"Legal tender" decision,33, n.,38.
Legislation, character of, determined by privileges of Committees and necessity for haste,74; compromise character of, in Congress,101; conglomerate and heterogeneous,113,325; part of President in, by virtue of veto power,260,266; and administration contrasted,273,274; Buckle on present value of,295; nature of present task of,295,296; generates legislation,297; not more important than administration,297; general function of,301,302; tendency toward widening sphere of,316,317.
Legislative service divorced from Executive, in U. S.,251-253.
"Letter" of Secretary of Treasury to Congress,149,153.
Lincoln, President,259,283, n.
"Literary theory" of the Constitution,12,268,284; marred by growth of federal powers,30.
Lobbying in Congress,189,190.
Lodge, H. C., quoted with regard to Hamilton,21,22.
"Log-rolling,"169.
Lords, House of, Bagehot on,220.
Louisiana, purchase of,20,43.
Lowell, J. R., on "government by declamation,"318.
Macaulay, criticism of legislative leadership by,207.
Machiavelli, on responsibility of ministers,275.
Maclay, Wm., Sketches of First Senate by, quoted,24, n.
McMaster, J. B., quoted,19.
Madison, President,165, refuses to meet Senate,234, n.
Magna Carta, and the Constitution of U. S.,7.
Member, the new, embarrassments of, in the House,61et seq.
Members, suppression of independence and ability amongst, in the House, by the Rules,110.
Membership, of Senate, made up by promotions from House,210; of Senate, biennially renewed in part,228,229.
Mill, J. S., "legislative commission" proposed by,115,129,192.
Ministry, parliamentary debate centres around British,95; disintegrate, in Congress,102; parliamentary position of British,95,244; British, a single Standing Committee of Parliament,117; necessity of public debate to British,119; British, compared with French,123,124,129; history of parliamentary responsibility of British,286-288.
Monroe, President,165,252.
"Morning hours,"73.
Nation, the, letter to, on federal financial system, quoted,191; on status of Cabinet, quoted,269.
National sovereignty, growth of sentiment of,31,32; sentiment of, makes advent and issue of the war inevitable,32.
Newcastle, Duke of,286.
Nominations, the Senate and,235; popular interest attaching to action of Senate on,236,237; of Presidents by conventions, virtual character of,245.
North, Lord,287,308.
Northcote, Sir Stafford,322.
Offices, political and non-political,290,291.
Orators, character of the ruling, of our race,208et seq.; natural leaders of a self-governing people,209; Froude on political,215; political, without authority or responsibility in U. S.,319et seq.; political weight of, in England,321-324.
Otis, James,209.
Parties, vagueness of responsibility of, for legislation in U. S.,96-101; both, represented on Standing Committees,99; in U. S., absence of responsible organization in,187; in U. S., headless, conglomerate character of,324; in Congress, discipline of,326,327; in Congress, kept together by caucus,330.
Parton, on purposes of a national parliament,250,251.
Party, govt. by, practical necessity for,97et seq.; organization, outside Congress,98; inside Congress,99; choice of Speaker by,107; govt. by, perfected in British system,117et seq.; diversity between Executive and Congress,267; conditions of govt. by,267,268; relations of President and Cabinet,269; insignificance of Cabinet,270; leaders in England, weight and position of,322.
Peel, Sir Robt.,209; on questions asked Prime Minister in the Commons,300.
Pension Act, in 48th Congress,79-81.
"Permanent appropriations,"152,153.
Pitt, Wm.,209; elected to rule Commons,249.
Political discretion of President and Congress,34,35.
Power, diffusion of, in Congress,92,206; irresponsible,92,93,314;and accountability,283,284.
Presidency, tendency to raise governors of States to the,253.
President, the, and Supreme Court, relations between,35; independence and influence of,41; declining prestige of office of,43; belittled by growth of congressional power,43; and Cabinet, division of labor between,45,46; veto power of,52,260; and Senate, no real consultation between,232et seq.; irresponsible dictation of Senate to,238,239; functional contrast of, with English Prime Minister,249; conditions surrounding choice of a, by convention,250,251; character of usual functions of,254; not all of the Executive,257; relations of, to Cabinet,258,259; De Tocqueville on position of,266, n.; party relations of,269; party insignificance of,270; and Congress, defective means of coöperation between,270,271.
President of French Assembly, functions and powers of,125,126.
Presidents, character and influence of the early,41; decline of character of, along with crystallization of electoral system,42; real method of electing,243et seq.
Press, the, political influence of, in U. S.,305,306,319-321; in England, subordinate to political leaders,321.
Previous Question,75,90; in the Senate,211, n.,218.
Prime Minister, method of selecting a, in England and France,248; and President, contrast between,249; questions asked the, in House of Commons,300.
Printing, prerogatives of Committee on,71,72; of unspoken speeches,91.
"Private bill day,"73.
Protective policy of Committee of Ways and Means,172-174.
Public life, conditions of, in U. S.,195et seq.; in England,214; attractiveness of leadership in,214.
Public opinion, not instructed by congressional debate,101; difficulties of, in understanding and controlling Congress,186-189; not led in U. S.,187; distrust of Congress by,188; confusion of, with regard to congressional policy,280; instruction of, important duty of representative assembly,297et seq.; information of, by inquisitive public body,300,301; leaders of English,322; paralysis of, in U. S.,331.
Pulteney,286,287.
Randolph, John,89; interview of, with Treasury officials,162,163.
"Reconstruction," reflected altered condition of balance between state and federal govts.,32,33.
"Record," Congressional, unspoken speeches in,91; little read,94.
Reform Bill of 1832 in England,220.
Reichstag, consent of, necessary to policy in Germany,59.
Reports, of Standing Committees, time given to,72; backed by neither party,96; thoroughly considered in early Congresses,106; of Committee on Appropriations, privileges of,153,154; of Conference Committees, extraordinary privilege of,158; annual, of Treasury, referred to Committee of Ways and Means,170,171; of Committee on Appropriations preferred to reports of Committee of Ways and Means,174.
Representative assemblies, duties and means of, in instructing public opinion,298et seq.; supremacy of, in every system of self-government,311.
Representative government, government by advocacy,208.
Representatives, House of,58-192; position of Speaker in,59,103-108; led by chairmen of Standing Committees,60; multiplicity of leaders in,61; rules of, restrain individual activity,63; introduction of bills in,64; bills in, introduced on Mondays,66; early course of bills in,67,68; daily course of business in,73; press of time in business of,74,90; conditions of debate in,75et seq.; absence of instinct of debate in,79; best discussion impossible in,86; hall of,86,87; debate in, in former times,89; compared with Roman assembly,109; concentration of federal power in,110; suspension of rules of, to pass bills,111,112; compared with British Commons,116et seq.; with English and French chambers,129; disintegrate character of,210; "latent unity" of, with Senate,224.
Responsibility, of administrators, to representative chamber for inefficiency,274,276,277; of ministers Machiavelli on,275; scattering of, by federal constitutional system,281;with power,283,284; of Executive, and civil service reform,285et seq.; history of ministerial, in England,286et seq.
Resumption Act of 1875,185.
Revenue, controlled by House Committee of Ways and Means and Senate Committee on Finance,169; policy of Committee of Ways and Means and of English Chancellor of Exchequer,171-175; subordinate to Supply in Congress,174,175.
Revolution, English, of 1688, character of Parliament succeeding the,313.
Revolution, French,20,43.
Rivers and Harbors, Committee on,165; prerogatives of Committeeon,167; Committee on, and "log-rolling,"168.
Rockingham, Lord,287.
Roman assembly and House of Representatives,109.
Rosebery, Lord, on the Senate,228.
Rules of House, restrict individual activity of members of House,63; support privileges of Standing Committees,66,71,74; complexity of,73,74; principle of,74; readopted biennially,104; repress independence and ability,110; oligarchy of Committee on,111; suspension of, to pass bills,111,112.
St. Thomas, treaty with Denmark regarding island of,50,51.
Secession, character of contest over,198,199.
Senate, the,193-241; overt character of contests of, with President,48; efforts of, to control nominations,49; usurpations of, and civil service reform,49; semi-executive powers of, in regard to foreign policy,49et seq.; and treaty with Denmark,50; and Alabama claims,51; thoroughness of discussion in,94; amendment of appropriation bills by,155,156; usual estimates of,193,194; character and composition of,194,195; conditions of public life, shaping character of, 195et seq.; a select House of Representatives,210; contrasts of, with the House,211; organized like the House,212; choice of Committees in,212; absence of leadership in,213et seq.; character of debate in, 216et seq.; equality of, with House of Representatives,223; and House of Representatives, "latent unity" between,224; not a class chamber,225; limits democracy in Constitution,226; dignity and remove from popular heat of,227; a real check upon the House,228; liability of, to biennial change in membership,228,229; "slow and steady" forms of,230; share of, in control of executive departments,231; and President, no real consultation between,232et seq.; and President, means of consultation between,234; and nominations,235,et seq.; "courtesy" of,238; irresponsible dictation of, to President,238.
Sherman, Roger,268.
Silver Bill, the Bland,185.
Slavery, character of contest over,198-202,passim.
Smith, Robt., Secretary of Treasury,162.
Smythe, nominated Minister to St. Petersburg by Pres. Grant,235.
Speaker, of House of Representatives, appoints leaders of House,60; prerogatives of,103-108; appoints Standing Committees,103; history of appointing power of,104; power of appointing of, renewed with Rules,105; chosen by party vote,107; personal character of,107; use of power by, in constituting and aiding Committees,108; concentration of power in hands of,110,111; of House of Commons, functions and character of,122.
Stages of national political growth, before civil war,200; since,202.
"Star Route" trials,178, n.
State and federal governments, balance between,See'Federal and state governments.'
States, the, disadvantages of direct taxation to,133.
Sumner, Chas., Chairman Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,235.
Sumner, Prof. W. G., on task of legislator,296.
Sunderland, Earl of,314.
Supervision of elections by federal govt.,27.
Supply, Committee of, in House of Commons,137-139; vital character of votes of, in House of Commons,139; Committee of, in House of Representatives,154; questions of, take precedence of questions of revenue in Congress,174.
Surpluses,173,174,179.
Suspension of Rules, bills passed under a, in House,111,112.
Swiss Constitution and bicameral system,221.
Tariff of 1833, character of contest over,198.
Taxation, sensitiveness of people concerning,131; direct and indirect,132,133; Mr. Gladstone on direct and indirect,134; direct, byStates, indirect, by federal govt.,133.
Telegraph lines, constitutional interpretation in connection with,30,31.
Tenure of Office Act,49,277.
Terms of office, short,255; of the Secretaries,261,264et seq.
Tocqueville, De, on position of President,266, n.
Townshend, Chas.,207,208.
Treasury, accessibility of heads of British, in the Commons,146,147; "Letter" from Secretary of,149; annual reports of, referred to Committee of Ways and Means,170; character of annual reports of,170,171; Secretary of, duties of,263; non-political character of functions of Secretary of,264.
"Tribune" of French Assembly,127,128.
Turgot, M., on bicameral system of U. S.,220.
Van Buren, Martin,259.
Veto, power of,52,260.
Vice-President, the,240,241.
Victorian Parliament, two chambers of,223.
Virginia, protest of, against Alien and Sedition Laws,21.
Walpole, Sir Robt.,208,286.
War, change wrought by the civil, in constitutional methods and in constitutional criticism,5et seq.; the civil, a struggle between nationality and principles of disintegration,32; opened a new period of public life in U. S.,195.
Washington, antagonisms in first Cabinet of,2; influence of the Executive under,41,246,252,259.
Ways and Means, debate of,78; "Brahmins" of Committee of,111; chairmen of, federal Chancellors of Exchequer,134; preference of Committee of, for indirect taxation,134; Committee of, in House of Commons,139-144; weight of votes of Committee of, in Commons,142; House Committee of, formerly controlled appropriations,161; character of Committee of,170; policy of Committee of, compared with policy of English Chancellor of Exchequer, 171-175; reports of, deferred to reports of Committee on Appropriations,174,183,184.
"Ways and Means Bills,"143,144.
Webster, Daniel,89,204,218,252,259.
William the Silent,207,208.
William III.,313,314.
Windham, Wm.,207,208.
Year, British financial,140; federal financial,148.