1Gazetteer of the Bellary district.2Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.3John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.4Madras Mail, November, 1905.5J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.6Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.7Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.8Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.9Nineteenth Century, 1898.10Malay Archipelago.11Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.12Malabar Manual.13Manual of the Coimbatore district.14Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.15W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.16Gazetteer of the Malabar district.17Madras Census Report, 1891.18Manual of Malabar.19Manual of the North Arcot district.20Madras Census Report, 1891.21Manual of the North Arcot district.22A reddish formation found all over Southern India.23Op. cit.24Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.25Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.26Manual of the North Arcot district.27Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.28For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.29Madras Census Report, 1891.30Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.31Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.32Gazetteer of the Madura district.33Gazetteer of the Madura district.34Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.35Gazetteer of the Madura district.36Madras Census Report, 1891.37Manual of the Madura district.38G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.39Madras Census Report, 1901.40Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.41Madras Review, 1899.42Madras Census Report, 1891.43Gazetteer of the Madura district.44Op. cit.45Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.46Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.47I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.48Madras Census Report, 1891.49Manual of the Madura district.50Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.51The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.52Madras Census Report, 1901.53Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.54Madras Census Report, 1891.55Madras Mail, 1908.56Ind. Ant., III., 1874.57A lakh = a hundred thousand.58Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.59Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.60Madras Census Report, 1891.61Madras Census Report, 1901.62Manual of the North Arcot district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Manual of the North Arcot district.65Madras Census Report, 1891.66Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.67Gazetteer of the Bellary district.68Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.69Mediæval Sinhalese Art.70Maduraikanchi, Line 521.71E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.72Ibid.III, i, 47, 1899.73Madras Census Report, 1891.74Madras Census Report, 1871.75New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.76Madras Mail, 1907.77Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.78Madras Census Report, 1901.79Seethe legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.80Malabar and its Folk, 1900.81Letters from Malabar.82Madras Census Report, 1901.83Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.84Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.85Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.86Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.87Unhusked rice.88Manual of the South Canara district.89Money-lender.90Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.91Indian Review, III, 1902.92Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.93According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.94Malabar Manual.95Gazetteer of the Malabar district.96C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.97Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.98This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.99Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.100Manual of the North Arcot district.101Madras Census Report, 1901.102Historical Sketches, Mysore.103Gazetteer of the Madura district.104Gazetteer of the Madura district.105Madras Census Report, 1891.106Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.107Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.108Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.109Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.110J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.111Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.112Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.113Seefurther C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.114Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.115Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.116Madras Mail, 1905.117Gazetteer of the Malabar district.118Manual of the North Arcot district.119Gazetteer of the Malabar district.120Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.121The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.122Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.123Madras Census Report, 1901.124Manual of the Salem district.125Madras Census Report, 1901.126Manual of the Madura district.127Manual of the Tanjore district.128Madras Census Report, 1891.129Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.130Malabar Law and Custom.131Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.132Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.133Madras Census Report, 1901.134Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.135Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.136Indian Review, VII, 1906.137SeeRavi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.138Madras Census Report, 1891.139Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.140Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.141Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.142Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.143Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.144The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.145The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).146Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.147Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.148Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.149SeeTalboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.150SeeTales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.151Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.Seealso C. Hayavadana Rao,op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.152Madras Census Report, 1871.153Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.154Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.155Man. March 1902.156G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.157G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.158Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.159Madras Census Report, 1881.160Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.161Madras Mail, 1894.162Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.163A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.164The Golden Bough, 1900.165Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.166Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.167Manual of the Vizagapatam district.168Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.169Madras Mail, 1894.170Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.171J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.172J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.173Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.174Loc. cit.175Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.176Madras Mail, 1896.177Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.178Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.179Ibid.180Madras Police Report, 1904.181Madras Mail, 1894.182Madras Mail, 1908.183SeeG.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.184Manual of the South Canara district.185Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.186Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.187Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.188Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.189Ind. Ant. X, 1881.190Manual of the South Canara district.191Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.192Manual of the South Canara district.193Manual of the South Canara district.194M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.195Madras Census Report, 1891.196Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.197Tirumurukairuppadai.198Madras Census Report, 1901.199Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.200Cyclopædia of India.201Loc. cit.202Note on Koravas, 1908.203Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.204Forest Inspection Report, 1896.205Gazetteer of the Bellary district.206Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.207F. S. Mullaly.Op. cit.208Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.209History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.210Madras Census Report, 1901.211Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.212This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.213M. Paupa Rao Naidu.Op. cit.214Ibid.215Police Report, 1902.216Op. cit.217A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.218A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.219Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.220J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.221Ind. Ant., III., 1874.222Madras Census Report, 1871.223Madras Census Report, 1901.224India. Trübner. Oriental Series.225Ind. Ant., III, 1874.226Madras Mail, 1907.227For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.228Madras Mail, 1908.
1Gazetteer of the Bellary district.2Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.3John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.4Madras Mail, November, 1905.5J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.6Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.7Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.8Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.9Nineteenth Century, 1898.10Malay Archipelago.11Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.12Malabar Manual.13Manual of the Coimbatore district.14Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.15W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.16Gazetteer of the Malabar district.17Madras Census Report, 1891.18Manual of Malabar.19Manual of the North Arcot district.20Madras Census Report, 1891.21Manual of the North Arcot district.22A reddish formation found all over Southern India.23Op. cit.24Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.25Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.26Manual of the North Arcot district.27Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.28For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.29Madras Census Report, 1891.30Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.31Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.32Gazetteer of the Madura district.33Gazetteer of the Madura district.34Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.35Gazetteer of the Madura district.36Madras Census Report, 1891.37Manual of the Madura district.38G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.39Madras Census Report, 1901.40Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.41Madras Review, 1899.42Madras Census Report, 1891.43Gazetteer of the Madura district.44Op. cit.45Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.46Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.47I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.48Madras Census Report, 1891.49Manual of the Madura district.50Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.51The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.52Madras Census Report, 1901.53Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.54Madras Census Report, 1891.55Madras Mail, 1908.56Ind. Ant., III., 1874.57A lakh = a hundred thousand.58Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.59Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.60Madras Census Report, 1891.61Madras Census Report, 1901.62Manual of the North Arcot district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Manual of the North Arcot district.65Madras Census Report, 1891.66Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.67Gazetteer of the Bellary district.68Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.69Mediæval Sinhalese Art.70Maduraikanchi, Line 521.71E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.72Ibid.III, i, 47, 1899.73Madras Census Report, 1891.74Madras Census Report, 1871.75New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.76Madras Mail, 1907.77Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.78Madras Census Report, 1901.79Seethe legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.80Malabar and its Folk, 1900.81Letters from Malabar.82Madras Census Report, 1901.83Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.84Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.85Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.86Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.87Unhusked rice.88Manual of the South Canara district.89Money-lender.90Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.91Indian Review, III, 1902.92Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.93According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.94Malabar Manual.95Gazetteer of the Malabar district.96C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.97Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.98This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.99Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.100Manual of the North Arcot district.101Madras Census Report, 1901.102Historical Sketches, Mysore.103Gazetteer of the Madura district.104Gazetteer of the Madura district.105Madras Census Report, 1891.106Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.107Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.108Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.109Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.110J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.111Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.112Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.113Seefurther C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.114Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.115Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.116Madras Mail, 1905.117Gazetteer of the Malabar district.118Manual of the North Arcot district.119Gazetteer of the Malabar district.120Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.121The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.122Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.123Madras Census Report, 1901.124Manual of the Salem district.125Madras Census Report, 1901.126Manual of the Madura district.127Manual of the Tanjore district.128Madras Census Report, 1891.129Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.130Malabar Law and Custom.131Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.132Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.133Madras Census Report, 1901.134Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.135Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.136Indian Review, VII, 1906.137SeeRavi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.138Madras Census Report, 1891.139Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.140Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.141Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.142Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.143Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.144The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.145The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).146Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.147Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.148Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.149SeeTalboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.150SeeTales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.151Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.Seealso C. Hayavadana Rao,op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.152Madras Census Report, 1871.153Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.154Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.155Man. March 1902.156G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.157G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.158Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.159Madras Census Report, 1881.160Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.161Madras Mail, 1894.162Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.163A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.164The Golden Bough, 1900.165Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.166Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.167Manual of the Vizagapatam district.168Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.169Madras Mail, 1894.170Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.171J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.172J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.173Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.174Loc. cit.175Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.176Madras Mail, 1896.177Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.178Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.179Ibid.180Madras Police Report, 1904.181Madras Mail, 1894.182Madras Mail, 1908.183SeeG.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.184Manual of the South Canara district.185Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.186Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.187Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.188Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.189Ind. Ant. X, 1881.190Manual of the South Canara district.191Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.192Manual of the South Canara district.193Manual of the South Canara district.194M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.195Madras Census Report, 1891.196Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.197Tirumurukairuppadai.198Madras Census Report, 1901.199Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.200Cyclopædia of India.201Loc. cit.202Note on Koravas, 1908.203Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.204Forest Inspection Report, 1896.205Gazetteer of the Bellary district.206Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.207F. S. Mullaly.Op. cit.208Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.209History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.210Madras Census Report, 1901.211Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.212This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.213M. Paupa Rao Naidu.Op. cit.214Ibid.215Police Report, 1902.216Op. cit.217A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.218A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.219Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.220J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.221Ind. Ant., III., 1874.222Madras Census Report, 1871.223Madras Census Report, 1901.224India. Trübner. Oriental Series.225Ind. Ant., III, 1874.226Madras Mail, 1907.227For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.228Madras Mail, 1908.
1Gazetteer of the Bellary district.2Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.3John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.4Madras Mail, November, 1905.5J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.6Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.7Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.8Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.9Nineteenth Century, 1898.10Malay Archipelago.11Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.12Malabar Manual.13Manual of the Coimbatore district.14Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.15W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.16Gazetteer of the Malabar district.17Madras Census Report, 1891.18Manual of Malabar.19Manual of the North Arcot district.20Madras Census Report, 1891.21Manual of the North Arcot district.22A reddish formation found all over Southern India.23Op. cit.24Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.25Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.26Manual of the North Arcot district.27Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.28For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.29Madras Census Report, 1891.30Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.31Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.32Gazetteer of the Madura district.33Gazetteer of the Madura district.34Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.35Gazetteer of the Madura district.36Madras Census Report, 1891.37Manual of the Madura district.38G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.39Madras Census Report, 1901.40Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.41Madras Review, 1899.42Madras Census Report, 1891.43Gazetteer of the Madura district.44Op. cit.45Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.46Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.47I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.48Madras Census Report, 1891.49Manual of the Madura district.50Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.51The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.52Madras Census Report, 1901.53Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.54Madras Census Report, 1891.55Madras Mail, 1908.56Ind. Ant., III., 1874.57A lakh = a hundred thousand.58Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.59Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.60Madras Census Report, 1891.61Madras Census Report, 1901.62Manual of the North Arcot district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Manual of the North Arcot district.65Madras Census Report, 1891.66Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.67Gazetteer of the Bellary district.68Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.69Mediæval Sinhalese Art.70Maduraikanchi, Line 521.71E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.72Ibid.III, i, 47, 1899.73Madras Census Report, 1891.74Madras Census Report, 1871.75New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.76Madras Mail, 1907.77Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.78Madras Census Report, 1901.79Seethe legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.80Malabar and its Folk, 1900.81Letters from Malabar.82Madras Census Report, 1901.83Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.84Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.85Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.86Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.87Unhusked rice.88Manual of the South Canara district.89Money-lender.90Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.91Indian Review, III, 1902.92Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.93According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.94Malabar Manual.95Gazetteer of the Malabar district.96C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.97Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.98This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.99Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.100Manual of the North Arcot district.101Madras Census Report, 1901.102Historical Sketches, Mysore.103Gazetteer of the Madura district.104Gazetteer of the Madura district.105Madras Census Report, 1891.106Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.107Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.108Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.109Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.110J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.111Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.112Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.113Seefurther C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.114Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.115Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.116Madras Mail, 1905.117Gazetteer of the Malabar district.118Manual of the North Arcot district.119Gazetteer of the Malabar district.120Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.121The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.122Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.123Madras Census Report, 1901.124Manual of the Salem district.125Madras Census Report, 1901.126Manual of the Madura district.127Manual of the Tanjore district.128Madras Census Report, 1891.129Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.130Malabar Law and Custom.131Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.132Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.133Madras Census Report, 1901.134Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.135Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.136Indian Review, VII, 1906.137SeeRavi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.138Madras Census Report, 1891.139Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.140Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.141Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.142Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.143Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.144The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.145The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).146Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.147Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.148Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.149SeeTalboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.150SeeTales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.151Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.Seealso C. Hayavadana Rao,op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.152Madras Census Report, 1871.153Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.154Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.155Man. March 1902.156G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.157G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.158Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.159Madras Census Report, 1881.160Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.161Madras Mail, 1894.162Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.163A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.164The Golden Bough, 1900.165Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.166Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.167Manual of the Vizagapatam district.168Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.169Madras Mail, 1894.170Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.171J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.172J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.173Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.174Loc. cit.175Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.176Madras Mail, 1896.177Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.178Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.179Ibid.180Madras Police Report, 1904.181Madras Mail, 1894.182Madras Mail, 1908.183SeeG.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.184Manual of the South Canara district.185Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.186Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.187Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.188Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.189Ind. Ant. X, 1881.190Manual of the South Canara district.191Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.192Manual of the South Canara district.193Manual of the South Canara district.194M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.195Madras Census Report, 1891.196Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.197Tirumurukairuppadai.198Madras Census Report, 1901.199Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.200Cyclopædia of India.201Loc. cit.202Note on Koravas, 1908.203Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.204Forest Inspection Report, 1896.205Gazetteer of the Bellary district.206Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.207F. S. Mullaly.Op. cit.208Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.209History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.210Madras Census Report, 1901.211Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.212This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.213M. Paupa Rao Naidu.Op. cit.214Ibid.215Police Report, 1902.216Op. cit.217A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.218A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.219Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.220J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.221Ind. Ant., III., 1874.222Madras Census Report, 1871.223Madras Census Report, 1901.224India. Trübner. Oriental Series.225Ind. Ant., III, 1874.226Madras Mail, 1907.227For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.228Madras Mail, 1908.
1Gazetteer of the Bellary district.2Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.3John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.4Madras Mail, November, 1905.5J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.6Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.7Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.8Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.9Nineteenth Century, 1898.10Malay Archipelago.11Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.12Malabar Manual.13Manual of the Coimbatore district.14Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.15W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.16Gazetteer of the Malabar district.17Madras Census Report, 1891.18Manual of Malabar.19Manual of the North Arcot district.20Madras Census Report, 1891.21Manual of the North Arcot district.22A reddish formation found all over Southern India.23Op. cit.24Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.25Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.26Manual of the North Arcot district.27Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.28For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.29Madras Census Report, 1891.30Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.31Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.32Gazetteer of the Madura district.33Gazetteer of the Madura district.34Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.35Gazetteer of the Madura district.36Madras Census Report, 1891.37Manual of the Madura district.38G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.39Madras Census Report, 1901.40Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.41Madras Review, 1899.42Madras Census Report, 1891.43Gazetteer of the Madura district.44Op. cit.45Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.46Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.47I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.48Madras Census Report, 1891.49Manual of the Madura district.50Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.51The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.52Madras Census Report, 1901.53Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.54Madras Census Report, 1891.55Madras Mail, 1908.56Ind. Ant., III., 1874.57A lakh = a hundred thousand.58Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.59Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.60Madras Census Report, 1891.61Madras Census Report, 1901.62Manual of the North Arcot district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Manual of the North Arcot district.65Madras Census Report, 1891.66Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.67Gazetteer of the Bellary district.68Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.69Mediæval Sinhalese Art.70Maduraikanchi, Line 521.71E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.72Ibid.III, i, 47, 1899.73Madras Census Report, 1891.74Madras Census Report, 1871.75New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.76Madras Mail, 1907.77Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.78Madras Census Report, 1901.79Seethe legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.80Malabar and its Folk, 1900.81Letters from Malabar.82Madras Census Report, 1901.83Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.84Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.85Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.86Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.87Unhusked rice.88Manual of the South Canara district.89Money-lender.90Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.91Indian Review, III, 1902.92Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.93According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.94Malabar Manual.95Gazetteer of the Malabar district.96C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.97Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.98This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.99Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.100Manual of the North Arcot district.101Madras Census Report, 1901.102Historical Sketches, Mysore.103Gazetteer of the Madura district.104Gazetteer of the Madura district.105Madras Census Report, 1891.106Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.107Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.108Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.109Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.110J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.111Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.112Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.113Seefurther C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.114Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.115Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.116Madras Mail, 1905.117Gazetteer of the Malabar district.118Manual of the North Arcot district.119Gazetteer of the Malabar district.120Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.121The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.122Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.123Madras Census Report, 1901.124Manual of the Salem district.125Madras Census Report, 1901.126Manual of the Madura district.127Manual of the Tanjore district.128Madras Census Report, 1891.129Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.130Malabar Law and Custom.131Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.132Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.133Madras Census Report, 1901.134Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.135Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.136Indian Review, VII, 1906.137SeeRavi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.138Madras Census Report, 1891.139Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.140Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.141Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.142Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.143Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.144The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.145The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).146Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.147Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.148Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.149SeeTalboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.150SeeTales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.151Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.Seealso C. Hayavadana Rao,op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.152Madras Census Report, 1871.153Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.154Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.155Man. March 1902.156G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.157G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.158Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.159Madras Census Report, 1881.160Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.161Madras Mail, 1894.162Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.163A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.164The Golden Bough, 1900.165Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.166Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.167Manual of the Vizagapatam district.168Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.169Madras Mail, 1894.170Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.171J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.172J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.173Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.174Loc. cit.175Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.176Madras Mail, 1896.177Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.178Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.179Ibid.180Madras Police Report, 1904.181Madras Mail, 1894.182Madras Mail, 1908.183SeeG.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.184Manual of the South Canara district.185Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.186Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.187Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.188Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.189Ind. Ant. X, 1881.190Manual of the South Canara district.191Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.192Manual of the South Canara district.193Manual of the South Canara district.194M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.195Madras Census Report, 1891.196Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.197Tirumurukairuppadai.198Madras Census Report, 1901.199Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.200Cyclopædia of India.201Loc. cit.202Note on Koravas, 1908.203Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.204Forest Inspection Report, 1896.205Gazetteer of the Bellary district.206Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.207F. S. Mullaly.Op. cit.208Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.209History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.210Madras Census Report, 1901.211Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.212This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.213M. Paupa Rao Naidu.Op. cit.214Ibid.215Police Report, 1902.216Op. cit.217A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.218A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.219Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.220J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.221Ind. Ant., III., 1874.222Madras Census Report, 1871.223Madras Census Report, 1901.224India. Trübner. Oriental Series.225Ind. Ant., III, 1874.226Madras Mail, 1907.227For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.228Madras Mail, 1908.
1Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
2Madras Diocesan Magazine, June, 1906.
3John S. Chandler, a Madura Missionary, Boston.
4Madras Mail, November, 1905.
5J. Hornell. Report on the Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 1905.
6Madras Diocesan Mag., 1906.
7Notes from a Diary, 1881–86.
8Lecture delivered at Trivandrum, MS.
9Nineteenth Century, 1898.
10Malay Archipelago.
11Monograph. Ethnog: Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.
12Malabar Manual.
13Manual of the Coimbatore district.
14Madras Journ. Lit. Science, I. 1833.
15W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, 1906.
16Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
17Madras Census Report, 1891.
18Manual of Malabar.
19Manual of the North Arcot district.
20Madras Census Report, 1891.
21Manual of the North Arcot district.
22A reddish formation found all over Southern India.
23Op. cit.
24Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.
25Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.
26Manual of the North Arcot district.
27Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
28For this note I am indebted to Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
29Madras Census Report, 1891.
30Mokhalingam is in Ganjam, not Vizagapatam.
31Place of meeting, which is a large tamarind tree, under which councils are held.
32Gazetteer of the Madura district.
33Gazetteer of the Madura district.
34Sētupati, or lord of the bridge. The title of the Rājas of Rāmnād.
35Gazetteer of the Madura district.
36Madras Census Report, 1891.
37Manual of the Madura district.
38G. Oppert. Madras Journ. Lit. Science, 1888–9.
39Madras Census Report, 1901.
40Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
41Madras Review, 1899.
42Madras Census Report, 1891.
43Gazetteer of the Madura district.
44Op. cit.
45Illustrated Criminal Investigation and Law Digest, I, 3, 1908, Vellore.
46Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XXV.
47I am informed that only Mēl-nādu, Sīrukudi, Mella-kōttai, and Puramalai are endogamous.
48Madras Census Report, 1891.
49Manual of the Madura district.
50Hindu Feasts, Fasts, and Ceremonies, 1903.
51The Tamils eighteen hundred years ago, 1904.
52Madras Census Report, 1901.
53Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
54Madras Census Report, 1891.
55Madras Mail, 1908.
56Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
57A lakh = a hundred thousand.
58Compare the theft of Laban’s teraphim by Rachel. Genesis, XXXI, 19.
59Gazetteer of the Tanjore district.
60Madras Census Report, 1891.
61Madras Census Report, 1901.
62Manual of the North Arcot district.
63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
64Manual of the North Arcot district.
65Madras Census Report, 1891.
66Hutchinson. Marriage Customs in many lands, 1897.
67Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
68Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
69Mediæval Sinhalese Art.
70Maduraikanchi, Line 521.
71E. Hultzsch. South Indian Inscriptions, II, i, 44, 46, 1891.
72Ibid.III, i, 47, 1899.
73Madras Census Report, 1891.
74Madras Census Report, 1871.
75New Asiatic Review, Jan. 1907.
76Madras Mail, 1907.
77Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897, from which some of the proverbs quoted are taken.
78Madras Census Report, 1901.
79Seethe legendary story narrated in the article on Tiyans.
80Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
81Letters from Malabar.
82Madras Census Report, 1901.
83Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
84Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
85Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.
86Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 4, 1905.
87Unhusked rice.
88Manual of the South Canara district.
89Money-lender.
90Malabar Quarterly Review, 1905.
91Indian Review, III, 1902.
92Monograph, Ethnog. Survey, Cochin.
93According to another version of the legend, it was the hut of a Tiyan.
94Malabar Manual.
95Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
96C. Karunakara Menon. Madras Mus. Bull., V, 2, 1906.
97Madras Mus. Bull., II, 3, 1901.
98This account is mainly from an article by Mr. N. Subramani Aiyar.
99Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.
100Manual of the North Arcot district.
101Madras Census Report, 1901.
102Historical Sketches, Mysore.
103Gazetteer of the Madura district.
104Gazetteer of the Madura district.
105Madras Census Report, 1891.
106Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency.
107Loc. cit., and Manual of the North Arcot district.
108Section III, Inhabitants, Madras Government Press, 1907.
109Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
110J. F. Kearns. Kalyāna shatanku.
111Madras Series, IV, 1882; VI, 1883.
112Illatakaru, a bride’s father having no son, and adopting his son-in-law.
113Seefurther C. Ramachendrier. Collection of Decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom affiliation, etc., Madras, 1892.
114Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
115Madras Mail, Nov. 1905.
116Madras Mail, 1905.
117Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
118Manual of the North Arcot district.
119Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
120Tamil and English Dictionary, 1862.
121The word, in this sense, is said to occur in a Tamil work named Pingala Nikandu. Karuku is Tamil for the serrated margin of the leaf—petiole of the palmyra palm.
122Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.
123Madras Census Report, 1901.
124Manual of the Salem district.
125Madras Census Report, 1901.
126Manual of the Madura district.
127Manual of the Tanjore district.
128Madras Census Report, 1891.
129Madras Christ. Coll. Mag., 1894.
130Malabar Law and Custom.
131Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
132Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
133Madras Census Report, 1901.
134Journ. Anthrop. Inst., II, 1873.
135Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
136Indian Review, VII, 1906.
137SeeRavi Varma, the Indian Artist. Indian Press, Allahabad.
138Madras Census Report, 1891.
139Madras Museum Bull., V. 3, 1907.
140Epigraphia Indica, VI, 1900–1901.
141Rev. J. Cain, Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
142Trans. Ethnolog. Soc., London, 1869; Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
143Original Inhabitants of Bhārathavarsha.
144The panas have reference to the division of South Indian castes into the right- and left-hand factions.
145The mofussil indicates up-country stations and districts, as contra-distinguished from the “Presidency” (Madras City).
146Marriage Customs in Many Lands, 1897.
147Moore. Indian Appeal Cases, Vol. III, 359–82.
148Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
149SeeTalboys Wheeler, Madras in the Olden Time, II, 49–89.
150SeeTales of Kōmati Wit and Wisdom. C. Hayavadana Rao, Madras, 1907.
151Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.Seealso C. Hayavadana Rao,op. cit., and Ind. Ant., XX, 78, 1891.
152Madras Census Report, 1871.
153Gazetteer of the Godāvari district.
154Linguistic Survey of India, IV, 1906.
155Man. March 1902.
156G.O., No. 1020, Public, 8th October 1901.
157G.O., No. 3005, Revenue, 3rd November 1908.
158Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life, 1901.
159Madras Census Report, 1881.
160Agricul: Ledger Series, Calcutta. No. 7, 1904.
161Madras Mail, 1894.
162Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
163A very interesting note on Totemism among the Khonds by Mr. J. E. Friend-Pereira has been published in the Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, LXXIII, 1905.
164The Golden Bough, 1900.
165Selections from the Records, Government of India, No. V, Human Sacrifice and Infanticide, 1854.
166Personal Narrative of Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan.
167Manual of the Vizagapatam district.
168Journ. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, 1898.
169Madras Mail, 1894.
170Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Home Department), V., 1845.
171J. A. R. Stevenson. Madras Journ: Lit. Science, VI, 1837.
172J. E. Friend-Pereira. Journ: Asiat: Soc. Bengal, LXXI, 1902.
173Madras Journ: Lit. & Science, VI, 1837.
174Loc. cit.
175Journ. Anthrop. Soc., Bombay, II, 249.
176Madras Mail, 1896.
177Macpherson. Memorials of Service in India.
178Journ., Anth. Soc., Bombay, II, 1890.
179Ibid.
180Madras Police Report, 1904.
181Madras Mail, 1894.
182Madras Mail, 1908.
183SeeG.O., Judicial, 14th August 1882, No. 952, Khond Rising.
184Manual of the South Canara district.
185Letters from Malabar. Translation. Madras, 1862.
186Fine cakes made of gram flour and a fine species of alkali, which gives them an agreeable taste, and serves the purpose of making them rise and become very crisp when fried.
187Journ. Anthrop. Inst., IV., 1875.
188Madras Christ. Coll. Mag. III, 1885–6.
189Ind. Ant. X, 1881.
190Manual of the South Canara district.
191Journ. Anthrop. Inst. IV, 1875.
192Manual of the South Canara district.
193Manual of the South Canara district.
194M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves.
195Madras Census Report, 1891.
196Madras Journ. Lit: and Science, 1888–89.
197Tirumurukairuppadai.
198Madras Census Report, 1901.
199Indian Antiquity, IX, 1880.
200Cyclopædia of India.
201Loc. cit.
202Note on Koravas, 1908.
203Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
204Forest Inspection Report, 1896.
205Gazetteer of the Bellary district.
206Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.
207F. S. Mullaly.Op. cit.
208Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XVII, 1853.
209History of Railway Thieves. Madras, 1904.
210Madras Census Report, 1901.
211Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.
212This story is based on well-known episode of Nalacharitra in the Āranya Parva of the Mahabharatha.
213M. Paupa Rao Naidu.Op. cit.
214Ibid.
215Police Report, 1902.
216Op. cit.
217A varāha or pagoda was worth Rs. 3–8–0.
218A seer is an Indian measure of weight, varying in different parts of the country.
219Trans. Eth. Sec. N.S., VII.
220J. F. Kearns, Kalyāna Shatanku, 1868.
221Ind. Ant., III., 1874.
222Madras Census Report, 1871.
223Madras Census Report, 1901.
224India. Trübner. Oriental Series.
225Ind. Ant., III, 1874.
226Madras Mail, 1907.
227For this account of the Koravas, I am largely indebted to a report by Mr. N. E. Q. Mainwaring, Superintendent of Police.
228Madras Mail, 1908.