Many years ago Macaulay declared, "Intense labor, beginning too early in life, continued too long every day, stunting the growth of the mind, leaving no time for healthful exercise, no time for intellectual culture, must impair all those high qualities that have made our country great. Your overworked boys will become a feeble and ignoble race of men, the parents of a more feeble progeny; nor will it be long before the deterioration of the laborer will injuriously affect those very interests to which his physical and moral interests have been sacrificed. If ever we are forced to yield the foremost place among commercial nations, we shall yield it to some people preëminently vigorous in body and in mind." To-day these words seem to us a veritable prophecy—but we must not forget that they apply to America no less than to England. If our civilization is to continue and to improve with time, every child must have a proper opportunity to grow under conditions as nearly normal aspossible; we must secure to the children their birthright—the right to play and to dream, the right to healthful sleep, the right to education and training, the right to grow into manhood and into womanhood with cleanness and strength both of body and of mind, the right of a chance to become useful citizens of the future. Eternal vigilance is the price of protection for childhood, and while "Women and children first" is a rigid law of the sea, "Children first" is the fundamental law both of Nature and civilization.
FOOTNOTES:[1]Wisconsin Statutes, Section 1728 p., Laws of 1911.[2]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Minutes of Evidence, Q. 71. Cf. also Great Britain—Employment of Children Act, 1903, Section 13.[3]The Newsboy, Pittsburgh, April, 1909.[4]Great Britain—Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, pp. 18, 19.[5]Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia,"Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.[6]"The Child in the City," Handbook of Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 25.[7]"A Plea to Take the Small Boy and Girl from the City Streets," a folder issued by Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.[8]Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 8.[9]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.[10]The Survey, April 22, 1911, p. 138.[11]"Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, p. 296.[12]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.[13]Twelfth Census of United States, Vol. II, Population, Part II, p. 506.[14]Twelfth Census of United States, Special Reports, Occupations, 1904, pp. xxiv, cxxxiii.[15]Idem, pp. xxiii, cxxxiii.[16]Twelfth Census of United States, 1900, Vol. VII, p. cxxv.[17]Instructions to Enumerators, Thirteenth Census of the United States, pp. 32-34.[18]These tables were copied from charts displayed at the Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, May, 1911.[19]"The Child in the City," Handbook of the Child Welfare Exhibit, Chicago, May 11-25, 1911, p. 25.[20]Idem, p. 25.[21]"The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, pp. 241-242.[22]"A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.[23]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.[24]Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone System in the United States, 1911, p. 9.[25]A more detailed presentation of this matter will be found inChapter IV.[26]Immigration Commission's Report, p. 9.[27]Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 17.[28]Idem, p. 21.[29]Idem, p. 17.[30]Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 25.[31]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 8.[32]Idem, p. 9.[33]Idem, p. 10.[34]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 18.[35]Idem, p. 16.[36]Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, p. 178.[37]Report of President of State Children Relief Board of New South Wales for year ending April 5, 1910, pp. 39-40.[38]Vierteljahrshefte des Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amts, 1900,HeftIII, p. 97. See also Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 3, p. 294.[39]Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 84.[40]Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 56.[41]Idem, p. 63.[42]Idem, p. 65.[43]The Hustler, organ of Boston Newsboys' Club, February, 1911.[44]Report of the Newsboys' Home Association of Washington, D.C., 1863-1864, p. 7.[45]"The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by E. T. Campagnac and C. E. B. Russell; Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 45, pp. 456-457.[46]Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.[47]"Child Labor on the Street,"The Newsboy, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.[48]Report of Newsboys' and Children's Aid Society of Washington, D.C., 1889, p. 10.[49]"The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.[50]Child Labor at the National Capital, an address delivered in Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor Committee.[51]Mary E. McDowell, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, pp. 6-7.[52]"The Social Evil in Chicago" by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 242.[53]Miss Todd, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 12.[54]National Child Labor Committee, Pamphlet 114, p. 12.[55]Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken Before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9724.[56]Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 46.[57]Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.[58]"Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 12.[59]"Child Labor on the Street,"The Newsboy, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.[60]"Children in American Street Trades," 1905, Pamphlet 14 of National Child Labor Committee.[61]Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.[62]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 23.[63]Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 1837et seq.[64]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.[65]George A. Hall, "The Newsboy," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 102.[66]School Document, No. 14, 1910, Boston Public Schools, pp. 42-44.[67]Report of New York-New Jersey Committee of the North American Civic League for Immigrants, December, 1909-March, 1911, pp. 33-34.[68]Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone System in United States, 1911, p. 10.[69]Abstract of Report on Greek Padrone System in United States, by Immigration Commission, 1911, p. 22.[70]Survey, Vol. XXVI, p. 591.[71]School Document, No. 10, 1910, Boston Public Schools, p. 133.[72]"The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 242.[73]"Child Labor at the National Capital," an address delivered in Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor Committee.[74]"The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 244.[75]Bulletin 69 of Bureau of Census, "Child Labor in the United States," 1907, p. 170.[76]Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," p. 179.[77]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 10,440.[78]J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," edited by E. J. Urwick (England), 1904, p. 121.[79]E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities" (England), 1904, p. 305.[80]"Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 15.[81]Victor S. Clark, "Women and Child Wage Earners in Great Britain," Bulletin 80, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 28.[82]"Newsboy Life—What Superintendents of Reformatories and Others think about its Effects," Leaflet No. 32 of National Child Labor Committee, 1910.[83]"Buffalo Child Labor Problems," folder issued by New York Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 3.[84]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.[85]Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia,"Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.[86]John Spargo, "Bitter Cry of the Children," 1906, p. 184.[87]James L. Fieser, "Causes of Truancy," Indiana Bulletin of Charities and Correction, June, 1910, p. 227.[88]James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court," Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.[89]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 12.[90]Mrs. Louise B. More, "Wage-Earners' Budgets," 1907, p. 148.[91]J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, p. 131.[92]Idem, p. 135.[93]E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," 1904, p. 307.[94]Idem, p. 309.[95]Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, pp. 179-180.[96]Constance Smith, Report on the Employment of Children in the United Kingdom, 1909, p. 11.[97]Margaret Alden, M.D., "Child Life and Labour," 1908, p. 118.[98]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. I, paragraph 68.[99]Idem, Vol. II, Q. 2453.[100]Idem, Vol. II, Q. 2479.[101]Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence taken before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9503et seq.[102]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 39, p. 418.[103]Copied from Charts in Child Labor Exhibit at National Conference of Charities and Correction, St. Louis, May, 1910.[104]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 11.[105]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, p. 12.[106]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.[107]"Child Labor on the Street," leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee,The Newsboy, 1907.[108]"The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.[109]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Q. 3862.[110]Report of the Board of Education of the Toledo City School District, 1910-1911, p. 141.[111]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session.[112]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 39.[113]Idem, p. 42.[114]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 44.[115]Idem, p. 59.[116]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 62.[117]Idem, p. 69.[118]Idem, p. 71.[119]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 73.[120]Idem, p. 84.[121]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 86.[122]Idem, p. 87.[123]Idem, p. 90.[124]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 91.[125]Idem, p. 92.[126]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 105.[127]Includes 17 in bowling alleys and pool rooms and 23 in theaters and other places of amusement.[128]Includes 2 in boarding houses, 26 home workers (precise character of work not specified), 10 in restaurants, and 12 in private families.[129]Includes 26 bootblacks and 320 newsboys.[130]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 106.[131]Idem, pp. 106-107.[132]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 108.[133]Idem, pp. 116-117.[134]Idem, p. 134.[135]Davis Wasgatt Clark, "American Child and Moloch of To-day," 1907, p. 40.[136]George B. Mangold, "Child Problems," 1910, p. 232.[137]James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court," Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.[138]Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, 1911, p. 22.[139]E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," 1904, p. 304.[140]Bulletin 81, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 416.[141]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on the Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.[142]"A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.[143]Report on Bylaws made by London County Council under Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, pp. 24-27.[144]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 33, p. 403.[145]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.[146]"Street Trades," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 108.[147]School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, pp. 34-35.[148]Committee on Work and Wages, Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.[149]School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, p. 36.[150]Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, p. 14.[151]Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, pp. 26-27.[152]Idem, p. 16.[153]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, pp. 20-21.[154]Idem, p. 24.[155]Idem, p. 9.[156]Idem, Q. 1123.[157]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, Q. 7203.[158]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. 6.[159]Great Britain, Return of Local Authorities which have made By-laws under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1907.[160]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 7.[161]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 11.[162]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.[163]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 12757-12759.[164]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 37, pp. 415-416.[165]Report on the By-laws made by the London County Council under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, p. 5.[166]Idem, p. 16.[167]Idem, p. 15.[168]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.[169]J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in our Cities," 1904, p. 131.[170]"Citizens in the Making," Annual Report of Superintendent of Neglected Children for Province of Manitoba, Canada, 1910, pp. 31-34.[171]C. W. A. Veditz, "Child Labor Legislation in Europe," in Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 242.[172]Henry Ferrette, "Manuel de législation industrielle," 1909, p. 149.[173]Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 106, p. 566.
[1]Wisconsin Statutes, Section 1728 p., Laws of 1911.
[2]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Minutes of Evidence, Q. 71. Cf. also Great Britain—Employment of Children Act, 1903, Section 13.
[3]The Newsboy, Pittsburgh, April, 1909.
[4]Great Britain—Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, pp. 18, 19.
[5]Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia,"Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.
[6]"The Child in the City," Handbook of Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 25.
[7]"A Plea to Take the Small Boy and Girl from the City Streets," a folder issued by Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.
[8]Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 8.
[9]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[10]The Survey, April 22, 1911, p. 138.
[11]"Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, p. 296.
[12]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.
[13]Twelfth Census of United States, Vol. II, Population, Part II, p. 506.
[14]Twelfth Census of United States, Special Reports, Occupations, 1904, pp. xxiv, cxxxiii.
[15]Idem, pp. xxiii, cxxxiii.
[16]Twelfth Census of United States, 1900, Vol. VII, p. cxxv.
[17]Instructions to Enumerators, Thirteenth Census of the United States, pp. 32-34.
[18]These tables were copied from charts displayed at the Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, May, 1911.
[19]"The Child in the City," Handbook of the Child Welfare Exhibit, Chicago, May 11-25, 1911, p. 25.
[20]Idem, p. 25.
[21]"The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, pp. 241-242.
[22]"A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.
[23]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[24]Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone System in the United States, 1911, p. 9.
[25]A more detailed presentation of this matter will be found inChapter IV.
[26]Immigration Commission's Report, p. 9.
[27]Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 17.
[28]Idem, p. 21.
[29]Idem, p. 17.
[30]Elementary Schools (Children working for Wages), House of Commons Papers, 1899, No. 205, p. 25.
[31]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 8.
[32]Idem, p. 9.
[33]Idem, p. 10.
[34]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 18.
[35]Idem, p. 16.
[36]Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, p. 178.
[37]Report of President of State Children Relief Board of New South Wales for year ending April 5, 1910, pp. 39-40.
[38]Vierteljahrshefte des Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amts, 1900,HeftIII, p. 97. See also Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 3, p. 294.
[39]Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 84.
[40]Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 56.
[41]Idem, p. 63.
[42]Idem, p. 65.
[43]The Hustler, organ of Boston Newsboys' Club, February, 1911.
[44]Report of the Newsboys' Home Association of Washington, D.C., 1863-1864, p. 7.
[45]"The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by E. T. Campagnac and C. E. B. Russell; Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 45, pp. 456-457.
[46]Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.
[47]"Child Labor on the Street,"The Newsboy, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.
[48]Report of Newsboys' and Children's Aid Society of Washington, D.C., 1889, p. 10.
[49]"The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.
[50]Child Labor at the National Capital, an address delivered in Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor Committee.
[51]Mary E. McDowell, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, pp. 6-7.
[52]"The Social Evil in Chicago" by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 242.
[53]Miss Todd, Pamphlet 114 of National Child Labor Committee, p. 12.
[54]National Child Labor Committee, Pamphlet 114, p. 12.
[55]Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken Before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9724.
[56]Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 46.
[57]Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.
[58]"Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 12.
[59]"Child Labor on the Street,"The Newsboy, leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.
[60]"Children in American Street Trades," 1905, Pamphlet 14 of National Child Labor Committee.
[61]Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.
[62]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 23.
[63]Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence Taken before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 1837et seq.
[64]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.
[65]George A. Hall, "The Newsboy," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 102.
[66]School Document, No. 14, 1910, Boston Public Schools, pp. 42-44.
[67]Report of New York-New Jersey Committee of the North American Civic League for Immigrants, December, 1909-March, 1911, pp. 33-34.
[68]Abstract of Immigration Commission's Report on the Greek Padrone System in United States, 1911, p. 10.
[69]Abstract of Report on Greek Padrone System in United States, by Immigration Commission, 1911, p. 22.
[70]Survey, Vol. XXVI, p. 591.
[71]School Document, No. 10, 1910, Boston Public Schools, p. 133.
[72]"The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 242.
[73]"Child Labor at the National Capital," an address delivered in Washington, December, 1905, Pamphlet 23 of National Child Labor Committee.
[74]"The Social Evil in Chicago," by the Vice Commission of Chicago, 1911, p. 244.
[75]Bulletin 69 of Bureau of Census, "Child Labor in the United States," 1907, p. 170.
[76]Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," p. 179.
[77]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 10,440.
[78]J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," edited by E. J. Urwick (England), 1904, p. 121.
[79]E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities" (England), 1904, p. 305.
[80]"Some Ethical Gains through Legislation," 1905, p. 15.
[81]Victor S. Clark, "Women and Child Wage Earners in Great Britain," Bulletin 80, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 28.
[82]"Newsboy Life—What Superintendents of Reformatories and Others think about its Effects," Leaflet No. 32 of National Child Labor Committee, 1910.
[83]"Buffalo Child Labor Problems," folder issued by New York Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 3.
[84]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[85]Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia,"Charities and The Commons, February 2, 1906.
[86]John Spargo, "Bitter Cry of the Children," 1906, p. 184.
[87]James L. Fieser, "Causes of Truancy," Indiana Bulletin of Charities and Correction, June, 1910, p. 227.
[88]James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court," Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.
[89]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 12.
[90]Mrs. Louise B. More, "Wage-Earners' Budgets," 1907, p. 148.
[91]J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," edited by E. J. Urwick, 1904, p. 131.
[92]Idem, p. 135.
[93]E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities," 1904, p. 307.
[94]Idem, p. 309.
[95]Robert H. Sherard, "Child Slaves of Britain," 1905, pp. 179-180.
[96]Constance Smith, Report on the Employment of Children in the United Kingdom, 1909, p. 11.
[97]Margaret Alden, M.D., "Child Life and Labour," 1908, p. 118.
[98]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. I, paragraph 68.
[99]Idem, Vol. II, Q. 2453.
[100]Idem, Vol. II, Q. 2479.
[101]Great Britain, Minutes of Evidence taken before Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, Q. 9503et seq.
[102]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 39, p. 418.
[103]Copied from Charts in Child Labor Exhibit at National Conference of Charities and Correction, St. Louis, May, 1910.
[104]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, p. 11.
[105]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1910, p. 12.
[106]Elizabeth C. Watson, "New York Newsboys and their Work," 1911.
[107]"Child Labor on the Street," leaflet of New York Child Labor Committee,The Newsboy, 1907.
[108]"The Education, Earnings and Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street Trading in Manchester," by Campagnac and Russell, 1901.
[109]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, Q. 3862.
[110]Report of the Board of Education of the Toledo City School District, 1910-1911, p. 141.
[111]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session.
[112]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 39.
[113]Idem, p. 42.
[114]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 44.
[115]Idem, p. 59.
[116]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 62.
[117]Idem, p. 69.
[118]Idem, p. 71.
[119]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 73.
[120]Idem, p. 84.
[121]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 86.
[122]Idem, p. 87.
[123]Idem, p. 90.
[124]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 91.
[125]Idem, p. 92.
[126]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 105.
[127]Includes 17 in bowling alleys and pool rooms and 23 in theaters and other places of amusement.
[128]Includes 2 in boarding houses, 26 home workers (precise character of work not specified), 10 in restaurants, and 12 in private families.
[129]Includes 26 bootblacks and 320 newsboys.
[130]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 106.
[131]Idem, pp. 106-107.
[132]"Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment," Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session, p. 108.
[133]Idem, pp. 116-117.
[134]Idem, p. 134.
[135]Davis Wasgatt Clark, "American Child and Moloch of To-day," 1907, p. 40.
[136]George B. Mangold, "Child Problems," 1910, p. 232.
[137]James A. Britton, M.D., "Child Labor and the Juvenile Court," Pamphlet 95 of National Child Labor Committee, 1909.
[138]Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States, 1911, p. 22.
[139]E. J. Urwick, "Studies of Boy Life in Our Cities (England)," 1904, p. 304.
[140]Bulletin 81, United States Bureau of Labor, p. 416.
[141]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on the Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.
[142]"A Plea to take the Small Boy and the Girl from the City Streets," by the Chicago Board of Education and a committee representing local organizations, 1911.
[143]Report on Bylaws made by London County Council under Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, pp. 24-27.
[144]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 33, p. 403.
[145]Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. vii.
[146]"Street Trades," in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee, 1911, p. 108.
[147]School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, pp. 34-35.
[148]Committee on Work and Wages, Handbook of New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, p. 33.
[149]School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public Schools, p. 36.
[150]Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, p. 14.
[151]Elementary Schools (Children Working for Wages), House of Commons Paper, 1899, No. 205, pp. 26-27.
[152]Idem, p. 16.
[153]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, pp. 20-21.
[154]Idem, p. 24.
[155]Idem, p. 9.
[156]Idem, Q. 1123.
[157]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, Q. 7203.
[158]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on the Employment of Children during School Age in Ireland, 1902, p. 6.
[159]Great Britain, Return of Local Authorities which have made By-laws under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, 1907.
[160]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 7.
[161]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 11.
[162]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 13.
[163]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 12757-12759.
[164]Great Britain, Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Employment of School Children, 1901, App. 37, pp. 415-416.
[165]Report on the By-laws made by the London County Council under the Employment of Children Act, 1903, by Chester Jones, 1906, p. 5.
[166]Idem, p. 16.
[167]Idem, p. 15.
[168]Great Britain, Report of Departmental Committee on Employment of Children Act, 1903, submitted in 1910, p. 9.
[169]J. G. Cloete, "The Boy and his Work" in "Studies of Boy Life in our Cities," 1904, p. 131.
[170]"Citizens in the Making," Annual Report of Superintendent of Neglected Children for Province of Manitoba, Canada, 1910, pp. 31-34.
[171]C. W. A. Veditz, "Child Labor Legislation in Europe," in Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor, 1910, p. 242.
[172]Henry Ferrette, "Manuel de législation industrielle," 1909, p. 149.
[173]Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 106, p. 566.