Footnotes

Getting Ready to Raise the big Humming Kite with the Sun Emblem.

About the time of old style New Year's Day, when the winds of February and March are favorable to the sport, kites are flown, and there are few games in which Japanese boys, from the infanton the back to the full-grown and the over-grown boy, take more delight. I have never observed, however, as foreign books so often tell us, old men flying kites and boys merely looking on. The Japanese kites are made of tough paper pasted on a frame of bamboo sticks, and are usually of a rectangular shape. Some of them, however, are made to represent children or men, several kinds of birds and animals, fans, etc. On the rectangular kites are pictures of ancient heroes or beautiful women, dragons, horses, monsters of various kinds, the symbol of the sun, or huge Chinese characters. Among the faces most frequently seen on these kites are those of the national heroes or heroines. Some of the kites are six feet square. Many of them have a thin tense ribbon of whalebone at the top of the kite which vibrates in the wind, making a loud humming noise. Theboys frequently name their kites Genji or Héiki, and each contestant endeavors to destroy that of his rival. For this purpose the string for ten or twenty feet near the kite end is first covered with glue, and then dipped into pounded glass, by which the string becomes covered with tiny blades, each able to cut quickly and deeply. By getting the kite in proper position and suddenly sawing the string of his antagonist, the severed kite falls, to be reclaimed by the victor.

The Japanese tops are of several kinds, some are made of univalve shells, filled with wax. Those intended for contests are made of hard wood, and are iron-clad by having a heavy iron ring round as a sort of tire. The boys wind and throw them in a manner somewhat different from ours. The object of the player is to damage his adversary's top, or to make it cease spinning. The whipping top is also known and used. Besides the athletic sports of leaping, running, wrestling, slinging, the Japanese boys play at blindman's buff, hiding-whoop, and with stilts, pop-guns, and blow-guns. On stilts they play various games and run races.

In the northern and western coast provinces, where the snow falls to the depth of many feet and remains long on the ground, it forms the material of the children's playthings, and the theatre of many of their sports. Besides sliding on the ice, coasting with sleds, building snow-forts andfighting mimic battles with snow-balls, they make many kinds of images and imitations of what they see and know. In America the boy's snow-man is a Paddy with a damaged hat, clay pipe in mouth, and the shillelah in his hand. In Japan the snow-man is an image of Daruma. Daruma was one of the followers of Shaka (Buddha) who, by long meditation in a squatting position, lost his legs from paralysis and sheer decay. The images of Daruma are found by the hundreds in toy-shops, as tobacconists' signs, and as the snow-men of the boys. Occasionally the figure of Géiho, the sage with a forehead and skull so high that a ladder was required to reach his pate, or huge cats and the peculiar-shaped dogs seen in the toy-shops, take the place of Daruma.

Daruma, the Snow-Image.

Many of the amusements of the children in-doors are mere imitations of the serious affairs ofadult life. Boys who have been to the theatre come home to imitate the celebrated actors, and to extemporize mimic theatricals for themselves. Feigned sickness and "playing the doctor," imitating with ludicrous exactness the pomp and solemnity of the real man of pills and powders, and the misery of the patient, are the diversions of very young children. Dinners, tea-parties, and even weddings and funerals, are imitated in Japanese children's plays.

Among the ghostly games intended to test the courage of, or perhaps to frighten children, are two plays called respectively, the "One Hundred Stories" and "Soul-Examination." In the former play, a company of boys and girls assemble round the hibachi, while they or an adult, an aged person or a servant, usually relate ghost stories, or tales calculated to straighten the hair and make the blood crawl. In a distant dark room, a lamp (the usual dish of oil) with a wick of one hundred strands or piths, is set. At the conclusion of each story, the children in turn must go to the dark room and remove a strand of the wick. As the lamp burns down low the room becomes gloomy and dark, and the last boy, it is said, always sees a demon, a huge face, or something terrible. In "Soul-Examination," a number of boys during the day plant some flags in different parts of a graveyard, under a lonely tree, or by a hauntedhill-side. At night they meet together and tell stories about ghosts, goblins, devils, etc., and at the conclusion of each tale, when the imagination is wrought up, the boys, one at a time, must go out in the dark and bring back the flags, until all are brought in.

On the third day of the third month is held the Doll Festival. This is the day especially devoted to the girls, and to them it is the greatest day in the year. It has been called in some foreign works on Japan, the "Feast of Dolls." Several days before the Matsuri the shops are gay with the images bought for this occasion, and which are on sale only at this time of year. Every respectable family has a number of these splendidly-dressed images, which are from four inches to a foot in height, and which accumulate from generation to generation. When a daughter is born in the house during the previous year, a pair of hina or images are purchased for the little girl, which she plays with until grown up. When she is married her hina are taken with her to her husband's house, and she gives them to her children, adding to the stock as her family increases. The images are made of wood or enamelled clay. They represent the Mikado and his wife; the kugé or old Kioto nobles, their wives and daughters, the court minstrels, and various personages in Japanese mythology and history. A greatmany other toys, representing all the articles in use in a Japanese lady's chamber, the service of the eating table, the utensils of the kitchen, travelling apparatus, etc., some of them very elaborate and costly, are also exhibited and played with on this day. The girls make offerings of saké and dried rice, etc., to the effigies of the emperor and empress, and then spend the day with toys, mimicking the whole round of Japanese female life, as that of child, maiden, wife, mother, and grand-mother. In some old Japanese families in which I have visited, the display of dolls and images was very large and extremely beautiful.

The greatest day in the year for the boys is on the fifth day of the fifth month. On this day is celebrated what has been called the "Feast of Flags." Previous to the coming of the day, the shops display for sale the toys and tokens proper to the occasion. These are all of a kind suited to young Japanese masculinity. They consist of effigies of heroes and warriors, generals and commanders, soldiers on foot and horse, the genii of strength and valor, wrestlers, etc. The toys represent the equipments and regalia of a daimio's procession, all kinds of things used in war, the contents of an arsenal, flags, streamers, banners, etc. A set of these toys is bought for every son born in the family. Hence in old Japanese families the display on the fifth day of the fifth monthis extensive and brilliant. Besides the display in-doors, on a bamboo pole erected outside is hung, by a string to the top of the pole, a representation of a large fish in paper. The paper being hollow, the breeze easily fills out the body of the fish, which flaps its tail and fins in a natural manner. One may count hundreds of these floating in the air over the city.

The nobori, as the paper fish is called, is intended to show that a son has been born during the year, or at least that there are sons in the family. The fish represented is the carp, which is able to swim swiftly against the current and to leap over waterfalls. This act of the carp is a favorite subject with native artists, and is also typical of the young man, especially the young Samurai, mounting over all difficulties to success and quiet prosperity.

One favorite game, which has now gone out of fashion, was that in which the boys formed themselves into a daimio's procession, having forerunners, officers, etc., and imitating as far as possible the pomp and circumstance of the old daimio's train. Another game which was very popular represented, in mimic war, the struggles of two great noble families (like the red and white roses of England). The boys of a town, district, or school, ranged themselves into two parties, each with flags. Those of the Héiki werewhite, those of the Genji red. Sometimes every boy had a flag, and the object of the contest, which was begun at the tap of a gun, was to seize the flags of the enemy. The party securing the greatest number of flags won the victory. In other cases the flags were fastened on the back of each contestant, who was armed with a bamboo for a sword, and who had fastened on a pad over his head a flat round piece of earthenware, so that a party of them looked not unlike the faculty of a college. Often these parties of boys numbered several hundred, and were marshalled in squadrons as in a battle. At a given signal the battle commenced, the object being to break the earthen disk on the head of the enemy. The contest was usually very exciting. Whoever had his earthen disk demolished had to retire from the field. The party having the greatest number of broken disks, indicative of cloven skulls, were declared the losers. This game has been forbidden by the Government as being too severe and cruel. Boys were often injured in it.

There are many other games which we simply mention without describing. There are three games played by the hands, which every observant foreigner long resident in Japan must have seen played, as men and women seem to enjoy them as much as children. In the Stone game, a stone, a pair of scissors, and a wrapping-clothare represented. The stone signifies the clenched fist, the parted fore and middle fingers the scissors, and the curved forefinger and thumb the cloth. The scissors can cut the cloth, but not the stone, but the cloth can wrap the stone. The two players sit opposite each other at play, throwing out their hands so as to represent either of the three things, and win, lose, or draw, as the case may be.

In the Fox game, the fox, man, and gun are the figures. The gun kills the fox, but the fox deceives the man, and the gun is useless without the man. In the third game, five or six boys represent the various grades of rank, from the peasant up to the great daimios or shogun. By superior address and skill in the game the peasant rises to the highest rank, or the man of highest rank is degraded.

From the nature of the Japanese language, in which a single word or sound may have a great many significations, riddles and puns are of extraordinary frequency. I do not know of any published collection of riddles, but every Japanese boy has a good stock of them on hand. There are few Japanese works of light, and perhaps of serious, literature, in which puns do not continually recur. The popular songs and poems are largely plays on words. There are also several puzzles played with sticks, founded upon the shape of certainChinese characters. As for the short and simple story-books, song-books, nursery rhymes, lullabys, and what for want of a better name may be styled Mother Goose Literature, they are as plentiful as with us, but they have a very strongly characteristic Japanese flavor, both in style and matter.

It is curious that the game of foot-ball seems to have been confined to the courtiers of the Mikado's court, where there were regular instructors of the game. In the games of Pussy wants a Corner and Prisoner's Base, the Oni, or devil, takes the place of Puss or the officer.

I have not mentioned all the games and sports of Japanese children, but enough has been said to show their general character. In general they seem to be natural, sensible, and in every sense beneficial. Their immediate or remote effects, next to that of amusement, are either educational, or hygienic. Some teach history, some geography, some excellent sentiments or good language. Others inculcate reverence and obedience to the elder brother or sister, to parents or to the emperor, or stimulate the manly virtues of courage and contempt for pain. The study of the subject leads one to respect more highly, rather than otherwise, the Japanese people for being such affectionate fathers and mothers, and for having such natural and docile children. The character of the children's plays and their encouragementby the parents has, I think, much to do with that frankness, affection, and obedience on the side of the children, and that kindness and sympathy on the side of the parents, which are so noticeable in Japan, and which is one of the many good points of Japanese life and character.

Footnotes[1]Fuji San, or Fuji no Yama, the highest mountain in the Japanese archipelago, is in the province of Suruga, sixty miles west of Tokio. Its crest is covered with snow most of the year. Twenty thousand pilgrims visit it annually. Its name may mean Not Two (such), or Peerless.[2]Arimawas one of the daimios or landed nobleman, nearly three hundred in number, out of whom has been formed the new nobility of Japan, a certain number of which are in the Upper House of the Imperial Diet.[3]Wild-dogs:ownerless dogs have now been exterminated, and every dog in Japan is owned, licensed, taxed, or else liable to go the way of the old wolfish-looking curs. The pet spaniel-like dogs are calledchin.[4]Yoshi-san. Yoshimeans good, excellent, andsanis like our "Mr.," but is applied to any one from big man to baby. The girls are named after flowers, stars, or other pretty or useful objects.[5]The campaign against Korea: 200A.D.[6]The Queen and the Prince: See the story of "The Jewels of the Ebbing and the Flowing Tide" in the book of "Japanese Fairy Tales" in this series.[7]Ojin, son of Jingu Kogo, was, much later, deified as the god of war, Hachiman. See "The Religions of Japan," p. 204.[8]Thebronze fishes, called shachi-hoko, are huge metal figures, like dolphins, from four to twelve feet high, which were set on the pinnacles of the old castle towers in the days of feudalism. That from Nagoya, exhibited at the Vienna Exposition, had scales of solid gold.[9]First of January: The old Chinese or lunar calendar ended in Japan, and the solar or Gregorian calendar began, January 1, 1872, when European dress was adopted by the official class.[10]The seven Gods of Wealth: Concerning the origin of these popular deities, see "The Religions of Japan," p. 218.[11]Thejin-riki-sha, man-power-carriage, invented in Japan in 1871, is now used all over the East.[12]Beautiful handwritingwas considered one of the most admirable of accomplishments in old Japan.[13]AEchigo:the province on the west coast, now famous for its petroleum wells.[14]A story much like that of "The Parsley Queen" is told in the province of Echizen.[15]Yamato is the old classic centre of ancient life and history.[16]Prince Shotoku Taishi, a great patron of Buddhism, who, though a layman, is canonized (see "The Religions of Japan," p. 180).[17]An independent gentleman, aroninor "wave man," one who had left the service of his feudal lord and was independent,—sometimes a gentleman and a scholar, oftener a ruffian or vagabond.[18]Buddhism, on account of the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, forbids the taking of life.[19]There are very few storks in Japan, but white heron are quite common.[20]From the paper read before The Asiatic Society of Japan.[21]Shoyu: the origin of the English soy.[22]A jumon: the tenth part of a sen or cent.[23]Garuta, or karuta, our word "card," as spoken on Japanese lips.

[1]Fuji San, or Fuji no Yama, the highest mountain in the Japanese archipelago, is in the province of Suruga, sixty miles west of Tokio. Its crest is covered with snow most of the year. Twenty thousand pilgrims visit it annually. Its name may mean Not Two (such), or Peerless.

[2]Arimawas one of the daimios or landed nobleman, nearly three hundred in number, out of whom has been formed the new nobility of Japan, a certain number of which are in the Upper House of the Imperial Diet.

[3]Wild-dogs:ownerless dogs have now been exterminated, and every dog in Japan is owned, licensed, taxed, or else liable to go the way of the old wolfish-looking curs. The pet spaniel-like dogs are calledchin.

[4]Yoshi-san. Yoshimeans good, excellent, andsanis like our "Mr.," but is applied to any one from big man to baby. The girls are named after flowers, stars, or other pretty or useful objects.

[5]The campaign against Korea: 200A.D.

[6]The Queen and the Prince: See the story of "The Jewels of the Ebbing and the Flowing Tide" in the book of "Japanese Fairy Tales" in this series.

[7]Ojin, son of Jingu Kogo, was, much later, deified as the god of war, Hachiman. See "The Religions of Japan," p. 204.

[8]Thebronze fishes, called shachi-hoko, are huge metal figures, like dolphins, from four to twelve feet high, which were set on the pinnacles of the old castle towers in the days of feudalism. That from Nagoya, exhibited at the Vienna Exposition, had scales of solid gold.

[9]First of January: The old Chinese or lunar calendar ended in Japan, and the solar or Gregorian calendar began, January 1, 1872, when European dress was adopted by the official class.

[10]The seven Gods of Wealth: Concerning the origin of these popular deities, see "The Religions of Japan," p. 218.

[11]Thejin-riki-sha, man-power-carriage, invented in Japan in 1871, is now used all over the East.

[12]Beautiful handwritingwas considered one of the most admirable of accomplishments in old Japan.

[13]AEchigo:the province on the west coast, now famous for its petroleum wells.

[14]A story much like that of "The Parsley Queen" is told in the province of Echizen.

[15]Yamato is the old classic centre of ancient life and history.

[16]Prince Shotoku Taishi, a great patron of Buddhism, who, though a layman, is canonized (see "The Religions of Japan," p. 180).

[17]An independent gentleman, aroninor "wave man," one who had left the service of his feudal lord and was independent,—sometimes a gentleman and a scholar, oftener a ruffian or vagabond.

[18]Buddhism, on account of the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, forbids the taking of life.

[19]There are very few storks in Japan, but white heron are quite common.

[20]From the paper read before The Asiatic Society of Japan.

[21]Shoyu: the origin of the English soy.

[22]A jumon: the tenth part of a sen or cent.

[23]Garuta, or karuta, our word "card," as spoken on Japanese lips.

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Part I bound separately, 25 cents.Spalding's Problem of Elementary Composition.Practical suggestions for work in grammar grades. 40 cents.See also our lists of books in Higher English, English Classics,Supplementary Reading, and English Literature.D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, ChicagoElementary ScienceAustin's Observation Blanks in Mineralogy.Detailed studies of 35 minerals. Boards, 88 pages. 30 cents.Bailey's Grammar School Physics.A series of practical lessons with simple experiments that may be performed in the ordinary schoolroom. 138 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.Ballard's The World of Matter.Simple studies in chemistry and mineralogy; for use as a text-book or as a guide to the teacher in giving object lessons. 264 pages. Illlustrated. $1.00.Brown's Good Health for Girls and Boys.Physiology and hygiene for intermediate grades. 176 pages. Illustrated. 45 cents.Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy.Gives in detail descriptions of methods that will lead the careful worker to successful results. 233 pages. Illus. $1.60.Clarke's Astronomical Lantern.Intended to familiarize students with the constellations by comparing them with facsimiles on the lantern face. With seventeen slides, giving twenty-two constellations. $4.50.Clarke's How to Find the Stars.Accompanies the above and helps to an acquaintance with the constellations. 47 pages. Paper. 15 cents.Colton's Elementary Physiology and Hygiene.For grammar grades. 317 pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.Eckstorm's The Bird Book.The natural history of birds, with directions for observation and suggestions for study. 301 pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.Guides for Science Teaching.Teachers' aids for instruction in Natural History.I.Hyatt's About Pebbles. 26 pages. Paper. 10 cts.II.Goodale's A Few Common Plants. 61 pages. Paper. 20 cts.III.Hyatt's Commercial and other Sponges. Illustrated. 43 pages. Paper. 20 cts.IV.Agassiz's First Lesson in Natural History. Illus. 64 pages. Paper. 25 cts.V.Hyatt's Corals and Echinoderms. Illustrated. 32 pages. Paper. 30 cts.VI.Hyatt's Mollusca. Illustrated. 65 pages. Paper. 30 cts.VII.Hyatt's Worms and Crustacea. Illustrated. 68 pages. Paper, 30 cts.XII.Crosby's Common Minerals and Rocks. Illustrated. 200 pages. Paper, 40 cents. Cloth, 60 cts.XIII.Richard's First Lessons in Minerals. 50 pages. Paper. 10 cts.XIV.Bowditch's Physiology. 58 pages. Paper. 20 cts.XV.Clapp's 36 Observation Lessons in Minerals. 80 pages. Paper, 30 cts.XVI.Phenix's Lessons in Chemistry. 20 cts.Pupils' Note-book to accompany No. 15. 10 cts.Rice's Science Teaching in the School.With a course of instruction in science for the lower grades. 46 pages. Paper. 25 cents.Ricks's Natural History Object Lessons.Information on plants and their products, on animals and their uses, and gives specimen lessons. 332 pages. Illustrated. $1.50.Rick's Object Lessons and How to Give Them.Vol. I.Gives lessons for primary grades. 200 pages. 90 cents.Vol. II.Gives lessons for grammar and intermediate grades. 212 pages. 90 cts.Scott's Nature Study and the Child.A manual for teachers, with outlines of lessons and courses, detailed studies of animal and plant life, and chapters on methods and the relation of nature study to expression. 652 pages. Illustrated. Retail price, $1.50.Sever's Elements of Agriculture.For grammar grades. Illustrated. 151 pages. 50 cents.Shaler's First Book in Geology.A helpful introduction to the study of modern text-books in geography. 272 pages. Illus. Cloth, 60 cts. Boards, 45 cts.Smith's Studies in Nature.Combines natural history and language work. 48 pages. Paper. 15 cents.Spear's Leaves and Flowers.An elementary botany for pupils under twelve. 103 pages. Illustrated. 25 cents.Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Reader, No. 4.Elementary lessons in geology, astronomy, world life, etc. 372 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.See also our list of books in Science.D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, ChicagoElementary MathematicsAtwood's Complete Graded Arithmetic.New edition. Work for each grade from third to eighth inclusive, bound in a separate book. Six books. Each, 25 cts.Old edition: Part I, 30 cts.; Part II, 65 cts.Badlam's Aids to Number.Teacher's edition—First series, Nos. 1 to 10, 40 cts.; Second series, Nos. 10 to 20, 40 cts.; Pupil's edition—First series, 25 cts.; Second series, 25 cts.Bigelow and Boyden's Primary Number Manual.For teachers. 25 cts.Branson's Methods of Teaching Arithmetic.15 cts.Hanus's Geometry in the Grammar Schools.An essay, with outline of work for the last three years of the grammar school. 25 cts.Heath's Beginner's Arithmetic.For first and second years. 30 cts.Heath's Primary Arithmetic.Illustrated in color. 35 cts.Heath's Complete Practical Arithmetic.65 cts.Howland's Drill Cards.For middle grades. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40.Hunt's Geometry for Grammar Schools.The definitions and elementary concepts taught concretely. 30 cts.Joy's Arithmetic Without a Pencil.Mental Arithmetic. 35 cts.Pierce's Review Number Cards.Two cards, for second and third year pupils. Each, 3 cts.; per hundred, $2.40.Safford's Mathematical Teaching.A monograph, with applications. 25 cts.Siefert's Principles of Arithmetic.A teacher's guide. 75 cts.Sloane's Practical Lessons in Fractions.25 cts. Set of six fraction cards, for pupils to cut. 10 cts.Sutton and Bruce's Arithmetics.Lower, 35 cts.; Higher, 60 cts.The New Arithmetic.By 300 teachers. Little theory and much practice. An excellent review book. 65 cts.Walsh's New Arithmetics.New Primary, 30 cts. New Grammar School, 65 cts. New Grammar School, Part I, 40 cts.; Part II, 45 cts. Alternate Arithmetic, for upper grades, 00 cts.Walsh's Arithmetics.Two Book Series—Primary, 30 cts.; Grammar School, 65 cts.Three Book Series—Elementary, 30 cts.; Intermediate, 35 cts.; Higher, 65 cts.Walsh's Algebra and Geometry for Grammar Grades.15 cts.Watson and White's Arithmetics.Primary, 35 cts. Intermediate, 45 cts. Complete, in preparation.Wells and Gerrish's Beginner's Algebra.For grammar grades. 50 cts.White's Arithmetics.Two Years with Number, 35 cts. Junior Arithmetic, 45 cts. Senior Arithmetic, 65 cts.For advanced works see our list of books in Mathematics.D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, ChicagoSupplementary ReadingA Classified List for all Grades.GRADE I.Bass's The Beginner's Reader.23Badlam's Primer.25Fuller's Illustrated Primer.25Griel's Glimpses of Nature for Little Folks.30Heart of Oak Readers, Book I.25Regal's Lessons for Little Readers.30GRADE II.Warren's From September to June with Nature.35Badlam's First Reader.30Bass's Stories of Plant Life.25Heart of Oak Readers, Book I.25Snedden's Docas, the Indian Boy.35Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature, Readers No. 1.25GRADE III.Heart of Oak Readers, Book II.35Pratt's America's Story, Beginner's Book.35Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 2.35Miller's My Saturday Bird Class.25Firth's Stories of Old Greece.30Bass's Stories of Animal life.35Spear's Leaves and Flowers.25GRADE IV.Bass's Stories of Pioneer Life.40Brown's Alice and Tom.40Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends.30Heart of Oak Readers, Book III.45Pratt's America's Story—Discoverers and Explorers.40Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 3.45GRADE V.Bull's Fridtjof Nansen.30Grinnell's Our Feathered Friends.30Heart of Oak Readers, Book III.45Pratt's America's Story—The Earlier Colonies.00Kupfer's Stories of Long Ago.35GRADE VI.Starr's Strange Peoples.40Bull's Fridtjof Nansen.30Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV.50Pratt's America's Story—The Colonial Period.00Dole's The Young Citizen.45GRADE VII.Starr's American Indians.45Penniman's School Poetry Book.30Pratt's America's Story—The Revolution and the Republic.00Eckstorm's The Bird Book.60Heart of Oak Readers, Book IV.50Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Readers, No. 4.50GRADES VIIIandIX.Heart of Oak Readers, Book V.55Heart of Oak Readers, Book VI.60Dole's The American Citizen.80Shaler's First Book in Geology (boards).40Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield.50Addison's Sir Roger de Coverley.35Descriptive circular sent free on request.D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, ChicagoAmerica's StoryFor America's ChildrenBy MARA L. PRATT.A series of history readers which present the personal and picturesque elements of the story in a way as attractive to young readers as romance, and which will supplement the regular instruction in history in an effective manner.Every statement of fact is historically accurate and the illustrations are correct even to the smallest details. Unusual care has been taken in these matters.These books are effectively illustrated in black and white and in color; are bound in attractive and artistic cloth covers; uniform in size, 6¼ x 7¾; printed on extra heavy paper, in large type and contain about 160 pages each.Book I. The Beginners' Book.35 cents.A delightful story book, developing centers of interest through picturesque and personal incidents.Book II. Exploration and Discovery.40 cents.The great explorers and discoverers from Lief Ericson to Henry Hudson.Book III. The Earlier Colonies.40 cents.An accurate and fascinating account of the first settlements and the 13 colonies.Book IV. The Later Colonial Period.40 cents.Settlements in the Mississippi Valley, The French and Indian Wars, etc.Book V. The Revolution and the Republic.40 cents.The causes that led to it, the men who guided events, and subsequent civil history.Descriptive circular free on requestD. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, ChicagoAN ELEMENTARY HISTORY OFTHE UNITED STATESBy ALLEN C. THOMAS, A. M.Author of "A History of the United States," and Professor of History in Haverford College.The Elementary History is for the use of younger classes, and serves as an introduction to the author's larger History of the United States.Effort has been made to present such important phases of national growth as the difficulties and dangers of exploration, and how they were overcome by earnestness and perseverance; the risks and hardships of settlement, and how they were met and conquered; the independence and patriotism of the colonists, and how they triumphed; the effect of environment upon character; the development of the people in politics and government and in social life; and the progress of invention and its effect upon national development.Realizing the fascination that the personalities of our national heroes have for the young, the author has chosen those men who best illustrate the important periods in the making of our nation, and in a series of interesting biographical sketches uses their lives as centers around which the history is written. Thus the book has all the freshness and vitality, all the rapidity of action, and all the interest, of tales of patriotism and courage and untiring endurance, and yet preserves accuracy of fact and due proportion of importance of events.Cloth. 357 pages. Maps and illustrations. Introduction price, 60 cents.D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston New York ChicagoTHE HEATH READERSA new series, that excels in itsInteresting and well graded lessons.Masterpieces of English and American literature.Beautiful and appropriate illustrations.Clear and legible printing.Durable and handsome binding.Adaptation to the needs of modern schools.The Heath Readersenable teachers, whether they have much or little knowledge of the art, to teach children to read intelligently and to read aloud intelligibly. They do this without waste of time or effort, and at the same time that the books aid pupils in acquiring skill in reading, they present material which is in itself worth reading.The purpose of theHeath Readersis,first, to enable beginners to master the mechanical difficulties of reading successfully and in the shortest time;second, to develop the imagination and cultivate a taste for the best literature;third, to appeal to those motives that lead to right conduct, industry, courage, patriotism, and loyalty to duty. The larger purpose is, briefly, to aid in developing an appreciation of that which is of most worth in life and literature.The series contains seven books, as follows:Primer, 128 pages, 25 cents.Fourth Reader, 320 pages, 45 cents.First Reader, 130 pages, 25 cents.Fifth Reader, 352 pages, 50 cents.Second Reader, 176 pages, 35 cents.Sixth Reader, 352 pages, 50 cents.Third Reader, 256 pages, 40 cents.Descriptive circulars sent free on request.D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago

REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED

The Heart of Oak Books

A Collection of Traditional Rhymes and Stories for Children, and of Masterpieces of Poetry and Prose for Use at Home and at School, chosen with special reference to the cultivation of the imagination and the development of a taste for good reading.

EDITED BYCHARLES ELIOT NORTON

Book I. Rhymes, Jingles and Fables.For first reader classes. Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 128 pages. 25 cents.

Book II. Fables and Nursery Tales.For second reader classes. Illustrated by Frank T. Merrill. 176 pages. 35 cents.

Book III. Fairy Tales, Ballads and Poems.For third reader classes. With illustrations after George Cruikshank and Sir JohnTenniel. 184 pages. 40 cents.

Book IV. Fairy Stories and Classic Tales of Adventure.For fourth reader grades. With illustrations after J. M. W. Turner, Richard Doyle, John Flaxman, and E. Burne-Jones. 248 pages. 45 cents.

Book V. Masterpieces of Literature.For fifth reader grades. With illustrations after G. F. Watts, Sir John Tenniel, Fred Barnard, W. C. Stanfield, Ernest Fosbery, and from photographs. 318 pages. 50 cents.

Book VI. Masterpieces of Literature.With illustrations after Horace Vernet, A. Symington, J. Wells, Mrs. E. B. Thompson, and from photographs. 376 pages. 55 cents.

Book VII. Masterpieces of Literature.With illustrations after J. M. W. Turner, E. Dayes, Sir George Beaumont, and from photographs. 382 pages. 60 cents.

D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers

BOSTONNEW YORKCHICAGOLONDON

Heath's Home and School Classics.

FOR GRADES I AND II.

Mother Goose:A Book of Nursery Rhymes, arranged by C. Welsh. In two parts. Illustrated. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.

Perrault's Tales of Mother Goose.Introduction by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated after Doré. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Old World Wonder Stories:Whittington and his Cat; Jack the Giant Killer; Jack and the Bean-Stalk; Tom Thumb. Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Craik's So-Fat and Mew-Mew.Introduction by Lucy Wheelock. Illustrated by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Six Nursery Classics:The House That Jack Built; Mother Hubbard; Cock Robin; The Old Woman and Her Pig; Dame Wiggins of Lee, and the Three Bears. Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by Ernest Fosbery. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

FOR GRADES II AND III.

Sophie:From the French of Madame de Segur by C. Welsh. Edited by Ada Van Stone Harris. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Crib and Fly:A Tale of Two Terriers. Edited by Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by Gwendoline Sandham. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Goody Two Shoes.Attributed to Oliver Goldsmith. Edited by Charles Welsh. With twenty-eight illustrations after the wood-cuts in the original edition of 1765. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Segur's The Story of a Donkey.Translated by C. Welsh. Edited by Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by E. H. Saunders. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

FOR GRADES III AND IV.

Trimmer's The History of the Robins.Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated by C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Aiken and Barbauld's Eyes and No Eyes, and Other Stories.Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes and C. M. Howard. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Edgeworth's Waste Not, Want Not, and Other Stories.Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by W. P. Bodwell. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Ruskin's The King of the Golden River.Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by Sears Gallagher. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Browne's The Wonderful Chair and The Tales It Told.Edited by M. V. O'Shea. Illustrated by Clara E. Atwood after Mrs. Seymour Lucas. In two parts. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.

FOR GRADES IV AND V.

Thackeray's The Rose and the Ring. A Fairy Tale.Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrations by Thackeray. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Ingelow's Three Fairy Stories.Edited by Charles F. Dole. Illustrated by E. Ripley. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Ayrton's Child Life in Japan and Japanese Child Stories.Edited by William Elliot Griffis. Illustrated by Japanese Artists. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Ewing's Jackanapes.Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrated. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Carové's Story Without an End.Fourteen illustrations. Cloth, 25 cents.

FOR GRADES V AND VI.

Lamb's The Adventures of Ulysses.Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrations after Flaxman. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Gulliver's Travels.I. A Voyage to Lilliput. II. A Voyage to Brobdingnag. Edited by T. M. Balliet. Fully illustrated. In two parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.

Ewing's The Story of a Short Life.Edited by T. M. Balliet. Illustrated by A. F. Schmitt. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Tales From the Travels of Baron Munchausen.Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes after Doré. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Muloch's The Little Lame Prince.Preface by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward. Illustrated by Miss E. B. Barry. In two parts. Paper, each part, 10 cents; cloth, two parts bound in one, 30 cents.

FOR GRADES VI AND VII.

Lamb's Tales From Shakespeare.Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward. Illustrated by Homer W. Colby after Pillé. In three parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, three parts bound in one, 40 cents.

Martineau's The Crofton Boys.Edited by William Elliot Griffis. Illustrated by A. F. Schmitt. Cloth, 30 cents.

Motley's The Siege of Leyden.Edited by William Elliot Griffis. With nineteen illustrations from old prints and photographs, and a map. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

Brown's Rab and His Friends and Other Stories of Dogs.Edited by T. M. Balliet. Illustrated by David L. Munroe after Sir Noel Paton, Mrs. Blackburn, George Hardy, and Lumb Stocks. Paper, 10 cents; cloth, 20 cents.

FOR GRADES VII, VIII AND IX.

Hamerton's Chapters on Animals:Dogs, Cats and Horses. Edited by W. P. Trent. Illustrated after Sir E. Landseer, Sir John Millais, Rosa Bonheur, E. Van Muyden, Veyrassat, J. L. Gerome, K. Bodmer, etc. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Irving's Dolph Heyliger.Edited by G. H. Browne. Illustrated by H. P. Barnes. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Shakespeare's The Tempest.Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations after Retzch and the Chandos portrait. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations after Smirke and the Droeshout portrait. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors.Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations after Smirke, Creswick and Leslie. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.Edited by Sarah W. Hiestand. Illustrations after Leslie, Wheatley, and Wright. Paper, 15 cents; cloth, 25 cents.

Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.Edited by Edward Everett Hale. Illustrated. In four parts. Paper, each part, 15 cents; cloth, four parts bound in one, 60 cents.

Jordan's True Tales of Birds and Beasts.By David Starr Jordan. Illustrated by Mary H. Wellman. Cloth, 40 cents.

Fouqué's Undine.Introduction by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward. Illustrations after Julius Höppner. Cloth, 30 cents.

Melville's Typee: Life in the South Seas.Introduction by W. P. Trent. Illustrated by H. W. Moore. Cloth, 45 cents.

Elementary English

Allen and Hawkins's School Course in English.Book I, 35 cts.; Book II, 50 cts.

Allen's School Grammar of the English Language.A clear, concise, adequate book for upper grades. 60 cents.

Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading.A manual for primary teachers. Plain and practical. $1.50.

Badlam's Suggestive Lessons in Language.Being Part I and Appendix of Suggestive Lessons in Language and Reading. 50 cents.

Benson's Practical Speller.Contains nearly 13,000 words. Part I, 261 Lessons, 18 cents; Part II, 270 Lessons, 18 cents. Parts I and II bound together, 25 cents.

Benson and Glenn's Speller and Definer.700 spelling and defining lists. 30 cts.

Branson's Methods in Reading.With a chapter on spelling. 15 cents.

Buckbee's Primary Word Book.Drills in articulation and in phonics. 25 cents.

Clapp and Huston's Composition Work in Grammar Grades.15 cents.

Fuller's Phonetic Drill Charts.Exercises in elementary sounds. Per set (3) 10 cts.

Haaren's Word and Sentence Book.A language speller. Book I, 20 cents; Book II, 25 cents.

Hall's How to Teach Reading.Also discusses what children should read. 25 cts.

Harrington's Course for Non-English Speaking People.Book I, 25 cents; Book II, 30 cents. Language Lessons to accompany Book I, 25 cents.

Harris's Spiral Course in English.Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 60 cents.

Heath's Graded Spelling Book.20 cents.

Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book I.Practical lessons in the correct use of English, with the rudiments of grammar. 35 cents.

Hyde's Two-Book Course in English, Book II.A carefully graded course of lessons in language, composition and technical grammar. 60 cents.

Hyde's Practical Lessons in English.Book I, 35 cents; Book II, 50 cents. Book II, with Supplement, 60 cents. Supplement bound alone, 30 cents.

Hyde's Practical English Grammar.50 cents.

Hyde's Derivation of Words.With exercises on prefixes, suffixes, and stems. 10 cts.

MacEwan's The Essentials of the English Sentence.A compendious manual for review in technical grammar preparatory to more advanced studies in language. 75 cents.

Mathew's Outline of English Grammar.With Selections for Practice. 70 cents.

Penniman's New Practical Speller.Contains 6500 words. 20 cents.

Penniman's Common Words Difficult to Spell.Contains 3500 words. 20 cents.

Penniman's Prose Dictation Exercises.25 cents.

Phillip's History and Literature in Grammar Grades.15 cents.

Sever's Progressive Speller.Gives spelling, pronunciation, definition and use of words. 25 cents.

Smith's Studies in Nature, and Language Lessons.A combination of object lessons with language work. 50 cents. Part I bound separately, 25 cents.

Spalding's Problem of Elementary Composition.Practical suggestions for work in grammar grades. 40 cents.

See also our lists of books in Higher English, English Classics,Supplementary Reading, and English Literature.

D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers, Boston, New York, Chicago

Elementary Science

Austin's Observation Blanks in Mineralogy.Detailed studies of 35 minerals. Boards, 88 pages. 30 cents.

Bailey's Grammar School Physics.A series of practical lessons with simple experiments that may be performed in the ordinary schoolroom. 138 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.

Ballard's The World of Matter.Simple studies in chemistry and mineralogy; for use as a text-book or as a guide to the teacher in giving object lessons. 264 pages. Illlustrated. $1.00.

Brown's Good Health for Girls and Boys.Physiology and hygiene for intermediate grades. 176 pages. Illustrated. 45 cents.

Clark's Practical Methods in Microscopy.Gives in detail descriptions of methods that will lead the careful worker to successful results. 233 pages. Illus. $1.60.

Clarke's Astronomical Lantern.Intended to familiarize students with the constellations by comparing them with facsimiles on the lantern face. With seventeen slides, giving twenty-two constellations. $4.50.

Clarke's How to Find the Stars.Accompanies the above and helps to an acquaintance with the constellations. 47 pages. Paper. 15 cents.

Colton's Elementary Physiology and Hygiene.For grammar grades. 317 pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.

Eckstorm's The Bird Book.The natural history of birds, with directions for observation and suggestions for study. 301 pages. Illustrated. 60 cents.

Guides for Science Teaching.Teachers' aids for instruction in Natural History.

I.Hyatt's About Pebbles. 26 pages. Paper. 10 cts.II.Goodale's A Few Common Plants. 61 pages. Paper. 20 cts.III.Hyatt's Commercial and other Sponges. Illustrated. 43 pages. Paper. 20 cts.IV.Agassiz's First Lesson in Natural History. Illus. 64 pages. Paper. 25 cts.V.Hyatt's Corals and Echinoderms. Illustrated. 32 pages. Paper. 30 cts.VI.Hyatt's Mollusca. Illustrated. 65 pages. Paper. 30 cts.VII.Hyatt's Worms and Crustacea. Illustrated. 68 pages. Paper, 30 cts.XII.Crosby's Common Minerals and Rocks. Illustrated. 200 pages. Paper, 40 cents. Cloth, 60 cts.XIII.Richard's First Lessons in Minerals. 50 pages. Paper. 10 cts.XIV.Bowditch's Physiology. 58 pages. Paper. 20 cts.XV.Clapp's 36 Observation Lessons in Minerals. 80 pages. Paper, 30 cts.XVI.Phenix's Lessons in Chemistry. 20 cts.Pupils' Note-book to accompany No. 15. 10 cts.

Rice's Science Teaching in the School.With a course of instruction in science for the lower grades. 46 pages. Paper. 25 cents.

Ricks's Natural History Object Lessons.Information on plants and their products, on animals and their uses, and gives specimen lessons. 332 pages. Illustrated. $1.50.

Rick's Object Lessons and How to Give Them.

Vol. I.Gives lessons for primary grades. 200 pages. 90 cents.Vol. II.Gives lessons for grammar and intermediate grades. 212 pages. 90 cts.

Scott's Nature Study and the Child.A manual for teachers, with outlines of lessons and courses, detailed studies of animal and plant life, and chapters on methods and the relation of nature study to expression. 652 pages. Illustrated. Retail price, $1.50.

Sever's Elements of Agriculture.For grammar grades. Illustrated. 151 pages. 50 cents.

Shaler's First Book in Geology.A helpful introduction to the study of modern text-books in geography. 272 pages. Illus. Cloth, 60 cts. Boards, 45 cts.

Smith's Studies in Nature.Combines natural history and language work. 48 pages. Paper. 15 cents.

Spear's Leaves and Flowers.An elementary botany for pupils under twelve. 103 pages. Illustrated. 25 cents.

Wright's Seaside and Wayside Nature Reader, No. 4.Elementary lessons in geology, astronomy, world life, etc. 372 pages. Illustrated. 50 cents.