CONTENTS.INTRODUCTION.§1.Idea and Task of Church History.§2.Distribution of Church History according to Contents.(1)The Various Branches Included in a Complete Course of Church History.(2)The Separate Branches of Church History.§3.Distribution of Church History according to Periods.§4.Sources and Auxiliaries of Church History.(1)Literature of the Sources.(2)Literature of the Auxiliary Sciences.§5.History of General Church History.(1)Down to the Reformation.(2)The 16th and 17th Centuries.(3)The 18th Century.(4)The 19th Century.(5)The 19th Century—Continued.(6)The 19th Century—Continued.HISTORY OF THE PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY.The pre-Christian World preparing the way of the Christian Church.§6.The Standpoint of Universal History.§7.Heathenism.(1)The Religious Character of Heathenism.(2)The Moral Character of Heathenism.(3)The Intellectual Culture in Heathenism.(4)The Hellenic Philosophy.(5)The Heathen State.§8.Judaism.(1)Judaism under special Training of God through the Law and Prophecy.(2)Judaism after the Cessation of Prophecy.(3)The Synagogues.(4)Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.§9.Samaritanism.§10.Intercourse between Judaism and Heathenism.(1)Influence of Heathenism upon Judaism.(2)Influence of Judaism upon Heathenism.§11.The Fulness of Time.THE HISTORY OF THE BEGINNINGS.The Founding of the Church by Christ and His Apostles.§12.Character of the History of the Beginnings.I. THE LIFE OF JESUS.§13.Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the World.(1)Year of Birth and Year of Death of Jesus.(2)Earliest Non-Biblical Witnesses to Christ.II. THE APOSTOLIC AGE.A.D.30-70.§14.The Ministry of the Apostles before Paul.Beginning and Close of Apostolic Age.§15.The Ministry of the Apostle Paul.Details of Paul’s Life.§16.The Other Apostles after the Appearance of the Apostle Paul.(1)The Roman Episcopate of Peter.(2)The Apostle John.(3)James, the brother of the Lord.(4)The Later Legends of the Apostles.§17.Constitution, Worship, and Discipline.(1)The Charismata of the Apostolic Age.(2)The Constitution of the Mother Church at Jerusalem.(3)The Constitution of the Pauline Churches.(4)The Church in the Pauline Epistles.(5)Congregational and Spiritual Offices.(6)The Question about the Original Position of the Episcopate and Presbyterate.(7)Christian Worship.(8)Christian Life and Ecclesiastical Discipline.§18.Heresies in the Apostolic Age.(1)Jewish Christianity and the Council of Apostles.(2)The Apostolic Basis of Doctrine.(3)False Teachers.FIRST DIVISION.History of the Development of the Church during the Græco-Roman and Græco-Byzantine Periods.§19.Content, Distribution and Boundaries of those Periods.FIRST SECTION.History of the Græco-Roman Church during the Second and Third Centuries (A.D.70-323).§20.Content, Distribution and Boundaries of this Period.(1)The Post-Apostolic Age.(2)The Age of the Old Catholic Church.(3)The Point of Transition from the One Age to the Other.I. THE RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRA-CHRISTIAN PAGANISM AND JUDAISM TO THE CHURCH.§21.The Spread of Christianity.§22.Persecutions of the Christians in the Roman Empire.(1)Claudius, Nero and Domitian.(2)Trajan and Hadrian.(3)Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.(4)Septimius Severus and Maximinus Thrax.(5)Decius, Gallus and Valerian.(6)Diocletian and Galerius.(7)Maximinus Daza, Maxentius and Licinius.§23.Controversial Writings of Paganism.(1)Lucian’s SatireDe Morte Peregrini.(2)Worshippers of an Ass.(3)Polemic properly so-called.§24.Attempted Reconstruction of Paganism.(1)Apollonius of Tyana.(2)Neo-platonism.§25.Jewish and Samaritan Reaction.(1)Disciples of John.(2)The Samaritan Heresiarchs.a.Dositheus.b.Simon Magus.c.Menander.II. DANGER TO THE CHURCH FROM PAGAN AND JEWISH ELEMENTS WITHIN ITS OWN PALE.§26.Gnosticism in General.(1)Gnosticism.(2)The Problems of Gnostic Speculation.(3)Distribution.(4)Sources of Information.§27.The Gentile Christian Gnosticism.(1)Cerinthus.(2)The Gnosticism of Basilides.(3)Irenæus’ Sketch of Basilideanism.(4)Valentinian Gnosticism.(5)Two Divisions of the Valentinian School.(6)The Ophites and related Sects.(7)The Gnosis of the Ophites.(8)Antinomian and Libertine Sects.a.The Nicolaitans.b.The Simonians.c.The Carpocratians.d.The Prodicians.(9)Saturninus.(10)Tatian and the Encratites.(11)Marcion and the Marcionites.(12)Marcion’s Disciples.(13)Hermogenes.§28.Ebionism and Ebionitic Gnosticism.(1)Nazareans and Ebionites.(2)The Elkesaites.(3)The Pseudo-Clementine Series of Writings.a.Homiliæ XX Clementis.b.Recognitiones Clementis.c.Epitomæ.(4)The Pseudo-Clementine Doctrinal System.§29.Manichæism.(1)The Founder.(2)The System.(3)Constitution, Worship, and Missionarizing.III. THE DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENT AND APOLOGETICAL ACTIVITY OF THE CHURCH.§30.The Theological Literature of the Post-Apostolic Age,A.D.70-170.(1)The Beginnings of Patristic Literature.(2)The Theology of the Post-Apostolic Age.(3)The so-called Apostolic Fathers.a.Clement of Rome.(4)b.Barnabas.c.Pastor Hermas.(5)d.Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch.(6)e.Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna.f.Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis.g.Epistle to Diognetus.(7)The Didache or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.(8)The Writings of the Earliest Christian Apologists.(9)Extant Writings of Apologists of the Post-Apostolic Age.a.Justin Martyr.(10)b.Tatian.c.Athenagoras.d.Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch.e.Hermias.§31.The Theological Literature of the Old Catholic Age,A.D.170-323.(1)The Theological Schools and Tendencies.1. Church Fathers Writing in Greek.(2)Church Teachers of the Asiatic Type.a.Irenæus.(3)b.Hippolytus.(4)The Alexandrian Church Teachers.a.Pantænus.b.Titus Flavius Clement.(5)c.Origen.(6)d.Dionysius of Alexandria.e.Gregory Thaumaturgus.f.Pamphilus.(7)Greek-speaking Church Teachers in other Quarters.a.Hegesippus.b.Caius of Rome.(8)c.Sextus Julius Africanus.(9)d.Methodius.e.Lucian of Samosata.2. Church Fathers Writing in Latin.(10)The Church Teachers of North Africa.Tertullian.(11)Cyprian.(12)Various Ecclesiastical Writers using the Latin Tongue.a.Minucius Felix.b.Commodus.c.Novatian.d.Arnobius.e.Victorinus of Pettau.f.Lucius Lactantius.§32.The Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphical Literature.(1)Professedly Old Heathen Prophecies.(2)Old Testament Pseudepigraphs.a.Book of Enoch.b.Assumptio Mosis.c.Fourth Book of Ezra.d.Book of Jubilees.(3)Pseudepigraphs of Christian Origin.a.History of Assenath.b.The Testaments of the XII. Patriarchs.c.Ascensio IsaiæandVisio Isaiæ.d.Spelunca thesaurorum.(4)New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigraphs.I.Apocryphal Gospels.(5)II.Apocryphal Histories and Legends of the Apostles.(6)—— Apocryphal Monographs.(7)III.Apostolic Epistles.IV.Apocryphal Apocalypses.V.Apostolical Constitutions.(8)The Acts of the Martyrs.§33.The Doctrinal Controversies of the Old Catholic Age.(1)The Trinitarian Questions.(2)The Alogians.(3)The Theodotians and Artemonites.(4)Praxeas and Tertullian.(5)The Noëtians and Hippolytus.(6)Beryllus and Origen.(7)Sabellius; Dionysius of Alexandria; Dionysius of Rome.(8)Paul of Samosata.(9)Chiliasm.IV. CONSTITUTION, WORSHIP, LIFE AND DISCIPLINE.§34.The Inner Organization of the Church.(1)The Continuation of Charismatic Endowments into Post-Apostolic Times.(2)The Development of the Episcopal Hierarchy.(3)The Regular Ecclesiastical Offices of the Old Catholic Age.(4)Clergy and Laity.(5)The Synods.(6)Personal and Epistolary Intercourse.(7)The Unity and Catholicity of the Church.(8)The Roman Primacy.§35.The Administration of Baptism.(1)The Preparation for Receiving Baptism.(2)The Baptismal Formula.(3)The Administration of Baptism.(4)The Doctrine of Baptism.(5)The Controversy about Heretics’ Baptism.§36.Public Worship and its Various Parts.(1)The Agape.(2)TheMissa Catechumenorum.(3)TheMissa Fidelium.(4)TheDisciplina Arcani.(5)The Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper.(6)The Sacrificial Theory.(7)The Use of Scripture.(8)Formation of a New Testament Canon.(9)The Doctrine of Inspiration.(10)Hymnology.§37.Feasts and Festival Seasons.(1)The Festivals of the Christian Year.(2)The Paschal Controversies.(3)The Ecclesiastical Institution of Fasting.§38.The Church Buildings and the Catacombs.(1)The Catacombs.(2)The Antiquities of the Catacombs.(3)Pictorial Art and the Catacombs.(4)Pictorial and Artistic Representations.a.Significant Symbols.b.Allegorical Figures.c.Parabolic Figures.d.Historical Pictures of O. T. Types.e.Figures from the Gospel History.f.Liturgical Figures.§39.Life, Manners, and Discipline.(1)Christian Morals and Manners.(2)The Penitential Discipline.(3)Asceticism.(4)Paul of Thebes.(5)Beginning of Veneration of Martyrs.(6)Superstition.§40.The Montanist Reformation.(1)Montanism in Asia Minor.(2)Montanism at Rome.(3)Montanism in Proconsular Africa.(4)The Fundamental Principle of Montanism.(5)The Attitude of Montanism toward the Church.§41.Schismatic Divisions in the Church.(1)The Schism of Hippolytus at Rome aboutA.D.220.(2)The Schism of Felicissimus at Carthage inA.D.250.(3)The Schism of the Presbyter Novatian at Rome inA.D.251.(4)The Schism of Meletius in Egypt inA.D.306.SECOND SECTION.The History of the Græco-Roman Church from the 4th-7th centuries.A.D.323-692.I. CHURCH AND STATE.§42.The Overthrow of Paganism in the Roman Empire.(1)The Romish Legend of the Baptism of Constantine.(2)Constantine the Great and his Sons.(3)Julian the Apostate (A.D.361-363).(4)The Later Emperors.(5)Heathen Polemics and Apologetics.(6)The Religion of the Hypsistarians.§43.The Christian Empire and the Ecclesiastical Law.(1)TheJus Circa Sacra.(2)The Institution of Œcumenical Synods.(3)Canonical Ordinances.(4)Pseudepigraphic Church Ordinances.(5)The Apostolic Church Ordinances.II. MONASTICISM, CLERICALISM AND HIERARCHISM.§44.Monasticism.(1)The Biography of St. Anthony.(2)The Origin of Christian Monasticism.(3)Oriental Monasticism.(4)Western Monasticism.(5)Institution of Nunneries.(6)Monastic Asceticism.(7)Anti-Ecclesiastical and Heretical Monasticism.§45.The Clergy.(1)Training of the Clergy.(2)The Injunction of Celibacy.(3)Later Ecclesiastical Offices.(4)Church Property.§46A.The Patriarchal Constitution and the Primacy.(1)The Patriarchal Constitution.(2)The Rivalry between Rome and Byzantium.§46B.History of the Roman Chair and its Claims to the Primacy.(3)From Melchiades to Julius I.,A.D.310 toA.D.352.(4)From Liberius to Anastasius,A.D.352 toA.D.402.(5)From Innocent I. to Zosimus,A.D.402 toA.D.418.(6)From Boniface I. to Sixtus III.,A.D.419 toA.D.440.(7)From Leo the Great to Simplicius,A.D.440 toA.D.483.(8)From Felix III. to Boniface II.,A.D.483 toA.D.532.(9)From John II. to Pelagius II.,A.D.532 toA.D.590.(10)From Gregory I. to Boniface V.,A.D.590 toA.D.625.(11)From Honorius I. to Gregory III.,A.D.625 toA.D.741.III. THEOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.§47.The Theological Schools and their most celebrated Representatives.(1)The Theological Schools and Tendencies.a.In the 4th and 5th centuries.b.Of the 6th and 7th Centuries.1. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE EASTERN CHURCH.(2)The Most Celebrated Representative of the Old Alexandrian School——Eusebius.(3)Church Fathers of the New Alexandrian School.a.Athanasius.(4)The Three Great Cappadocians.b.Basil the Great.c.Gregory Nazianzen.d.Gregory of Nyssa.(5)e.Apollinaris.f.Didymus the Blind.(6)g.Macarius Magnes.h.Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria.i.Isidore of Pelusium.(7)Mystics and Philosophers.k.Macarius the Great or the Elder.l.Marcus Eremita.m.Synesius of Cyrene.n.Nemesius, Bishop of Emesa.o.Æneas of Gaza.(8)The Antiocheans.a.Eusebius of Emesa.b.Diodorus of Tarsus.c.John of Antioch (Chrysostom).(9)d.Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia.e.Polychronius, Bishop of Apamea.f.Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus.(10)Other Teachers of the Greek Church during the 4th and 5th Centuries.a.Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem.b.Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis.c.Palladius.d.Nilus.(11)Greek Church Fathers of the 6th and 7th Centuries.a.Johannes Philoponus.b.Dionysius the Areopagite.(12)c.Leontius Byzantinus.d.Maximus Confessor.e.Johannes Climacus.f.Johannes Moschus.g.Anastasius Sinaita.(13)Syrian Church Fathers.a.Jacob of Nisibis.b.Aphraates.c.Ephraim the Syrian.d.Ibas, Bishop of Edessa.e.Jacob, Bishop of Edessa.2. THE MOST IMPORTANT TEACHERS OF THE WESTERN CHURCH.(14)f.During the Period of the Arian Controversy.a.Jul. Firmicus Maternus.b.Lucifer of Calaris.c.Marius Victorinus.d.Hilary of Poitiers.e.Zeno, Bishop of Verona.f.Philaster, Bishop of Brescia.g.Martin of Tours.(15)g.Ambrose, Bishop of Milan.h.Ambrosiaster.i.Pacianus, Bishop of Barcelona.(16)During the Period of Origenistic Controversy.a.Jerome.(17)b.Tyrannius Rufinus.c.Sulpicius Severus.d.Peter Chrysologus, Bishop of Ravenna.(18)The Hero of the Soteriological Controversy—Augustine.(19)Augustine’s Works.a.Philosophical Treatises.b.Dogmatic Treatises.c.Controversial Treatises.d.Apologetical Treatises.e.Exegetical Works.(20)Augustine’s Disciples and Friends.a.Paulinus, Deacon of Milan.b.Paul Orosius.c.Marius Mercator.d.Prosper Aquitanicus.e.Cæsarius, Bishop of Arelate.f.Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe.(21)Pelagians and semi-Pelagians.I.Pelagius.II.Semi-Pelagians or Massilians.a.Johannes Cassianus.b.Vincent Lerinensis.c.Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons.d.Salvianus, Presbyter at Marseilles.e.Faustus of Rhegium.f.Arnobius the Younger.(22)The Most Important Church Teachers among the Roman Popes.a.Leo the Great.b.Gelasius I.c.Gregory the Great.(23)The Conservators and Continuators of Patristic Culture.a.Boëthius.b.Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus.c.Dionysius Exiguus.§48.Branches of Theological Science and Christian Poetry.(1)Exegetical Theology.(2)Historical Theology.(3)Systematic Theology.a.Apologetics.b.Polemics.c.Positive Dogmatics.d.Morals.(4)Practical Theology.(5)Christian Poetry.(6)Christian Latin Poetry.(7)Poetry of National Syrian Church.(8)The Legendary History of Cyprian.IV. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES AND HERESIES.§49.The Development of Doctrine Generally.Heretical Developments.§50.The Trinitarian Controversy,A.D.318-381.(1)Preliminary Victory of the Homoousia,A.D.318-325.(2)Victory of Eusebianism,A.D.328-356.(3)Victory of Homoiousianism,A.D.357-361.(4)Final Victory of the Nicene Creed,A.D.361-381.(5)The Pneumatomachians,A.D.362-381.(6)The Literature of the Controversy.(7)Post-Nicene Development of the Dogma.(8)Schisms in consequence of the Arian Controversy.I.The Meletian Schism at Antioch.II.The Schism of the Luciferians.III.The Schism of Damasus and Ursacius at Rome.§51.The Origenist Controversies,A.D.394-438.(1)The Monks of the Scetic and Nitrian Deserts.(2)The Controversy in Palestine and Italy,A.D.394-399.(3)The Controversy in Alexandria and Constantinople,A.D.399-438.§52.The Christological Controversy.(1)The Apollinarian Controversy,A.D.362-381.(2)Christology of the Opposing Theological Schools.(3)The Dyoprosopic or Nestorian Controversy,A.D.428-444.(4)The Monophysite Controversy.I.Eutychianism,A.D.444-451.(5)II.Imperial Attempts at Union,A.D.451-519.(6)III.Justinian’s Decrees,A.D.527-553.(7)IV.The Monophysite Churches.(8)The Monothelite Controversy,A.D.633-680.(9)The Case of Honorius.§53.The Soteriological Controversies,A.D.412-529.(1)Preliminary History.(2)The Doctrine of Augustine.(3)Pelagius and his Doctrine.(4)The Pelagian Controversy,A.D.411-431.(5)The Semi-Pelagian Controversy,A.D.427-529.§54.Reappearance and Remodelling of Earlier Heretical Sects.(1)Manichæism.(2)Priscillianism,A.D.383-563.V. WORSHIP, LIFE, DISCIPLINE AND MORALS.§55.Worship in General.The Age of Cyril of Alexandria.§56.Festivals and Seasons for Public Worship.(1)The Weekly Cycle.(2)Hours and Quarterly Fasts.(3)The Reckoning of Easter.(4)The Easter Festivals.(5)The Christmas Festivals.(6)The Church Year.(7)The Church Fasts.§57.Worship of Saints, Relics and Images.(1)The Worship of Martyrs and Saints.(2)The Worship of Mary and Anna.(3)Worship of Angels.(4)Worship of Images.(5)Worship of Relics.(6)The Making of Pilgrimages.§58.The Dispensation of the Sacraments.(1)Administration of Baptism.(2)The Doctrine of the Supper.(3)The Sacrifice of the Mass.(4)The Administration of the Lord’s Supper.§59.Public Worship in Word and Symbol.(1)The Holy Scriptures.(2)The Creeds of the Church.I.The Nicæno-Constantinopolitan Creed.II.The Apostles’ Creed.III.The Athanasian Creed.(3)Bible Reading in Church and Preaching.(4)Hymnology.(5)Psalmody and Hymn Music.(6)The Liturgy.(7)Liturgical Vestments.(8)Symbolical Acts in Worship.(9)Processions.§60.Places of Public Worship, Buildings And Works of Art.(1)The Basilica.(2)Secular Basilicas.(3)The Cupola Style.(4)Accessory and Special Buildings.(5)Church furniture.(6)The Graphic and Plastic Arts.§61.Life, Discipline and Morals.(1)Church Discipline.(2)Christian Marriage.(3)Sickness, Death and Burial.(4)Purgatory and Masses for Souls.§62.Heretical Reformers.(1)Audians and Apostolics.(2)Protests against Superstition and External Observances.(3)Protests against the Over-Estimation of Doctrine.§63.Schisms.(1)The Donatist Schism,A.D.311-415.(2)TheConcilium Quinisextum,A.D.692.VI. THE CHURCH OUTSIDE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.§64.Missionary Operations in the East.(1)The Ethiopic-Abyssinian Church.(2)The Persian Church.(3)The Armenian Church.(4)The Iberians.§65.The Counter-Mission of the Mohammedans.(1)The Fundamental Principle of Islam.(2)The Providential Place of Islam.THIRD SECTION.HISTORY OF THE GRÆCO-BYZANTINE CHURCH IN THE 8TH-15THCENTURIES (A.D.692-1453).I. Developments of the Greek Church in Combination with the Western.§66.Iconoclasm of the Byzantine Church (A.D.726-842).(1)Leo III., the Isaurian,A.D.717-741.(2)Constantine V.A.D.741-775.(3)Leo IV., Chazarus,A.D.775-780.(4)Leo V., the Armenian,A.D.813-820.§67.Division between Greek and Roman Churches and Attempts at Union,A.D.857-1453.(1)Foundation of the Schism,A.D.867.(2)Leo VI., the Philosopher,A.D.886-911.(3)Completion of the Schism,A.D.1054.(4)Attempts at Reunion.(5)Andronicus III. Palæologus and Barlaam.(6)Council of Florence.(7)Decay of Byzantine Empire.II. Developments in the Eastern Church without the Co-operation of the Western.§68.Theological Science and Literature.(1)Revival of Classical Studies.(2)Aristotle and Plato.(3)Scholasticism and Mysticism.(4)The Branches of Theological Science.(5)Distinguished Theologians.(6)Barlaam and Josaphat.§69.Doctrinal Controversies in the 12th-14th Centuries.(1)Dogmatic Questions.(2)The Hesychast Controversy,A.D.1341-1351.§70.Constitution, Worship and Life.(1)The Arsenian Schism,A.D.1262-1312.(2)Public Worship.(3)Monasticism.(4)Endeavours at Reformation.§71.Dualistic Heretics.(1)The Paulicians.(2)The Children of the Sun.(3)The Euchites.(4)The Bogomili.§72.The Nestorian and Monophysite Churches of the East.(1)The Persian Nestorians.(2)Monophysite Churches.(3)The Maronites.(4)The Legend of Prester John.§73.The Slavonic Churches adhering to the Orthodox Greek Confession.(1)Slavs in the Greek Provinces.(2)The Chazari.(3)The Bulgarians.(4)The Russian Church.(5)Russian Sects.(6)Romish Efforts at Union.SECOND DIVISION.THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN AND ROMAN CHURCH DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.§74.Character and Divisions of this Period of the Development.(1)The Character of Mediæval History.(2)Periods in the Church History of the German-Roman Middle Ages.FIRST SECTION.HISTORY OF THE GERMAN-ROMAN CHURCH FROM THE 4THTO THE 9THCENTURY (DOWN TOA.D.911).I. Founding, Spread, and Limitation of the German Church.§75.Christianity and the Germans.(1)The Predisposition of the Germans for Christianity.(2)Unopposed Adoption of Christianity.(3)Mode of Conversion in the Church of these Times.§76.The Victory of Catholicism over Arianism.(1)The Goths in the lands of the Danube.(2)The Visigoths in Gaul and Spain.(3)The Vandals in Africa.(4)The Suevi.(5)The Burgundians.(6)The Rugians.(7)The Ostrogoths.(8)The Longobards in Italy.(9)The Franks in Gaul.§77.Victory of the Romish over the Old British Church.(1)The Conversion of the Irish.(2)The Mission to Scotland.(3)The Peculiarities of the Celtic Church.(4)The Romish Mission to the Anglo-Saxons.(5)Celtic Missions among the Anglo-Saxons.(6)The Celtic Element Driven out of the Anglo-Saxon Church.(7)Spread and Overthrow of the British Church on the Continent.(8)Overthrow of the Old British System in the Iro-Scottish Church.§78.The Conversion and Romanizing of Germany.(1)South-Western Germany.(2)South-Eastern Germany.(3)North-Western Germany.(4)The Missionary Work of Boniface.(5)The Organization Effected by Boniface.(6)Heresies Confronted by Boniface.(7)The End of Boniface.(8)An Estimate of Boniface.(9)The Conversion of the Saxons.§79.The Slavs in German Countries.(1)The Carantanians and Avars.(2)The Moravian Church.(3)The Beginnings of Christianity in Bohemia.§80.The Scandinavian Nations.(1)Ansgar.(2)Ansgar’s Successor—Rimbert.§81.Christianity and Islam.(1)Islam in Spain.(2)Islam in Sicily.II. THE HIERARCHY, THE CLERGY AND THE MONKS.§82.The Papacy and the Carolingians.(1)The Period of the Founding of the States of the Church.(2)Stephen III.,A.D.768-772.Hadrian I.,A.D.772-795.(3)Charlemagne and Leo III.,A.D.795-816.(4)Louis the Pious and the Popes of his Time.(5)The Sons of Louis the Pious and the Popes of their Days.(6)The Legend of the Female Pope Joanna.(7)Nicholas I. and Hadrian II.(8)John VIII. and his Successors.(9)The Papacy and the Nationalities.§83.The Rank of Metropolitan.(1)The Position of Metropolitans in General.(2)Hincmar of Rheims.(3)Metropolitans in other lands.§84.The Clergy in General.(1)The Superior Clergy.(2)The Inferior Clergy.(3)Compulsory Celibacy.(4)Canonical life.§85.Monasticism.(1)Benedict of Nursia.(2)Benedict of Aniane.(3)Nunneries.(4)The Greater Monasteries.(5)Monastic Practices among the Clergy.(6)The Stylites.§86.The Property of Churches and Monasteries.(1)The Revenues of Churches and Monasteries.(2)The Benefice System.§87.Ecclesiastical Legislation.(1)Older Collections of Ecclesiastical Law.(2)The Collection of Decretals of the Pseudo-Isidore.(3)Details of the History of the Forgery.(4)The Edict and Donation of Constantine.III. THE CHURCH AND THE PEOPLE.§88.Public Worship and Art.(1)Liturgy and Preaching.(2)Church Music.(3)The Sacrifice of the Mass.(4)The Worship of Saints.(5)Times and Places for Public Worship.(6)Ecclesiastical Architecture and Painting.§89.National Customs, Social Life and Church Discipline.(1)Superstition.(2)Popular Education.(3)Christian Popular Poetry.(4)Social Condition.(5)Practice of Pubic Law.(6)Church Discipline and Penitential Exercises.IV. THEOLOGY AND ITS BATTLES.§90.Scholarship and Theological Science.(1)Rulers of the Carolingian Line.Charlemagne,A.D.768-814.Louis the Pious,A.D.814-840.Charles the Bald,A.D.840-877.(2)The most distinguished Theologians of the Pre-Carolingian Age.1.Merovingian France.2.South of the Pyrenees.3.England.(3)The most distinguished Theologians of the Age of Charlemagne.1.Alcuin.2.Paulus Diaconus.3.Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans.4.Paulinus, Patriarch of Aquileia and Bishop Leidrad of Lyons.5.Hatto, Abbot of Reichenau.(4)The most distinguished Theologians of the Age of Louis the Pious.1.Agobard of Lyons.2.Claudius, Bishop of Turin.3.Jonas of Orleans.4.Amalarius of Metz.5.Christian Druthmar.6.Rabanus Magnentius Maurus.7.Walafrid Strabo.(5)The Most Distinguished Theologians of the Age of Charles the Bald.1.Hincmar of Rheims.2.Paschasius Radbertus.3.Ratramnus.4.Florus Magister.5.Haymo, Bishop of Halberstadt.6.Servatus Lupus.7.Remigius of Auxerre.8.Regius of Prüm.(6)9.Anastasius Bibliothecarius.10.Eulogius of Cordova.(7)11.Joannes Scotus Erigena.(8)The Monastic and Cathedral Schools.(9)Various Branches of Theological Science.1.Exegesis.2.Systematic Theology.3.Practical Theology.4.Historical Theology.(10)Anglo-Saxon Culture under Alfred the Great,A.D.871-901.§91.Doctrinal Controversies.(1)The Adoptionist Controversy,A.D.782-799.(2)Controversy about the Procession of the Holy Spirit.(3)The Eucharistic Controversy,A.D.844.(4)Controversy about the Conception of the Virgin.(5)The Predestinarian ControversyA.D.847-868.(6)The Trinitarian Controversy,A.D.857.§92.Endeavours After Reformation.(1)The Carolingian Opposition to Image Worship,A.D.790-825.(2)Agobard of Lyons and Claudius of Turin.
a.Jul. Firmicus Maternus.b.Lucifer of Calaris.c.Marius Victorinus.d.Hilary of Poitiers.e.Zeno, Bishop of Verona.f.Philaster, Bishop of Brescia.g.Martin of Tours.
a.Johannes Cassianus.b.Vincent Lerinensis.c.Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons.d.Salvianus, Presbyter at Marseilles.e.Faustus of Rhegium.f.Arnobius the Younger.