1Madras Census Report, 1891.2Madras Census Report, 1901.3Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.4Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.5Hobson-Jobson.6Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.7Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.8A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.9Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.10College History of India, 1888.11Manual of the South Canara district.12Ibid.13M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.14Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.15Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, 1894–7.16With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account of the Nambūtiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).17N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.18A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.19The Nambūtiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.20The Todas, 1906.21Taravād or tarwad: a marumakkatāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.22The Lusiad.23Chela, the cloth worn by Mūppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There are also Chela Nāyars. The word is said to mean the rite of circumcision.24Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.25In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old, and not in the existing, currency.26Brahmanism and Hinduism.27Op. cit.28Ibid.29The Nambūtiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in the Manual of Malabar, that theVādhyarshuts the door, and locks it.30Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.31By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or by heating a piece of plāsu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting it away carefully.32An āmana palaga or āma palaga, literally tortoise plank, is a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a tortoise in outline.33The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer of Malabar are from a grandhavari.34Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.35Madras Census Report, 1901.36The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.37Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.38C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.39Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.40Gazetteer of the Madura district.41Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.42Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.43C. Hayavadana Rao,Loc. cit.44C. Hayavadana Rao.Loc. cit.45Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.46Malabar and its Folk.47Malabar and its Folk.48This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.49Madras Census Report, 1891.50Gazetteer of the Malabar district.51Manual of the Malabar district.52The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.53See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.54E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.55Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.56New Account of the East Indies, 1744.57Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.58Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.59Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.60Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.61Father Coleridge’s Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.62History of Tinnevelly.63Coleridge’s Xavier.64Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction.Videalso Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were men of low caste.65VideGlossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2, and Day’s Land of the Permauls, p. 44.66Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.67Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.68Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.69A manchil is a conveyance carried on men’s shoulders, and more like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than a palanquin.70Tarwād or taravād, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.71The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies (1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.72Travels to the East Indies.73Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.74R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of Herman Lopes de Castaneda.75Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.76T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.77Op cit.78Malabar and its Folk, 1900.79Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.80Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.81The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.82Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.83Op. cit.84Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.85Op. cit.86Gazetteer of Malabar.87An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division or marriage group. It is usually translated “kinsman,” but is at once wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of an Enangan’s family.88The aimpuli or “five tamarinds” are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.89The eldest male member of the taravād is called the Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravād.90All caste Hindus who perform the srādh ceremonies calculate the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis (day after full or new moon).91Nineteenth Century, 1904.92L’Inde (sans les Anglais).93Letters from Malabar.94January, 1899.95See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.96Malabar and its Folk, 1900.97The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.98Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.99Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.100Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
1Madras Census Report, 1891.2Madras Census Report, 1901.3Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.4Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.5Hobson-Jobson.6Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.7Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.8A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.9Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.10College History of India, 1888.11Manual of the South Canara district.12Ibid.13M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.14Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.15Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, 1894–7.16With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account of the Nambūtiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).17N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.18A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.19The Nambūtiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.20The Todas, 1906.21Taravād or tarwad: a marumakkatāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.22The Lusiad.23Chela, the cloth worn by Mūppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There are also Chela Nāyars. The word is said to mean the rite of circumcision.24Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.25In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old, and not in the existing, currency.26Brahmanism and Hinduism.27Op. cit.28Ibid.29The Nambūtiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in the Manual of Malabar, that theVādhyarshuts the door, and locks it.30Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.31By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or by heating a piece of plāsu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting it away carefully.32An āmana palaga or āma palaga, literally tortoise plank, is a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a tortoise in outline.33The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer of Malabar are from a grandhavari.34Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.35Madras Census Report, 1901.36The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.37Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.38C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.39Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.40Gazetteer of the Madura district.41Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.42Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.43C. Hayavadana Rao,Loc. cit.44C. Hayavadana Rao.Loc. cit.45Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.46Malabar and its Folk.47Malabar and its Folk.48This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.49Madras Census Report, 1891.50Gazetteer of the Malabar district.51Manual of the Malabar district.52The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.53See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.54E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.55Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.56New Account of the East Indies, 1744.57Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.58Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.59Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.60Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.61Father Coleridge’s Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.62History of Tinnevelly.63Coleridge’s Xavier.64Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction.Videalso Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were men of low caste.65VideGlossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2, and Day’s Land of the Permauls, p. 44.66Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.67Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.68Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.69A manchil is a conveyance carried on men’s shoulders, and more like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than a palanquin.70Tarwād or taravād, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.71The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies (1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.72Travels to the East Indies.73Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.74R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of Herman Lopes de Castaneda.75Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.76T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.77Op cit.78Malabar and its Folk, 1900.79Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.80Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.81The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.82Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.83Op. cit.84Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.85Op. cit.86Gazetteer of Malabar.87An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division or marriage group. It is usually translated “kinsman,” but is at once wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of an Enangan’s family.88The aimpuli or “five tamarinds” are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.89The eldest male member of the taravād is called the Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravād.90All caste Hindus who perform the srādh ceremonies calculate the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis (day after full or new moon).91Nineteenth Century, 1904.92L’Inde (sans les Anglais).93Letters from Malabar.94January, 1899.95See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.96Malabar and its Folk, 1900.97The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.98Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.99Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.100Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
1Madras Census Report, 1891.2Madras Census Report, 1901.3Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.4Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.5Hobson-Jobson.6Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.7Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.8A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.9Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.10College History of India, 1888.11Manual of the South Canara district.12Ibid.13M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.14Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.15Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, 1894–7.16With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account of the Nambūtiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).17N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.18A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.19The Nambūtiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.20The Todas, 1906.21Taravād or tarwad: a marumakkatāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.22The Lusiad.23Chela, the cloth worn by Mūppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There are also Chela Nāyars. The word is said to mean the rite of circumcision.24Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.25In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old, and not in the existing, currency.26Brahmanism and Hinduism.27Op. cit.28Ibid.29The Nambūtiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in the Manual of Malabar, that theVādhyarshuts the door, and locks it.30Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.31By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or by heating a piece of plāsu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting it away carefully.32An āmana palaga or āma palaga, literally tortoise plank, is a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a tortoise in outline.33The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer of Malabar are from a grandhavari.34Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.35Madras Census Report, 1901.36The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.37Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.38C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.39Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.40Gazetteer of the Madura district.41Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.42Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.43C. Hayavadana Rao,Loc. cit.44C. Hayavadana Rao.Loc. cit.45Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.46Malabar and its Folk.47Malabar and its Folk.48This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.49Madras Census Report, 1891.50Gazetteer of the Malabar district.51Manual of the Malabar district.52The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.53See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.54E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.55Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.56New Account of the East Indies, 1744.57Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.58Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.59Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.60Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.61Father Coleridge’s Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.62History of Tinnevelly.63Coleridge’s Xavier.64Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction.Videalso Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were men of low caste.65VideGlossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2, and Day’s Land of the Permauls, p. 44.66Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.67Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.68Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.69A manchil is a conveyance carried on men’s shoulders, and more like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than a palanquin.70Tarwād or taravād, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.71The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies (1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.72Travels to the East Indies.73Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.74R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of Herman Lopes de Castaneda.75Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.76T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.77Op cit.78Malabar and its Folk, 1900.79Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.80Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.81The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.82Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.83Op. cit.84Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.85Op. cit.86Gazetteer of Malabar.87An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division or marriage group. It is usually translated “kinsman,” but is at once wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of an Enangan’s family.88The aimpuli or “five tamarinds” are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.89The eldest male member of the taravād is called the Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravād.90All caste Hindus who perform the srādh ceremonies calculate the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis (day after full or new moon).91Nineteenth Century, 1904.92L’Inde (sans les Anglais).93Letters from Malabar.94January, 1899.95See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.96Malabar and its Folk, 1900.97The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.98Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.99Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.100Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
1Madras Census Report, 1891.2Madras Census Report, 1901.3Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.4Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.5Hobson-Jobson.6Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.7Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.8A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.9Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.10College History of India, 1888.11Manual of the South Canara district.12Ibid.13M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.14Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.15Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, 1894–7.16With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account of the Nambūtiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).17N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.18A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.19The Nambūtiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.20The Todas, 1906.21Taravād or tarwad: a marumakkatāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.22The Lusiad.23Chela, the cloth worn by Mūppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There are also Chela Nāyars. The word is said to mean the rite of circumcision.24Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.25In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old, and not in the existing, currency.26Brahmanism and Hinduism.27Op. cit.28Ibid.29The Nambūtiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in the Manual of Malabar, that theVādhyarshuts the door, and locks it.30Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.31By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or by heating a piece of plāsu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting it away carefully.32An āmana palaga or āma palaga, literally tortoise plank, is a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a tortoise in outline.33The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer of Malabar are from a grandhavari.34Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.35Madras Census Report, 1901.36The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.37Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.38C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.39Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.40Gazetteer of the Madura district.41Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.42Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.43C. Hayavadana Rao,Loc. cit.44C. Hayavadana Rao.Loc. cit.45Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.46Malabar and its Folk.47Malabar and its Folk.48This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.49Madras Census Report, 1891.50Gazetteer of the Malabar district.51Manual of the Malabar district.52The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.53See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.54E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.55Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.56New Account of the East Indies, 1744.57Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.58Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.59Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.60Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.61Father Coleridge’s Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.62History of Tinnevelly.63Coleridge’s Xavier.64Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction.Videalso Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were men of low caste.65VideGlossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2, and Day’s Land of the Permauls, p. 44.66Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.67Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.68Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.69A manchil is a conveyance carried on men’s shoulders, and more like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than a palanquin.70Tarwād or taravād, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.71The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies (1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.72Travels to the East Indies.73Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.74R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of Herman Lopes de Castaneda.75Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.76T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.77Op cit.78Malabar and its Folk, 1900.79Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.80Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.81The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.82Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.83Op. cit.84Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.85Op. cit.86Gazetteer of Malabar.87An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division or marriage group. It is usually translated “kinsman,” but is at once wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of an Enangan’s family.88The aimpuli or “five tamarinds” are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.89The eldest male member of the taravād is called the Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravād.90All caste Hindus who perform the srādh ceremonies calculate the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis (day after full or new moon).91Nineteenth Century, 1904.92L’Inde (sans les Anglais).93Letters from Malabar.94January, 1899.95See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.96Malabar and its Folk, 1900.97The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.98Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.99Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.100Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
1Madras Census Report, 1891.
2Madras Census Report, 1901.
3Mysore Census Reports, 1891, 1901.
4Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
5Hobson-Jobson.
6Wigram : Malabar Law and Customs.
7Ibid., 3rd ed., 1905.
8A Forgotten Empire, Vijayanagar.
9Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company. Reprint, Higginbotham, Madras.
10College History of India, 1888.
11Manual of the South Canara district.
12Ibid.
13M.J. Walhouse. Journ. Anthrop. Inst., V, 1876.
14Devil Worship of the Tuluvas, Ind. Ant., XXIII, 1894.
15Devil Worship of the Tuluvas. Ind. Ant., XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, 1894–7.
16With the exception of the notes by Mr. Subramani Aiyar, this article is a reproduction, with very slight changes, of an account of the Nambūtiris by Mr. F. Fawcett, which has already been published in the Madras Bulletin Series (III, I, 1900).
17N. Subramani Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, VII, I, 1908.
18A New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
19The Nambūtiris everywhere believe that Europeans have tails.
20The Todas, 1906.
21Taravād or tarwad: a marumakkatāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
22The Lusiad.
23Chela, the cloth worn by Mūppillas (Muhammadans in Malabar). There are also Chela Nāyars. The word is said to mean the rite of circumcision.
24Malabar Quart. Review, I, 1, 1902.
25In all ceremonies, and indeed in all arrangements connected with labour in rural Malabar, it is the rule to reckon in the old, and not in the existing, currency.
26Brahmanism and Hinduism.
27Op. cit.
28Ibid.
29The Nambūtiris take objection to a statement of Mr. Logan, in the Manual of Malabar, that theVādhyarshuts the door, and locks it.
30Orissa. Annals of Rural Bengal.
31By keeping a lamp lighted at the fire perpetually alight, or by heating a piece of plāsu or darbha grass in the fire, and putting it away carefully.
32An āmana palaga or āma palaga, literally tortoise plank, is a low wooden seat of chamatha wood, supposed to be shaped like a tortoise in outline.
33The accounts of marriage and death ceremonies in the Gazetteer of Malabar are from a grandhavari.
34Ind. Law Reports, Madras Series, XII, 1889.
35Madras Census Report, 1901.
36The proverb Chetti Chidambaram is well known.
37Malabar Quart: Review, 1905.
38C. Hayavadana Rao, Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.
39Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.
40Gazetteer of the Madura district.
41Indian Review, VIII, 8, 1907.
42Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIX, 1906.
43C. Hayavadana Rao,Loc. cit.
44C. Hayavadana Rao.Loc. cit.
45Historical Sketches of the South of India, 1810.
46Malabar and its Folk.
47Malabar and its Folk.
48This note is based mainly on articles by Mr. S. Appadorai Aiyar and Mr. L. K. Anantha Krishna Aiyar.
49Madras Census Report, 1891.
50Gazetteer of the Malabar district.
51Manual of the Malabar district.
52The author of Tahafat-ul-Mujahidin or hints for persons seeking the way to God, as it is frequently translated, or more literally an offering to warriors who shall fight in defence of religion against infidels. Translated by Rowlandson. London, 1833.
53See Manual of the Malabar district, 164, sq., and Fawcett, Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
54E. Hultzsch, South-Indian Inscriptions, III, 2, 1203.
55Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar. Translation. Hakluyt Society, 1866.
56New Account of the East Indies, 1744.
57Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.
58Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, 1807.
59Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd ed., 1905.
60Vide R. Sewell. A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar), 1900.
61Father Coleridge’s Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier.
62History of Tinnevelly.
63Coleridge’s Xavier.
64Burnell. Translation of the Daya Vibhaga, Introduction.Videalso Elements of South Indian Palæography (2nd ed., p. 109), where Dr. Burnell says that it is certain that the Vijayanagar kings were men of low caste.
65VideGlossary, Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, p. 2, and Day’s Land of the Permauls, p. 44.
66Fifth Report of the Committee on the affairs of the East India Company, II, 499, 530. Reprint by Higginbotham, Madras.
67Lives of the Lindsays. By Lord Lindsay, 1849.
68Madras Museum Bull., III, 3, 1901.
69A manchil is a conveyance carried on men’s shoulders, and more like a hammock slung on a pole, with a flat covering over it, than a palanquin.
70Tarwād or taravād, a marumakkathayam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
71The Voyage and Travell of M. Cæsar Fredericke, Merchant of Venice, into the East Indies and beyond the Indies (1563). Translation. Hakluyt Voyages, V, 394.
72Travels to the East Indies.
73Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.
74R. Kerr. General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1811, History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese between the years 1497 and 1525, from the original Portuguese of Herman Lopes de Castaneda.
75Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom, Ed. 1900.
76T. A. Kalyanakrishna Aiyar, Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.
77Op cit.
78Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
79Malabar Law and Custom, 1882.
80Report of the Malabar Marriage Commission, 1894.
81The rights and obligations of Karanavans are fully dealt with by Moore, Malabar Law and Custom, 3rd edition, 1905.
82Journ. Anthrop. Inst., XII, 1883.
83Op. cit.
84Malabar Quart. Review, VII, 3, 1908.
85Op. cit.
86Gazetteer of Malabar.
87An Enangan or Inangan is a man of the same caste and sub-division or marriage group. It is usually translated “kinsman,” but is at once wider and narrower in its connotation. My Enangans are all who can marry the same people that I can. An Enangatti is a female member of an Enangan’s family.
88The aimpuli or “five tamarinds” are Tamarindus indica, Garcinia Cambogia, Spondias mangifera, Bauhinia racemosa, and Hibiscus hirtus.
89The eldest male member of the taravād is called the Karanavan. All male members, brothers, nephews, and so on, who are junior to him, are called Anandravans of the taravād.
90All caste Hindus who perform the srādh ceremonies calculate the day of death, not by the day of the month, but by the thithis (day after full or new moon).
91Nineteenth Century, 1904.
92L’Inde (sans les Anglais).
93Letters from Malabar.
94January, 1899.
95See Thurston. Catalogue of Roman, etc., Coins, Madras Government Museum, 2nd ed., 1894.
96Malabar and its Folk, 1900.
97The Vettuvans were once salt-makers.
98Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.
99Buchanan, Mysore, Canara and Malabar.
100Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.