[1]
Cf. Bell, "A Few Thoughts Concerning Eugenics." InNational Geographic Magazine, March, 1908.
Cf. Bell, "A Few Thoughts Concerning Eugenics." InNational Geographic Magazine, March, 1908.
[2]
Maine,Early Law and Custom, p. 228.
Maine,Early Law and Custom, p. 228.
[3]
Luckock,History of Marriage, p. 282.
Luckock,History of Marriage, p. 282.
[4]
Child, "On Marriages of Consanguinity," inMedico-Chirurgical Review, April, 1862, p. 469.
Child, "On Marriages of Consanguinity," inMedico-Chirurgical Review, April, 1862, p. 469.
[5]
Webster,Collection of Essays and Fugitiv Writings on Moral, Historical, Political and Religious Subjects, 1790, p. 322.
Webster,Collection of Essays and Fugitiv Writings on Moral, Historical, Political and Religious Subjects, 1790, p. 322.
[6]
SeeTransactions of the American Medical Association, 1858, pp. 321-425.
SeeTransactions of the American Medical Association, 1858, pp. 321-425.
[7]
"Du Croisement des families,"Mem. de la Société d'Anthropologie, vol. i, 1860-63, pp. 505-557.
"Du Croisement des families,"Mem. de la Société d'Anthropologie, vol. i, 1860-63, pp. 505-557.
[8]
See Morris: "On Marriages of Consanguinity," inAmer. Med. Times, Mar. 23, 1861.
See Morris: "On Marriages of Consanguinity," inAmer. Med. Times, Mar. 23, 1861.
[9]
SeeBulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1863, pp. 515-575; 1877, pp. 203-213.
SeeBulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1863, pp. 515-575; 1877, pp. 203-213.
[10]
"Marriages of First Cousins in England and their Effects,"Journal Statistical Society, 1875, pp. 153-184.
"Marriages of First Cousins in England and their Effects,"Journal Statistical Society, 1875, pp. 153-184.
[11]
Studj Sui Matrimonj Consanguinei. Quoted by Darwin, op. cit., p. 178.
Studj Sui Matrimonj Consanguinei. Quoted by Darwin, op. cit., p. 178.
[12]
"De los Matrimonios entre Parientes," Memoriasde la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas, vol. ii, pp. 369-400.
"De los Matrimonios entre Parientes," Memoriasde la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas, vol. ii, pp. 369-400.
[13]
See article in CincinnatiGazette, Jan. 22, 1895.
See article in CincinnatiGazette, Jan. 22, 1895.
[14]
Statistics and Sociology, p. 112.
Statistics and Sociology, p. 112.
[15]
Effect of Consanguinity upon the Organs of Special Sense, p. 4.
Effect of Consanguinity upon the Organs of Special Sense, p. 4.
[16]
Dictionary of Statistics, p. 383.
Dictionary of Statistics, p. 383.
[17]
Les Sourds-muets en Norvège. Quoted by Feer, p. 9.
Les Sourds-muets en Norvège. Quoted by Feer, p. 9.
[18]
Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 9.
Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 9.
[19]
Mulhall,Dictionary of Statistics, p. 383.
Mulhall,Dictionary of Statistics, p. 383.
[20]
Mulhall, op. cit., p. 383.
Mulhall, op. cit., p. 383.
[21]
Ibid., p. 384.
Ibid., p. 384.
[22]
Ibid., p. 384.
Ibid., p. 384.
[23]
"Recherches sur les Mariages Consanguins et sur les Races Pures." inBulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1863, p. 527.
"Recherches sur les Mariages Consanguins et sur les Races Pures." inBulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie, 1863, p. 527.
[24]
"Marriages between First Cousins in England and their Effects," inJournal of the Statistical Society, June, 1875. pp. 154et seq.
"Marriages between First Cousins in England and their Effects," inJournal of the Statistical Society, June, 1875. pp. 154et seq.
[25]
Names of Persons for whom Marriage Licenses were issued by the Secretary of the Province of New York.
Names of Persons for whom Marriage Licenses were issued by the Secretary of the Province of New York.
[26]
Cf. supra, p. 21.
Cf. supra, p. 21.
[27]
See note,infra, p. 29.
See note,infra, p. 29.
[28]
Sex and Society, p. 12.
Sex and Society, p. 12.
[29]
History of Human Marriage, p. 476.
History of Human Marriage, p. 476.
[30]
Goehlert, Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden.Quoted by Westermarck, p. 476.
Goehlert, Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden.Quoted by Westermarck, p. 476.
[31]
Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhaeltnisses, pp. 243-244.
Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhaeltnisses, pp. 243-244.
[32]
Das Geschlechtsverhaeltnis der Geburten in Preussen, pp. 24-25; inStaatswissenschaftliche Studien, vol. iii.
Das Geschlechtsverhaeltnis der Geburten in Preussen, pp. 24-25; inStaatswissenschaftliche Studien, vol. iii.
[33]
Dictionary of Statistics, op. cit., p. 383.
Dictionary of Statistics, op. cit., p. 383.
[34]
C.J. & J.N. Lewis,Natality and Fecundity, pp. 114-116.
C.J. & J.N. Lewis,Natality and Fecundity, pp. 114-116.
[35]
Op. cit., p. 92.
Op. cit., p. 92.
[36]
Masculinity,Twelfth Census, Vital Statistics, Pt. 1. Per cent of cousin marriage, estimated.
Masculinity,Twelfth Census, Vital Statistics, Pt. 1. Per cent of cousin marriage, estimated.
[37]
Duesing, op. cit., p. 24.
Duesing, op. cit., p. 24.
[38]
MassachusettsCensus, 103.1; Reg. 1891-1900, 105.6. VermontCensus, 108.1; Reg. 1890-1896, 105.9. ConnecticutCensus, 103.9; Reg. 1887-1891, 107.2. Rhode IslandCensus, 103.8; Reg. 1854-1901, 104.9.
MassachusettsCensus, 103.1; Reg. 1891-1900, 105.6. VermontCensus, 108.1; Reg. 1890-1896, 105.9. ConnecticutCensus, 103.9; Reg. 1887-1891, 107.2. Rhode IslandCensus, 103.8; Reg. 1854-1901, 104.9.
[39]
Lewis and Lewis, op. cit., p. 128.
Lewis and Lewis, op. cit., p. 128.
[40]
Bemiss,Report on Influence of Marriages of Consanguinity, pp. 420-423.
Bemiss,Report on Influence of Marriages of Consanguinity, pp. 420-423.
[41]
Huth,Marriage of Near Kin. Appendix.
Huth,Marriage of Near Kin. Appendix.
[42]
Woods,Heredity in Royalty, pp. 74-75. The Great Elector, a great-grandson of William the Silent, married his 1-1/2 cousin, a granddaughter of William and also a great-granddaughter of Admiral Coligny. Frederick I married his second cousin, daughter of the Duchess Sophia of Brunswick, and a descendant of William. Frederick William I married his first cousin, Dorothea, granddaughter of Sophia, and also a descendant of William the Silent. Unfortunately the Hohenzollern line was continued by a mediocre brother of Frederick II, but through his sister, Queen Ulrica, the line of genius lasted still another generation to Gustavus III of Sweden.
Woods,Heredity in Royalty, pp. 74-75. The Great Elector, a great-grandson of William the Silent, married his 1-1/2 cousin, a granddaughter of William and also a great-granddaughter of Admiral Coligny. Frederick I married his second cousin, daughter of the Duchess Sophia of Brunswick, and a descendant of William. Frederick William I married his first cousin, Dorothea, granddaughter of Sophia, and also a descendant of William the Silent. Unfortunately the Hohenzollern line was continued by a mediocre brother of Frederick II, but through his sister, Queen Ulrica, the line of genius lasted still another generation to Gustavus III of Sweden.
[43]
See Darwin, "Marriages between First Cousins in England and Their Effects,"Journal of Statistical Society, June, 1875, p. 178.
See Darwin, "Marriages between First Cousins in England and Their Effects,"Journal of Statistical Society, June, 1875, p. 178.
[44]
Boudin, "Croisement des familles, de races et des espèces." InMemoires de la Société d' Anthropologie, vol. i, p. 518.
Boudin, "Croisement des familles, de races et des espèces." InMemoires de la Société d' Anthropologie, vol. i, p. 518.
[45]
Op. cit., p. 181.
Op. cit., p. 181.
[46]
De Lapouge,Les Selections Societies, p. 196.
De Lapouge,Les Selections Societies, p. 196.
[47]
Appointed to ascertain the number of the deaf and dumb, blind, idiotic and insane within the State.
Appointed to ascertain the number of the deaf and dumb, blind, idiotic and insane within the State.
[48]
See Bemiss, inTrans. of Am. Med. Asso., vol. xi, 1858, pp. 420-425.
See Bemiss, inTrans. of Am. Med. Asso., vol. xi, 1858, pp. 420-425.
[49]
Feer,Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder,p. 12,note.
Feer,Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder,p. 12,note.
[50]
Ibid.
Ibid.
[51]
Bemiss. seeTrans. of Am. Med. Asso., vol. xi, 1858, p. 323.
Bemiss. seeTrans. of Am. Med. Asso., vol. xi, 1858, p. 323.
[52]
Marriage of Near Kin, chap. iv.
Marriage of Near Kin, chap. iv.
[53]
R.L. Dugdale,The Jukes
R.L. Dugdale,The Jukes
[54]
Ibid., Chart I.
Ibid., Chart I.
[55]
Dugdale, op. cit., Chart II.
Dugdale, op. cit., Chart II.
[56]
Dugdale, op. cit., p. 16.
Dugdale, op. cit., p. 16.
[57]
McCulloch,Tribe of Ishmael.
McCulloch,Tribe of Ishmael.
[58]
Joerger, "Die Familie Zero." Reviewed by Gertrude C. Davenport, in theAmerican Journal of Sociology, Nov., 1907.
Joerger, "Die Familie Zero." Reviewed by Gertrude C. Davenport, in theAmerican Journal of Sociology, Nov., 1907.
[59]
Bemiss, seeTrans. of Am. Med. Asso., vol. xi, 1858, p. 420.
Bemiss, seeTrans. of Am. Med. Asso., vol. xi, 1858, p. 420.
[60]
The Blind and the Deaf.Special Report of 12th Census, 1906.
The Blind and the Deaf.Special Report of 12th Census, 1906.
[61]
Barr,Mental Defectives, p. 18.
Barr,Mental Defectives, p. 18.
[62]
Ibid., p. 99.
Ibid., p. 99.
[63]
Barr, op. cit., p. 301et seq.
Barr, op. cit., p. 301et seq.
[64]
Barr, op. cit., p. 94.
Barr, op. cit., p. 94.
[65]
Ibid., p. 109.
Ibid., p. 109.
[66]
Darwin, seeJour. Stat. Soc., p. 173.
Darwin, seeJour. Stat. Soc., p. 173.
[67]
Huth,Marriage of Near Kin, pp. 210-211.
Huth,Marriage of Near Kin, pp. 210-211.
[68]
Darwin, op. cit., p. 166.
Darwin, op. cit., p. 166.
[69]
Barr, op. cit., p. 109.
Barr, op. cit., p. 109.
[70]
Barr, op. cit., p. iii.
Barr, op. cit., p. iii.
[71]
Bemiss, op. cit., p. 420.
Bemiss, op. cit., p. 420.
[72]
Mayet,Verwandtenehe and Statistik, quoted by Feer,Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 13.
Mayet,Verwandtenehe and Statistik, quoted by Feer,Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 13.
[73]
Feer, op. cit., pp. 13-14.
Feer, op. cit., pp. 13-14.
[74]
Shattuck Memorials, p. 118.
Shattuck Memorials, p. 118.
[75]
U.S. Census, 1900,Special Report on the Blind and the Deaf.
U.S. Census, 1900,Special Report on the Blind and the Deaf.
[76]
U.S. Census, 1900, op. cit., p. 16.
U.S. Census, 1900, op. cit., p. 16.
[77]
U.S. Census, 1900, op. cit., p. 17.
U.S. Census, 1900, op. cit., p. 17.
[78]
Effect of Consanguinity upon the Organs of Special Sense, p. 4.
Effect of Consanguinity upon the Organs of Special Sense, p. 4.
[79]
Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 14.
Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 14.
[80]
From 1-1/2 to 2 per cent of all marriages were found to be between cousins within the degree of second cousins, and cousin marriages were found to be normally fertile.
From 1-1/2 to 2 per cent of all marriages were found to be between cousins within the degree of second cousins, and cousin marriages were found to be normally fertile.
[81]
Marriage of Near Kin, p. 229.
Marriage of Near Kin, p. 229.
[82]
In a subsequent article Mr. Huth corrects some of these errors. See: "Consanguineous Marriage and Deaf-mutism,"The Lancet, Feb. 10, 1900.
In a subsequent article Mr. Huth corrects some of these errors. See: "Consanguineous Marriage and Deaf-mutism,"The Lancet, Feb. 10, 1900.
[83]
Huth,Marriage of Near Kin, p. 227.
Huth,Marriage of Near Kin, p. 227.
[84]
Cf. supra, p. 42.
Cf. supra, p. 42.
[85]
Huth, op. cit., p. 226.
Huth, op. cit., p. 226.
[86]
Les Sourds-muets en Norvège. Quoted by Feer,Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 22.
Les Sourds-muets en Norvège. Quoted by Feer,Der Einfluss der Blutsverwandschaft der Eltern auf die Kinder, p. 22.
[87]
Feer, op. cit., p. 22.
Feer, op. cit., p. 22.
[88]
U.S. CensusReport on the Blind and the Deaf, p. 127.
U.S. CensusReport on the Blind and the Deaf, p. 127.
[89]
Marriages of the Deaf in America, chap. v.
Marriages of the Deaf in America, chap. v.
[90]
Of the 17 children of first cousins reported on my circulars as either totally or partially deaf, 9 are known to have had deaf ancestors.
Of the 17 children of first cousins reported on my circulars as either totally or partially deaf, 9 are known to have had deaf ancestors.
[91]
Mr. Edgar Schuster (Biometrika, vol. iv, p. 465) finds from Dr. Fay's statistics that the average parental correlation (parent and child) of deafness is: paternal, .54; maternal, .535. English statistics of deafness give: paternal correlation, .515; maternal, .535. The fraternal correlation from the American data is .74 and from the English .70. Seeinfra, p. 92.
Mr. Edgar Schuster (Biometrika, vol. iv, p. 465) finds from Dr. Fay's statistics that the average parental correlation (parent and child) of deafness is: paternal, .54; maternal, .535. English statistics of deafness give: paternal correlation, .515; maternal, .535. The fraternal correlation from the American data is .74 and from the English .70. Seeinfra, p. 92.
[92]
U.S. CensusReport on the Blind and the Deaf, p. 127.
U.S. CensusReport on the Blind and the Deaf, p. 127.
[93]
Supra, p. 64.
Supra, p. 64.
[94]
Marriage—An Address to the Deaf, second edition, Appendix.
Marriage—An Address to the Deaf, second edition, Appendix.
[95]
Trans. fromInsucht und Vermischung beim Menschen, p. 46.
Trans. fromInsucht und Vermischung beim Menschen, p. 46.
[96]
Pure Sociology, p. 232.
Pure Sociology, p. 232.
[97]
Pearson (Grammar of Science, p. 373) points out that variation does occur in asexual reproduction. But that sex is at least a powerful stimulus to variation can hardly be questioned.
Pearson (Grammar of Science, p. 373) points out that variation does occur in asexual reproduction. But that sex is at least a powerful stimulus to variation can hardly be questioned.
[98]
Ward, op. cit., pp. 234-235.
Ward, op. cit., pp. 234-235.
[99]
Cf. supra, p. 66.
Cf. supra, p. 66.
[100]
Royal Society Proceedings, vol. 66, p. 30.
Royal Society Proceedings, vol. 66, p. 30.
[101]
Biometrika, vol. ii, p. 373.
Biometrika, vol. ii, p. 373.
[102]
Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society, vol. 195 A, p. 150.
Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society, vol. 195 A, p. 150.
[103]
Elderton and Pearson, "On the Measure of the Resemblance of First Cousins."Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs IV.Reviewed inBr. Med. Journal, Feb. 15, 1908.
Elderton and Pearson, "On the Measure of the Resemblance of First Cousins."Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs IV.Reviewed inBr. Med. Journal, Feb. 15, 1908.
[104]
Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society, vol. 195 A, p. 106.
Phil. Trans. of the Royal Society, vol. 195 A, p. 106.
[105]
Elderton and Pearson, op. cit.
Elderton and Pearson, op. cit.
[106]
Pearson and Lee, "On the Laws of Inheritance in Man,"Biometrika, vol. ii, p. 387.
Pearson and Lee, "On the Laws of Inheritance in Man,"Biometrika, vol. ii, p. 387.
[107]
Ibid., p. 388.
Ibid., p. 388.
[108]
Pearson, "On the Laws of Inheritance in Man," part 2,Biometrika, vol. iii, p. 154.
Pearson, "On the Laws of Inheritance in Man," part 2,Biometrika, vol. iii, p. 154.
[109]
"Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race."Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. ii, pp. 177-262.
"Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race."Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. ii, pp. 177-262.