CHAPTER X.

[69]"Works of Ben Jonson."

[70]"Fantasticks," 1626.

[71]"History of the English People."

[72]"Year Book."

[73]Fiddlers.

[74]An allusion to the Christmas money-box, made of earthenware which required to be broken to obtain possession of the money it held.

COAT OF ARMS WITH CROWN.

The Restoration of the Monarchy

under Charles II., sometimes styled the "Merry Monarch," was an occasion of great rejoicing, and the spirit in which the so-long-fugitive Prince, who once eluded his pursuers by hiding in an oak, was now welcomed as "Charles our King" by "the roaring, ranting" portion of the populace is set forth in the following ballad, written for the first Christmas after the Restoration, printed in London, the same year, and now copied from a collection of illustrated broadsides preserved in the Library of the British Museum:—

merry boys of christmas,

The Milk-maid's New Year's Gift.

When Lads and Lasses take delight,together for to be;They pass away the Winter night,and live most merrily.To the tune of,Hey boys up go we.Come, come my roaring ranting boyslets never be cast down,We'l never mind the female toys,but Loyal be to th' Crown:We'l never break our hearts with care,nor be cast down with fear,Our bellys then let us prepareto drink some Christmas Beer.to drink some Christmas Beer.Then here's a health to Charles our King,throughout the world admir'd,Let us his great applauses sing,that we so much desir'd,And wisht amongst us for to reign,when Oliver rul'd here,But since he's home return'd again,come fill some Christmas Beer.These holidays we'l briskly drink,all mirth we will devise,No Treason we will speak or think,then bring us brave minc'd piesRoast Beef and brave Plum porridge,our Loyal hearts to chear,Then prithee make no more ado,but bring us Christmas Beer.

When Lads and Lasses take delight,together for to be;They pass away the Winter night,and live most merrily.

To the tune of,Hey boys up go we.Come, come my roaring ranting boyslets never be cast down,We'l never mind the female toys,but Loyal be to th' Crown:We'l never break our hearts with care,nor be cast down with fear,Our bellys then let us prepareto drink some Christmas Beer.to drink some Christmas Beer.Then here's a health to Charles our King,throughout the world admir'd,Let us his great applauses sing,that we so much desir'd,And wisht amongst us for to reign,when Oliver rul'd here,But since he's home return'd again,come fill some Christmas Beer.These holidays we'l briskly drink,all mirth we will devise,No Treason we will speak or think,then bring us brave minc'd piesRoast Beef and brave Plum porridge,our Loyal hearts to chear,Then prithee make no more ado,but bring us Christmas Beer.

THE HACKIN.the hackin.

[In these Times all the Spits were sparkling theHackinmust be boiled by Daybreak or else two young Men took the Maiden by the Arms and run her round the Market Place till she was ashamed of her laziness.—Round about our Coal Fire or Christmas Entertainmentspublished in 1740.]

Many of the popular songs of this period complain of the decline of the Christmas celebrations during the time of the Commonwealth, and some of them contrast the present with former celebrations. In a ballad called "The Old and Young Courtier," printed in 1670, comparing the times of Queen Elizabeth with those of her successors, the fifth and twelfth verses contain the following parallel respecting Christmas—

"With a good old fashion, when Christmasse was come,To call in all his old neighbours with bagpipe and drum,With good chear enough to furnish every old room,And old liquor, able to make a cat speak, and man dumbLike an old Courtier of the Queen's,And the Queen's old Courtier"

XII

"With a new fashion, when Christmas is drawing on,On a new journey to London straight we all must begone,And leave none to keep house, but our new porter John,Who relieves the poor with a thump on the back with a stone,Like a young courtier of the King's,And the King's young courtier" (Percy's Reliques)

Another called "Time's Alteration, or, the Old Man's Rehearsal, what brave dayes he knew a great while agone, when his old cap was new," says—

"A man might then behold,At Christmas, in each hall,Good fires to curb the coldAnd meat for great and small;The neighbours were friendly bidden,And all had welcome true,The poor from the gates were not chidden,When this old cap was newBlack jacks to every manWere filled with wine and beer,No pewter pot nor canIn those days did appearGood cheer in a nobleman's houseWas counted a seemly shew,We wanted no brawn nor souse,When this old cap was new." (Evans's Ballads)

Referring to the Restoration of the monarchy, and contrasting it with the Protectorate period,Poor Robin's Almanack, 1685, says—

"Now thanks to God for Charles' return,Whose absence made old Christmas mourn,For then we scarcely did it know,Whether it Christmas were or no- - - - -To feast the poor was counted sin,When treason that great praise did winMay we ne'er see the like again,The roguish Rump should o'er us reign."

After the Restoration an effort was made to revive the Christmas entertainments of the Court at Whitehall, but they do not appear to have recovered their former splendour. The habits of Charles the Second were of too sensual a nature to induce him to interest himself in such pursuits; besides which the manners of the country had been changed during the sway of the Puritans. Pepys states that Charles II. visited Lincoln's Inn to see the Christmas revels of 1661, "there being, according to an old custom, a Prince and all his nobles, and other matters of sport and charge." And the diary of the Rev. John Ward, vicar of Stratford-upon-Avon, extending from 1648 to 1679, states: "The Duke of Norfolk expended £20,000 in keeping Christmas. Charles II. gave over keeping that festival on this account; his munificence gave great offence at Court." Sandys mentions that a pastoral calledCalisto, written by Crowne, was acted by the daughters of the Duke of York and the young nobility. About the same time the Lady Anne, afterwards Queen, acted the part of Semandra in Lee's "Mithridates." Betterton and his wife instructed the performers, in remembrance of which, when Anne came to the throne, she gave the latter a pension of £100 a year.

The Inns of Court also had their Christmas feasts; but the conduct of them was evidently not so much coveted as in former times, for there is an entry in the records of Gray's Inn on November 3, 1682, "That Mr. Richard Gipps, on his promise to perform the office of Master of the Revels, this and the next Term, be called to the Bar of Grace,"i.e., without payment of the usual fees: thus holding out a reward for his services, instead of allowing him, as in former times, to spend a large portion of his private fortune unrequited, except by the honour of the temporary office.

Among the principal of the royal amusements in the time of Charles the Second were horse-racing and theatrical performances. The King kept an establishment at Newmarket, where, according to Strutt, "he entered horses and ran them in his name." And the author of some doggerel verses, referring to Burford Downs, says:—

"Next for the glory of the place,Here has been rode many a race,—King Charles the Second I saw here;But I've forgotten in what year."

Christmas at Sea in 1675.

The Rev. Henry Teonge, chaplain of an English ship of war, gives in his diary a description of the manner in which the Christmas was spent on board, in 1675:—"Dec. 25, 1675.—Crismas day wee keepe thus. At 4 in the morning our trumpeters all doe flatt their trumpetts, and begin at our Captain's cabin, and thence to all the officers' and gentlemen's cabins;playing a levite at each cabine door, and bidding good morrow, wishing a merry Crismas. After they goe to their station, viz., on the poope, and sound 3 levitts in honour of the morning. At 10 wee goe to prayers and sermon; text, Zacc. ix. 9. Our Captaine had all his officers and gentlemen to dinner with him, where wee had excellent good fayre: a ribb of beife, plumb-puddings, minct pyes, &c. and plenty of good wines of severall sorts; dranke healths to the King, to our wives and friends, and ended the day with much civill myrth."

SEAFARING PILGRIMS.

Christmas-Keeping in the Country,

at this period, is referred to by different writers.

Among the Garrick Plays in the British Museum is "The Christmas Ordinary, a Private Show; wherein is expressed the jovial Freedom of that Festival: as it was acted at a Gentleman's House among other Revels. By W. R., Master of Arts, 4 to. London, 1682."

The Memoirs of the hospitable Sir John Reresby (Camden Society) contain references to the Christmas festivities at Thrybergh. In 1682, there assembled on Christmas Eve nineteen of the poorer tenants from Denby and Hooton; on Christmas Day twenty-six of the poorer tenants from Thrybergh, Brinsford, and Mexborough; on St. Stephen's Day farmers and better sort of tenants to the number of fifty-four; on St. John's-day forty five of the chief tenants; on the 30th of December eighteen gentlemen of the neighbourhood with their wives; on the 1st of January sixteen gentlemen; on the 4th twelve of the neighbouring clergymen; and on the 6th seven gentlemen and tradesmen. Among the guests who lodged at the house were "Mr. Rigden, merchant of York, and his wife, a handsome woman," and "Mr. Belton, an ingenious clergyman, but too much a good fellow." How the "ingenious clergyman" became "too much of a good fellow" may be easily guessedfrom Sir John's further observation that "the expense of liquor,both of wine & others, was considerable, as of other provisions, and my friends appeared well satisfied." In 1684, writes Sir John, "I returned to Thrybergh, by God's mercy, in safety, to keep Christmas amongst my neighbours and tenants. I had more company this Christmas than heretofore. The four first days of the new year all my tenants of Thrybergh, Brinsford, Denby, Mexborough, Hooton Roberts, and Rotterham dined with me; the rest of the time some four-score of gentlemen and yeomen with their wives were invited, besides some that came from York; so that all the beds in the house and most in the town were taken up. There were seldom less than four-score, counting all sorts of people, that dined in the house every day, and some days many more. On New Year's-day chiefly there dined above three hundred, so that whole sheep were roasted and served up to feed them. For music I had four violins, besides bagpipes, drums, and trumpets."

At Houghton Chapel, Nottinghamshire, says an old writer, "the good Sir William Hollis kept his house in great splendour and hospitality. He began Christmas at All Hallowtide, and continued it till Candlemas, during which time any man was permitted to stay three days without being asked who he was, or from whence he came." This generous knight had many guests who rejoiced in the couplet:—

"If I ask'not my guest whence and whither his way,'Tis because I would have him here with me to stay."

It is no part of our purpose to enter into details of the events which led up to the Revolution. Suffice it to say, that during the reign of Charles II. began the great struggle between the King and the people, but Charles steadily refused to alter the succession by excluding his brother James. He died on the 6th of February, 1685, and

James II. came to the Throne

in the midst of an unsettled state of affairs. James made a bold, but unsuccessful, attempt to restore the power of Romanism in England, and, ultimately, consulted his own safety by fleeing to France, landing at Ambleteuse, in Brittany, on Christmas Day, 1688,

The Christmas of the Revolution.

The flight of James put an end to the struggle between Crown and people, and the offering of the Crown, with constitutional limitations, to William, Prince of Orange, and his wife Mary, daughter of King James II. and granddaughter of King Charles I. of England, speedily followed.

William and Mary

accepted the invitation of the English people, and began their reign on February 13, 1689. They both took an interest in the sports and pastimes of the people. Strutt says William patronised horse-racing, "and established an academy for riding; and his queen not only continued the bounty of her predecessors, but added several plates to the former donations." The death of Queen Mary, from small-pox, on the 28th of December, 1694, cast a gloom over the Christmas festivities, and left King William almost heart-broken at her loss. As to

The Christmas Festivities

Brand says that in "Batt upon Batt," a Poem by a Person of Quality (1694), speaking of Batt's carving knives and other implements, the author asks:—

"Without their help, who can good Christmas keep?Our teeth would chatter and our eyes would weep;Hunger and dullness would invade our feasts,Did not Batt find us arms against such guests.He is the cunning engineer, whose skillMakes fools to carve the goose, and shape the quill:Fancy and wit unto our meals supplies:Carols, and not minc'd-meat, make Christmas pies.'Tis mirth, not dishes, sets a table off;Brutes and Phanaticks eat, and never laugh.- - - - -Whenbrawn, with powdred wig, comes swaggering in,And mighty serjeant ushers in the Chine,What ought a wise man first to think upon?Have I my Tools? if not, I am undone:For 'tis a law concerns both saint and sinner,He that hath no knife must have no dinner.So he falls on; pig, goose, and capon, feelThe goodness of his stomach and Batt's steel.In such fierce frays, alas! there no remorse is;All flesh is grass, which makes men feed like horses:But when the battle's done,off goes the hat,And each man sheaths, with God-a-mercy Batt.'"

"Batt upon Batt" also gives the following account of the Christmas Gambols in 1694:—

"O mortal man! is eating all you doAt Christ-Tide? or the making Sing-songs? No:Our Batt candance, play athigh Jinks with Dice,At any primitive, orthodoxal Vice.Shooing the wild Mare, tumbling the young Wenches,Drinking all Night, and sleeping on the Benches.Shew me a man canshuffle fair and cut,Yet alwayshave three Trays in hand at Putt:Shew me a man canturn up Noddystill,Anddeal himself three Fives toowhen he will:Conclude withone and thirty, and a Pair,Never failTen in stock, and yet play fair,If Batt be not that Wight, I lose my aim."

Another enumeration of the festive sports of this season occurs (says Brand) in a poem entitled Christmas—

"Young Men and Maidens, nowAtFeed the Dove(with laurel leaf in mouth)OrBlindman's Buff, orHunt the Slipperplay,Replete with glee. Some, haply,Cardsadopt;Of it toForfeitsthey the Sport confine,The happy Folk, adjacent to the fire,Their Stations take; excepting one alone.(Sometimes the social Mistress of the house)Who sits within the centre of the room,To cry the pawns; much is the laughter, now,Of such as can't the Christmas Catch repeat,And who, perchance, are sentenc'd to saluteThe jetty beauties of the chimney black,Or Lady's shoe: others, more lucky far,By hap or favour, meet a sweeter doom,And on each fair-one's lovely lips imprintThe ardent kiss."

Poor Robin's Almanack(1695) thus rejoices at the return of the festival:—

"Now thrice welcome, Christmas,Which brings us good cheer,Minc'd-pies and plumb-porridge,Good ale and strong beer;With pig, goose, and capon,The best that may be,So well doth the weatherAnd our stomachs agree.Observe how the chimneysDo smoak all about,The cooks are providingFor dinner, no doubt;But those on whose tablesNo victuals appear,O may they keep LentAll the rest of the year!With holly and ivySo green and so gay;We deck up our housesAs fresh as the day,With bays and rosemary,And laurel compleat,And every one nowIs a king in conceit.- - - - -But as for curmudgeons,Who will not be free,I wish they may dieOn the three-legged tree."

At Christmastide, 1696, an Act of Attainder was passed against Sir John Fenwick, one of the most ardent of the Jacobiteconspirators who took part in the plot to assassinate the King. He was executed on Tower Hill, January 28, 1697. This was the last instance in English history in which a person was attainted by Act of Parliament, and Hallam's opinion of this Act of Attainder is that "it did not, like some acts of attainder, inflict a punishment beyond the offence, but supplied the deficiency of legal evidence."

Peter the Great, of Russia, kept the Christmas of 1697 in England, residing at Sayes Court, a house of the celebrated John Evelyn, close to Deptford Dockyard.

PENCIL SHARPENING.

Christmas, 1701.

[FromPoor Robin's Almanack.]

Now enter Christmas like a man,Armed with spit and dripping-pan,Attended with pasty, plum-pie,Puddings, plum-porridge, furmity;With beef, pork, mutton of each sortMore than my pen can make report;Pig, swan, goose, rabbits, partridge, teal,With legs and loins and breasts of veal:But above all the minced piesMust mention'd be in any wise,Or else my Muse were much to blame,Since they from Christmas take their name.With these, or any one of these,A man may dine well if he please;Yet this must well be understood,—Though one of these be singly good,Yet more the merrier is the bestAs well of dishes as of guest.But the times are grown so badScarce one dish for the poor is had;Good housekeeping is laid aside,And all is spent to maintain pride;Good works are counted popish, andSmall charity is in the land.A man may sooner (truth I tell ye)Break his own neck than fill his belly.Good God amend what is amissAnd send a remedy to this,That Christmas day again may riseAnd we enjoy our Christmas pies.

The Christmas customs of this period are thus referred to by the "Bellman, on Christmas Eve":—

"This night (you may my Almanack believe)Is the return of famous Christmas Eve:Ye virgins then your cleanly rooms prepare,And let the windows bays and laurels wear;YourRosemarypreserve to dress yourBeef,Not forget me, which I advise in chief."

SNAKELIKE ORNAMENT.

Christmas, at Haddon Hall,

was magnificently kept in the early part of the eighteenth century. The amount of good cheer that was required for the table may be readily imagined from the magnitude of the culinary furniture in the kitchen—two vast fireplaces, with irons for sustaining a surprising number of spits, and several enormous chopping-blocks—which survived to the nineteenth century. John, the ninth Earl and first Duke of Rutland (created Marquis of Granby and Duke of Rutland in 1703), revived in the ancient spirit the hospitality of Christmastide. He kept sevenscore servants, and his twelve days' feasts at Christmas recalled the bountiful celebrations of the "King of the Peak," Sir George Vernon—the last male heir of the Vernon family in Derbyshire who inherited the manor of Haddon, and who died in the seventh year of Queen Elizabeth's reign. "The King of the Peak" was the father of the charming Dorothy Vernon, the fair heiress, whose romantic elopement is thus depicted in "Picturesque Europe":—"In the fullness of time Dorothy loved, but her father did not approve. She determined to elope; and now we must fill, in fancy, the Long Gallery with the splendour of a revel and the stately joy of a great ball in the time of Elizabeth. In the midst of the noise and excitement the fair young daughter of the house steals unobserved away. She issues fromherdoor, and her light feet fly with tremulous speed along the darkling Terrace, flecked with light from the blazing ball-room, till they reach a postern in the wall, which opens upon the void of the night outside dancing Haddon. At that postern some one is waiting eagerly for her; waiting with swift horses. That some one is young Sir John Manners, second son of the House of Rutland, and her own true love. The anxious lovers mount, and ride rapidly and silently away; and so Dorothy Vernon transfers Haddon to the owners of Belvoir; and the boar's head of Vernon becomes mingled, at Haddon, with the peacock of Manners. We fancy with sympathetic pleasure that night-ride and the hurried marriage; and—forgetting that the thing happened 'ages long agone'—we wish, with full hearts, all happiness to the dear and charming Dorothy!"

From the boar's head of Vernon and the peacock of Manners, thought passes quite naturally to the boar's head and peacock, which were principal items of Christmas fare in the olden time.

In her "Collected Writings," Janetta, Duchess of Rutland, gives an interesting account of a revival of some of the ancient glories of Haddon:

"In the winter of 1872 the late Duke entertained the Prince and Princess of Wales in the banqueting hall at luncheon, when the boar's head and peacock in pride were carried in, and formed part of the fare, as in olden days: while once more musicians filled the minstrels' gallery, great logs blazed in the huge fireplace, and scarlet hangings were spread over the walls."

AN ANCIENT FIREPLACE.an ancient fireplace.

On the 20th of February, 1702, King William III. fell from his horse, breaking his collar-bone and sustaining other serious injuries, which terminated fatally on Sunday, the 8th of March. He was succeeded by Queen Anne, who was the second daughter of King James II., and the last of the Stuart sovereigns.

Queen Anne kept a Royal Christmas

at Windsor, in 1703, and entertained the new King of Spain, who arrived at Spithead on the 26th of December. "The Queen dispatched the Dukes of Somerset and Marlborough to conduct him to Windsor, and Prince George met him on the way at Petworth, the seat of the Duke of Somerset, and conducted him to Windsor on the 29th. The King was entertained in great state for three days at Windsor, during which time he was politic enough to ingratiate himself with the Duchess of Marlborough. When the Duchess presented the basin andnapkin after supper to the Queen for her to wash her hands, the King gallantly took the napkin and held it himself, and on returning it to the Queen's great favourite, he presented her with a superb diamond ring. After three days the King returned to Portsmouth, and on the 4th of January, 1704, he embarked on board the fleet commanded by Sir George Rooke, for Portugal, accompanied by a body of land forces under the Duke of Schomberg. The voyage was, however, a most stormy one, and when the fleet had nearly reached Cape Finisterre, it was compelled to put back to Spithead, where it remained till the middle of February. His next attempt was more successful, and he landed in Lisbon amid much popular demonstration, though the court itself was sunk in sorrow by the death of the Infanta, whom he went to marry."[75]

At the Christmas festivities the following year (1704) there were great rejoicings over the return home of the Duke of Marlborough from the continental wars. "He arrived in England in the middle of December, carrying with him Marshal Tallard and the rest of the distinguished officers, with the standards and other trophies of his victories. He was received with acclaim by all classes, except a few Ultra Tories, who threatened to impeach him for his rash march to the Danube. As Parliament had assembled, Marlborough took his seat in the House of Peers the day after his arrival, where he was complimented on his magnificent success by the Lord Keeper. This was followed by a deputation with a vote of thanks from the Commons, and by similar honours from the City. But perhaps the most palpable triumph of Marlborough was the transferring of the military trophies which he had taken from the Tower, where they were first deposited, to Westminster Hall. This was done by each soldier carrying a standard or other trophy, amid the thunders of artillery and the hurrahs of the people; such a spectacle never having been witnessed since the days of the Spanish Armada. The Royal Manor of Woodstock was granted him, and Blenheim Mansion erected at the cost of the nation."

Christmas-keeping in the Country.

The country squire of three hundred a year, an independent gentleman in the reign of Queen Anne, is described as having "never played at cards but at Christmas, when the family pack was produced from the mantle-piece." "His chief drink the year round was generally ale, except at this season, the 5th of November, or some gala days, when he would make a bowl of strong brandy punch, garnished with a toast and nutmeg. In the corner of his hall, by the fireside, stood a large wooden two-armed chair, with a cushion, and within the chimney cornerwere a couple of seats. Here, at Christmas, he entertained his tenants, assembled round a glowing fire, made of the roots of trees, and other great logs, and told and heard the traditionary tales of the village, respecting ghosts and witches, till fear made them afraid to move. In the meantime the jorum of ale was in continual circulation."[76]

"This is Yuletide! Bring the holly boughs,Deck the old mansion with its berries red;Bring in the mistletoe, that lover's vowsBe sweetly sealed the while it hangs o'erhead.Pile on the logs, fresh gathered from the wood,And let the firelight dance upon the walls,The while we tell the stories of the good,The brave, the noble, that the past recalls."[77]

Many interesting tales respecting the manners and customs of the eighteenth century are given by Steele and Addison in their well-known series of papers entitled theSpectator. Charity and hospitality are conspicuous traits of the typical country gentleman of the period, Sir Roger de Coverley. "Sir Roger," says theSpectator, "after the laudable custom of his ancestors, always keeps open house at Christmas. I learned from him, that he had killed eight fat hogs for this season; that he had dealt about his chines very liberally amongst his neighbours; and that in particular he had sent a string of hog's puddings with a pack of cards to every poor family in the parish. 'I have often thought,' says Sir Roger, 'it happens well that Christmas should fall out in the middle of winter. It is the most dead uncomfortable time of the year, when the poor people would suffer very much from their poverty and cold, if they had not good cheer, warm fires, and Christmas gambols to support them. I love to rejoice their poor hearts at this season, and to see the whole village merry in my great hall. I allow a double quantity of malt to my small beer, and set it running for twelve days to every one that calls for it. I have always a piece of cold beef and a mince-pie upon the table, and am wonderfully pleased to see my tenants pass away a whole evening in playing their innocent tricks, and smutting one another. Our friend Will Wimble is as merry as any of them, and shows a thousand roguish tricks upon these occasions."

Puppet-shows and other scenic exhibitions with moving figures were among the Christmas amusements in the reign of Queen Anne. Strutt quotes a description of such an exhibition "by the manager of a show exhibited at the great house in the Strand, over against the Globe Tavern, near Hungerford Market; the best places at one shilling and the others at sixpence each: 'To be seen, the greatest Piece of Curiosity that ever arrived in England, being made by a famous engineer from the campbefore Lisle, who, with great labour and industry, has collected into a moving picture the following figures: first, it doth represent the confederate camp, and the army lying intrenched before the town; secondly, the convoys and the mules with Prince Eugene's baggage; thirdly, the English forces commanded by the Duke of Marlborough; likewise, several vessels laden with provisions for the army, which are so artificially done as to seem to drive the water before them. The city and the citadel are very fine, with all its outworks, ravelins, horn-works, counter-scarps, half-moons, and palisades; the French horse marching out at one gate, and the confederate army marching in at the other; the prince's travelling coach with two generals in it, one saluting the company as it passes by; then a trumpeter sounds a call as he rides, at the noise whereof a sleeping sentinel starts, and lifts up his head, but, not being espied, lies down to sleep again; beside abundance more admirable curiosities too tedious to be inserted here.' He then modestly adds, 'In short, the whole piece is so contrived by art that it seems to be life and nature.'"

A DRUID PRIESTESS BEARING MISTLETOE.a druid priestess bearing mistletoe.

Tumbling and feats of agility were also fashionable during the Christmas festival at this period, for in one of theTatlers(No. 115, dated January 3, 1709) the following passage occurs: "I went on Friday last to the Opera, and was surprised to find athin house at so noble an entertainment, 'till I heard that the tumbler was not to make his appearance that night." The sword-dance—dancing "among the points of swords and spears with most wonderful agility, and even with the most elegant and graceful motions"—rope-dancing, feats of balancing, leaping and vaulting, tricks by horses and other animals, and bull-baiting and bear-baiting were also among the public amusements. AndHot Cockleswas one of the favourite indoor amusements of Christmastide. Strutt, in his "Sports and Pastimes," says,Hot Cocklesis from the Frenchhautes-coquilles, "a play in which one kneels, and covering his eyes, lays his head in another's lap and guesses who struck him." John Gay, a poet of the time, thus pleasantly writes of the game:—

"As at Hot Cockles once I laid me down,And felt the weighty hand of many a clown,Buxoma gave a gentle tap, and IQuick rose, and read soft mischief in her eye."

A MONKEY AND A DOG.

On the death of Queen Anne (August 11, 1714) Prince George Louis of Hanover was proclaimed King of England as

George the First.

There was little change in the Christmas festivities in this reign, for, as Mr. Thackeray says in his lively sketch of George I.: "He was a moderate ruler of England. His aim was to leave it to itself as much as possible, and to live out of it as much as he could. His heart was in Hanover." The most important addition to the plays of the period was

The Christmas Pantomime.

In his "English Plays," Professor Henry Morley thus records the introduction of the modern English pantomime, which has since been the great show of Christmastide:—

A NEST OF FOOLS.a nest of fools.

"The theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, which Christopher Rich had been restoring, his son, John Rich, was allowed to open onthe 18th of December, 1714. John Rich was a clever mimic, and after a year or two he found it to his advantage to compete with the actors in a fashion of his own. He was the inventor of the modern English form of pantomime, with a serious part that he took from Ovid's Metamorphosis or any fabulous history, and a comic addition of the courtship of harlequin and columbine, with surprising tricks and transformations. He introduced the old Italian characters of pantomime under changed conditions, and beginning with 'Harlequin Sorcerer' in 1717, continued to produce these entertainments until a year before his death in 1761. They have since been retained as Christmas shows upon the English stage."

In a note to "The Dunciad," Pope complains of "the extravagancies introduced on the stage, and frequented by persons of the first quality in England to the twentieth and thirtieth time," and states that "allthe extravagances" in the following lines of the poem actually appeared on the stage:—

"See now, what Dulness and her sons admire!See what the charms, that smite the simple heartNot touch'd by nature, and not reach'd by art.His never-blushing head he turn'd aside,(Not half so pleased when Goodman prophesied)And look'd, and saw a sable Sorcerer rise,Swift to whose hand a winged volume flies:All sudden, gorgons hiss, and dragons glare,And ten-horn'd fiends and giants rush to war.Hell rises, Heaven descends, and dance on earth:Gods, imps, and monsters, music, rage, and mirth,A fire, a jig, a battle, and a ball,Till one wide conflagration swallows all.Thence a new world, to nature's laws unknown,Breaks out refulgent, with a heaven its own:Another Cynthia her new journey runs,And other planets circle other suns.The forests dance, the rivers upward rise,Whales sport in woods, and dolphins in the skies;And last, to give the whole creation grace,Lo! one vast egg produces human race."

David Garrick, the eminent actor, wrote in a similar strain, finding it hard to hold his own against the patrons of the pantomime:—

"They in the drama find no joys,But doat on mimicry and toys.Thus, when a dance is in my bill,Nobility my boxes fill;Or send three days before the time,To crowd a new-made pantomime."

"Old Merry Plentiful Christmas,"

at this period, is sketched by a writer inPoor Robin's Almanack, for 1723, thus:—"Now comes on old merry plentiful Christmas. The Husbandman lays his great Log behind the fire, and with afew of his neighbours, over a good fire, taps his Christmas beer, cuts his Christmas cheese, and sets forward for a merry Christmas. The Landlord (for we hope there are yet some generous ones left) invites his Tenants and Labourers, and with a good Sirloin of Roast Beef, and a few pitchers of nappy ale or beer, he wisheth them all a merry Christmas. The beggar begs his bread, sells some of it for money to buy drink, and without fear of being arrested, or call'd upon for parish duties, has as merry a Christmas as any of them all."

THE MASK DANCE.the mask dance.

So the people made merry at Christmas throughout the reign of George I., who died on June 10, 1727, and was succeeded by his son,

George the Second.

In this reign the customs of Christmas were kept up with unabated heartiness, and liberality to the poor was not forgotten. The customary distributions of creature comforts on Christmas Eve were continued, and, in some instances, provision for the maintenance of them was made in the wills of worthy parishioners. An instance of this kind is recorded in Devonshire. "It appears, from a statement of charities in an old book, that John Martyn, by will, 28th of November, 1729, gave to the churchwardens and overseers of the poor of the parish of St. Mary Major, Exeter, twenty pounds, to be put out at interest, and the profits thereof to be laid out every Christmas Eve in twenty pieces of beef, to be distributed to twenty poorpeople of the parish, such as had no relief on that day, for ever."[78]

That

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