1. Name the five senses.
2. What is the pupil of the eye?
3. How is it made larger or smaller?
4. Why does it change in size?
5. What can a cat's eyes do?
6. Where is the nerve of the eye?
7. What work does it do?
8. Why must one be careful of his eyes?
9. Where should the light be for reading or studying?
10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the sun.
11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself cross-eyed.
12. Why should you not read in the twilight?
13. What would be the result, if you should kill the nerves of sight?
14. Where are the true ears?
15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured?
16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear.
17. How is the work of the senses affected by drinking liquor?
M
Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," says some child.
No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you warm. They do not make you warm.
Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm very quickly.
On a cold day, the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make his blood flow quickly and warm him.
Every child knows that he is warm inside; for if his fingers are cold, he puts them into his mouth to warm them.
If you should put a little thermometer into your mouth, or under your tongue, the mercury (mẽr´ku ry̆) would rise as high as it does out of doors on a hot, summer day.
This would be the same in summer or winter, in a warm country or a cold one, if you were well and the work of your body was going on steadily.
Some of the work which is all the time going on inside your body, makes this heat.
The blood is thus warmed, and then it carries the heat to every part of the body. The faster the blood flows, the more heat it brings, and the warmer we feel.
In children, the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute.
This is faster than it works in old people, and this is one reason why children are generally much warmer than old people.
But we are losing heat all the time.
You may breathe in cold air; but that which you breathe out is warm. A great deal of heat from your warm body is all the time passing off through your skin, into the cooler air about you. For this reason, a room full of people is much warmer than the same room when empty.
We put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have, and to prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carrying off too much heat in that way.
Most of you children are too young to choose what clothes you will wear. Others decide for you. You know, however, that woolen under-garments keep you warm in winter, and that thick boots and stockings should be worn in cold weather. Thin dresses or boots may look pretty; but they are not safe for winter wear, even at a party.
A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes which are suitable for the season, is pleasanter to look at than one whose dress, though rich and handsome, is not warm enough for health or comfort.
When you feel cold, take exercise, if possible. This will make the hot blood flow all through your body and warm it. If you can not, you should put on more clothes, go to a warm room, in some way get warm and keep warm, or the cold will make you sick.
If your skin is chilled, the tiny mouths of the perspiration tubes are sometimes closed and can not throw out the waste matter. Then, if one part fails to do its work, other parts must suffer. Perhaps the inside skin becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, and you have a cold, or a cough.
People used to think that nothing would warm one so well on a cold day, as a glass of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink.
It is true that, if a person drinks a little alcohol, he will feel a burning in the throat, and presently a glowing heat on the skin.
The alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the skin, and he thinks it has warmed him.
But if all this heat comes to the skin, the cold air has a chance to carry away more than usual. In a very little time, the drinker will be colder than before. Perhaps he will not know it; for the cheating alcoholwill have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to the brain. Then he may not have sense enough to put on more clothing and may freeze. He may even, if it is very cold, freeze to death.
People, who have not been drinking alcohol are sometimes frozen; but they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it.
Horse-car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter day. They are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them warm; but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold out best against the cold. Alcohol can not really keep a person warm.
All children are interested in stories about Arctic explorers, whose ships get frozen into great ice-fields, who travel on sledges drawn by dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus meat.
These men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm, and you know why.
The hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the Rocky Mountains say the same thing. Alcohol not only can not keep themwarm; but it lessens their power to resist cold.
Scene in the Arctic regions.Scene in the Arctic regions.
Many of you have heard about the Greely party who were brought home from the Arctic seas, after they had been starving and freezing for many months.
There were twenty-six men in all. Of these, nineteen died. Seven were found alive by their rescuers; one of these died soon afterward. The first man who died, was the only one of the party who had ever been a drunkard.
Of the nineteen who died, all but one used tobacco. Of the six now living,—four never used tobacco at all; and the other two, very seldom.
The tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble. It had probably weakened their stomachs, so that they could not make the best use of such poor food as they had.
1. Why do you wear thick clothes in cold weather?
2. How can you prove that you are warm inside?
3. What makes this heat?
4. What carries this heat through your body?
5. How rapidly does your heart beat?
6. How are you losing heat all the time?
7. How can you warm yourself without going to the fire?
8. Will alcohol make you warmer, or colder?
9. How does it cheat you into thinking that you will be warmer for drinking it?
10. What do the people who travel in very cold countries, tell us about the use of alcohol?
11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the Arctic seas with Lieutenant Greely?
N
OW that you have learned about your bodies, and what alcohol will do to them, you ought also to know that alcohol costs a great deal of money. Money spent for that which will do no good, but only harm, is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted.
If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, it will take ten weeks to save a dollar.
You can all think of many good and pleasant ways to spend a dollar. What would the beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two mugs of beer a day, the dollar will be used up in ten days. But we ought not to say used, because that word will make us think it was spent usefully. We will say, instead, the dollar will be wasted, in ten days.
If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will go sooner, as these cost more. If no money was spent for liquor in this country, people would not so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or wretched. We should not need so many policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have now. If no liquor was drunk, men, women, and children would be better and happier.
Most of you have a little money of your own. Perhaps you earned a part, or the whole of it, yourselves. You are planning what to do with it, and that is a very pleasant kind of planning.
Do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little roll, light one end of it with a match, and then let it slowly burn up? That would be wasting it, you say! (See Frontispiece.)
Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. It would be worse than wasted, if, while burning, it should also hurt the person who held it. If you should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar, and smoke them, you could soonburn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides.
Can you count a million? Can you count a hundred millions? Try some day to do this counting. Then, when you begin to have some idea how much six hundred millions is, remember that six hundred million dollars are spent in this country every year for tobacco—burned up—wasted—worse than wasted.
Do you think the farmer who planted tobacco instead of corn, did any good to the world by the change?
1. How may one waste money?
2. Name some good ways for spending money.
3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money?
4. What could we do, if no money was spent for liquor?
5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a dollar bill.
6. Which would be the safer way?
7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in this country?
Transcriber's Notes:Obvious punctuation errors repaired.The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text willappear.
Obvious punctuation errors repaired.
The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text willappear.