Chapter 17

Ainley, D. G. 1977. Feeding methods of seabirds: a comparison of polar and tropical communities. Pages 669-685inG. A. Llano, ed. Adaptations in Antarctic ecosystems. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas.Ainley, D. G., and T. J. Lewis. 1974. The history of Farallon Island marine bird populations, 1854-1972. Condor 76:432-446.Ashmole, N. P. 1968. Body size, prey size and ecological segregation in five sympatric tropical terns (Ayes; Laridae). Syst. Zool. 17:292-304.Ashmole, N. P. 1971. Sea bird ecology and the marine environment. Pages 223-286inD. S. Farner and J. R. King, eds. Avian Biology, Vol. 1. Academic Press, N. Y.Ashmole, N. P., and M. J. Ashmole. 1967. Comparative feeding ecology of sea birds of a tropical oceanic island. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 24:1-131.Bailey, A. 1922. Notes on the yellow-billed loon. Condor 24:204-205.Bailey, A. 1927. Notes on the birds of southeastern Alaska. Auk 44:1-23.Banner, A. H. 1954. New records of Mysidacea and Euphausiacea from the northeastern Pacific and adjacent areas. Pac. Sci. 8:125-139.Bartonek, J. C., R. Elsner, and F. H. Fay. 1974. Mammals and birds. Pages 23-28inE. J. Kelly and D. W. Hood, eds. Probes: a prospectus on processes and resources of the Bearing Sea shelf. Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, Publ. Inf. Bull. 74-1.Bartonek, J. C., and D. D. Gibson. 1972. Summer distribution of pelagic birds in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Condor 74:416-422.Bartsch, P. 1922. A visit to Midway Island. Auk 39:481-488.Bédard, J. 1969a. Feeding of the least, crested, and parakeet auklets around St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 47:1025-1050.Bédard, J. 1969b. Adaptive radiation in Alcidae. Ibis 111:189-198.Belopol'skii, L. O. 1961. Ecology of sea colony birds of the Barents Sea. (Transl. from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 346 pp.Bent, A. C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113. 345 pp.Bent, A. C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 121. 343 pp.Bent, A. C. 1925. Life histories of North American wild fowl. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 130. 311 pp.Bent, A. C. 1946. Life histories of North American diving birds. (Reprint of U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 107.) Dodd, Mead and Co., N. Y. 237 pp.Brownell, R. L., Jr. 1974. Feeding ecology of the Franciscana Dolphin,Pontoporia blainvillei, and associated top trophic vertebrates in Uruguayan waters. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.Chatwin, S. L. 1956. The western grebe taken on hook and line. Condor 58:73-74.Cleaver, F. C., and D. M. Franett. 1945. The predation by seabirds upon the eggs of the Pacific herring(Clupea pallasii)at Holmes Harbor during 1945. State of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Biological Report 46B. 18 pp.Cody, M. L. 1973. Coexistence, coevolution and convergent evolution in seabird communities. Ecology 54:31-44.Cottam, C. 1939. Food habits of North American diving ducks. U.S. Dep. Agric., Tech. Bull. 643. 140 pp.Cottam, C., and P. Knappen. 1939. Food of some uncommon North American birds. Auk 56:138-169.Craddock, D. R., and R. D. Carlson. 1970. Peregrine falcon observed feeding far at sea. Condor 72:375-376.Dement'ev, G. P., R. N. Meklenburtsev, A. M. Sudilovskaya, and E. P. Sangenberg. 1968. Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2. (Transl. from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 553 pp.Divoky, G. J. 1976. The pelagic feeding habits of the Ivory and Ross' gulls. Condor 78:85-90.Dodimead, A. J., F. Favorite, and T. Hirano. 1963. Review of oceanography of the subarctic Pacific region. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 13. 195 pp.Drent, R. H. 1965. Breeding biology of the pigeon guillemot,Cepphus columba. Ardea 53:99-160.Dunbar, M. J. 1946. OnThemisto libellulain Baffin Island coastal waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 6:419-434.Einarrson, H. 1945. Euphausiacea. I. North Atlantic species.Dana-Rep. Carlsberg Found. 27. 185 pp.Falla, R. A. 1934. The distribution and breeding habits of petrels in northern New Zealand. Rec. Aukl. Inst. Mus. I:245-260.Favorite, F., A. J. Dodimead, and K. Nasu. 1976. Oceanography of the subarctic Pacific region, 1960-71. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 33:1-187.Fay, F. H., and T. J. Cade. 1959. An ecological analysis of the avifauna of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 63:73-150.Fisher, J. 1952. The fulmar. Collins, London. 496 pp.Fisher, W. K. 1904. On the habits of the Laysan albatross. Auk 21:8-19.Fitch, J. E., and R. J. Lavenberg. 1971. Marine food and game fishes of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 179 pp.Follett, W. I., and D. G. Ainley. 1976. Fishes collected by pigeon guillemots,Cepphus columbaPallas, nesting on Southeast Farallon Island, California. Calif. Fish Game 62:28-31.Friedmann, H. 1950. Birds of North and middle America. Part XI. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50. 793 pp.Gabrielson, I. N., and S. G. Jewett. 1940. Birds of Oregon. Oregon State College, Corvallis. 650 pp.Gabrielson, I. N., and F. C. Lincoln. 1959. Birds of Alaska. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 922 pp.Gould, P. J. 1971. Interactions of seabirds over the open ocean. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson. 110 pp.Grinnell, J. 1897. Notes on the marbled murrelet. Osprey 1:115-117.Grinnell, J. 1899. The rhinoceros auklet at Catalina Island. Bull. Cooper Ornithol. Club 1:87-88.Gulland, J. A. 1970. The fish resources of the ocean. FAO, Rome. 255 pp.Hamilton, W. J. 1958. Pelagic birds observed on a north Pacific crossing. Condor 60:159-164.Harris, M. P. 1965. The food of someLarusgulls. Ibis 107:43-53.Harris, M. P. 1970. Differences in the diet of British auks. Ibis 112:540-541.Hart, J. L. 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 180. 740 pp.Hartley, C. H., and J. Fisher. 1936. The marine foods of birds in an inland fjord region of West Spitsbergen. Part 2. Birds. J. Anim. Ecol. 5:370-389.Heath, H. 1915. Birds observed on Forrester Island, Alaska, during the summer of 1913. Condor 17:20-41.Hubbs, C. L., A. L. Kelly, and C. Limbaugh. 1970. Diversity in feeding by Brandt's cormorant near San Diego. Calif. Fish Game 53:156-165.Idyll, C. P. 1973. The anchovy crisis. Sci. Am. 228:22-29.Imber, M. J. 1973. The food of grey-faced petrels (Pterodroma macroptera gouldiHutton), with special reference to diurnal migration of their prey. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:645-662.Ingolfsson, A. 1967. The feeding ecology of five species of large gulls(Larus)in Iceland. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 186 pp.Jewett, S. G., W. P. Taylor, W. T. Shaw, and J. W. Aldrich. 1953. Birds of Washington State. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle. 767 pp.Koelink, A. F. 1972. Bioenergetics of growth in the pigeon guillemot,Cepphus columba. M. S. Thesis. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 71 pp.Komaki, Y. 1967. On the surface swarming of euphausiid crustaceans. Pac. Sci. 21:433-448.Kooyman, G. L. 1974. Behaviour and physiology of diving. Pages 115-138inB. Stonehouse, ed. The biology of penguins. Macmillan, London.Kortright, F. H. 1942. The ducks, geese and swans of North America. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C., and Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 476 pp.Kozlova, E. V. 1961. Fauna of the U.S.S.R., Birds: Alcae. (Transl. from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 140 pp.Kuroda, N. 1954. On the classification and phylogeny of the order Tubinares, particularly the shearwaters(Puffinus). Herald Co., Tokyo. 179 pp.Kuroda, N. 1955. Observations on pelagic birds of the Northwest Pacific. Condor 57:290-300.Laws, R. M. 1977. The significance of vertebrates in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Pages 411-438inG. A. Llano, ed. Adaptations in Antarctic ecosystems. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas.Linton, C. B. 1908. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. Condor 10:124.Mabbot, D.C. 1920. Food habits of seven species of American shoal-water ducks. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bull. 862. 68 pp.Madsen, F. J. 1957. On the food habits of some fish-eating birds in Denmark. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 3(2):19-83.Manuwal, D. A. 1974. The natural history of Cassin's auklet(Ptychoramphus aleuticus). Condor 76:421-431.Martin, P. W. 1942. Notes on some pelagic birds off the coast of British Columbia. Condor 44:27-29.Martin, P. W., and M. T. Myers. 1969. Observations on the distribution and migration of some seabirds off the outer coasts of British Columbia and Washington State, 1946-1949. Syesis 2:241-256.McGilvrey, E. B. 1967. Food habits of sea ducks from the northeastern United States. Pages 142-145inWildfowl Trust 18th annual report.Miller, L. 1936. Some maritime birds observed off San Diego, California. Condor 38:9-16.Miller, L. 1940. Observations on the black-footed albatross. Condor 42:229-238.Munro, J. A. 1941. Studies of waterfowl in British Columbia: the grebes. B. C. Prov. Mus. Occas. Pap. 3. 71 pp.Munro, J. A., and W. A. Clemens. 1931. Waterfowl in relation to the spawning of herring in British Columbia. Biol. Board Can. Bull. 17. 46 pp.Munro, J. A., and W. A. Clemens. 1939. The food and feeding habits of the red-breasted merganser in British Columbia. J. Wildl. Manage. 3:46-53.Murphy, R. C. 1936. Oceanic birds of South America, Vol. 2. Macmillan, N. Y. 604 pp.Ogi, H., and T. Tsujita. 1973. Preliminary examination of stomach contents of murres (Uriaspp.) from the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay, June-August, 1970 and 1971. Jpn. J. Ecol. 23:201-209.Oliver, W. R. B. 1955. New Zealand birds, 2nd ed. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand.Pacific Seabird Group. 1975. Policy statement: Incidental seabird kills from salmon gillnet fisheries. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 2:19-20.Palmer, R. S. 1962. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Connecticut.Pearson, T. H. 1968. The feeding biology of sea bird species breeding on the Farne Islands, Northumberland. J. Anim. Ecol. 37:521-551.Perthon, P. 1968. Food and feeding habits of the common eider(Somateria mollissima). Nytt. Mag. Zool. 15:97-111.Phillips, R. E., and G. D. Carter. 1957. Winter food of western grebes. Murrelet 38:5-6.Preble, E. A., and W. L. McAtee. 1923. A biological survey of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. U.S. Bur. Biol. Surv. N. Am. Fauna 46. 255 pp.Richardson, F. 1961. Breeding biology of the rhinoceros auklet on Protection Island, Washington. Condor 63:456-473.Ripley, S. D. 1975. The view from the castle. Smithsonian 6:6.Robbins, C. S., B. Brunn, and H. S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, N. Y. 340 pp.Roberts, A. A., and E. H. Huntington. 1959. Food habits of the merganser in New Mexico. N. M. Dep. Fish Game, Bull. 9. 36 pp.Robertson, I. 1974. The food of nesting double-crested and pelagic cormorants at Mandarte Island, British Columbia, with notes on feeding ecology. Condor 76:346-348.Robertson, I. 1972. Studies on fish-eating birds and their influence on stocks of the Pacific herring,Clupea harengus, in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia. Herring Investigations, Pac. Biol. Stn., Naimo, B.C. 28 pp. (Unpublished report)Sanger, G. A. 1972. Preliminary standing stock and biomass estimates of seabirds in the subarctic Pacific region. Pages 589-611inA. Y. Takenouti et al., eds. Biological oceanography of the northern north Pacific Ocean. Idemitsu Shoten, Tokyo. 626 pp.Sanger, G. A. 1973. Pelagic records of glaucous-winged and herring gulls in the north Pacific Ocean. Auk 90:384-393.Sanger, G. A. 1974. A preliminary look at marine mammal food-chain relationships in Alaskan waters. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Mar. Mammal Div., Seattle. 29 pp. (Unpublished report)Schaefer, M. S. 1970. Men, birds and anchovies in the Peru current—dynamic interactions. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99:461-467.Scott, J. M. 1973. Resource allocation in four synoptic species of marine diving birds. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 97 pp.Scott, J. M., J. Butler, W. G. Pearcy, and G. A. Bertrand. 1971. Occurrence of the Xantus' murrelet off the Oregon coast. Condor 73:254.Sealy, S. G. 1972. Adaptive differences in breeding biology in the marine bird family Alcidae. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 283 pp.Sealy, S. G. 1973a. Interspecific feeding assemblages of marine birds off British Columbia. Auk 90:796-802.Sealy, S. G. 1973b. Breeding biology of the horned puffin on St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, with zoogeographical notes on the North Pacific puffins. Pac. Sci. 27:99-119.Sealy, S. G. 1975. Feeding ecology of the ancient and marbled murrelets near Langara Island, British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 53:418-433.Serventy, D. L., V. Serventy, and J. Warham. 1971. The handbook of Australian sea birds. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand. 254 pp.Sheard, K. 1953. Taxonomy, distribution and development of the Euphausiacea (Crustacea). Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped., Ser. B (Zoology and Botany), 8:1-72.Shuntov, V. P. 1972. Sea birds and the biological structure of the ocean. (Transl. from Russian.) Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. and Natl. Sci. Found., Washington, D.C. Nat. Tech. Inf. Serv. TT 7455032. 566 pp.Smail, J., D. G. Ainley, and H. Strong. 1972. Notes on birds killed in the 1971 San Francisco oil spill. Calif. Birds 3:25-32.Spaans, A. L. 1971. On the feeding ecology of the herring gullLarus argentatusPont. in the northern part of the Netherlands. Ardea 59:73-188.Spring, L. 1971. A comparison of functional and morphological adaptations in the common murre(Uria aalge)and thick-billed murre(Uria lomvia). Condor 73:1-27.Stejneger, L. 1885. Results of ornithological explorations in the Commander Islands and Kamchatka. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 29:7-362.Sverdrup, H. V., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming. 1942. The oceans: their physics, chemistry and general biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1087 pp.Swartz, L. G. 1966. Sea-cliff birds. Pages 611-678inN. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe, eds. Environment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 1250 pp.Thoresen, A. C., and E. S. Booth. 1958. Breeding activities of the pigeon guillemot,Cepphus columba columba(Pallas). Dep. Biol. Sci., Walla Walla College, Washington, Publ. 23. 34 pp.Tuck, L. M., and H. J. Squires. 1955. Food and feeding habits of Brunnich's murre(Uria lomvia lomvia)on Akpatok Island. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 12:781-792.Uspenski, S. M. 1958. The bird bazaars of Novaya Zemlya. (Transl. from Russian.) Transl. by Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, Canada. 159 pp.Ward, J. G. 1973. Reproductive success, food supply, and the evolution of clutch-size in the glaucous-winged gull. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 119 pp.Wetmore, A. 1924. Food and economic relations of North American grebes. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bull. 1196. 23 pp.White, C. M., W. B. Emison, and F. S. L. Williamson. 1971. Dynamics of raptor predation on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Bioscience 21:623-627.White, C. M., W. B. Emison, and F. S. L. Williamson. 1973. DDE in a resident Aleutian Island peregrine population. Condor 75:306-311.Zelikman, E. A. 1961. The behavior pattern of the Barents Sea Euphausiacea and possible causes of seasonal vertical migrations. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 46:276-281.

Ainley, D. G., and T. J. Lewis. 1974. The history of Farallon Island marine bird populations, 1854-1972. Condor 76:432-446.

Ashmole, N. P. 1968. Body size, prey size and ecological segregation in five sympatric tropical terns (Ayes; Laridae). Syst. Zool. 17:292-304.

Ashmole, N. P. 1971. Sea bird ecology and the marine environment. Pages 223-286inD. S. Farner and J. R. King, eds. Avian Biology, Vol. 1. Academic Press, N. Y.

Ashmole, N. P., and M. J. Ashmole. 1967. Comparative feeding ecology of sea birds of a tropical oceanic island. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 24:1-131.

Bailey, A. 1922. Notes on the yellow-billed loon. Condor 24:204-205.

Bailey, A. 1927. Notes on the birds of southeastern Alaska. Auk 44:1-23.

Banner, A. H. 1954. New records of Mysidacea and Euphausiacea from the northeastern Pacific and adjacent areas. Pac. Sci. 8:125-139.

Bartonek, J. C., R. Elsner, and F. H. Fay. 1974. Mammals and birds. Pages 23-28inE. J. Kelly and D. W. Hood, eds. Probes: a prospectus on processes and resources of the Bearing Sea shelf. Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, Publ. Inf. Bull. 74-1.

Bartonek, J. C., and D. D. Gibson. 1972. Summer distribution of pelagic birds in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Condor 74:416-422.

Bartsch, P. 1922. A visit to Midway Island. Auk 39:481-488.

Bédard, J. 1969a. Feeding of the least, crested, and parakeet auklets around St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 47:1025-1050.

Bédard, J. 1969b. Adaptive radiation in Alcidae. Ibis 111:189-198.

Belopol'skii, L. O. 1961. Ecology of sea colony birds of the Barents Sea. (Transl. from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 346 pp.

Bent, A. C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113. 345 pp.

Bent, A. C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 121. 343 pp.

Bent, A. C. 1925. Life histories of North American wild fowl. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 130. 311 pp.

Bent, A. C. 1946. Life histories of North American diving birds. (Reprint of U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 107.) Dodd, Mead and Co., N. Y. 237 pp.

Brownell, R. L., Jr. 1974. Feeding ecology of the Franciscana Dolphin,Pontoporia blainvillei, and associated top trophic vertebrates in Uruguayan waters. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Chatwin, S. L. 1956. The western grebe taken on hook and line. Condor 58:73-74.

Cleaver, F. C., and D. M. Franett. 1945. The predation by seabirds upon the eggs of the Pacific herring(Clupea pallasii)at Holmes Harbor during 1945. State of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Biological Report 46B. 18 pp.

Cody, M. L. 1973. Coexistence, coevolution and convergent evolution in seabird communities. Ecology 54:31-44.

Cottam, C. 1939. Food habits of North American diving ducks. U.S. Dep. Agric., Tech. Bull. 643. 140 pp.

Cottam, C., and P. Knappen. 1939. Food of some uncommon North American birds. Auk 56:138-169.

Craddock, D. R., and R. D. Carlson. 1970. Peregrine falcon observed feeding far at sea. Condor 72:375-376.

Dement'ev, G. P., R. N. Meklenburtsev, A. M. Sudilovskaya, and E. P. Sangenberg. 1968. Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2. (Transl. from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 553 pp.

Divoky, G. J. 1976. The pelagic feeding habits of the Ivory and Ross' gulls. Condor 78:85-90.

Dodimead, A. J., F. Favorite, and T. Hirano. 1963. Review of oceanography of the subarctic Pacific region. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 13. 195 pp.

Drent, R. H. 1965. Breeding biology of the pigeon guillemot,Cepphus columba. Ardea 53:99-160.

Dunbar, M. J. 1946. OnThemisto libellulain Baffin Island coastal waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 6:419-434.

Einarrson, H. 1945. Euphausiacea. I. North Atlantic species.Dana-Rep. Carlsberg Found. 27. 185 pp.

Falla, R. A. 1934. The distribution and breeding habits of petrels in northern New Zealand. Rec. Aukl. Inst. Mus. I:245-260.

Favorite, F., A. J. Dodimead, and K. Nasu. 1976. Oceanography of the subarctic Pacific region, 1960-71. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm. Bull. 33:1-187.

Fay, F. H., and T. J. Cade. 1959. An ecological analysis of the avifauna of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 63:73-150.

Fisher, J. 1952. The fulmar. Collins, London. 496 pp.

Fisher, W. K. 1904. On the habits of the Laysan albatross. Auk 21:8-19.

Fitch, J. E., and R. J. Lavenberg. 1971. Marine food and game fishes of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 179 pp.

Follett, W. I., and D. G. Ainley. 1976. Fishes collected by pigeon guillemots,Cepphus columbaPallas, nesting on Southeast Farallon Island, California. Calif. Fish Game 62:28-31.

Friedmann, H. 1950. Birds of North and middle America. Part XI. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50. 793 pp.

Gabrielson, I. N., and S. G. Jewett. 1940. Birds of Oregon. Oregon State College, Corvallis. 650 pp.

Gabrielson, I. N., and F. C. Lincoln. 1959. Birds of Alaska. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 922 pp.

Gould, P. J. 1971. Interactions of seabirds over the open ocean. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson. 110 pp.

Grinnell, J. 1897. Notes on the marbled murrelet. Osprey 1:115-117.

Grinnell, J. 1899. The rhinoceros auklet at Catalina Island. Bull. Cooper Ornithol. Club 1:87-88.

Gulland, J. A. 1970. The fish resources of the ocean. FAO, Rome. 255 pp.

Hamilton, W. J. 1958. Pelagic birds observed on a north Pacific crossing. Condor 60:159-164.

Harris, M. P. 1965. The food of someLarusgulls. Ibis 107:43-53.

Harris, M. P. 1970. Differences in the diet of British auks. Ibis 112:540-541.

Hart, J. L. 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 180. 740 pp.

Hartley, C. H., and J. Fisher. 1936. The marine foods of birds in an inland fjord region of West Spitsbergen. Part 2. Birds. J. Anim. Ecol. 5:370-389.

Heath, H. 1915. Birds observed on Forrester Island, Alaska, during the summer of 1913. Condor 17:20-41.

Hubbs, C. L., A. L. Kelly, and C. Limbaugh. 1970. Diversity in feeding by Brandt's cormorant near San Diego. Calif. Fish Game 53:156-165.

Idyll, C. P. 1973. The anchovy crisis. Sci. Am. 228:22-29.

Imber, M. J. 1973. The food of grey-faced petrels (Pterodroma macroptera gouldiHutton), with special reference to diurnal migration of their prey. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:645-662.

Ingolfsson, A. 1967. The feeding ecology of five species of large gulls(Larus)in Iceland. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 186 pp.

Jewett, S. G., W. P. Taylor, W. T. Shaw, and J. W. Aldrich. 1953. Birds of Washington State. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle. 767 pp.

Koelink, A. F. 1972. Bioenergetics of growth in the pigeon guillemot,Cepphus columba. M. S. Thesis. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 71 pp.

Komaki, Y. 1967. On the surface swarming of euphausiid crustaceans. Pac. Sci. 21:433-448.

Kooyman, G. L. 1974. Behaviour and physiology of diving. Pages 115-138inB. Stonehouse, ed. The biology of penguins. Macmillan, London.

Kortright, F. H. 1942. The ducks, geese and swans of North America. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C., and Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 476 pp.

Kozlova, E. V. 1961. Fauna of the U.S.S.R., Birds: Alcae. (Transl. from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 140 pp.

Kuroda, N. 1954. On the classification and phylogeny of the order Tubinares, particularly the shearwaters(Puffinus). Herald Co., Tokyo. 179 pp.

Kuroda, N. 1955. Observations on pelagic birds of the Northwest Pacific. Condor 57:290-300.

Laws, R. M. 1977. The significance of vertebrates in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Pages 411-438inG. A. Llano, ed. Adaptations in Antarctic ecosystems. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas.

Linton, C. B. 1908. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. Condor 10:124.

Mabbot, D.C. 1920. Food habits of seven species of American shoal-water ducks. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bull. 862. 68 pp.

Madsen, F. J. 1957. On the food habits of some fish-eating birds in Denmark. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 3(2):19-83.

Manuwal, D. A. 1974. The natural history of Cassin's auklet(Ptychoramphus aleuticus). Condor 76:421-431.

Martin, P. W. 1942. Notes on some pelagic birds off the coast of British Columbia. Condor 44:27-29.

Martin, P. W., and M. T. Myers. 1969. Observations on the distribution and migration of some seabirds off the outer coasts of British Columbia and Washington State, 1946-1949. Syesis 2:241-256.

McGilvrey, E. B. 1967. Food habits of sea ducks from the northeastern United States. Pages 142-145inWildfowl Trust 18th annual report.

Miller, L. 1936. Some maritime birds observed off San Diego, California. Condor 38:9-16.

Miller, L. 1940. Observations on the black-footed albatross. Condor 42:229-238.

Munro, J. A. 1941. Studies of waterfowl in British Columbia: the grebes. B. C. Prov. Mus. Occas. Pap. 3. 71 pp.

Munro, J. A., and W. A. Clemens. 1931. Waterfowl in relation to the spawning of herring in British Columbia. Biol. Board Can. Bull. 17. 46 pp.

Munro, J. A., and W. A. Clemens. 1939. The food and feeding habits of the red-breasted merganser in British Columbia. J. Wildl. Manage. 3:46-53.

Murphy, R. C. 1936. Oceanic birds of South America, Vol. 2. Macmillan, N. Y. 604 pp.

Ogi, H., and T. Tsujita. 1973. Preliminary examination of stomach contents of murres (Uriaspp.) from the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay, June-August, 1970 and 1971. Jpn. J. Ecol. 23:201-209.

Oliver, W. R. B. 1955. New Zealand birds, 2nd ed. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand.

Pacific Seabird Group. 1975. Policy statement: Incidental seabird kills from salmon gillnet fisheries. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 2:19-20.

Palmer, R. S. 1962. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Connecticut.

Pearson, T. H. 1968. The feeding biology of sea bird species breeding on the Farne Islands, Northumberland. J. Anim. Ecol. 37:521-551.

Perthon, P. 1968. Food and feeding habits of the common eider(Somateria mollissima). Nytt. Mag. Zool. 15:97-111.

Phillips, R. E., and G. D. Carter. 1957. Winter food of western grebes. Murrelet 38:5-6.

Preble, E. A., and W. L. McAtee. 1923. A biological survey of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. U.S. Bur. Biol. Surv. N. Am. Fauna 46. 255 pp.

Richardson, F. 1961. Breeding biology of the rhinoceros auklet on Protection Island, Washington. Condor 63:456-473.

Ripley, S. D. 1975. The view from the castle. Smithsonian 6:6.

Robbins, C. S., B. Brunn, and H. S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, N. Y. 340 pp.

Roberts, A. A., and E. H. Huntington. 1959. Food habits of the merganser in New Mexico. N. M. Dep. Fish Game, Bull. 9. 36 pp.

Robertson, I. 1974. The food of nesting double-crested and pelagic cormorants at Mandarte Island, British Columbia, with notes on feeding ecology. Condor 76:346-348.

Robertson, I. 1972. Studies on fish-eating birds and their influence on stocks of the Pacific herring,Clupea harengus, in the Gulf Islands of British Columbia. Herring Investigations, Pac. Biol. Stn., Naimo, B.C. 28 pp. (Unpublished report)

Sanger, G. A. 1972. Preliminary standing stock and biomass estimates of seabirds in the subarctic Pacific region. Pages 589-611inA. Y. Takenouti et al., eds. Biological oceanography of the northern north Pacific Ocean. Idemitsu Shoten, Tokyo. 626 pp.

Sanger, G. A. 1973. Pelagic records of glaucous-winged and herring gulls in the north Pacific Ocean. Auk 90:384-393.

Sanger, G. A. 1974. A preliminary look at marine mammal food-chain relationships in Alaskan waters. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Mar. Mammal Div., Seattle. 29 pp. (Unpublished report)

Schaefer, M. S. 1970. Men, birds and anchovies in the Peru current—dynamic interactions. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99:461-467.

Scott, J. M. 1973. Resource allocation in four synoptic species of marine diving birds. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 97 pp.

Scott, J. M., J. Butler, W. G. Pearcy, and G. A. Bertrand. 1971. Occurrence of the Xantus' murrelet off the Oregon coast. Condor 73:254.

Sealy, S. G. 1972. Adaptive differences in breeding biology in the marine bird family Alcidae. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 283 pp.

Sealy, S. G. 1973a. Interspecific feeding assemblages of marine birds off British Columbia. Auk 90:796-802.

Sealy, S. G. 1973b. Breeding biology of the horned puffin on St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, with zoogeographical notes on the North Pacific puffins. Pac. Sci. 27:99-119.

Sealy, S. G. 1975. Feeding ecology of the ancient and marbled murrelets near Langara Island, British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 53:418-433.

Serventy, D. L., V. Serventy, and J. Warham. 1971. The handbook of Australian sea birds. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Wellington, New Zealand. 254 pp.

Sheard, K. 1953. Taxonomy, distribution and development of the Euphausiacea (Crustacea). Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped., Ser. B (Zoology and Botany), 8:1-72.

Shuntov, V. P. 1972. Sea birds and the biological structure of the ocean. (Transl. from Russian.) Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. and Natl. Sci. Found., Washington, D.C. Nat. Tech. Inf. Serv. TT 7455032. 566 pp.

Smail, J., D. G. Ainley, and H. Strong. 1972. Notes on birds killed in the 1971 San Francisco oil spill. Calif. Birds 3:25-32.

Spaans, A. L. 1971. On the feeding ecology of the herring gullLarus argentatusPont. in the northern part of the Netherlands. Ardea 59:73-188.

Spring, L. 1971. A comparison of functional and morphological adaptations in the common murre(Uria aalge)and thick-billed murre(Uria lomvia). Condor 73:1-27.

Stejneger, L. 1885. Results of ornithological explorations in the Commander Islands and Kamchatka. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 29:7-362.

Sverdrup, H. V., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming. 1942. The oceans: their physics, chemistry and general biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 1087 pp.

Swartz, L. G. 1966. Sea-cliff birds. Pages 611-678inN. J. Wilimovsky and J. N. Wolfe, eds. Environment of the Cape Thompson region, Alaska. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Div. Tech. Inf., Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 1250 pp.

Thoresen, A. C., and E. S. Booth. 1958. Breeding activities of the pigeon guillemot,Cepphus columba columba(Pallas). Dep. Biol. Sci., Walla Walla College, Washington, Publ. 23. 34 pp.

Tuck, L. M., and H. J. Squires. 1955. Food and feeding habits of Brunnich's murre(Uria lomvia lomvia)on Akpatok Island. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 12:781-792.

Uspenski, S. M. 1958. The bird bazaars of Novaya Zemlya. (Transl. from Russian.) Transl. by Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, Canada. 159 pp.

Ward, J. G. 1973. Reproductive success, food supply, and the evolution of clutch-size in the glaucous-winged gull. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 119 pp.

Wetmore, A. 1924. Food and economic relations of North American grebes. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bull. 1196. 23 pp.

White, C. M., W. B. Emison, and F. S. L. Williamson. 1971. Dynamics of raptor predation on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Bioscience 21:623-627.

White, C. M., W. B. Emison, and F. S. L. Williamson. 1973. DDE in a resident Aleutian Island peregrine population. Condor 75:306-311.

Zelikman, E. A. 1961. The behavior pattern of the Barents Sea Euphausiacea and possible causes of seasonal vertical migrations. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. 46:276-281.

FOOTNOTES:[15]Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503.[16]Other incidental prey were squid and atherinid fishes, both at the Farallon Islands.[17]Other incidental prey were squid and such fishes as atherinids,Zaniolepis,GenyonemusandPeprilusat the Farallones, and atherinids,TrachurusandHeterostichusat San Diego.[18]Other incidental prey were polychaetes at Netarts and the Farallon Islands.[19]Principal sources: Bent 1925; Cleaver and Franett 1945; Cottam 1939; Cottam and Knappen 1939; Kortright 1942; Mabbot 1920; McGilvrey 1967; Munro and Clemens 1939; Roberts and Huntington 1959.[20]Other incidental items were the fishCololabisandPeprilusat the Farallon Islands.[21]Other incidental items were myctophid fish in northeastern Canada.[22]Other incidental items included the lamprey(Lampetra)at the Farallon Islands.[23]Bent (1946) listed "fish" as prey.[24]Grinnell (1897) listed "fish" as the major dietary component.[25]Bédard (1969a) also listed "fish" as an incidental item.[26]Other incidental prey were copepods and isopods.[27]Other incidental prey were pholids in Denmark.[28]Other incidental prey were copepods and cephalopods in North Atlantic areas.[29]Other incidental prey were isopods in western North America and fish eggs near Vancouver Island.[30]Other incidental prey were fish eggs in Denmark.[31]Offal from wounded whales and seals, and bits of food, primarily crustaceans and fish, from feeding whales are important scavenger foods (Bent 1922).[32]Other incidental prey were isopods in the North Pacific.[33]Other incidental prey were the fishMerlucciusat the Farallon Islands.[34]Other incidental prey were isopods near the Pribilofs and in the Chukchi Sea, and amphipods in the latter area; Bent (1921) considered "crustaceans" to be major prey.[35]Study conducted during period of breeding failure.[36]These are the "food categories" of Tables 11-15. Items included in diets are not included here.[37]Proportion based on the arbitrary assumption that half (5) of the 11 species in question catch and eat birds at sea.[38]Information on body sizes (length) is from Robbins et al. (1966).[39]Information on bill lengths is from Palmer (1962), Dement'ev et al. (1968), and Friedmann (1950).[40]Feeding methods are from Ashmole (1971) as adapted by Ainley (unpubl. manuscr.).

[15]Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503.

[16]Other incidental prey were squid and atherinid fishes, both at the Farallon Islands.

[17]Other incidental prey were squid and such fishes as atherinids,Zaniolepis,GenyonemusandPeprilusat the Farallones, and atherinids,TrachurusandHeterostichusat San Diego.

[18]Other incidental prey were polychaetes at Netarts and the Farallon Islands.

[19]Principal sources: Bent 1925; Cleaver and Franett 1945; Cottam 1939; Cottam and Knappen 1939; Kortright 1942; Mabbot 1920; McGilvrey 1967; Munro and Clemens 1939; Roberts and Huntington 1959.

[20]Other incidental items were the fishCololabisandPeprilusat the Farallon Islands.

[21]Other incidental items were myctophid fish in northeastern Canada.

[22]Other incidental items included the lamprey(Lampetra)at the Farallon Islands.

[23]Bent (1946) listed "fish" as prey.

[24]Grinnell (1897) listed "fish" as the major dietary component.

[25]Bédard (1969a) also listed "fish" as an incidental item.

[26]Other incidental prey were copepods and isopods.

[27]Other incidental prey were pholids in Denmark.

[28]Other incidental prey were copepods and cephalopods in North Atlantic areas.

[29]Other incidental prey were isopods in western North America and fish eggs near Vancouver Island.

[30]Other incidental prey were fish eggs in Denmark.

[31]Offal from wounded whales and seals, and bits of food, primarily crustaceans and fish, from feeding whales are important scavenger foods (Bent 1922).

[32]Other incidental prey were isopods in the North Pacific.

[33]Other incidental prey were the fishMerlucciusat the Farallon Islands.

[34]Other incidental prey were isopods near the Pribilofs and in the Chukchi Sea, and amphipods in the latter area; Bent (1921) considered "crustaceans" to be major prey.

[35]Study conducted during period of breeding failure.

[36]These are the "food categories" of Tables 11-15. Items included in diets are not included here.

[37]Proportion based on the arbitrary assumption that half (5) of the 11 species in question catch and eat birds at sea.

[38]Information on body sizes (length) is from Robbins et al. (1966).

[39]Information on bill lengths is from Palmer (1962), Dement'ev et al. (1968), and Friedmann (1950).

[40]Feeding methods are from Ashmole (1971) as adapted by Ainley (unpubl. manuscr.).

Back to Index Next