Ex-, out of, as inexodus.—Exo-, outside, asexotic. [Gr.ex, out of,exō, outside.]
Extra-(L.), on the outside, beyond, asextramural,extraordinary,extra-work; asstra-instrange. [Contr. ofexterā(partebeing understood), abl. fem. ofexterus, beyond, a comp. form, fromEx-(L.).]
For-(A.S.), in place of, asforasmuch. [A.S. prep.for.]
For-(A.S.), through, thorough, away, so as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, asforswear,forbid,forego (betterforgo). [A.S.for-; Ger.ver-, Goth.fra-, conn. withfarandfrom.]
For-(Fr.—L.), as inforeclose,forfeit. [Fr.—L.foris, lit. 'out of doors,' used in the sense of 'outside,' 'beyond,' 'amiss.']
Fore-(A.S.), before, asforetell,forebode;foredated,foresaid,foretold;forecastle,forefather,foresight. [A.S.fore-; Ger.vor.]
Forth-(A.S.), forth, only inforthwith.
Fro-(A.S.), from, asfroward. [A.S.fro—Scand., Ice.frá.]
Gain-(A.S.), against, asgainsay. [A.S.gegn. SeeAgainstin Dict.]
Hemi-(Gr.), half, ashemisphere—shortened tome-inmegrim. [Gr.; cog. with L.semi-, Sans.sāmi-.]
Hetero-(Gr.), other, asheterodoxy. [Gr.heteros, other.]
Holo-(Gr.), entire, asholograph. [Gr.holos, entire.]
Homo-(Gr.), same—lengthened toHomœo-, ashomœopathy. [Gr.homos, same.]
Hyper-(Gr.), over, above, beyond, ashyperborean,hypercritical. [Cog. withsuper-andover-.]
Hypo-,Hyph-,Hyp-, (Gr.), under, ashypotenuse,hyphen,hypallage. [Cog. with L.sub-, Goth.uf, Sans.upa.]
I-, inignoble. See In- (1), negative.
I-,Y-, as inI-wis,yclept, hand-y-work. This prefix appears asa-inaware, asc-inclutch, and ase-inenough. [A.S.ge-, sign of the past participle passive.]
Il-, as inillude. See In- (2).
Il-, as inillegal. See In- (1).
In-,Im-(L.), not, asinconvenience,incautious,infirm. Beforepthenchanges tom, asimpudent; beforel,m, andrit is assimilated to those consonants, asillegal,immature,irregular. This prefix thus appears asen-,i-,il-,im-,in-,ir-, asenemy,ignoble,illegal,immortal,infirm,irregular. [L.; cog. with Gr.an-, Eng.un-.]
In-(L.), in, into, asinfuse,illumine,impel,irrigate. It becomesil-beforel;im-beforeb,m, andp;ir-beforer. This prefix thus appears asam-,an-,em-,en-,il-,im-,in-,ir-, asambush,anoint,embrace,enclose,illude,immure,include,irritate.
In-(A.S.), in, on, asincome,inward,inland,insight; to make, asimbitter, lit. to putintoa state of bitterness; asim-inimbed,impark, &c.
Inter-(L.), in the midst of, between, asinterval,intellect,intermarry. [A compar. form; cog. with Eng.under, and Sans.antar, within.]
Intra-(L.), in the inside of, within, asintramural. [Contr. ofintera, ablative feminine ofinterus, inward—Inter-.]
Intro-(L.), into, within, asintroduce. [Contr. ofintero, ablative masculine ofinterus—Inter-.]
Ir-, as inirritate. See In- (2).
Ir-, as inirregular. See In- (1).
Iss-, as inissue. See Ex- (1).
Juxta-(L.), near, asjuxtaposition. [Superl. form, from root of L.jungĕre, to join.]
L-, as inlone; an abbreviation ofall.
L-, as inlouver. See Al-.
L-, as inlute. See Al-.
Male-,Mali-,Mal-,Mau-(L.), badly, ill, asmalefactor,malcontent,malediction,malevolent; through French,maugre=notwithstanding. [L.male, badly.]
Meta-,Meth-,Met-(Gr.), among, with; after, asmethod. (lit. 'way after'); often implies change, asmetamorphose,meteor,metonomy. [Gr.meta; cog. with A.S.mid, Goth.mith, Ger.mit.]
Mid-(A.S.), with, asmidwife. [A.S.mid-, together with.]
Mis-(A.S.), wrong, ill, asmisbehave,misdeed,mislead. [A.S.mis-; Ice.mis-, Goth.missa-, Ger.miss-. Cf.Mis-in Dict.]
Mis-(Fr.—L.), as inmischief,misalliance,mischance. [Fr.mis-, for O. Fr.mes-, from L.minus, less.]
Mono-,Mon-(Gr.), single, asmonograph,monologue,monk, andminster. [Gr.monos, alone.]
Multi-,Mult-, many, as inmultiply,multeity. [L.multus, much, many.]
N-, as innewt,nickname, due to thenof the article inan ewt,an ekename. Innuncle the origin ismineuncle; in 'for thenonce,' M. E. for the nones, miswrittenfor then ones, for the once.
N-(A.S.), no, not, asnever; or L.ne-, as innull. [A.S.ne; cog. with Goth.ni, L.ne, Sans.na.]
Ne-(Gr.), not, asnepenthe;Ne-,Neg-(L.), not, asnefarious,neuter,negative,neglect. [L.ne,nec, a contr. ofneque, fromne, not,que, and.]
Non-(L.), not, asnonsense,nonage. It appears asum-inumpire=numpire. [Fromne unum, not one.]
Ob-(L., by assimilation,o-,ob-,oc-,of-,op-, alsoos-), in front of, against, in the way of, asobstruct,omit,occur,offer,oppose,ostentation. [Cog. with Gr.epi, Sans.api.]
Oc-, as inoccur. See Ob-.
Of-, as inoffer. See Ob-.
Off-(A.S.), off, from, away, asoffal,offshoot,offset. [A form ofOf. There is the same relation betweenofandoffas betweenbeandby; A.S.ofhas been differentiated into the stressless or weak formof, and the stressed or strong formoff. Cf. A-, Ab-.]
On-(A.S.), on, asonset,onlooker. [SeeOnin Dict.]
Op-, as inoppress. See Ob-.
Or-(A.S.), out, inordeal. [A.S.or-; cog. with Dut.oor-, Ger.ur-, Goth,us-, away, out of.]
Os-, as inostensible. See Ob-.
Out-(A.S.), out, beyond, asoutlaw,outbid,outside,outcast. [A.S.út.]
Over-(A.S.), over, above, asoverarch,overseer. [A.S.ofer.]
Pa-, as inpalsy. See Para-.
Palin-,Palim-(Gr.), again, aspalingenesis,palimpsest. [Gr.palin, again.]
Pan-,Panto-(Gr.), all, aspanacea,pantheism,pantomime.
Para-,Par-(Gr.), beside, asparable; beyond, wrong, asparalyse. It appears aspa-inpalsy,par-inparody. [Gr.para.]
Pel-, as inpellucid. See Per-.
Pene-(L.), almost, aspeninsula.
Per-(L.), through, aspermit; thoroughly, asperfect; also appearing aspar-,pel-,pil-, as inparson,pardon,pellucid,pilgrim. Inperjure,perish, it has a destructive force, equivalent to Eng.for-inforswear (for-, A.S.). [Akin to Gr.para-, beside, Eng.for-, Ger.ver.]
Peri-(Gr.), round, asperimeter,periphrasis. [Gr.peri; Sans.pari, also allied to Gr.para.]
Pol-,Por-(L.), aspollute,portend. [From Old L.port-, towards; cf. Ger.pros, Eng.forth.]
Poly-(Gr.), many, aspolygamy.
Por-, as inportrait. See Pro- (2).
Post-(L.), after, backwards, behind, aspostdate,postscript,postpone.
Pour-,Pur-(Fr.—L.), aspourtray,purvey. [Fr.—L.pro-.]
Pre-,Præ-(L.), before, aspredict,prefer,prearrange,prætor; also inprison andprovost. [L.præ, akin to L.pro.]
Preter-(L.), beyond, aspreterit,preternatural,pretermit. [L.præter—præ, with comp. suffix-ter.]
Pro-(Gr.), before, as prologue, programme, prophet. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. pro-, Sans. pra, Eng. for (prep.).]
Pro-(L.), forth, forward, before, instead, asproject; instead of, from the idea of being before, aspronoun,proconsul. Appearing also aspor-,pour-,pr-,prof-,pur-, and asprod-inprodigal.—Of Fr. origin,proceed,purchase,purpose,pursue,purvey. [Cog. withpro-(Gr.), which see.]
Pros-(Gr.), towards, asproselyte,prosody.
Proto-,Prot-(Gr.), first, asprototype,protoxide. [Gr.prōtos, first.]
Pur-. See under Pour-.
Re-,Red-,Ren-(L.), change of place or condition, as inremove,reunion (an assemblage of things or persons formerly apart); hence, change of motion from one direction to the opposite='back,' 'again,'asretract,resound,redeem,redolent. It appears asren-inrender, &c.; asr-inrally,rampart; asra-inragout. Inrebuild,remind, &c. it has been prefixed to English words.
Retro-(L.), back, backwards, asretrospect,retrograde.—Of Fr. origin,rereward, arrear, &c.
S-forSe-, as insure; forDis-, as inspend; forEx-, as insample; forSub-, as insombre.
Se-,Sed-(L.), without, assecure; aside, asseduce,secede,sedition; appearing ass-insure,sober.
Semi-(L.), half, assemicircle. [L.; cog. with Gr. hēmi.]
Sine-(L.), without, assinecure.
So-, as insojourn. See Sub-.
So-, as insober. See Se-.
Sovr-,Sopr-. See Super-.
Su-, as insuspect. See Sub-.
Sub-(L.), by assimilation, beforec,f,g,m,p,r,s—suc-,suf-,sug-,sum-,sup-,sur-,sus-; under, from under, after, assubject,suspect,succeed,suffuse,suggest,summon,support,surprise,suspend—also ass-insombre andso-insojourn.—Of Fr. origin,succour,summon; Eng. formations,sublet,sub-kingdom,sub-worker. [L.sub(which in O. Fr. becameso-).]
Subter-(L.), under, assubterfuge. [FromSub-, and compar. suffix-ter, meaning motion.]
Suc-,Suf-,Sug-,Sum-,Sup-. See Sub-.
Super-(L.), over, above, beyond, assuperstructure,supernatural.—Of Fr. origin,surface,surfeit,surpass,surprise;—Eng. compounds,superabundant,supercargo,supercritical. [L.; cog. with Sans.upari, Gr.hyper.]
Supra-(L.), over, above, assupramundane. [Contr. of ablative fem. ofsuperus, above, fromSuper-.]
Sur-(Fr.), over, assurmount. [Fr., from L.super.]
Sur-, as insurrogate. See Sub-.
Sus-, as insuspend. See Sub-.
Syn-,Sy-,Syl-,Sym-(Gr.), together, with, assyntax,system,syllable,symbol,symmetry. [Cog. withCom-.]
T-, intwit, forat; intawdry=Saint Awdry, thetbeing the final letter of saint; intautology, representing the Greek articleto.
Thorough-(A.S.), through, asthoroughfare. [A.S.ðurh, through.]
To-(A.S.), into-day,together,toward, here-to-fore, is the prep.to. [A.S.tó.]
To-(A.S.), asunder, as into-brake. [A.S.tó-; cf. Ger.zer-, Gr.dys-.]
Trans-,Tra-,Tran-,Tres-,Tre-(L.), beyond, across, astransport,traverse,transcend,trespass, andtreason (through French).
Tri-(L.), thrice, as intriple,treble.
Twi-(A.S.), double, as intwilight. [A.S.twí-, double,twá, two.]
U-(Gr.), no, not, asUtopia. [Gr.ou, not.]
Ultra-(L.), beyond, asultramarine. The French formoutreappears inoutrage and inutterance. [Fromulter(stem ofulterior),ul-being from root of L.ille.]
Um-, inumpire. See Non-.
Un-(A.S.), negative prefix, not, asunhappy,untruth,uncouth. [Cog. with Gr.an-and L.in-(negative).]
Un-(A.S.), verbal prefix, signifying the reversal of an action, asunlock,unbind,undo,unwind. [A.S.on-,un-; cf. Dut.ont-, Ger.ent-, Goth.and-. See A- (A.S.) (2).]
Un-,Uni-(L.), one, asunanimous,uniform. [L. unus, one.]
Under-(A.S.), under, below, asundergrowth,underwood,underprop,undersell. [SeeUnderin Dict.]
Up-(A.S.), up, asupland,upstart,upright,uphill,upbraid,upset. [A.S.up,upp; Ger.auf.]
Ve-(L.), apart from, asvestibule. [L.ue, apart from; prob. allied tobi-andduo, two.]
Vis-,Vice-(Fr.—L.), in place of, asviscount,viceroy. [Fr.vis-, from L.vice, instead of.]
Wan-(A.S.), wanting, aswanton. [SeeWantonin Dict.]
With-(A.S.), against, back, aswithstand,withdraw; with, near, as within (this meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S.with—wither. SeeWithin Dict.]
Y-. See underI-.
-able, adj. suffix, capable of, as portable, laughable; cf. also come-at-able, get-at-able. [L., according to the stem-ending,-abilis,-ebilis,-ibilis,-ubilis.]
-ac, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac; also used as noun suffix, as maniac. [L.-acus, Gr.-akos.]
-aceous, having the qualities of, as herbaceous. [L.-aceus.]
-acious, full of, as audacious. [L.-ax,-acis.]
-ade, noun suffix, the L.-ata, which in popular French words appears as-ée, becomes-adein words borrowed from the Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even Italian, as in accolade, gasconade. Also we have ambassade, ambuscade, balustrade, brigade, cascade, &c. from French, words in-ade. Examples of words formed in imitation of these in English itself are blockade, orangeade.
-age, ending of abstract nouns, as homage; marks place where, as vicarage;—of English formation, bondage, brewage, parsonage. [L.-aticum; Fr.-age.]
-ain,-an,-en,-on, noun suffixes, as villain, pagan, warden, surgeon. [L.-anus.]
-al, adj. suffix, as annual, legal, mortal, cardinal;—of English or French formation, circumstantial, cordial, national. Noun suffix, as approval, denial, removal, betrothal. Latin nouns in-alia(neut. pl.) which survived into Old French became-aille(fem. sing.), adopted in Middle English as-aylle,-aille, later-aile,-al, as Latin sponsālia, O. Fr. espousailles, M. E. spousaille, spousal; L. battālia, O. Fr. bataille, M. E. bataille, batail, battle. On this analogy,-aille,-ail,-al, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L.-alis; Fr.-al,-el.]
-an,-ain,-ane, adj. suffix, as human, certain, humane;—of English formation, Anglican, suburban. Noun suffix [L.-anus; Fr.-ain,-en], as publican, veteran. [L.-anus; Fr.-ain,-en.]
-ana, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoniana, Burnsiana. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in-anus. See-an.]
-ance,-ence(L.-antia,-entia, Fr.-ance), noun suffix, as in arrogance, repentance, experience, penitence.
-ancy,-ency, a modern English differentiated form of the earlier-ance, expressing more distinctly the sense of quality, state, or condition, often belonging to Latin substantives in-ntia, as in elegantia, 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense of action or process, regularly expressed by the French form-ance, as in aidance, guidance. The modern tendency is to confine-nceto action, and to express quality or state by-ncy; cf. compliance, pliancy, annoyance, buoyancy.
-and,-end, noun suffix, as viand, legend. [L.-andus,-endus, gerundial suffix.]
-aneous, belonging to, as extraneous. [L.-aneus.]
-ant,-ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as instant, sergeant, student, innocent. [L.-ans,-ant-is, or-ens,-ent-is, suffix of pr.p.]
-ar, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angular, popular. [L.-aris; Fr.-ieror-aire.]
-ar,-ard,-art. See under-er(marking the agent).
-ar,-er,-or, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cellar, larder, manor[L.-arium];—denoting the agent, as vicar, treasurer, chancellor. [L.-arius.]
-ard, intensive, as drunkard, coward, sluggard, wizard. [O. Fr.-ard,-art; Ger.-hard, strong.]
-ary, noun suffix, marking place where, as seminary[L.-arium]; the agent, as secretary, antiquary[L.-arius]. Adjective suffix [L.-arius, Fr.-aire], as contrary, necessary, secondary.
-asm. See under -ism.
-ass,-ace, as cuirass, cutlass, menace, pinnace. [L.-aceus,-acius; It.-accio, Fr.-as.]
-aster, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poetaster. [Fr.-artre(It.astro)—L.-as-ter.]
-ate,-ete,-ite,-ute,-t, forming adjectives—all adapted forms of the endings of past participles in Latin according to the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed, as accurate, desolate; complete, replete; contrite, exquisite; absolute, minute; abject, elect.
-ate, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate. Adj., as above. Noun, as legate, advocate. [Norm. Fr.at—L.-ātus, suffix of pa.p.]
-ble. See -able.
-ble,-ple, fold, as double, treble, quadruple. [L.-plus, lit. 'full.']
-bundand-cund, as moribund, rubicund. [L.-bundusand-cundus; Fr.-bondand-cond.]
-ce. See under -s, adverbial suffix.
-celli,-cello, dim., as vermicelli, violoncello. [It., from L.-culus.]
-ch, dim., as blotch. [See -ock.]
-cle,-cule, dim., as in particle, animalcule, from L.culus, which also gives (through It.)-celli,-cello, [See under-l.]
-craft, noun suffix, as in bookcraft, priestcraft. [A.S.cræft, skill.]
-cy,-sy, noun suffix, denoting being, or state of being, condition, rank, as clemency, bankruptcy, curacy, minstrelsy. [L.-tia, as in constantia, constancy, or-tio, as in conspiratio, conspiracy.]
-d,-t, or-ed, pa.t. suffix, as loved. Theein-edis the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends ine. [A.S.-de, 'did,' fromdi-de, pa.t. of do.]
-d, pa.p. suffix of weak verbs, as loved; in nouns (with passive meaning), as deed, seed; in adjectives formed from nouns, as connoting the possession of the attribute or thing expressed by the substantive, as booted, feathered, wooded; in the form-th(or-t), in abstract nouns from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, as death, flight, swift, (with euphonic-s-)du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig.-th, as in uncouth, and from the root ofthe,that; seen also in the L. suffix-tu-s, as inno-tu-s, Sans.jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix-to-s.]
-dom, noun suffix, denoting dominion, power, as kingdom; state, as freedom; act, as martyrdom. New words, as flunkeydom, can be coined. [A.S.dóm, judgment, Ger.-thum.]
-dor,-dore, noun suffix, as in corridor, matadore, stevedore, battledoor. [Sp.-dor, L.-tor.]
-ed. See -d.
-ee, noun suffix, one who or that which is (passive), as trustee, legatee. In such words as absentee, devotee, the old function of-eeis entirely lost; refugeeis adopted from Fr.refugié, grandeefrom Sp.grande. [Fr.-é—L.-ātus, suffix of pa.p.]
-eer,-ier, one who, has frequentative meaning, as charioteer; also-er,-ar, as in carpenter, vicar. [Fr.-ier—-L.-arius.]
-el, dim., as damsel. [See under-l.]
-en, dim., as chicken, maiden. [A.S.-en.]
-en, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen. [A.S.-en,-n; Ger.-in, Gr.-ine, L.-ina.]
-en, added to noun-stems to form adjectives chiefly indicating the material of which a thing is composed. From the 16th century onwards there has been a tendency to discard these adjectives for the attributive use of the substantive, as in 'a gold watch;' only a few words are still familiarly used in their literal sense—earthen, wheaten, wooden, woollen. [A.S.-en; Goth.-en,-an, Ger.-en,-ein, Sans.-um; a genitive suffix, as in mine.]
-en, pa.p., as woven, borne, sworn. [A.S.-n,-ne,-en; conn. with-ant,-ent.]
-en, pl. suffix, as oxen, kine(for M. E.kyen—A.S.cý, pl. ofcú, a cow). [A.S.-an.]
-en, to make, as darken, moisten, strengthen, whiten.
-en,-in,-ene, belonging to, as alien, vermin, terrene. [L.-enus,-ena,-enum.]
-ence,-ency. See -nce, -ncy.
-ent, belonging to, as different. [L.-ens,-entis. See-ant.]
-eous, in righteous, corr. of-wise(which see); in courteous, from O. Fr.-eis(from L.-ensis.)
-eous, same as in -ous, as ligneous. [L.-eus.]
-er, freq. and intens., as glimmer, flutter.
-er, infinitive suffix, as cover, encounter. [Fr,-re,-ir, from L. pres. infin.-āre,-ēre,-ĕre,-īre.]
-ermarks the agent, designating persons according to their occupation, as writer, singer, hatter, leader, sometimes changed to-ar, as liar; with-i-or-y-prefixed, as cloth-i-er, law-y-er(where the A.S. primitive substantive ends in ȝ); with excrescent-tor-d, as bragg-ar-t. Note that in the wordsauger,heifer,shelter, what looks like the suffix-eris really an independent substantive. [A.S.-ere; Goth.-arja, Ger.-er.]
-er, more, used in compar. of adjs., as greater, more. [Aryan compar., suffix-ra.]
-er, noun suffix, as matter, gutter. [Fr.-iere—L.-eria.]
-erel, dim. suffix, as mackerel. [See under-l.]
-erie, place where, as menagerie. [Fr., from L.-arium. See-ery.]
-erly, direction to or from, as southerly. [From-ernand-ly.]
-ern, adj. suffix sig. direction, as southern[A.S.-er-n]; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as modern[L.-ernus]; noun suffix, as cistern[L.-erna].
-ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, cutlery. [Noun suffix-yadded to nouns in-er(marking agent). See-ary,-erie,-ory.]
-esor-s, pl. suffix, as foxes, hats. [A.S.-as.-sis a general pl. suffix, as L. and Gr.-es.]
-escent, adj. suffix, denoting growing, becoming, as convalescent. [L.-esco,-isco,-asco, Gr.-askō, suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]
-ese, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japanese. [L.-ensis; O. Fr.-eis, mod. Fr.-ois,-ais.]
-esque, adj. suffix, partaking of the quality of, as picturesque, grotesque, Turneresque. [Fr.-esqe(It.-esco)—L.-iscus, a by-form of-icus(see-ic),and conn. with-ish,adj. suffix.]
-ess, fem. suffix of nouns, as lioness, goddess. [Fr.-esse, L.-issa.]
-ess,-ice,-ise, as prowess, justice, merchandise. Note thatricheswas mistaken for a plural, being really M. E.richesse—Fr.richesse. [L.-itia,-ities, Late L.-icia, Fr.-esse.]
-est, as in harvest, earnest.
-est, suffix of 2d sing. in verbs, as bringest. [A.S.-ast,-est; L.-es,-isti; Gr.-si,-sthon.-sor-st= 2d pers. pron., Gr.sy(su), L.tu, Eng.thou.]
-est, superl. suffix, formed from the compar. by adding-t, as smallest. [A.S.-est(in adjectives),-ost(in adverbs); L.-issimus, Gr.-istos,-stos,-tatos. Sans.-ishta.]
-et,-ete, noun suffix, marking the agent, as prophet, poet, athlete. [L.-ēta, Gr.-ētēs.]
-et,-ette,-ot, dim., as cygnet, billet, etiquette, ballot. See also-let.[Norm. Fr.-et,-ot; Fr.-et,-ette.]
-eur. See under -or.
-ever, at any time, as whoever, every one who. [SeeEverin Dict.]
-fare, way, as in welfare, chaffer. [SeeFarein Dict.]
-fast, adj. suffix, as in steadfast, shamefaced(A.S.scamfæst). [A.S.fæst, firm, fast.]
-fold, adj. suffix, as fourfold,manifold. [A.S.-feald.]
-ful, full of, as delightful. [A.S.-full.]
-fy, a verbal suffix signifying to make, as purify. [Fr.-fier—L.-fic-āre, forfac-ĕre, to make.]
-head,-hood, noun suffix, denoting state, nature, as Godhead, manhood, likelihood, hardihood. Note that livelihoodwas in A.S.líflád=líf, life +lád, way; the second part ceased to be understood, and thus-lihoodtook its place. [From A.S.hád, Ger.-heit, state; changed into Hood.]
-i, pl. suffix of nouns in-us, as in literati[L.-i; conn. with Ger.-ai,-oi]; also pl. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as banditti [It.—L.].
-ian, adj. suffix, as Arabian, Christian. See-an.[L.-ianus; Fr.-ien.]
-ible, adj. suffix, as possible, flexible. [From L.-ibilis, another form of-abilis. See-able.]
-ic, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigantic, public, voltaic. Also largely used as noun suffix, as fabric. [L.-icus,-ica,-icum, Gr.-ikos; Fr.-ic,-igne.]
-ical, adj. suffix, belonging to, as cubical, whimsical. [-icand-al.]
-ice, noun suffix, as chalice[Fr.—L.-ex,-icis]; novice[Fr.—L.-icius]. [See another-iceunder-ess,-ice,-ise.]
-icism. See -ism.
-ics, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathematics. [In imitation of Gr.-ika, neuter pl. of adjs. in-ikos. See-ic.]
-id, noun suffix, as Nereid; also used in coining chemical words, as chloride, oxide, bromide[L.-id-,Gr.-id-,Fr.-ide]. Also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid, morbid[L.-idus].
-ie,-y, dim., as lassie. [From-ick, a weakened form of-ock.]
-ier, noun suffix, one who, as cavalier, clothier, brazier, hosier. [Fr.-ier; usually appears in form-eer.]
-iff. See -ive.
-il,-ile, able, as civil, ductile. [L.-ĭlis, from verbal roots,-īlis, from noun-stems; to be distinguished from-ile(below). See-able.]
-ile, belonging to, as Gentile. [L.-ilis.]
-im, pl. suffix, as cherubim. [Heb.îm.]
-ina, fem. suffix, as czarina. [See-en, fem.]
-ine, fem. suffix, as heroine. [See-en, fem.]
-ine,-in, noun suffix, as ravine, medicine, cousin; much used in chemical compounds, as iodine, glycerine, bromine. Also adj. suffix, as adamantine, divine. [L.-inus,-ina; Fr.-in.]
-ing, suffix of present participles (often used as adjectives), as loving, charming. [Corr. of A.S.-ende, which, as also-ande, it replaced. See-nd,also-ant,-ent.]
-ing, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as living, dwelling; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learning. [A.S.-ung,-ing; Ger.-ung.]
-ing, representing Teut.ingoz(masc.), with several functions—(1)-ing(A.S.-ing), patronymicæðeling(the son of a noble),cyning(lit. 'son of a king,'cyne= king),Elising(the son of Elisa). This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Harding, Manning; esp. in place-names, as Billingsgate, Reading. (2)-ingis also found in names of animals, as in herring, whiting. (3)-ingin names of coins has also a sense of diminution, as in farthing(the fourth part, viz., of a penny), shilling.
-ion,-sion,-tion,-son,-som, being, state of being, as opinion, rebellion, religion, tension, poison, ransom, reason, season, creation. [L.-io,-tio,-sio; Fr.-ion,-sion,-tion.]
-ior, more, term. of comp. degree, as superior. [L.-ior. See-er,more.]
-ique, belonging to, as antique. [Fr.—L.-iquus; conn. with-ic, L.-icus. See-ac.]
-ise,-ize, verbal suffix, signifying to make; as equalise. [L.-izāre, from Gr.-izein; Fr.-iser.]
-ise, noun suffix. See -ice.
-ish, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish; signifying somewhat, as brownish, oldish; sometimes implying depreciation, as outlandish, childish. [A.S.-isc.]
-ish, verbal suffix, signifying to make, as establish. [From Fr. pr.p. suffix-iss-ant; chiefly used in words from the Fr. The Fr.-iss-is from L.-esc-,inceptive.]
-isk, dim., as asterisk. [Gr.-iskos; conn. with-ish, little. See-ock.]
-ism,-asm,-icism, forming abstract nouns sig. condition, system, as egoism, deism, Calvinism, laconism, pleonasm; Anglicism, witticism. [L.-ismus,-asmus—Gr.-ismos,-asmos.]
-ist, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or practises an art, as Calvinist, chemist, novelist, artist, royalist, nihilist. [L.-ista—Gr.-istēs.]
-ite,-it, noun suffix, born in, belonging to, as Israelite, Jesuit. [L.-ita—Gr.-itēs.]
-itude, noun suffix, as fortitude, multitude. [L.-itudo.]
-ive(-iff), forming nouns, orig. an adjectival suffix, as bailiff,captive, native, plaintiff; forming adjectives (L.-ivus), as active, extensive, furtive.
-ix, fem. suffix, as testatrix. [L.-ix,-icis. Conn. with-ess, fem. suffix.]
-ize, to make, same as -ise.
-k, a verbal suffix, freq. or intens., as hark, lurk, talk, walk.
-kin, dim., as bumpkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin, napkin; also in proper names, as Jenkins(John), Perkins(Peterkin), Wilkins(William). [A.S.-cen—very rare, the currency of the suffix being due to words adopted from Dutch or Low German; Ger.-chen.]
-kind, noun suffix, kind, race, as mankind, womankind. [See-kinabove.]
-l,-le,-el(afterv,th,ch,n), represents A.S.-el,-ela,-ele, and serves to form agent-nouns, instrumental substantives, and diminutives, as nail, sail; beadle, fiddle, sickle, apple, bramble, bundle, icicle, nettle; runnel.-alis sometimes from A.S.-elsfromisli, as bridle, riddle, burial.-l,-le, as a verbal suffix, gives to the root the sense of frequency, repetition, diminution, as kneel, drizzle, nestle, sparkle.
-ledge. See -lock (1).
-lence,-lency, forming abstract nouns. [L.-l-entia, from-lens. See-lent.]
-lent, adj. suffix, full of, as violent, virulent. [L.-lentus.]
-less, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, as guiltless, godless. [A.S.-léas, Ger.-los, Goth.-laus.]
-let, dim., as bracelet, leaflet, streamlet. [From-land-et, dim. in certain words formed with-eton substantives ending in-el.]
-like, like, as godlike. [SeeLikein Dict.]
-ling, dim., hence expressing affection, as darling(A.S.déorling), duckling, gosling; sometimes implying depreciation, as hireling, groundling, underling, worldling. [A.S.-ling.]
-ling,-long, adv. suffix, as darkling, sidelong. [A.S.-lunga,-linga.]
-lock, noun suffix, in wedlockand knowledge. It is the A.S.lác, the same aslác, sport.
-lock,-lick, noun suffix, being a weakened form of A.S.leác, a leek, as in hemlock, garlic, charlock.
-ly, adj. and adv. suffix, as manly, only, wickedly. [The adj. suffix is from A.S.líc, Eng.like; adv. is fromlíc-e, dat. oflíc.]
-m, noun suffix, as blossom[A.S.blóstma]; fathom[A.S.-ma,-m]; as realm, regime[Fr.,—L.-men].
-ma, noun suffix, as diorama, enema. [Gr.]
-meal, adv. suffix, as inchmeal, piecemeal. [A.S.-mǽlum.]
-men, that which, state, as regimen, acumen. [Only in words borrowed from Latin. L.-men; Sans.-man. See-ment,-mony.]
-ment, noun suffix, as nourishment, establishment, detriment;—of Eng. formation, acknowledgment, employment. [L.-mentum, Fr.-ment. See-men.]
-mony, as testimony, parsimony. [L.-mon-iu-m,-mon-ia. See-men.]
-most, suffix of superl. deg., as endmost. SeeMostin Dict. [In most cases this suffix is not the wordmost, thembeing part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, and-ost, the superl. suffix, as in inmost=in-m-ost. See-est,superl. suffix.]
-n, in participles, as broken, hewn; in substantives, as bairn, beacon, burden, chin, corn, heaven, maiden.
-nce,-ncy, forming abstract nouns, as distance, decency. [Fr.-nce—L.-nt-ia.]
-nd, as fiend(lit. 'hating'), friend(lit. 'loving'). [A.S. pr.p. suffix.]
-ness, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, as tenderness, sweetness. [A.S.-nis,-nes, cog. with Ger.-niss.]
-ock, dim., as hillock, bullock—also in proper names, as Pollock(fromPaul), &c. In stirkwe see the simple suffix-k, the word being the diminutive ofsteer, A.S.stéor, whencestýric, a stirk. [A.S.-uca—Aryan-ka. See-ieand-ing,dim.]
-om, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as whom; in adverbs of time, as seldom. [A.S.-um.]
-on,-eon,-ion, noun suffix, as capon, mason, truncheon, onion, clarion. [Fr.—L.-onem,ionem.]
-oon, noun suffix, often augmentative, as balloon, saloon. [Fr.-on, It.-one.]
-or,-our,-er, denoting the agent, sometimes directly from L. (see-tor),but mostly through O. Fr.-ŏr,-our(mod. Fr.eur), as emperor(old spelling emperour, Fr.empereur—L.imperatorem); in others, Eng.-erhas supplanted-eur,-our, as preacher(Fr.prêcheur—L.prædicatorem), while-oris at times affixed to Eng. roots, as sailor. In certain abstract nouns from L.-or, Fr.-euris still represented by-our,as colour, labour, honour, and in a few cases directly retained, as in grandeur. The words demeanourand behaviourare English formations with-our.
-ory, belonging to, as prefatory[L.-orius]; place where, as purgatory. [L.-orium.]
-ose, full of, as bellicose, morose, verbose. [L.-osous. See-ous.]
-ot, dim., as ballot. [See -et, dim.]
-our. See -or.
-ous, adj. suffix, as religious, delirious, curious[L.-osus]; dubious, anxious[L.-us].—In righteoustheoushas replacedwís, A.S.rihtwís.
-ow, noun suffix, as shadow[from A.S.-u]; swallow[from A.S.-ewe]; marrow[from A.S.-h]. Also adj. suffix, as narrow[from A.S.-u].
-ple. See-ble, fold.
-r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stair, timber; adj. suffix, as bitter.
-re, place, as here. [A.S.-r,-ra, orig. a locative suffix.]
-red, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hatred, kindred(in A.S.cynren, a shortening ofcynn-ryne, in M. E. the meaningless-renbeing supplanted by-red). [A.S.-rǽden; cog. with Ger.-rath. SeeReadin Dict.]
-red, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hundrað, Ger. hundert, the suffix implying number, reckoning.
-ric, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishopric. [A.S.ríce, power.]
-right, as upright, downright. [A.S.riht.]
-ry, noun suffix, originally with a collective meaning, aschevalerie, 'body of knights;' now expressing action or quality, as bigotry, pedantry, sorcery; condition, as outlawry, slavery; trade, as carpentry, heraldry; the place of action or occupation, as laundry, nursery; the result or product of action, as poetry, tapestry; forming collective nouns, as infantry, yeomanry. [Fr.rie=er+ie.]
-s, adverbial suffix, as needs, always, once, hence, thence, whil-s-t,betwi-x-t.[A.S.-es, gen. suffix.]
-'s, is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S.-es—Aryan-sorsya, orig. a demons. pron. The (') is prob. due to a false notion that this-swas a relic ofhis.]
-s,-se, verbal suffix, making transitive verbs from adjectives, ascleanse(A.S.clǽnsian),rinse(Ice.hreinsa—hreinn, pure). It also occurs in clasp, grasp, put for clap-s, grap-s.
-ship,-scape, noun suffix, as friendship, stewardship, worship, landscape(earlier landskip, the Dut. landschap). [A.S.scipe, shape, form—scapan; cog. with Ger.-schaft.]
-sis, action or state, as thesis. [Gr.]
-some, adj. suffix, full of, as gladsome, buxom(orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A.S.búhsum, lissome, frombúgan, to bow, bend). [A.S.-sum, Ger.-sam; a by-form ofsame.]
-son, son, as Johnson.
-son, in arson, reason, treason, the same as-tion(q.v.).
-st. See -est, suffix of 2d sing.
-stermarks the agent, as maltster, and in the personal names (orig. trade-names) Baxter, Brewster, Webster; often with depreciation, as gamester, punster. [A.S.-estre, a fem. suffix, which now keeps this sense only in spinster.]
-stress, fem. suffix, as songstress. [From-ster, orig. fem. suffix, with the addition of L.-ess.]
-sy, state, as pleurisy. [Same as-sis.]
-t. See -d.
-t,-te, adj. and noun suffix, as convent, fact, chaste, tribute. [L.-tus, pa.p. suffix; cog. with-d, pa.p. suffix.]
-teen, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A.S.-tyne. Cf.-ty, ten to be multiplied.]
-ter, noun suffix, as character. [Gr.-ter, L.-tor, Sans.-tri; perh. conn. with-ster.]
-ter,-ther, as in after, hither. [A.S.-der,-ther, old comp. suffix.]
-th, order, as sixth. [Becomes also-d; conn. with L.-tus,-tius, as in L. quartus, fourth.]
-th, suffix of 3d pers. sing. of verbs, now for the most part softened to-s. [A.S. from root-ta, which appears in L.-t, Gr.-ti,-si,-tai,-to.]
-th,-t, noun suffix, as in strength, height; see under-d(pa.p. suffix).
-ther, denoting the agent, as father, mother. [Cf.-tor.]
-ther. See -ter, -ther.
-tor, the agent, as conductor. See-ther,and cf.-or,-our,-er.
-tor-y,-sor-y, noun suffix, denoting place, as dormitory.
-tudeforms abstract nouns, as gratitude. [L.-tudo.]
-ty, being or state of being, as dignity; quality, as honesty. [L.-tas,-tatem; O. Fr.-té.]
-ty, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S.-tig; cog. with Ger.-zig. Cf.-teen.]
-ule, little, dim. [from L.-ulus,-ula,-ulum], as in globule, pustule; also-cule[L.-culus,-cula,-culum], as animalcule, or [through Fr.]-cle, as article. A different Latin suffix-culum, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form-clein several words adopted through French, as miracle, oracle, spectacle.
-um, neuter term., as medium. [L.-um, Gr.-on.]
-uncle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L.-un-cu-lus, A.S.-incle; conn. with-enand-cule, diminutives.]
-ure, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capture; state of being, as verdure.—In leisureand pleasure,-irhas been replaced by-ure, O. Fr. leisir, plaisir. [L.-ura; Fr.-ure.]
-urnal, belonging to, as diurnal. [L.-urn-usand-al; conn. with-ern(in modern).]
-ward,-wards, forming adjectives from substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions, as eastward, homeward, homewards; downward, forward, inward, toward. [A.S.-weard, gen.-weardes, cog. with Ger.-wärts; conn. with A.S.weorthan, to be, and L.versus—vertĕre, to turn.]
-way,-ways, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction, as alway, always, straightway. [Cf.-wise.]
-wise, way, manner, as likewise, also righteous. [A.S.-wíse, manner; Ger.-wiss.]
-worth, adj. suffix, as stalworth, stalwart. [A.S.weorð,wurð.]
-y, adj. suffix, as spongy[from L.-iosus]; as jolly[Norm. Fr.-iffrom L.-ivus; cf.-ive]; as silly, dirty, any[A.S.-ig; cog. with Ger.-ig, Goth.-ha,-ga, L.-cu-s, Gr.-ko-s].
-y, noun suffix, as story, family, Italy[Fr.-ie, L.-ia]; as augury, joy, remedy[from L.-ium]; as ally, clergy, deputy, treaty[from L.-ātus, Fr.-é]; as progeny[from L.-ies]; as army, country, entry[from L.-āta, Fr.ée]; as body[from A.S.-ig]; and perhaps the modern Eng. in forming diminutives or words of contempt, as puppy, baby, lassie, frompup,babe,lass; BillyfromBill; Betsy, Lizzie, &c.
-yer, as in lawyer. See -er, noun suffix.