Chapter 12

Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his own ally for humility of mind.... Sit there, Tartuffe, till wanted.—Carlyle.

Pacific(The), Amadeus VIII., count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, abdicated, and died 1451).

Frederick III., emperor of Germany (1415, 1440-1493).

Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093).

Pac´olet, a dwarf, “full of great sense and subtle ingenuity.” He had an enchanted horse, made of wood, with which he carried off Valentine, Orson and Clerimond from the dungeon of Ferrăgus. This horse is often alluded to. “To ride Pacolet’s horse” is a phrase forgoing very fast.—Valentine and Orson,fifteenthcentury).

Pacolet, a familiar spirit.—Steele,The Tatler(1709).

Pacolet, orNick Strumpfer, the dwarf servant of Norna “of the Fitful Head.”—Sir W. Scott,The Pirate(time William III.).

Pacomo(St.), an Egyptian, who lived in the fourth century. It is said that he could walk among serpents unhurt; and when he had occasion to cross the Nile, he was carried on the back of a crocodile.

The hermit fell on his knees before an image of St. Pacomo, which was glued to the wall.—Lesage,Gil Blas, iv. 9 (1724).

Paddington(Harry), one of Macheath’s gang of thieves. Peachum describes him as a “poor, petty-larceny rascal, without the least genius. That fellow,” he says, “though he were to live for six months, would never come to the gallows with credit” (act i. 1).—Gay,The Beggar’s Opera(1727).

Paddy, an Irishman. A corruption ofPadhrig, Irish for Patrick.

Padlock(The), a comic opera by Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2syl.), a wealthy lord of 60, saw a country maiden named Leonora, to whom he took a fancy, and arranged with the parents to take her home with him and place her under the charge of a duenna for three months, to see if her temper was as sweet as her face was pretty; and then either “to return her to them spotless, or make her his lawful wife.” At the expiration of the time, the don went to arrange with the parents for the wedding, and locked up his house, giving the keys to Ursula, the duenna. To make assurance doubly sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, and took the key with him. Leander, a young student, smitten with the damsel, laughed at locksmiths and duennas, and, having gained admission into the house, was detected by Don Diego, who returned unexpectedly. The old don, being a man of sense, perceived that Leander was a more suitable bridegroom than himself, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, but gave Leonora a handsome wedding dowry (1768).

Pæan, the physician of the immortals.

Pæa´na, daughter of Corflambo, “fair as ever yet saw living eye,” but “too loose of life and eke too light.” Pæana fell in love with Amĭas, a captive in her father’s dungeon; but Amias had no heart to give away. When Placĭdae was brought captive before Pæana, she mistook him for Amias, and married him. The poet adds, that she thenceforth so reformed her ways “that all men much admired the change, and spake her praise.”—Spenser,Faëry Queen, iv. 9 (1596).

Pagan, a fay who loved the Princess Imis; but Imis rejected his suit, as she loved her cousin, Philax. Pagan, out of revenge, shut them up in a superb crystal palace, which contained every delight except that of leaving it. In the course of a few years, Imis and Philax longed as much for a separation as, at one time, they wished to be united.—Comtesse D’Aunoy,Fairy Tales(“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).

Page(Mr.), a gentleman living at Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed the name of Brooke, to outwit the knight. Sir John told the supposed Brooke his whole “course of wooing,” and how nicely he was bamboozling the husband. On one occasion, he says, “I was carried out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before the very eyes of Page, and the deluded husband did not know it.” Of course, Sir John is thoroughly outwitted and played upon, being made the butt of the whole village.

Mrs. Page, wife of Mr. Page of Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe him and punish him.

Anne Page, daughter of the above, in love with Fenton. Slender calls her “the sweet Anne Page.”

William Page, Anne’s brother, a schoolboy.—Shakespeare,Merry Wives of Windsor(1595).

Page(Sir Francis), called “The Hanging Judge” (1661-1741).

Slander and poison dread from Delia’s rage;Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page.Pope.

Page(Ruth). A dainty little miss, bright, happy and imaginative, called sometimes “Teenty-Taunty.” Her head is full of fairy-lore, and when she tumbles into the water one day, she dreams in her swoon of Fairy-Land and the wonders thereof, of a bunch of forget-me-nots she was to keep alive if she would have her mother live, and so many other marvellous things, that her distressed father opines that “the poor child would be rational enough, if she had not read so many fairy-books.”—John Neal,Goody Gracious and the Forget-me-not(183-).

Paget(The Lady), one of the ladies of the bedchamber in Queen Elizabeth’s court.—Sir W. Scott,Kenilworth(time, Elizabeth).

Paine(Squire). “Hard-headed, hard fe’tured Yankee,” whose conversion to humanity and Christianity is effected by Roxanna Keep.

She “drilled the hole, an’ put in the powder of the Word, an’ tamped it down with some pretty stiff facts ... butthe Lord fired the blast Himself.”—Rose Terry Cooke,Somebody’s Neighbors(1881).

Painter of Nature.Remi Belleau, one of the Pleiad poets, is so called (1528-1577).

The Shepheardes Calendar, by Spenser, is largely borrowed from Belleau’sSong of April.

Painter of the Graces.Andrea Appiani (1754-1817).

Painters.

A Bee.Quentin Matsys, the Dutch painter, painted a bee so well that the artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and proceeded to brush it away with his handkerchief (1450-1529).

A Cow.Myro carved a cow so true to nature that bulls mistook it for a living animal (B.C.431).

A Curtain.Parrhasios painted a curtain so admirably that even Zeuxis, the artist, mistook it for real drapery (B.C.400).

A Fly.George Alexander Stevens says, in hisLectures on Heads:

I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in an auction-room where there was an inimitable piece of painting of fruits and flowers. The connoisseur would not give his opinion of the picture till he had first examined the catalogue; and, finding it was done by an Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. “Oh, sir,” says he, “those English fellows have no more idea of genius than a Dutch skipper has of dancing a cotillion. The dog has spoiled a fine piece of canvas; he is worse than a Harp Alley signpost dauber. There’s no keeping, no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, the fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon that rosebud. Why, it is no more like a fly than I am like—;” but, as he approached his finger to the picture, the fly flew away(1772)

Grapes.Zeuxis (2syl.) a Grecian painter, painted some grapes so well that birds came and pecked at them, thinking them real grapes (B.C.400).

A Horse.Apellês painted Alexander’s horse Bucephalos so true to life that some mares came up to the canvas neighing, under the supposition that it was a real animal (aboutB.C.334).

A Man.Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral so true to life that when King Felipe IV. entered the studio he mistook the painting for the man, and began reproving the supposed officer for neglecting his duty in wasting his time in the studio, when he ought to have been with his fleet (1590-1660).

Accidental effects in painting.

Apellês, being at a loss to paint the foam of Alexander’s horse, dashed his brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, and did by accident what his skill had failed to do (aboutB.C.334).

The same tale is told of Protog´enês, who dashed his brush at a picture, and thus produced “the foam of a dog’s mouth,” which he had long been trying in vain to represent (aboutB.C.332).

Painters(Prince of). Parrhasios and Apellês are both so called (fourth centuryB.C.).

Painters’ Characteristics.

Angelo(Michael): an iron frame, strongly developed muscles, and an anatomical display of the human figure. The Æschylos of painters (1474-1564).

Carracci: eclectic artists, who picked out and pieced together parts taken from Correggio, Raphael, Titian and other great artists. If Michael Angelo is the Æschylos of artists, and Raphael the Sophoclês, the Carracci may be called the Euripidês of painters. I know not why in England the name is spelt with only oner.

Correggio: known by his wonderful foreshortenings, his magnificent light and shade. He is, however, very monotonous (1494-1534).

Crome(John): an old woman in a red cloak walking up an avenue of trees (1769-1821).

David: noted for his stiff, dry, pedantic, “highly classic” style, according to the interpretation of the phrase by the French in the first Revolution (1748-1825).

Dolce(Cario): famous for his Madonnas, which were all finished with most extraordinary delicacy (1616-1686).

Domenichi´no: famed for his frescoes,correct in design and fresh in coloring (1581-1614).

Guido: his specialty is a pallid or bluish-complexioned saint, with saucer or uplifted eyes (1574-1642).

Holbein: characterized by bold relief, exquisite finish, force of conception, delicacy of tone, and dark background (1498-1554).

Lorraine(Claude): a Greek temple on a hill, with sunny and highly finished classic scenery. Aerial perspective (1600-1682).

Murillo: a brown-faced Madonna (1618-1682).

Ommeganck: sheep (1775-1826).

Perugino(Pietro): known by his narrow, contracted figures and scrimpy drapery (1446-1524).

Poussin: famous for his classic style. Reynolds says: “No works of any modern have so much the air of antique painting as those of Poussin” (1593-1665).

Poussin(Gaspar): a landscape painter, the very opposite of Claude Lorraine. He seems to have drawn his inspiration from Hervey’sMeditations Among the Tombs, Blair’sGrave, Young’sNight Thoughts, and Burton’sAnatomy of Melancholy(1613-1675).

Raphael: the Sophoclês of painters. Angelo’s figures are all gigantesque and ideal, like those of Æschylos. Raphael’s are perfect human beings (1483-1520).

Reynolds: a portrait-painter. He presents his portraits inbal masqué, not always suggestive either of the rank or character of the person represented. There is about the same analogy between Watteau and Reynolds as between Claude Lorraine and Gaspar Poussin (1723-1792).

Rosa(Salvator): dark, inscrutable pictures, relieved by dabs of palette-knife. He is fond of savage scenery, broken rocks, wild caverns, blasted heaths, and so on (1615-1673).

Rubens: patches of vermillion dabbed about the human figure, wholly out of harmony with the rest of the coloring (1577-1640).

Steen(Jan): an old woman peeling vegetables, with another old woman looking at her (1636-1679).

Tintoretti: full of wild fantastical inventions. He is called “The Lightning of the Pencil” (1512-1594).

Titian: noted for his broad shades of divers gradations (1477-1576).

Veronese(Paul): noted for his great want of historical correctness and elegance of design; but he abounds in spirited banquets, sumptuous edifices, brilliant aerial spectres, magnificent robes, gaud, and jewelry (1530-1588).

Watteau: noted for hisfêtes galantes, fancy-ball costumes, and generally gala-day figures (1684-1721).

Paix des Dames(La), the treaty of peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, between François I. of France and Karl V., emperor of Germany. So called because it was mainly negotiated by Louise of Savoy (mother of the French king), and Margaret, the emperor’s aunt.

Palabras Carinosas.

“Good-night! I have to say good-nightTo such a host of peerless things!Good-night unto the fragile handAll queenly with its weight of rings;Good-night to fond uplifted eyes,Good-night to chestnut braids of hair,Good-night unto the perfect mouthAnd all the sweetness nestled there,—The snowy hand detains me,—thenI’ll have to say Good-night again!”Thomas Bailey Aldrich,Poems, 1858-84.

Paladore, a Briton in the service of the king of Lombardy. One day, in a boar-hunt, the boar turned on the PrincessSophia, and, having gored her horse to death, was about to attack the lady, but was slain by the young Briton. Between these two young people a strong attachment sprang up; but the Duke Bire´no, by an artifice of false impersonation, induced Paladore to believe that the princess was a wanton, and had the audacity to accuse her as such to the senate. In Lombardy, the punishment for this offence was death, and the princess was ordered to execution. Paladore, having learned the truth, accused the duke of villainy. They fought, and Bireno fell. The princess, being cleared of the charge, married Paladore.—Robert Jephson,The Law of Lombardy(1779).

Palame´des(4syl.), son of Nauplios, was, according to Suidas, the inventor of dice. (SeeAlea.)

Palamedes(Sir), a Saracen, who adored Isolde, the wife of King Mark of Cornwall. Sir Tristram also loved the same lady, who was his aunt. The two “lovers” fought, and Sir Palamedês, being overcome, was compelled to turn Christian. He was baptized, and Sir Tristram stood his sponsor at the font.—Thomas of Erceldoune, called “The Rhymer,”Sir Tristram(thirteenth century).

Palame´des of Lombardy, one of the allies of the Christian army in the first crusade. He was shot by Corinda with an arrow (bk. xi.).—Tasso,Jerusalem Delivered(1575).

Palamon and Arcite(2syl.), two young Theban knights, who fell into the hands of Duke Theseus (2syl.), and were by him confined in a dungeon at Athens. Here they saw the duke’s sister-in-law, Emily, with whom both fell in love. When released from captivity, the two knights told to the duke their tale of love; and the duke promised that whichever proved the victor in single combat, should have Emily for his prize. Arcite prayed to Mars “for victory,” and Palamon to Venus that he might “obtain the lady,” and both their prayers were granted. Arcite won the victory, according to his prayer, but, being thrown from his horse, died; so Palamon, after all, “won the lady,” though he did not win the battle.—Chaucer,Canterbury Tales(“The Knight’s Tale,” 1388).

This tale is taken from theLe Teseideof Boccaccio.

The Black Horse, a drama by John Fletcher, is the same tale. Richard Edwards has a comedy calledPalæmon and Arcyte(1566).

Pale(The), orThe English Pale, a part of Ireland, including Dublin, Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny and Louth.

Pale Faces.So the American Indians call the European settlers.

Pale´mon, son of a rich merchant. He fell in love with Anna, daughter of Albert, master of one of his father’s ships. The purse-proud merchant, indignant at this, tried every means to induce his son to abandon such a “mean connection,” but without avail; so at last he sent him in theBritannia(Albert’s ship) “in charge of the merchandise.” The ship was wrecked near Cape Colonna, in Attica; and although Palēmon escaped, his ribs were so broken that he died almost as soon as he reached the shore.

A gallant youth, Palemon was his name,Charged with the commerce hither also came;A father’s stern resentment doomed to prove,He came, the victim of unhappy love.Falconer,The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756).

Pale´mon and Lavinia, a poetic version of Boaz and Ruth. “The lovely young Lavinia” went to glean in the fields of young Palemon, “the pride of swains;” and Palemon, falling in love with the beautiful gleaner, both wooed and won her.—Thomson,The Seasons(“Autumn,” 1730).

Pales(2syl.), god of shepherds and their flocks.—Roman Mythology.

Pomōna loves the orchard;And Liber loves the vine;And Palês loves the straw-built shed,Warm with the breath of kine.Lord Macaulay,Lays of Ancient Rome(“Prophecy of Capys,” 1842).

Pal´inode(3syl.), a shepherd in Spenser’sEclogues. In ecl. v. Palinode represents the Catholic priest. He invites Piers (who represents the Protestant clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures of May. Piers then warns the young man of the vanities of the world, and tells him of the great degeneracy of pastoral life, at one time simple and frugal, but now discontented and licentious. He concludes with the fable of the kid and her dam. The fable is this: A mother-goat, going abroad for the day, told her kid to keep at home, and not to open the door to strangers. She had not been gone long when up came a fox, with head bound from “headache,” and foot bound from “gout,” and carrying a ped of trinkets. The fox told the kid a most piteous tale, and showed her a little mirror. The kid, out of pity and vanity, opened the door; but while stooping over the ped to pick up a little bell, the fox clapped down the lid and carried her off.

In ecl. vii. Palinode is referred to by the shepherd Thomalin, as “lording it over God’s heritage,” feeding the sheep with chaff, and keeping for himself the grains.—Spenser,Shepheardes Calendar(1572).

Palinode(3syl.), a poem in recantation of a calumny. Stesich´oros wrote a bitter satire against Helen, for which her brothers, Castor and Pollux, plucked out his eyes. When, however, the poet recanted, his sight was restored to him again.

The bard who libelled Helen in his song,Recanted after, and redressed the wrong.Ovid,Art of Love, iii.

Horace’sOde, xvi. i. is a palinode. Samuel Butler has a palinode, in which he recanted what he said in a previous poem of the Hon. Edward Howard. Dr. Watts recanted in a poem thepraisehe had previously bestowed on Queen Anne.

Palinu´rus, the pilot of Æne´as. Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell into the sea and was drowned. The name is employed as a generic word for a steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a chief minister. Thus, Prince Bismarck might have been called the palinurus of William, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia.

More had she spoke, but yawned. All nature nods ...E’en Palinurus nodded at the helm.Pope,The Dunciad, iv. 614 (1742).

Palisse(La), a sort of M. Prudhomme; a pompous utterer of truisms and moral platitudes.

Palissy(Bernard, the potter), succeeded, after innumerable efforts and privations, in inventing the art of enamelling stone ware. He was arrested and confined in the Bastille for Huguenot principles, and died there in 1589.

Palla´dio(Andrea), the Italian classical architect (1518-1580).

The English Palladio, Inigo Jones (1573-1653).

Palla´dium.

Of Ceylon, the deláda or tooth of Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with great jealousy, from a belief that whoever possesses it acquires the right to govern Ceylon. When, in 1815, the English obtained possession of the tooth, the Ceylonese submitted to them without resistance.

Of Eden Hall, a drinking-glass, in the possession of Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, Cumberland.

Of Jerusalem.Aladine, king of Jerusalem, stole an image of the Virgin, and set it up in a mosque, that she might no longer protect the Christians, but become the palladium of Jerusalem. The image was rescued by Sophronia, and the city taken by the crusaders.

Of Meg´ara, a golden hair of King Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver the city into the hands of Minos, and cut off the talismanic lock of her father’s head while he was asleep.

Of Rome, the ancīle or sacred buckler which Numa said fell from heaven, and was guarded by priests called Salii.

Of Scotland, the great stone of Scone, near Perth, which was removed by Edward I. to Westminster, and is still there, preserved in the coronation chair.

Of Troy, a colossal wooden statue of Pallas Minerva, which “fell from heaven.” It was carried off by the Greeks, by whom the city was taken, and burned to the ground.

Pallet, a painter, in Smollett’s novel ofPeregrine Pickle(1751).

The absurdities of Pallet are painted an inch thick, and by no human possibility could such an accumulation of comic disasters have befallen the characters of the tale.

Pal´merin of England, the hero and title of a romance in chivalry. There is also an inferior one entitledPalmerin d’Oliva.

The next two books werePalmerin d’Ol´ivaandPalmerin of England. “The former,” said the curé, “shall be torn in pieces and burnt to the last ember; butPalmerin of Englandshall be preserved as a relique of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as Alexander found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which he kept the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable for two things: first, for its own especial excellency, and next because it is the production of a Portuguese monarch, famous for his literary talents. The adventures of the castle of Miraguarda therein, are finely imagined, the style of composition is natural and elegant, and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout.”—Cervantes,Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605).

Palmi´ra, daughter of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. She and her brother, Zaphna, were taken captives in infancy, and brought up by Mahomet. As they grew in years they fell in love with each other, not knowing their relationship; but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, Zaphna was appointed to assassinate Alcanor, and was himself afterwards killed by poison. Mahomet then proposed marriage to Palmira, but to prevent such an alliance, she killed herself.—James Miller,Mahomet, the Impostor(1740).

Pal´myrene(The), Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of “Queen of the East.” She was defeated by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (A.D.273). Longinus lived at her court, and was put to death on the capture of Zenobia.

The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian.Tennyson,The Princess, ii. (1847).

Pal´omides(Sir), son and heir of Sir Astlabor. His brothers were Sir Safire and Sir Segwar´idês. He is always calledthe Saracen, meaning “unchristened.” Next to the three great knights (Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Lamorake), he was the strongest and bravest of the fellowship of the Round Table. Like Sir Tristram, he was in love with La Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, of Cornwall; but the lady favored the love of Sir Tristram, and only despised that of the Saracen knight. After his combat with Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides consented to be baptized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28).

He was well made, cleanly and bigly, and neither too young nor too old. And though he was not christened, yet he believed in the best manners, and was faithful and true of his promise, and also well conditioned. He made a vow that he would never be christened unto the time that he achieved the beast Glatisaint.... And also he avowed never to take full christendom unto the time that he had done seven battles within the lists.—Sir T. Malory,History of Prince Arthur, ii. 149 (1470).

Pam, Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston (1784-1865).

Pam´ela.Lady Edward Fitzgerald is so called (*-1831).

Pam´ela[Andrews], a simple, unsophisticated country girl, the daughter of two aged parents, and maid-servant of a rich young squire, called B, who tries to seduce her. She resists every temptation, and at length marries the young squire, and reforms him. Pamela is very pure and modest, bears her afflictions with much meekness, and is a model of maidenly prudence and rectitude. The story is told in a series of letters which Pamela sends to her parents.—S. Richardson,Pamela, orVirtue Rewarded(1740).

The pure and modest character of the English maiden [Pamela] is so well maintained, ... her sorrows and afflictions are borne with so much meekness; her little intervals of hope ... break in on her troubles so much like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy atmosphere—that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquilizing, and doubtless edifying.—Sir W. Scott.

Pamelais a work of much humbler pretensions thanClarissa Harlowe.... A simple country girl whom her master attempts to seduce, and afterwards marries.... The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her gown of sad-colored stuff, and her round-eared caps; her various attempts at escape, and the conveyance of her letters; the hateful character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of her master before the better part of his nature obtains ascendancy—these are all touched with the hand of a master.—Chambers,English Literature, ii. 161.

Pamina and Tam´ino, the two lovers who were guided by “the magic flute” through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Iris).—Mosart,Die Zauberflöte(1790).

Pamphlet(Mr.), a penny-a-liner. His great wish was “to be taken up for sedition.” He writes on both sides, for as he says, he has “two hands,ambo dexter.”

“Time has been,” he says, “when I could turn a penny by an earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine upon a bloody murder; but now that’s all over—nothing will do now but roasting a minister, or telling the people they are ruined. The people of England are never so happy as when you tell them they are ruined.”—Murphy,The Upholsterer, ii. 1 (1758).

Pan, Nature personified, especially the vital crescent power of nature.

Universal Pan.Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,Led on the eternal spring.Milton,Paradise Lost, iv. 266, etc. (1665).

Pan, in Spenser’s ecl. iv., is Henry VIII., and “Syrinx” is Anne Boleyn. In ecl. v. “Pan” stands for Jesus Christ in one passage, and for God the Father inanother.—Spenser,Shepheardes Calendar(1572).

Pan(The Great), François M. A. de Voltaire; also called “The Dictator of Letters” (1694-1778).

Pancaste(3syl.), orCampaspe, one of the concubines of Alexander the Great. Apellés fell in love with her while he was employed in painting the king of Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to the artist, gave her to him for a wife. Apellês selected for his “Venus Rising from the Sea” (usually called “Venus Anadyomĕnê”) this beautiful Athenian woman, together with Phrynê, another courtezan.

***Phrynê was also the academy figure for the “Cnidian Venus” of Praxitĕlês.

Pancks, a quick, short, eager, dark man, with too much “way.” He dressed in black and rusty iron grey; had jet-black beads for eyes, a scrubby little black chin, wiry black hair striking out from his head in prongs like hair-pins, and a complexion that was very dingy by nature, or very dirty by art, or a compound of both. He had dirty hands, and dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he had been in the coals. He snorted and sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. Pancks who “moled out” the secret that Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a great estate, which had long lain unclaimed, and was extremely rich (ch. xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clennam to invest in Merdle’s bank shares, and demonstrated by figures the profit he would realize; but the bank being a bubble the shares were worthless.—C. Dickens,Little Dorrit(1857).

Pancrace, a doctor of the Aristotelian school. He maintained that it was improper to speak of the “formof a hat,” because form “est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont animés,” and therefore we should say the “figureof a hat,” because figure “est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont inanimés;” and because his adversary could not agree, he called him “un ignorant, un ignorantissime, ignorantifiant, etignorantifiè”(sc. viii.).—Molière,Le Mariage Forcé(1664).

Pancras(The earl of), one of the skillful companions of Barlow, the famous archer; another was called the “Marquis of Islington;” while Barlow himself was mirthfully created by Henry VIII., “Duke of Shoreditch.”

Pancras(St.), patron saint of children, martyred by Diocletian at the age of 14 (A.D.304).

Pan´darus, the Lycian, one of the allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is drawn under two widely different characters: In classic story he is depicted as an admirable archer, slain by Diomed, and honored as a hero-god in his own country; but in mediæval romance he is represented as a despicable pimp, insomuch that the wordpanderis derived from his name. Chaucer, in hisTroïlus and Cresseide, and Shakespeare, in his drama ofTroilus and Cressida, represent him as procuring for Troilus the good graces of Cressid, and inMuch Ado About Nothing, it is said that Troilus “was the first employer of pandars.”

Pandemo´nium, “the high capital of Satan and his peers.” Here the infernal parliament was held, and to this councilSatan convened the fallen angels to consult with him upon the best method of encompassing the “fall of man.” Satan ultimately undertook to visit the new world; and, in the disguise of a serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit.—Milton,Paradise Lost, ii. (1665).

Pandi´on, king of Athens, father of Procnê and Philome´la.

None take pity on thy pain;Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee;Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee;King Pandion he is dead;All thy friends are lapped in lead.Richard Barnfield,Address to the Nightingale(1594).

Pandolf(Sir Harry), the teller of whole strings of stories, which he repeats at every gathering. He has also a stock ofbon-mots. “Madam,” said he, “I have lost by you to-day.” “How so, Sir Harry!” replies the lady. “Why, madam,” rejoins the baronet, “I have lost an excellent appetite.” “This is the thirty-third time that Sir Harry hath been thus arch.”

We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the Glastonbury Thorn. When we have wondered at that a little, “Father,” saith the son, “let us have the Spirit in the Wood.” After that, “Now tell us how you served the robber.” “Alack!” saith Sir Harry, with a smile, “I have almost forgotten that; but it is a pleasant conceit, to be sure;” and accordingly he tells that and twenty more in the same order over and over again.—Richard Steele.

Pandolfe(2syl.), father of Lélie.—Molière,L’Etourdi(1653).

Pando´ra, the “all-gifted woman.” So called because all the gods bestowed some gift on her to enhance her charms. Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, but Hermês gave her in marriage to his brother, Epime´theus (4syl.). It is said that Pandora enticed the curiosity of Epimetheus to open a box in her possession, from which flew out all the ills that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was closed in time to prevent the escape of Hope.

More lovely than Pandora, whom the godsEndowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser sonOf Japhet brought by Hermês, she ensnaredMankind with her fair looks, to be avengedOn him [Promētheus] who had stole Jove’s ... fire.Milton,Paradise Lost, iv. 714, etc. (1665).

***“Unwiser son” is a Latinism, and means “not so wise as he should have been;” soaudacior,timidior,vehementior,iracundior, etc.

Pandos´to, orThe Triumph of Time, a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the quarry of the plot ofThe Winter’s Taleby Shakespeare.

Panel(The), by J. Kemble, is a modified version of Bickerstaff’s comedy’Tis Well ’tis no Worse. It contains the popular quotation:

Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love;But why do you kick me downstairs?

Pangloss(Dr. Peter), an LL.D. and A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he was raised from the chandler’s shop in Gosport to the peerage, employed the doctor “to larn him to talk English;” and subsequently made him tutor to his son Dick, with a salary of £300 a year. Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of ponderous pomposity. He talked of a “locomotive morning,” of one’s “sponsorial and patronymic appellations,” and so on; was especially fond of quotations, to all of which he assigned the author, as “Lend me your ears. Shakespeare. Hem!” or “Verbum sat.Horace. Hem!” He also indulged in an affected “He! he!”—G. Colman,The Heir-at-Law(1797).

A.S.S. stands forArtium Societatis Socius(“Fellow of the Society of Arts”).

Pangloss, an optimist philosopher. (The word means “All Tongue.”)—Voltaire,Candide.

Panjam, a male idol of the Oroungou tribes of Africa; his wife is Alēka, and his priests are calledpanjans. Panjam is the special protector of kings and governments.

Panjandrum(The Grand), and village potentate or Brummagem magnate. The word occurs in S. Foote’s farrago of nonsense, which he wrote to test the memory of old Macklin, who said in a lecture “he had brought his own memory to such perfection that he could learn anything by rote on once hearing it.”

He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.—Percy Fitzgerald.

***The squire of a village is the Grand Panjandrum, and the small gentry the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies.

Foote’s nonsense lines are these:

So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to make an apple pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. “What! no soap?” So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber! and there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch as catch can, till the gunpowder ran out at the heel of their boots.—S. Foote,The Quarterly Review, xcv. 516, 517 (1854).

Pan´ope(3syl.), one of the nereids. Her “sisters” are the sea-nymphs. Panopê was invoked by sailors in storms.

Sleek Panope with all her sisters played.Milton,Lycidas, 95 (1638).

Pansy Osmund, daughter of Mr. Osmund and Madame Merle, but ignorant who her mother is. After her father’s second marriage, the girl, who has been brought up by the nuns, is extremely fond of her step-mother, and when she grows under her fostering care into a lovely woman, becomes attached to Edward Rosier, a man of small fortune. Her father, cold and hard as stone, decrees that she shall marry an English lord, and upon her refusal, sends her back to the convent.—Henry James, Jr.,Portrait of a Lady(1881).

Pantag´ruel´, king of the Dipsodes (2syl.), son of Gargantua, and last of the race of giants. His mother, Badebec, died in giving him birth. His paternal grandfather was named Grangousier. Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Polypheme (3syl.), and all the other giants traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in that extraordinary period noted for its “week of three Thursdays.” The word is a hybrid, compounded of the Greekpanta(“all”), and the Hagarene wordgruel(“thirsty”). His immortal achievement was his “quest of the oracle of the Holy Bottle.”—Rabelais,Gargantua and Pantagruel, ii. (1533).

Pantagruel’s Course of Study.Pantagruel’s father, Gargantua, said in a letter to his son:

“I intend and insist that you learn all languages perfectly; first of all Greek, in Quintillian’s method; then Latin, then Hebrew, then Arabic and Chaldee. I wish you to form your style of Greek on the model of Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no history you have not at your finger’s ends, and study thoroughly cosmography and geography. Of liberal arts, such as geometry, mathematics and music, I gave you a taste when not above five years old, and I would have you now master them fully. Study astronomy, but not divination and judicial astrology, which I considermere vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know thedigestsby heart. You should also have a perfect knowledge of the works of Nature, so that there is no sea, river, or smallest stream, which you do not know for what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and whither it directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and trees, whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, all metals and stones should be mastered by you. Fail not at the same time most carefully to peruse the Talmudists and Cabalists, and be sure by frequent anatomies to gain a perfect knowledge of that other world called the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your young days, and let nothing be superficial; as you grow into manhood, you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field manœuvres.”—Rabelais,Pantagruel, ii. 8 (1533).

Pantag´ruel’s Tongue.It formed shelter for a whole army. His throat and mouth contained whole cities.

Then did they [the army] put themselves in close order, and stood as near to each other as they could, and Pantagruel put out his tongue half-way, and covered them all, as a hen doth her chickens.—Rabelais,Pantagruel, ii. 32 (1533).

Pantagruelian Lawsuit(The). This was between Lord Busqueue and Lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own cases. The writs, etc., were as much as four asses could carry. After the plaintiff had stated his case, and the defendant had made his reply, Pantagruel gave judgment, and the two suitors were both satisfied, for no one understood a word of the pleadings, or the tenor of the verdict.—Rabelais,Pantagruel, ii. (1533).

Pantaloon.In the Italian comedy,Il Pantalo´neis a thin, emaciated, old man, and the only character that acts in slippers.

The sixth age shiftsInto the lean and slippered Pantaloon.Shakespeare,As You Like It, act ii. sc. 7 (1600).

Panther(The), symbol of pleasure. When Dantê began the ascent of fame, this beast met him, and tried to stop his further progress.

Scarce the ascentBegan, when lo! a panther, nimble, light,And covered with a speckled skin, appeared,... and strove to check my onward going.Dantê,Hell, i. (1300).

Panther(The Spotted), the Church of England. The “milk-white doe” is the Church of Rome.

The panther, sure the noblest next the hind,The fairest creature of the spotted kind;Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away,She were too good to be a beast of prey.Dryden,The Hind and the Panther, i. (1687).

Panthino, servant of Antonio (the father of Protheus, one of the two heroes of the play).—Shakespeare,Two Gentlemen of Verona(1594).

Panton, a celebrated punster in the reign of Charles II.

And Panton, waging harmless war with words.Dryden,MacFlecknoe, (1682).

Panurge, a young man, handsome and of good stature, but in very ragged apparel when Pantag´ruel first met him on the road leading from Charenton Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his person, and moved with pity at his distress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, first in German, then in Arabic, then in Italian, then in Biscayan, then in Bas-Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew none of these languages, Panurge tried Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no better success. “Friend,” said the prince, “can you speak French?” “Right well,” answered Panurge, “for I was born in Touraine, the garden of France.” Pantagruel then askedhim if he would join his suite, which Panurge most gladly consented to do, and became the fast friend of Pantagruel. His greatfortewas practical jokes. Rabelais describes him as of middle stature, with an aquiline nose, very handsome, and always moneyless. Pantagruel made him governor of Salmygondin.—Rabelais,Pantagruel, iii. 2 (1545).

Panza(Sancho), of Adzpetia, the squire of Don Quixote de la Mancha; “a little squat fellow, with a tun belly and spindle shanks” (pt. I. ii. 1). He rides an ass called Dapple. His sound common sense is an excellent foil to the knight’s craze. Sancho is very fond of eating and drinking, is always asking the knight when he is to be put in possession of the island he promised. He salts his speech with most pertinent proverbs, and even with wit of a racy, though sometimes of rather a vulgar savor.—Cervantes,Don Quixote(1605).

***The wife of Sancho is called “Joan Panza” in pt. I., and “Teresa Panza” in pt. II. “My father’s name,” she says to Sancho, “was Cascajo, and I, by being your wife, am now called Teresa Panza, though by right I should be called Teresa Cascajo” (pt. II. i. 5).

Paolo(2syl.), the cardinal brother of Count Guido Franceschi´ni, who advised his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, in order to repair his fortune.

When brother Paolo’s energetic shakeShould do the relics justice.R. Browning,The Ring and the Book, ii. 409.

Paper King(The), John Law, projector of the Mississippi Bubble (1671-1729).

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