[1]Weldon and Powell. Eng. Rec., 1910,61, 621.[2]Clark and De Gage, 41st Annual Rpt. Mass. State B. of H. 1910.[3]Houston. 12th Research Rpt. Metropolitan Water Board, London.[4]Ellms. Eng. Rec., 1911,63, 388.[5]Johnson. Eng. Rec., 1911,64, No. 16.[6]Jennings. 8th Inter. Congr. Appl. Chem.,26, 215.[7]Longley. J. Amer. Waterworks Assoc., 1915,2, 679.[8]Young. J. Amer. Public Health Assoc., 1914,4, 310.
[1]Weldon and Powell. Eng. Rec., 1910,61, 621.
[2]Clark and De Gage, 41st Annual Rpt. Mass. State B. of H. 1910.
[3]Houston. 12th Research Rpt. Metropolitan Water Board, London.
[4]Ellms. Eng. Rec., 1911,63, 388.
[5]Johnson. Eng. Rec., 1911,64, No. 16.
[6]Jennings. 8th Inter. Congr. Appl. Chem.,26, 215.
[7]Longley. J. Amer. Waterworks Assoc., 1915,2, 679.
[8]Young. J. Amer. Public Health Assoc., 1914,4, 310.
Reagents.1. Tolidine solution. One gram ofo-tolidine, purified by recrystallization from alcohol, is dissolved in 1 litre of 10 per cent hydrochloric acid.
2. Copper sulphate solution. Dissolve 1.5 grams of copper sulphate and 1 c.cm. of concentrated sulphuric acid in distilled water and dilute the solution to 100 c.cms.
3. Potassium bichromate solution. Dissolve 0.025 gram of potassium bichromate and 0.1 c.cm. of concentrated sulphuric acid in distilled water and dilute the solution to 100 c.cms.
Procedure.Mix 1 c.cm. of the tolidine reagent with 100 c.cms. of the sample in a Nessler tube and allow the solution to stand at least five minutes. Small amounts of free chlorine give a yellow and larger amounts an orange colour.
For quantitative determination compare the colour with that of standards in similar tubes prepared from the solutions of copper sulphate and potassium bichromate. The amounts of solution for various standards are indicated in the following table:
DIAGRAM XVDiagram XV
DIAGRAM XV
DIAGRAM XVIDiagram XVI
DIAGRAM XVI
AAdams,66,82BBassenge,9Baxter,4Berge,9Berthollet,1Bevan,29Bonjean,36Bray,24Breteau,26Bucholtz,5CCatlett,99Clark,53,133Comte,47Cross,29Cruikshank,3DDakin,22,28,129Darnall,89Davy,1DeGage,53,133DeMorveau,3Dibden,6Diénert,48Dienheim-Brochoki,105Dowell,24Dunbar,6Dunham,129Dupré,5Dusch,4EEllms,34,83,84,133Elmanovitsch,36Elsner,6Evans,84FFaraday,103Fischer,16Forcrand,103Fuller, G. W.,11GGascard,47Griffen,17,79HHaberkorn,5Hale,80,100Harrington,34,65Hauser,83,84Hedallen,17,79Heise,36Henry,2Hermite,5Hewlett,9Hooker,72Horrocks,48Houston,8,59,71,133Hsu,21JJackson,91,99Jakowkin,26Jennings,135Johnson,11,134Jordan, H. E.,57KKanthack,6Kauffman,9Kellerman,7Kershaw,107Kienle,65,66,90,99Kimberly,7Klein,5Koch,4Kolessnikoff,16Kranejuhl,7Kuhn,5Kurpjuivat,7LLandolt,105Langer,10Laroche,47Lavoisier,1,15Leal,16Lehmann,101LeRoy,83Letton,64Longley,43,135Lunge,105Lyon,24MMarshall,102Massy,48Meadows,112,114McCrady,130McGowan,8McLintock,5Mohler,31Mohr,79Moor,9Muspratt,126NNesfield,8,89Nissen,30Norton,21Novey,23Noyes,24OOrnstein,90Orticoni,36PPedler,103Percy,3Pettenkofer,101Phelps,7,17,82Pitcher,112Plucker,10Powell,132Pratt,7Proskauer,6,16RRabs,110Race,36,110,116Raschig,115Rickard,108Rideal, E. K.,84Rideal, S.,6,9,21,22,60,115,116Roscoe,5Roozeboom,103Rouquette,36Ruffer,5SSandman,56Scheele,1,15Schroder,4Schuder,10Schumacher,7Schumburg,10Schwann,4Schwartz,7Semmelweiss,4Sickenberger,9Smeeton,53Smith,126TTennant,2Thomas,53,56Thresh,87Tiernan,92Tolman,111Traube,9VValeski,36Von Loan,90WWalden,132Walker,87Wallace,92Wallis,83Warouzoff,16Watt,2,3,15,106Webster,5,105Wesbrook,31,44,53West,91,99,136Whittaker,31Winkler,84Winogradoff,16Winslow,110Woodhead,7Woolf,5YYoung,138ZZirn,6
AAbsorption of chlorine by water,35Abuse of chlorination,144Acids, effect of,19,21Action of chlorine,16Admixture, effect of,39Aftergrowths,55accelerated growth,58B. coliin,57effect of liquid chlorine,99views as to nature of,56Algæ, effect of chlorine on,133Alkalies, effect of,19,20Allen-Moore cell,111Ammonia, and chlorine,24and sodium hypochlorite,114effect on bleach,21effect on oxidising action,21soda process,2Antichlors,86Antiseptics, early work on,3chlorine as an,50Application of chlorine, point of,43Auto-suggestion,62BB. choleræsuis,31B. cloacæ,31B. coli, aftergrowths,57in sewage,6,7in water,9,28,31standard,46viability of,52,55B. cuticularis,53B. fæcalis alkaligenes,31B. enteritidis,31B. enteritidis sporogenes,53B. lactis ærogenes,31B. subtilis,53B. tetani,9B. typhosus,9,10,30,31Bacteria surviving chlorination,50aftergrowths,55nature of,53spores,57Benzidine,83Bleach, analysis of solution,79as deodourant,3,6as sewage disinfectant,6,7at Adrian,11at Boonton,11,16at Bubbly Creek,11composition,14decomposition of,25discovery,2germicidal velocity,20,21hydrolysis,18,19production,3stability of,17toxic action,22treatment,72control of,78cost,86dosage regulation,75in France,78losses in,81mixing tank,73plant design,72storage tank,75Brest experiments,5CCarnallite,1Chicago, typhoid rate,138Chloramine,114at Denver,124,126at Ottawa,28,116contact period,123cost of,124decomposition of,126experimental results,119germicidal power,116operation of process,126plant design,120preparation of,115ratio of chlorine and ammonia,116,122tastes and odours,28,64,117toxic action,22,29Chlorides, effect of,20Chlorine, and ammonia,24,25discovery of,1disinfection, effect of pabulum,4general reactions,28hydrate,103detection of,81effect on flowers,68estimation of,81in sanitary work,4medicinal dose,67oxygen equivalent,23liquid,89advantages of,97cost of treatment,101disadvantages of,101germicidal efficiency,99machines,89peroxide,9water,102corrosion of pipes,69damage to seeds,68decomposition of,15heat of formation,27Chlorometer,84Chloros,8Chlorozone,105Colour, effect on dosage,33Columbus, typhoid rates,137Complaints,62Contact period, effect on dosage,44effect on taste,43usual practice,45Cost of bleach plant,85bleach treatment,86liquid chlorine treatment,101Crossness experiments,5DDayton cell,107DeChlor filters,87Denver, chloramine treatment,124,126Dichloramine,128Disinfectants,50Disinfection, early views of,3Dosage,30determination of,46effect of, admixture,39colour,33contact period,43initial contamination,32light,45oxidisable matter,32standard of purity,30,32temperature,34,36turbidity,45for military work,48regulation of bleach,75relation to oxygen absorbed,36tanks,75EEau de Javelle,3,47Electrical conductivity of treated water,70Electrolysed sea water,5Electrolytic hypochlorite,2,104Bradford,5Brest,5Brewster,6,105cost of,113Electrolytic hydrochlorite, Crossness,5discovery of,3diaphragm cells,110early use of,5efficiency of,109Havre,5non-diaphragm cells,106Electrozone, Brewster,6Maidenhead,6Tonetta Creek,6FFilter effluents, chlorination of,34Filters, effect on beds,60effect on runs,132Fish, effect on,8,67,68GGermicidal velocity, effect of acids,21alkalies,20ammonia,21chlorides,20Guildford, chlorination at,9HHaas and Oettel cell,108Halazone,128Hardness, effect of chlorine on,132Havre experiments,5Hermite fluid,5Hexamethyl-p-aminotriphenylmethane,83Historical,1Hooghly River,7Hydrazine,126Hydrogen peroxide,24Hydrolysis of hypochlorites, effect of, acids,19alkalies,19chlorides,20Hygienic results,134Hypochlorous acid,17decomposition of,24,25,26hydrolytic constant,18IInitial contamination, effect on dosage,32Intestinal organisms, viability of,52Iodoform taste,65Iron salts, effect on dosage,33JJersey City, court case,11,16KKellner cell,108LLabarraque solution,105Leavitt-Jackson machine,91Leblanc process,2Light, effect on dosage,45Lincoln, chlorination at,8,59Liquid chlorine, advantages of,97and tastes,65effect of temperature on,95machines,89dry feed,94E. B. G. Co.,91Leavitt-Jackson,91operation of,95Wallace and Tiernan,92L’Orient, experiments at,5MM. agilis,53Maidstone, use of bleach at,8Margin of safety for taste and odour,64Material for bleach plants,74Military work, bleach method for,78chlorine water,103dosage for,47,48,78early European,10liquid chlorine,102typhoid reduction,143use of chlorine in,8Mixing tank for bleach,73Moisture, effect on chlorine gas,16Montreal, dosage at,34electrolytic cells,112NNascent oxygen hypothesis,17Nelson cell,111Neva River,36New Orleans, typhoid rates,137New York, bacteria surviving treatment,53bleach efficiency,100liquid chlorine plant,97Nitrites, effect on dosage,33Nitrogen trichloride,24,128OOdours, effect of contact period on,43nature of,63Ottawa, aftergrowths at,57bleach plant efficiency,100chloramine plant,120chloramine results,121sludge trouble,65typhoid rates,140Oxidisable matter, effect on dosage,32,36Oxychloride, Guildford,9Middlekerke,9Ostend,9Ozone,24PPhiladelphia and chlorination,136Pipe corrosion,69Pittsburg report,71Plumbo solvency,71P. mirabilis,31Potassium permanganate,23Puerperal fever in Vienna,4Pumps, for admixture,41RRed Bank, sewage disinfection at,7Reversed ratio of counts,54SSewage disinfection at Baltimore,Berlin,7Boston,7Brewster,6Hamburg,6Maidenhead,6Sludge, as cause of complaints,65Sodium bisulphite,86Sodium chloride, deposits,1decomposition of,106Sodium hypochlorite,105decomposition of,26effect of ammonia on,21hydrolysis of,26Sodium thiosulphate,87Standard of purity,30Storage tanks,75Sulphuretted hydrogen,33Sylvine,1TTannin,67Tastes, effect of contact period on nature of,63Temperature, effect on absorption of chlorine,35,38bleach deterioration,72dosage,34,36germicidal velocity,38pressure of liquid chlorine,96tastes and odours,66Thermophylic organisms,54Tolidine,82Toxic action of chlorine,22,29Turbidity, effect on dosage,45effect of chlorine on,132UUse of chlorination,144WWater mains, disinfection of,8Well water,7Worcester, chlorination at,11Worthing experiments,5