[168]Ibid., pp. 86, 87.[169]Alison, History of Europe (Edinburgh, 1844), Vol. II. p. 767, Ch. 16.[170]Commission of Guadeloupe to the Congress of the United States, November 6, 1793: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 326.[171]American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 688.[172]Writings, Vol. IV. pp. 102, 103.[173]American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. pp. 658, 659.[174]Mr. Monroe to the Secretary of State, February 20, 1796: Ibid., p. 731.[175]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 150.[176]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 354, 367.[177]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 163.[178]Ibid., pp. 430, 457, 458.[179]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 529.[180]Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. XII. pp. 230-232.[181]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 581.[182]Ibid., p. 587.[183]Ibid., p. 591.[184]Ibid., p. 607.[185]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 616-618.[186]Ibid., p. 625.[187]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 627, 628.[188]Ibid., p. 629.[189]Ibid., p. 630.[190]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 631.[191]Journal of American Plenipotentiaries, September 12, 1800: Ibid., p. 633.[192]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 634.[193]Ibid., pp. 635, 636.[194]Letter to Secretary of State, October 4, 1800: Ibid., p. 644.[195]Ibid., p. 637.[196]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 178.[197]Mémoires du Roi Joseph (2me édit.), Tom. I. p. 94.[198]Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, Tom. II. Liv. 7.[199]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 192.[200]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 666.[201]Ibid., p. 675.[202]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 194.[203]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 196.[204]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 467.[205]Circular, August 27, 1793: Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 217.[206]Le Droit des Gens, Liv. IV. ch. 2, § 12.[207]Letter to James H. Causten: Speech of Hon. John M. Clayton in the Senate of the United States, April 23 and 24, 1846, Appendix, No. 2: Congressional Globe, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, pp. 863, 864.[208]William C. Preston to James H. Causten, January 29, 1844: Mr. Clayton’s Speech, Appendix, No. 3: Ibid., p. 864.[209]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 717.[210]Ibid., p. 704.[211]Ibid., p. 795.[212]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 7.[213]Report, February 22, 1830: Senate Documents, 21st Cong. 1st Sess., No. 68, pp. 14, 15.[214]Gourgaud’s Memoirs, Vol. II. p. 129.[215]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 561.[216]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 558.[217]Ibid., pp. 565, 613.[218]Ibid., p. 572.[219]Ibid., p. 577.[220]Ibid., p. 578.[221]Ibid., p. 604.[222]Ibid., p. 725.[223]Ibid., p. 750.[224]Statutes at Large, Vol. II. p. 7.[225]Ibid., p. 85.[226]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 561.[227]Ibid., p. 583.[228]Ibid., p. 452.[229]Ibid., p. 633.[230]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 616.[231]Ibid., p. 559.[232]Ibid., p. 649.[233]Portiez, Code Diplomatique, Tom. I. pp. 39-57.[234]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 180.[235]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 714.[236]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 717.[237]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 430.[238]Executive Documents, 22d Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 147, p. 165.[239]Executive Documents, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 117, p. 4.[240]Report of Secretary of State, April 25, 1846: Senate Documents, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 313.[241]Art. IV.[242]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 578.[243]Report on the Tonnage Duty, January 18, 1791: Wait’s State Papers, Vol. X. p. 73.[244]Life of Washington, Vol. V., Appendix, Note II.[245]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 609.[246]Message, December 7, 1830.[247]Hildreth, History of the United States, Vol. V. p. 400.[248]Message, December 6, 1831.[249]Calonne, as cited by Mr. Clayton, Speech in the Senate on French Spoliations, April 23, 1846: Congressional Globe, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 856. A recent authority puts this item at 1,500,000,000 francs, or $300,000,000.—Les Finances Françaises sous l’ancienne Monarchie, la République, le Consulat et l’Empire, par M. le Baron de Nervo, Receveur-Général, (Paris, 1863,) Tom. II. p. 176.[250]Iliad, tr. Pope, Book IX. 524-531.[251]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 457, 458.[252]Note to the French Plenipotentiaries, August 20, 1800: Ibid., p. 625.[253]Note to the French Plenipotentiaries, August 20, 1800: Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 625.[254]Note from the French Plenipotentiaries: Ibid., p. 630.[255]Conference of American Plenipotentiaries with M. X., October 29, 1797: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. II. p. 163.[256]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 430.[257]Mr. Webster, in his careful speech of 12th January, 1835, says: “So far as can be learned from official reports, there are something more than six hundred vessels with their cargoes which are supposed to form claims under this bill.”—Works, Vol. IV. p. 177.[258]From a Review of the Veto Message of President Pierce, by James H. Causten, pp. 21, 22.[259]Institutes of Natural Law, Book I. ch. 17, § 5.[260]De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. II. cap. 17, § 4.[261]Le Droit des Gens, Liv. II. ch. 18, § 342.[262]Elements of International Law (ed. Lawrence), Part IV. ch. 1, § 3.[263]The Amiable Nancy, 3 Wheaton, R., 560.[264]Hon. S. P. Chase.[265]Favorable statement of facts, without coming to any conclusion.[266]This bill was voted by the Senate, February 3, 1835, yeas 25, nays 20.[267]This bill was voted by the Senate June 8, 1846, yeas 27, nays 23.[268]This bill (being Mr. Clayton’s bill as voted by the Senate) was voted by the House August 4, 1846, yeas 94, nays 87. It thus passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Polk as a Senate bill; and on the veto the Senate voted yeas 27, nays 15,—no two thirds.[269]This bill was voted by the Senate, January 24, 1851, without a division.[270]This bill was voted by the Senate, Feb. 15, 1854, yeas 27, nays 15.[271]This bill was voted by the House, January 27, 1855, yeas 111, nays 77, and by the Senate, February 6th, yeas 28, nays 17, but was vetoed by President Pierce as a House bill; and the House vote on the veto was yeas 113, nays 86,—not two thirds,—so the bill was lost.[272]This bill was voted by the Senate, January 10, 1859, yeas 26, nays 20.[273]Congressional Globe, 38th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 1178, March 18, 1864. See, also, p. 1180.[274]Notes on Virginia, Query XVIII.: Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 403.[275]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 442.[276]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 590.[277]Works, Vol. X. pp. 377, 378.[278]Notes on the Confederacy, April, 1787: Madison’s Letters and other Writings, Vol. I. p. 322. Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 1808, April 24, 1862.[279]Taylorv.Porter, 4 Hill, R., 146, 147.[280]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vols. I. p. 334, III. p. 658, IV. p. 243.[281]Letter to Egbert Benson, 1780: Life, by his Son, Vol. I. pp. 229, 230.[282]Saadi: The Gulistan, tr. Gladwin, Chap. VII., Tale 16.[283]The famous device of Paracelsus was a mediæval verse,Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest,—meaning that no man who can be his own should be another’s; which is good as far as it goes, but it does not disclose the whole truth.[284]Cochin, L’Abolition de l’Esclavage, Tom. II., 2me Partie, Liv. X. ch. 2, 3.[285]S. Gregorii Registrum Epistolarum, Lib. VI. Ep. 12: Opera Omnia, (Edit. Benedict., Parisiis, 1705,) Tom. II. col. 800.[286]Paradise Lost, Book XII. 64-71.[287]Debates in the Federal Convention, August 25, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. III. pp. 1429, 1430.[288]De Legibus, Lib. I. c. 16.[289]“Ubi justitia vera non est, nec jus potest esse.”—De Civitate Dei, Lib. XIX. c. 21, § 1.[290]Speech in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, February 16, 1788: Works (London, 1822), Vol. XIII. pp. 168, 169.[291]Speech on the Address of Thanks, January 9, 1770: Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. XVI. col. 661.[292]De Soto, De Justitia et Jure, Lib. IV. Quæst. 2, Art. 2. Mackintosh, quoting these words, declares, with proper exultation, that “Philosophy and Religion appear by the hand of their faithful minister to have thus smitten the monsters in their earliest infancy.”—Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, Sec. III.: Miscellaneous Works (London, 1851), p. 24.[293]Paley’s Moral Philosophy, with Annotations by Richard Whately (London, 1859): Annot., Book III. Part ii. ch. 3,Slavery, p. 178.[294]Plutarch’s Lives, tr. Clough, Vol. IV. p. 565, Appendix. Diogenes Laertius, De Clarorum Philosophorum Vitis, etc., Lib. IV. c. 2,Xenocrates.[295]Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di T. Livio, Lib. III. cap. 1.[296]Essays: Of Honor and Reputation.[297]Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, December 4, 1638, Vol. I. p. 246. Palfrey, History of New England, Vol. I. p. 553.[298]Collection des Constitutions, Chartes et Lois Fondamentales des Peuples de l’Europe et des deux Amériques, par MM. P. A. Dufau, J. B. Duvergier, et J. Guadet, (Paris, 1823,) Tom. I. pp. 97, 98.[299]Ibid., p. 135.[300]“Les mortels sont égaux; leur masque est différent.…Avoir les mêmes droits à la félicité,C’est pour nous la parfaite et seule égalité.”Discours en Vers sur l’Homme; Discours I.,De l’Égalité des Conditions: Œuvres (Paris, 1833), Tom. XII. pp. 45, 47.[301]Poëme sur la Loi Naturelle, 4me Partie: Ibid., p. 176.[302]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. I. p. 256.[303]Ibid., p. 247.[304]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Supplément, p. 212.[305]Ibid., Tom. III. p. 122.[306]Ibid., Tom. IV. p. 73.[307]Ibid., Tom. II. p. 511.[308]Ibid., Tom. I. p. 232.[309]Ibid., Supplément, p. 188.[310]Ibid., p. 41.[311]Ibid., p. 155.[312]Ibid., p. 74.[313]Annuaire Historique Universel, 1831, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 155.[314]Ibid., 1849, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 134.[315]British and Foreign State Papers, 1847-48, Vol. XXXVI. p. 890.[316]Art. XXIV. Statuto Fondamentale del Regno: Annuario Diplomatico del Regno d’Italia.[317]History, Book III. c. 80. See,ante, Vol. II. p. 339.[318]Hallam says of this scene, which occurred after the murder of Smerdis the Magian, that it is “conceived in the spirit of Corneille.”—Middle Ages(London, 1853), Vol. II. p. 344, note, Ch. VIII. Part 2.[319]Discours de la Servitude Volontaire: Œuvres, ed. Feugère, (Paris, 1846,) pp. 26, 27.[320]Ancient Law: its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas, by Henry Sumner Maine, (London, 1861,) pp. 92-96. In harmony with this English writer is M. Émile de Girardin, the French journalist and publicist, who, in a work which appeared in 1872, says, “A single line which follows resumes all the Revolution of 1789”; and he then quotes in capitals, “Frenchmen are equal before the law.”[321]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. I. p. 150.[322]Ibid., Supplément, p. 75.[323]Ibid., Tom. II. p. 228.[324]Ibid., p. 279.[325]Annuaire Historique Universel, 1848, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 41.[326]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. V. p. 239.
[168]Ibid., pp. 86, 87.
[168]Ibid., pp. 86, 87.
[169]Alison, History of Europe (Edinburgh, 1844), Vol. II. p. 767, Ch. 16.
[169]Alison, History of Europe (Edinburgh, 1844), Vol. II. p. 767, Ch. 16.
[170]Commission of Guadeloupe to the Congress of the United States, November 6, 1793: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 326.
[170]Commission of Guadeloupe to the Congress of the United States, November 6, 1793: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 326.
[171]American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 688.
[171]American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 688.
[172]Writings, Vol. IV. pp. 102, 103.
[172]Writings, Vol. IV. pp. 102, 103.
[173]American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. pp. 658, 659.
[173]American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. pp. 658, 659.
[174]Mr. Monroe to the Secretary of State, February 20, 1796: Ibid., p. 731.
[174]Mr. Monroe to the Secretary of State, February 20, 1796: Ibid., p. 731.
[175]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 150.
[175]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 150.
[176]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 354, 367.
[176]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 354, 367.
[177]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 163.
[177]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 163.
[178]Ibid., pp. 430, 457, 458.
[178]Ibid., pp. 430, 457, 458.
[179]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 529.
[179]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 529.
[180]Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. XII. pp. 230-232.
[180]Writings, ed. Sparks, Vol. XII. pp. 230-232.
[181]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 581.
[181]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 581.
[182]Ibid., p. 587.
[182]Ibid., p. 587.
[183]Ibid., p. 591.
[183]Ibid., p. 591.
[184]Ibid., p. 607.
[184]Ibid., p. 607.
[185]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 616-618.
[185]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 616-618.
[186]Ibid., p. 625.
[186]Ibid., p. 625.
[187]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 627, 628.
[187]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 627, 628.
[188]Ibid., p. 629.
[188]Ibid., p. 629.
[189]Ibid., p. 630.
[189]Ibid., p. 630.
[190]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 631.
[190]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 631.
[191]Journal of American Plenipotentiaries, September 12, 1800: Ibid., p. 633.
[191]Journal of American Plenipotentiaries, September 12, 1800: Ibid., p. 633.
[192]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 634.
[192]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 634.
[193]Ibid., pp. 635, 636.
[193]Ibid., pp. 635, 636.
[194]Letter to Secretary of State, October 4, 1800: Ibid., p. 644.
[194]Letter to Secretary of State, October 4, 1800: Ibid., p. 644.
[195]Ibid., p. 637.
[195]Ibid., p. 637.
[196]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 178.
[196]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 178.
[197]Mémoires du Roi Joseph (2me édit.), Tom. I. p. 94.
[197]Mémoires du Roi Joseph (2me édit.), Tom. I. p. 94.
[198]Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, Tom. II. Liv. 7.
[198]Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire, Tom. II. Liv. 7.
[199]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 192.
[199]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 192.
[200]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 666.
[200]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 666.
[201]Ibid., p. 675.
[201]Ibid., p. 675.
[202]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 194.
[202]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 194.
[203]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 196.
[203]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 196.
[204]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 467.
[204]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 467.
[205]Circular, August 27, 1793: Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 217.
[205]Circular, August 27, 1793: Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 217.
[206]Le Droit des Gens, Liv. IV. ch. 2, § 12.
[206]Le Droit des Gens, Liv. IV. ch. 2, § 12.
[207]Letter to James H. Causten: Speech of Hon. John M. Clayton in the Senate of the United States, April 23 and 24, 1846, Appendix, No. 2: Congressional Globe, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, pp. 863, 864.
[207]Letter to James H. Causten: Speech of Hon. John M. Clayton in the Senate of the United States, April 23 and 24, 1846, Appendix, No. 2: Congressional Globe, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, pp. 863, 864.
[208]William C. Preston to James H. Causten, January 29, 1844: Mr. Clayton’s Speech, Appendix, No. 3: Ibid., p. 864.
[208]William C. Preston to James H. Causten, January 29, 1844: Mr. Clayton’s Speech, Appendix, No. 3: Ibid., p. 864.
[209]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 717.
[209]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 717.
[210]Ibid., p. 704.
[210]Ibid., p. 704.
[211]Ibid., p. 795.
[211]Ibid., p. 795.
[212]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 7.
[212]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 7.
[213]Report, February 22, 1830: Senate Documents, 21st Cong. 1st Sess., No. 68, pp. 14, 15.
[213]Report, February 22, 1830: Senate Documents, 21st Cong. 1st Sess., No. 68, pp. 14, 15.
[214]Gourgaud’s Memoirs, Vol. II. p. 129.
[214]Gourgaud’s Memoirs, Vol. II. p. 129.
[215]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 561.
[215]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 561.
[216]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 558.
[216]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 558.
[217]Ibid., pp. 565, 613.
[217]Ibid., pp. 565, 613.
[218]Ibid., p. 572.
[218]Ibid., p. 572.
[219]Ibid., p. 577.
[219]Ibid., p. 577.
[220]Ibid., p. 578.
[220]Ibid., p. 578.
[221]Ibid., p. 604.
[221]Ibid., p. 604.
[222]Ibid., p. 725.
[222]Ibid., p. 725.
[223]Ibid., p. 750.
[223]Ibid., p. 750.
[224]Statutes at Large, Vol. II. p. 7.
[224]Statutes at Large, Vol. II. p. 7.
[225]Ibid., p. 85.
[225]Ibid., p. 85.
[226]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 561.
[226]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 561.
[227]Ibid., p. 583.
[227]Ibid., p. 583.
[228]Ibid., p. 452.
[228]Ibid., p. 452.
[229]Ibid., p. 633.
[229]Ibid., p. 633.
[230]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 616.
[230]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 616.
[231]Ibid., p. 559.
[231]Ibid., p. 559.
[232]Ibid., p. 649.
[232]Ibid., p. 649.
[233]Portiez, Code Diplomatique, Tom. I. pp. 39-57.
[233]Portiez, Code Diplomatique, Tom. I. pp. 39-57.
[234]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 180.
[234]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 180.
[235]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 714.
[235]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 714.
[236]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 717.
[236]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 717.
[237]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 430.
[237]United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 430.
[238]Executive Documents, 22d Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 147, p. 165.
[238]Executive Documents, 22d Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 147, p. 165.
[239]Executive Documents, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 117, p. 4.
[239]Executive Documents, 24th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 117, p. 4.
[240]Report of Secretary of State, April 25, 1846: Senate Documents, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 313.
[240]Report of Secretary of State, April 25, 1846: Senate Documents, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 313.
[241]Art. IV.
[241]Art. IV.
[242]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 578.
[242]Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 578.
[243]Report on the Tonnage Duty, January 18, 1791: Wait’s State Papers, Vol. X. p. 73.
[243]Report on the Tonnage Duty, January 18, 1791: Wait’s State Papers, Vol. X. p. 73.
[244]Life of Washington, Vol. V., Appendix, Note II.
[244]Life of Washington, Vol. V., Appendix, Note II.
[245]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 609.
[245]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 609.
[246]Message, December 7, 1830.
[246]Message, December 7, 1830.
[247]Hildreth, History of the United States, Vol. V. p. 400.
[247]Hildreth, History of the United States, Vol. V. p. 400.
[248]Message, December 6, 1831.
[248]Message, December 6, 1831.
[249]Calonne, as cited by Mr. Clayton, Speech in the Senate on French Spoliations, April 23, 1846: Congressional Globe, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 856. A recent authority puts this item at 1,500,000,000 francs, or $300,000,000.—Les Finances Françaises sous l’ancienne Monarchie, la République, le Consulat et l’Empire, par M. le Baron de Nervo, Receveur-Général, (Paris, 1863,) Tom. II. p. 176.
[249]Calonne, as cited by Mr. Clayton, Speech in the Senate on French Spoliations, April 23, 1846: Congressional Globe, 29th Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 856. A recent authority puts this item at 1,500,000,000 francs, or $300,000,000.—Les Finances Françaises sous l’ancienne Monarchie, la République, le Consulat et l’Empire, par M. le Baron de Nervo, Receveur-Général, (Paris, 1863,) Tom. II. p. 176.
[250]Iliad, tr. Pope, Book IX. 524-531.
[250]Iliad, tr. Pope, Book IX. 524-531.
[251]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 457, 458.
[251]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, pp. 457, 458.
[252]Note to the French Plenipotentiaries, August 20, 1800: Ibid., p. 625.
[252]Note to the French Plenipotentiaries, August 20, 1800: Ibid., p. 625.
[253]Note to the French Plenipotentiaries, August 20, 1800: Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 625.
[253]Note to the French Plenipotentiaries, August 20, 1800: Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 625.
[254]Note from the French Plenipotentiaries: Ibid., p. 630.
[254]Note from the French Plenipotentiaries: Ibid., p. 630.
[255]Conference of American Plenipotentiaries with M. X., October 29, 1797: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. II. p. 163.
[255]Conference of American Plenipotentiaries with M. X., October 29, 1797: American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. II. p. 163.
[256]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 430.
[256]Senate Documents, 19th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 102, p. 430.
[257]Mr. Webster, in his careful speech of 12th January, 1835, says: “So far as can be learned from official reports, there are something more than six hundred vessels with their cargoes which are supposed to form claims under this bill.”—Works, Vol. IV. p. 177.
[257]Mr. Webster, in his careful speech of 12th January, 1835, says: “So far as can be learned from official reports, there are something more than six hundred vessels with their cargoes which are supposed to form claims under this bill.”—Works, Vol. IV. p. 177.
[258]From a Review of the Veto Message of President Pierce, by James H. Causten, pp. 21, 22.
[258]From a Review of the Veto Message of President Pierce, by James H. Causten, pp. 21, 22.
[259]Institutes of Natural Law, Book I. ch. 17, § 5.
[259]Institutes of Natural Law, Book I. ch. 17, § 5.
[260]De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. II. cap. 17, § 4.
[260]De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. II. cap. 17, § 4.
[261]Le Droit des Gens, Liv. II. ch. 18, § 342.
[261]Le Droit des Gens, Liv. II. ch. 18, § 342.
[262]Elements of International Law (ed. Lawrence), Part IV. ch. 1, § 3.
[262]Elements of International Law (ed. Lawrence), Part IV. ch. 1, § 3.
[263]The Amiable Nancy, 3 Wheaton, R., 560.
[263]The Amiable Nancy, 3 Wheaton, R., 560.
[264]Hon. S. P. Chase.
[264]Hon. S. P. Chase.
[265]Favorable statement of facts, without coming to any conclusion.
[265]Favorable statement of facts, without coming to any conclusion.
[266]This bill was voted by the Senate, February 3, 1835, yeas 25, nays 20.
[266]This bill was voted by the Senate, February 3, 1835, yeas 25, nays 20.
[267]This bill was voted by the Senate June 8, 1846, yeas 27, nays 23.
[267]This bill was voted by the Senate June 8, 1846, yeas 27, nays 23.
[268]This bill (being Mr. Clayton’s bill as voted by the Senate) was voted by the House August 4, 1846, yeas 94, nays 87. It thus passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Polk as a Senate bill; and on the veto the Senate voted yeas 27, nays 15,—no two thirds.
[268]This bill (being Mr. Clayton’s bill as voted by the Senate) was voted by the House August 4, 1846, yeas 94, nays 87. It thus passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Polk as a Senate bill; and on the veto the Senate voted yeas 27, nays 15,—no two thirds.
[269]This bill was voted by the Senate, January 24, 1851, without a division.
[269]This bill was voted by the Senate, January 24, 1851, without a division.
[270]This bill was voted by the Senate, Feb. 15, 1854, yeas 27, nays 15.
[270]This bill was voted by the Senate, Feb. 15, 1854, yeas 27, nays 15.
[271]This bill was voted by the House, January 27, 1855, yeas 111, nays 77, and by the Senate, February 6th, yeas 28, nays 17, but was vetoed by President Pierce as a House bill; and the House vote on the veto was yeas 113, nays 86,—not two thirds,—so the bill was lost.
[271]This bill was voted by the House, January 27, 1855, yeas 111, nays 77, and by the Senate, February 6th, yeas 28, nays 17, but was vetoed by President Pierce as a House bill; and the House vote on the veto was yeas 113, nays 86,—not two thirds,—so the bill was lost.
[272]This bill was voted by the Senate, January 10, 1859, yeas 26, nays 20.
[272]This bill was voted by the Senate, January 10, 1859, yeas 26, nays 20.
[273]Congressional Globe, 38th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 1178, March 18, 1864. See, also, p. 1180.
[273]Congressional Globe, 38th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 1178, March 18, 1864. See, also, p. 1180.
[274]Notes on Virginia, Query XVIII.: Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 403.
[274]Notes on Virginia, Query XVIII.: Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 403.
[275]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 442.
[275]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 442.
[276]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 590.
[276]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 590.
[277]Works, Vol. X. pp. 377, 378.
[277]Works, Vol. X. pp. 377, 378.
[278]Notes on the Confederacy, April, 1787: Madison’s Letters and other Writings, Vol. I. p. 322. Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 1808, April 24, 1862.
[278]Notes on the Confederacy, April, 1787: Madison’s Letters and other Writings, Vol. I. p. 322. Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 1808, April 24, 1862.
[279]Taylorv.Porter, 4 Hill, R., 146, 147.
[279]Taylorv.Porter, 4 Hill, R., 146, 147.
[280]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vols. I. p. 334, III. p. 658, IV. p. 243.
[280]Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vols. I. p. 334, III. p. 658, IV. p. 243.
[281]Letter to Egbert Benson, 1780: Life, by his Son, Vol. I. pp. 229, 230.
[281]Letter to Egbert Benson, 1780: Life, by his Son, Vol. I. pp. 229, 230.
[282]Saadi: The Gulistan, tr. Gladwin, Chap. VII., Tale 16.
[282]Saadi: The Gulistan, tr. Gladwin, Chap. VII., Tale 16.
[283]The famous device of Paracelsus was a mediæval verse,Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest,—meaning that no man who can be his own should be another’s; which is good as far as it goes, but it does not disclose the whole truth.
[283]The famous device of Paracelsus was a mediæval verse,Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest,—meaning that no man who can be his own should be another’s; which is good as far as it goes, but it does not disclose the whole truth.
[284]Cochin, L’Abolition de l’Esclavage, Tom. II., 2me Partie, Liv. X. ch. 2, 3.
[284]Cochin, L’Abolition de l’Esclavage, Tom. II., 2me Partie, Liv. X. ch. 2, 3.
[285]S. Gregorii Registrum Epistolarum, Lib. VI. Ep. 12: Opera Omnia, (Edit. Benedict., Parisiis, 1705,) Tom. II. col. 800.
[285]S. Gregorii Registrum Epistolarum, Lib. VI. Ep. 12: Opera Omnia, (Edit. Benedict., Parisiis, 1705,) Tom. II. col. 800.
[286]Paradise Lost, Book XII. 64-71.
[286]Paradise Lost, Book XII. 64-71.
[287]Debates in the Federal Convention, August 25, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. III. pp. 1429, 1430.
[287]Debates in the Federal Convention, August 25, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. III. pp. 1429, 1430.
[288]De Legibus, Lib. I. c. 16.
[288]De Legibus, Lib. I. c. 16.
[289]“Ubi justitia vera non est, nec jus potest esse.”—De Civitate Dei, Lib. XIX. c. 21, § 1.
[289]“Ubi justitia vera non est, nec jus potest esse.”—De Civitate Dei, Lib. XIX. c. 21, § 1.
[290]Speech in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, February 16, 1788: Works (London, 1822), Vol. XIII. pp. 168, 169.
[290]Speech in the Impeachment of Warren Hastings, February 16, 1788: Works (London, 1822), Vol. XIII. pp. 168, 169.
[291]Speech on the Address of Thanks, January 9, 1770: Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. XVI. col. 661.
[291]Speech on the Address of Thanks, January 9, 1770: Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. XVI. col. 661.
[292]De Soto, De Justitia et Jure, Lib. IV. Quæst. 2, Art. 2. Mackintosh, quoting these words, declares, with proper exultation, that “Philosophy and Religion appear by the hand of their faithful minister to have thus smitten the monsters in their earliest infancy.”—Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, Sec. III.: Miscellaneous Works (London, 1851), p. 24.
[292]De Soto, De Justitia et Jure, Lib. IV. Quæst. 2, Art. 2. Mackintosh, quoting these words, declares, with proper exultation, that “Philosophy and Religion appear by the hand of their faithful minister to have thus smitten the monsters in their earliest infancy.”—Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, Sec. III.: Miscellaneous Works (London, 1851), p. 24.
[293]Paley’s Moral Philosophy, with Annotations by Richard Whately (London, 1859): Annot., Book III. Part ii. ch. 3,Slavery, p. 178.
[293]Paley’s Moral Philosophy, with Annotations by Richard Whately (London, 1859): Annot., Book III. Part ii. ch. 3,Slavery, p. 178.
[294]Plutarch’s Lives, tr. Clough, Vol. IV. p. 565, Appendix. Diogenes Laertius, De Clarorum Philosophorum Vitis, etc., Lib. IV. c. 2,Xenocrates.
[294]Plutarch’s Lives, tr. Clough, Vol. IV. p. 565, Appendix. Diogenes Laertius, De Clarorum Philosophorum Vitis, etc., Lib. IV. c. 2,Xenocrates.
[295]Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di T. Livio, Lib. III. cap. 1.
[295]Discorsi sopra la prima Deca di T. Livio, Lib. III. cap. 1.
[296]Essays: Of Honor and Reputation.
[296]Essays: Of Honor and Reputation.
[297]Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, December 4, 1638, Vol. I. p. 246. Palfrey, History of New England, Vol. I. p. 553.
[297]Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, December 4, 1638, Vol. I. p. 246. Palfrey, History of New England, Vol. I. p. 553.
[298]Collection des Constitutions, Chartes et Lois Fondamentales des Peuples de l’Europe et des deux Amériques, par MM. P. A. Dufau, J. B. Duvergier, et J. Guadet, (Paris, 1823,) Tom. I. pp. 97, 98.
[298]Collection des Constitutions, Chartes et Lois Fondamentales des Peuples de l’Europe et des deux Amériques, par MM. P. A. Dufau, J. B. Duvergier, et J. Guadet, (Paris, 1823,) Tom. I. pp. 97, 98.
[299]Ibid., p. 135.
[299]Ibid., p. 135.
[300]“Les mortels sont égaux; leur masque est différent.…Avoir les mêmes droits à la félicité,C’est pour nous la parfaite et seule égalité.”Discours en Vers sur l’Homme; Discours I.,De l’Égalité des Conditions: Œuvres (Paris, 1833), Tom. XII. pp. 45, 47.
[300]
“Les mortels sont égaux; leur masque est différent.…Avoir les mêmes droits à la félicité,C’est pour nous la parfaite et seule égalité.”
“Les mortels sont égaux; leur masque est différent.…Avoir les mêmes droits à la félicité,C’est pour nous la parfaite et seule égalité.”
“Les mortels sont égaux; leur masque est différent.
…
Avoir les mêmes droits à la félicité,
C’est pour nous la parfaite et seule égalité.”
Discours en Vers sur l’Homme; Discours I.,De l’Égalité des Conditions: Œuvres (Paris, 1833), Tom. XII. pp. 45, 47.
[301]Poëme sur la Loi Naturelle, 4me Partie: Ibid., p. 176.
[301]Poëme sur la Loi Naturelle, 4me Partie: Ibid., p. 176.
[302]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. I. p. 256.
[302]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. I. p. 256.
[303]Ibid., p. 247.
[303]Ibid., p. 247.
[304]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Supplément, p. 212.
[304]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Supplément, p. 212.
[305]Ibid., Tom. III. p. 122.
[305]Ibid., Tom. III. p. 122.
[306]Ibid., Tom. IV. p. 73.
[306]Ibid., Tom. IV. p. 73.
[307]Ibid., Tom. II. p. 511.
[307]Ibid., Tom. II. p. 511.
[308]Ibid., Tom. I. p. 232.
[308]Ibid., Tom. I. p. 232.
[309]Ibid., Supplément, p. 188.
[309]Ibid., Supplément, p. 188.
[310]Ibid., p. 41.
[310]Ibid., p. 41.
[311]Ibid., p. 155.
[311]Ibid., p. 155.
[312]Ibid., p. 74.
[312]Ibid., p. 74.
[313]Annuaire Historique Universel, 1831, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 155.
[313]Annuaire Historique Universel, 1831, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 155.
[314]Ibid., 1849, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 134.
[314]Ibid., 1849, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 134.
[315]British and Foreign State Papers, 1847-48, Vol. XXXVI. p. 890.
[315]British and Foreign State Papers, 1847-48, Vol. XXXVI. p. 890.
[316]Art. XXIV. Statuto Fondamentale del Regno: Annuario Diplomatico del Regno d’Italia.
[316]Art. XXIV. Statuto Fondamentale del Regno: Annuario Diplomatico del Regno d’Italia.
[317]History, Book III. c. 80. See,ante, Vol. II. p. 339.
[317]History, Book III. c. 80. See,ante, Vol. II. p. 339.
[318]Hallam says of this scene, which occurred after the murder of Smerdis the Magian, that it is “conceived in the spirit of Corneille.”—Middle Ages(London, 1853), Vol. II. p. 344, note, Ch. VIII. Part 2.
[318]Hallam says of this scene, which occurred after the murder of Smerdis the Magian, that it is “conceived in the spirit of Corneille.”—Middle Ages(London, 1853), Vol. II. p. 344, note, Ch. VIII. Part 2.
[319]Discours de la Servitude Volontaire: Œuvres, ed. Feugère, (Paris, 1846,) pp. 26, 27.
[319]Discours de la Servitude Volontaire: Œuvres, ed. Feugère, (Paris, 1846,) pp. 26, 27.
[320]Ancient Law: its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas, by Henry Sumner Maine, (London, 1861,) pp. 92-96. In harmony with this English writer is M. Émile de Girardin, the French journalist and publicist, who, in a work which appeared in 1872, says, “A single line which follows resumes all the Revolution of 1789”; and he then quotes in capitals, “Frenchmen are equal before the law.”
[320]Ancient Law: its Connection with the Early History of Society, and its Relation to Modern Ideas, by Henry Sumner Maine, (London, 1861,) pp. 92-96. In harmony with this English writer is M. Émile de Girardin, the French journalist and publicist, who, in a work which appeared in 1872, says, “A single line which follows resumes all the Revolution of 1789”; and he then quotes in capitals, “Frenchmen are equal before the law.”
[321]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. I. p. 150.
[321]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. I. p. 150.
[322]Ibid., Supplément, p. 75.
[322]Ibid., Supplément, p. 75.
[323]Ibid., Tom. II. p. 228.
[323]Ibid., Tom. II. p. 228.
[324]Ibid., p. 279.
[324]Ibid., p. 279.
[325]Annuaire Historique Universel, 1848, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 41.
[325]Annuaire Historique Universel, 1848, Appendice, Documents Historiques, p. 41.
[326]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. V. p. 239.
[326]Collection des Constitutions, etc., par Dufau, Duvergier, et Guadet, Tom. V. p. 239.