser, “Birds of Europe,” Part VII., 1871.
[279]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 66.
[279]“Ornithology of the Strait of Gibraltar,” p. 66.
[280]φᾶρος, a mantle; μακρός, large.
[280]φᾶρος, a mantle; μακρός, large.
[281]Ibis, 1861, p. 138.
[281]Ibis, 1861, p. 138.
[282]στέαρ, στέατος, fat; ὄρνις, a bird.
[282]στέαρ, στέατος, fat; ὄρνις, a bird.
[283]βάτραχος, a frog; στόμα, a mouth.
[283]βάτραχος, a frog; στόμα, a mouth.
[284]Owl-like.
[284]Owl-like.
[285]μακρός, long; χείρ, a hand, in the sense of a wing of a bird.
[285]μακρός, long; χείρ, a hand, in the sense of a wing of a bird.
[286]Cypselus, a swift; α, not; πούς, a foot.
[286]Cypselus, a swift; α, not; πούς, a foot.
[287]Nest-building.
[287]Nest-building.