1Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.2Manners, Customs, and Observances.3Malabar Law and Custom, 1905.4Tarwad: a marumakkathāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.5The Todas, 1906.6Malabar Law and Custom.7Madras Census Report, 1891.8Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.9Gazetteer of Malabar.10Monograph Eth. Survey, Cochin No. 1, 1905.11Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.12Ind. Ant., IX. 1880.13F. S. Mullaly. Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.14Monograph, Eth. Survey, Bombay, No. 93, Tigala, 1907.15Malabar Law and Custom.16Lieutenant-General E. F. Burton. An Indian Olio.17Monograph Ethnog. Survey of the Cochin State, No. 10, Izhuvas, 1905.18The Tinnevelly Shānars, 1849.19Madras Census Report, 1871.20A fanam is a small gold coin, worth about four annas, which was formerly current in Southern India, but is no longer in circulation.21Other kinds of necklaces are the mullapu (jasmine flower) mala, avil (beaten rice) mala, so called from the shape of the links, mani mala or bead necklace, and pavizham (coral) mala. These are all worn by women.22Ordinarily, paddy is partly boiled before it is pounded to remove the husk. Raw rice is obtained by pounding the paddy, which has not undergone any boiling.23There must in all be five or seven females.24The taboot is a model of a Muhammadan mausoleum, intended to represent the tomb of Husain, which is carried in procession during the Moharram festival.25Manavalan = bridegroom; Manavati = bride.26An Indian Olio.27The washerman of the Nambūtiris and Nāyars is called Veluthēdan.28Nāyars are addressed as Kammal by Tiyans and artisans.29The number twelve, so significant in Malabar.30Nasrāni (Nazarene) is a term for Christians on the west coast.31Indian Review, Oct. 1906.32The Todas. 1906.33Ney = ghi or clarified butter.34Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills.35Madras Diocesan Magazine, November, 1907.36SeeMadras Museum Bull., IV, 1896, pl. XII.37Average 73.38Op. cit., Appendix IV, 738.39R. Bache. Royal Magazine, August 1901.40Ind. Ant., III, 1874.41Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills, 1832.42Op. cit.43A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873.44J. W. Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris, 1873.45Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, Government Museum, Madras, 1901.46I have seen this plant growing on the grass in front of the Paikāra bungalow.47Op. cit.48Ellis. History of Madagascar.49Tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills. By a German missionary, 1856.50Proc. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., XII, 1904.51“Puzhutkina—Shall I throw earth?” Rivers.52Called by Breeks ilata, which, Dr. Rivers suggests, is a Badaga name.53Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.54Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.55A. Chatterton. Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather. Madras, 1904.56Cf.Tanti. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal.57Madras Mail, 1906.58Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.59Madras Census Report, 1891.60Manual of the Madura district.61Gazetteer of the Madura district.62Manual of the Madura district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Ibid.65Manual of the North Arcot district.66History of Travancore, 1878.67Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.68Madras Census Report, 1891.69Manual of the Madura district.
1Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.2Manners, Customs, and Observances.3Malabar Law and Custom, 1905.4Tarwad: a marumakkathāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.5The Todas, 1906.6Malabar Law and Custom.7Madras Census Report, 1891.8Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.9Gazetteer of Malabar.10Monograph Eth. Survey, Cochin No. 1, 1905.11Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.12Ind. Ant., IX. 1880.13F. S. Mullaly. Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.14Monograph, Eth. Survey, Bombay, No. 93, Tigala, 1907.15Malabar Law and Custom.16Lieutenant-General E. F. Burton. An Indian Olio.17Monograph Ethnog. Survey of the Cochin State, No. 10, Izhuvas, 1905.18The Tinnevelly Shānars, 1849.19Madras Census Report, 1871.20A fanam is a small gold coin, worth about four annas, which was formerly current in Southern India, but is no longer in circulation.21Other kinds of necklaces are the mullapu (jasmine flower) mala, avil (beaten rice) mala, so called from the shape of the links, mani mala or bead necklace, and pavizham (coral) mala. These are all worn by women.22Ordinarily, paddy is partly boiled before it is pounded to remove the husk. Raw rice is obtained by pounding the paddy, which has not undergone any boiling.23There must in all be five or seven females.24The taboot is a model of a Muhammadan mausoleum, intended to represent the tomb of Husain, which is carried in procession during the Moharram festival.25Manavalan = bridegroom; Manavati = bride.26An Indian Olio.27The washerman of the Nambūtiris and Nāyars is called Veluthēdan.28Nāyars are addressed as Kammal by Tiyans and artisans.29The number twelve, so significant in Malabar.30Nasrāni (Nazarene) is a term for Christians on the west coast.31Indian Review, Oct. 1906.32The Todas. 1906.33Ney = ghi or clarified butter.34Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills.35Madras Diocesan Magazine, November, 1907.36SeeMadras Museum Bull., IV, 1896, pl. XII.37Average 73.38Op. cit., Appendix IV, 738.39R. Bache. Royal Magazine, August 1901.40Ind. Ant., III, 1874.41Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills, 1832.42Op. cit.43A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873.44J. W. Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris, 1873.45Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, Government Museum, Madras, 1901.46I have seen this plant growing on the grass in front of the Paikāra bungalow.47Op. cit.48Ellis. History of Madagascar.49Tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills. By a German missionary, 1856.50Proc. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., XII, 1904.51“Puzhutkina—Shall I throw earth?” Rivers.52Called by Breeks ilata, which, Dr. Rivers suggests, is a Badaga name.53Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.54Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.55A. Chatterton. Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather. Madras, 1904.56Cf.Tanti. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal.57Madras Mail, 1906.58Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.59Madras Census Report, 1891.60Manual of the Madura district.61Gazetteer of the Madura district.62Manual of the Madura district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Ibid.65Manual of the North Arcot district.66History of Travancore, 1878.67Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.68Madras Census Report, 1891.69Manual of the Madura district.
1Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.2Manners, Customs, and Observances.3Malabar Law and Custom, 1905.4Tarwad: a marumakkathāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.5The Todas, 1906.6Malabar Law and Custom.7Madras Census Report, 1891.8Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.9Gazetteer of Malabar.10Monograph Eth. Survey, Cochin No. 1, 1905.11Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.12Ind. Ant., IX. 1880.13F. S. Mullaly. Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.14Monograph, Eth. Survey, Bombay, No. 93, Tigala, 1907.15Malabar Law and Custom.16Lieutenant-General E. F. Burton. An Indian Olio.17Monograph Ethnog. Survey of the Cochin State, No. 10, Izhuvas, 1905.18The Tinnevelly Shānars, 1849.19Madras Census Report, 1871.20A fanam is a small gold coin, worth about four annas, which was formerly current in Southern India, but is no longer in circulation.21Other kinds of necklaces are the mullapu (jasmine flower) mala, avil (beaten rice) mala, so called from the shape of the links, mani mala or bead necklace, and pavizham (coral) mala. These are all worn by women.22Ordinarily, paddy is partly boiled before it is pounded to remove the husk. Raw rice is obtained by pounding the paddy, which has not undergone any boiling.23There must in all be five or seven females.24The taboot is a model of a Muhammadan mausoleum, intended to represent the tomb of Husain, which is carried in procession during the Moharram festival.25Manavalan = bridegroom; Manavati = bride.26An Indian Olio.27The washerman of the Nambūtiris and Nāyars is called Veluthēdan.28Nāyars are addressed as Kammal by Tiyans and artisans.29The number twelve, so significant in Malabar.30Nasrāni (Nazarene) is a term for Christians on the west coast.31Indian Review, Oct. 1906.32The Todas. 1906.33Ney = ghi or clarified butter.34Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills.35Madras Diocesan Magazine, November, 1907.36SeeMadras Museum Bull., IV, 1896, pl. XII.37Average 73.38Op. cit., Appendix IV, 738.39R. Bache. Royal Magazine, August 1901.40Ind. Ant., III, 1874.41Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills, 1832.42Op. cit.43A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873.44J. W. Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris, 1873.45Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, Government Museum, Madras, 1901.46I have seen this plant growing on the grass in front of the Paikāra bungalow.47Op. cit.48Ellis. History of Madagascar.49Tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills. By a German missionary, 1856.50Proc. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., XII, 1904.51“Puzhutkina—Shall I throw earth?” Rivers.52Called by Breeks ilata, which, Dr. Rivers suggests, is a Badaga name.53Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.54Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.55A. Chatterton. Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather. Madras, 1904.56Cf.Tanti. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal.57Madras Mail, 1906.58Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.59Madras Census Report, 1891.60Manual of the Madura district.61Gazetteer of the Madura district.62Manual of the Madura district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Ibid.65Manual of the North Arcot district.66History of Travancore, 1878.67Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.68Madras Census Report, 1891.69Manual of the Madura district.
1Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.2Manners, Customs, and Observances.3Malabar Law and Custom, 1905.4Tarwad: a marumakkathāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.5The Todas, 1906.6Malabar Law and Custom.7Madras Census Report, 1891.8Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.9Gazetteer of Malabar.10Monograph Eth. Survey, Cochin No. 1, 1905.11Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.12Ind. Ant., IX. 1880.13F. S. Mullaly. Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.14Monograph, Eth. Survey, Bombay, No. 93, Tigala, 1907.15Malabar Law and Custom.16Lieutenant-General E. F. Burton. An Indian Olio.17Monograph Ethnog. Survey of the Cochin State, No. 10, Izhuvas, 1905.18The Tinnevelly Shānars, 1849.19Madras Census Report, 1871.20A fanam is a small gold coin, worth about four annas, which was formerly current in Southern India, but is no longer in circulation.21Other kinds of necklaces are the mullapu (jasmine flower) mala, avil (beaten rice) mala, so called from the shape of the links, mani mala or bead necklace, and pavizham (coral) mala. These are all worn by women.22Ordinarily, paddy is partly boiled before it is pounded to remove the husk. Raw rice is obtained by pounding the paddy, which has not undergone any boiling.23There must in all be five or seven females.24The taboot is a model of a Muhammadan mausoleum, intended to represent the tomb of Husain, which is carried in procession during the Moharram festival.25Manavalan = bridegroom; Manavati = bride.26An Indian Olio.27The washerman of the Nambūtiris and Nāyars is called Veluthēdan.28Nāyars are addressed as Kammal by Tiyans and artisans.29The number twelve, so significant in Malabar.30Nasrāni (Nazarene) is a term for Christians on the west coast.31Indian Review, Oct. 1906.32The Todas. 1906.33Ney = ghi or clarified butter.34Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills.35Madras Diocesan Magazine, November, 1907.36SeeMadras Museum Bull., IV, 1896, pl. XII.37Average 73.38Op. cit., Appendix IV, 738.39R. Bache. Royal Magazine, August 1901.40Ind. Ant., III, 1874.41Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills, 1832.42Op. cit.43A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873.44J. W. Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris, 1873.45Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, Government Museum, Madras, 1901.46I have seen this plant growing on the grass in front of the Paikāra bungalow.47Op. cit.48Ellis. History of Madagascar.49Tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills. By a German missionary, 1856.50Proc. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., XII, 1904.51“Puzhutkina—Shall I throw earth?” Rivers.52Called by Breeks ilata, which, Dr. Rivers suggests, is a Badaga name.53Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.54Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.55A. Chatterton. Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather. Madras, 1904.56Cf.Tanti. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal.57Madras Mail, 1906.58Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.59Madras Census Report, 1891.60Manual of the Madura district.61Gazetteer of the Madura district.62Manual of the Madura district.63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.64Ibid.65Manual of the North Arcot district.66History of Travancore, 1878.67Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.68Madras Census Report, 1891.69Manual of the Madura district.
1Ind. Ant. IV, 1875.
2Manners, Customs, and Observances.
3Malabar Law and Custom, 1905.
4Tarwad: a marumakkathāyam family, consisting of all the descendants in the female line of one common female ancestor.
5The Todas, 1906.
6Malabar Law and Custom.
7Madras Census Report, 1891.
8Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
9Gazetteer of Malabar.
10Monograph Eth. Survey, Cochin No. 1, 1905.
11Ind. Ant., IX, 1880.
12Ind. Ant., IX. 1880.
13F. S. Mullaly. Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.
14Monograph, Eth. Survey, Bombay, No. 93, Tigala, 1907.
15Malabar Law and Custom.
16Lieutenant-General E. F. Burton. An Indian Olio.
17Monograph Ethnog. Survey of the Cochin State, No. 10, Izhuvas, 1905.
18The Tinnevelly Shānars, 1849.
19Madras Census Report, 1871.
20A fanam is a small gold coin, worth about four annas, which was formerly current in Southern India, but is no longer in circulation.
21Other kinds of necklaces are the mullapu (jasmine flower) mala, avil (beaten rice) mala, so called from the shape of the links, mani mala or bead necklace, and pavizham (coral) mala. These are all worn by women.
22Ordinarily, paddy is partly boiled before it is pounded to remove the husk. Raw rice is obtained by pounding the paddy, which has not undergone any boiling.
23There must in all be five or seven females.
24The taboot is a model of a Muhammadan mausoleum, intended to represent the tomb of Husain, which is carried in procession during the Moharram festival.
25Manavalan = bridegroom; Manavati = bride.
26An Indian Olio.
27The washerman of the Nambūtiris and Nāyars is called Veluthēdan.
28Nāyars are addressed as Kammal by Tiyans and artisans.
29The number twelve, so significant in Malabar.
30Nasrāni (Nazarene) is a term for Christians on the west coast.
31Indian Review, Oct. 1906.
32The Todas. 1906.
33Ney = ghi or clarified butter.
34Aboriginal Tribes of the Nilgiri Hills.
35Madras Diocesan Magazine, November, 1907.
36SeeMadras Museum Bull., IV, 1896, pl. XII.
37Average 73.
38Op. cit., Appendix IV, 738.
39R. Bache. Royal Magazine, August 1901.
40Ind. Ant., III, 1874.
41Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the summit of the Neilgherry Hills, 1832.
42Op. cit.
43A Phrenologist among the Todas, 1873.
44J. W. Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris, 1873.
45Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities, Government Museum, Madras, 1901.
46I have seen this plant growing on the grass in front of the Paikāra bungalow.
47Op. cit.
48Ellis. History of Madagascar.
49Tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills. By a German missionary, 1856.
50Proc. Cambridge Philosoph. Soc., XII, 1904.
51“Puzhutkina—Shall I throw earth?” Rivers.
52Called by Breeks ilata, which, Dr. Rivers suggests, is a Badaga name.
53Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.
54Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.
55A. Chatterton. Monograph on Tanning and Working in Leather. Madras, 1904.
56Cf.Tanti. Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal.
57Madras Mail, 1906.
58Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.
59Madras Census Report, 1891.
60Manual of the Madura district.
61Gazetteer of the Madura district.
62Manual of the Madura district.
63Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.
64Ibid.
65Manual of the North Arcot district.
66History of Travancore, 1878.
67Malabar and its Folk, Madras, 1900.
68Madras Census Report, 1891.
69Manual of the Madura district.