Ainley, D. G., and T. J. Lewis. 1974. The history of Farallon Island marine bird populations. Condor 76(4):432-446.Ames, P. L., and G. S. Mersereau. 1964. Some factors in the decline of the osprey in Connecticut. Auk 81(2):173-185.Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill. 782 pp.Ashmole, N. P. 1963. The regulation of numbers of tropical oceanic birds. Ibis 103b:458-473.Bailey, E. P., and G. H. Davenport. 1972. Die-off of common murres on the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island. Condor 74(2):215-219.Barry, T. W. 1967. Geese of the Anderson River delta, Northwest Territories. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 176 pp.Barry, T. W. 1968. Observations on natural mortality and native use of eider ducks along the Beaufort Sea Coast. Can. Field-Nat. 82(2):140-144.Bédard, J. 1969. Feeding of the least, crested, and parakeet auklets around St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 47:1025-1050.Belopol'skii, L. O. 1961. Ecology of sea bird colonies of the Barents Sea. (Translated from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 346 pp.Bent, A. C. 1919. Life histories of North American diving birds. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 107. 245 pp.Bent, A. C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113. 345 pp.Bent, A. C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 121. 343 pp.Bergman, G. 1957. Concerning the problem of mixed colonies: the tufted duck and gulls. Die Vogelwarte 19(1):15-25.Bertram, G. C. L., D. Lack, and B. B. Roberts. 1934. Notes on East Greenland birds, with a discussion of the periodic non-breeding among arctic birds. Ibis 13(4):816-831.Brown, R. G. B. 1967. Breeding success and population growth in a colony of herring and lesser black-backed gullsLarus argentatusandL. fuscus. Ibis 109(4):502-515.Buckley, F. G., and P. A. Buckley. 1971. The breeding ecology of royal terns(Sterna [thalasseus] maxima maxima). Ibis 114(3):344-359.Buckley, P. A., and F. G. Buckley. 1975. The significance of dredge spoil islands to colonially nesting waterbirds in certain national parks. Proc. Conf. on Management of Dredge Islands in North Carolina Estuaries, May 1974. N.C. Sea Grant Publ. UNC-SG-75-01, Raleigh.Byrd, G. V., D. D. Gibson, and D. L. Johnson. 1974. The birds of Adak, Alaska. Condor 76(3):288-300.Coulson, J. C. 1966. The influence of the pair-bond and age on the breeding biology of the kittiwake gullRissa tridactyla. J. Anim. Ecol. 35:269-279.Coulson, J. C. 1968. Differences in the quality of birds nesting in the centre and on the edges of a colony. Nature 217 (Feb. 3):478-479.Coulson, J. C. 1974. KittiwakesRissa tridactyla. Pages 134-141inS. Cramp, W. R. P. Bourne, and D. Saunders, The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland. Taplinger Publ. Co., Inc., New York. 287 pp.Coulson, J. C., G. A. Potts, I. R. Deans, and S. M. Fraser. 1968. Exceptional mortality of shags and other seabirds caused by paralytic shellfish poison. Brit. Birds 61:381-404.Coulson, J. C., and E. White. 1958. The effect of age on the breeding biology of the kittiwakeRissa tridactyla. Ibis 100(1):40-51.Coulson, J. C., and E. White. 1961. An analysis of the factors influencing the clutch-size of the kittiwake. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 136:207-217.Cramp, S., W. R. P. Bourne, and D. Saunders. 1974. The seabirds of Britain and Ireland. Taplinger Publ. Co., Inc., New York. 287 pp.Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London. 490 pp.Dement'ev, G. P., R. N. Meklenburtsev, A. M. Sudilovskya, and E. P. Spangeberg. 1968. Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2. (Translated from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 553 pp.Drost, R., E. Focke, and G. Freytag. 1961. Entwicklung und aufbau einer population der Silbermöwe,Larus argentatus argentatus. J. Ornithol. 102(4):404-429.Drury, W. H. 1961. Observations on some breeding water birds on Bylot Island. Can. Field-Nat. 75(2):84-101.Drury, W. H. 1963. Results of a study of herring gull populations and movements in southeastern New England. Pages 207-217inColloque: Le problème des oiseaux sur les aérodromes (Nice, 1963). Inst. Nat. Rech. Agron., Paris.Drury, W. H. 1973. Population changes in New England seabirds. Bird-Banding 44(4):267-313.Drury, W. H. 1974a. Population changes in New England seabirds. Bird-Banding 45(1):1-15.Drury, W. H. 1974b. Rare species. Biol. Conserv. 6(3):162-169.Drury, W. H., and I. C. T. Nisbet. 1972. The importance of movements in the biology of herring gulls in New England. Pages 173-212inPopulation Ecology of Migratory Birds: a Symposium. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Res. Rep. 2. 278 pp.Dutcher, W. 1901. Results of special protection to gulls and terns obtained through the Thayer Fund. Auk 18(2):76-103.Dutcher, W. 1904. Report of the A.O.U. Committee on the Protection of North American Birds for the year 1903. Auk 21(suppl.):97-208.Emison, W. B., F. S. L. Williamson, and C. M. White. 1971. Geographical affinities and migrations of the avifauna on Amchitka Island, Alaska. BioScience 21(12):627-631.Fay, F. H., and T. J. Cade. 1959. An ecological analysis of the avifauna of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 63:73-150.Fernald, M. L. 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America. Mem. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 15:239-342.Fisher, J. 1952. The fulmar. Collins, London. 496 pp.Fisher, J., and R. M. Lockley. 1954. Seabirds: An introduction to the natural history of the seabirds of the North Atlantic. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 320 pp.Fisher, J., and H. G. Vevers. 1943. The breeding distribution, history and population of the North Atlantic gannet(Sula bassana). Part I. A history of the gannet's colonies, and the census in 1939. J. Anim. Ecol. 12:173-213.Fisher, J., and H. G. Vevers. 1944. The breeding distribution, history and population of the NorthAtlantic gannet(Sula bassana). Part II. The changes in the world numbers of the gannet in a century. J. Anim. Ecol. 13:49-62.Flegg, J. J. M. 1972. The puffin on St. Kilda 1969-71. Bird Study 19:7-17.Forbush, E. H. 1929. Birds of Massachusetts and other New England States. Vol. I. Massachusetts Department of Agriculture, Boston. 481 pp.Fordham, R. A. 1968. Dispersion and dispersal of the Dominican gull in Wellington, New Zealand. Proc. New Zeal. Ecol. Soc. 15:40-50.Fordham, R. A. 1970. Mortality and population change of Dominican gulls in Wellington, New Zealand, with a statistical appendix by R. M. Cormack. J. Anim. Ecol. 39(1):13-27.Frazer-Darling, F. 1938. Bird flocks and the breeding cycle. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. 124 pp.Gilpin, M. E. 1975. Limit cycles in competition communities. Am. Nat. 109:51-60.Gromme, O. J. 1927. Some highlights on the faunal life of the Alaskan Peninsula. Milw. Public Mus. Yearb. 7:30-45.Hansen, H. A., and U. C. Nelson. 1957. Brant of the Bering Sea—migration and mortality. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 22:237-256.Harrington, B. A. 1974. Colony visitation behavior and breeding ages of sooty terns(Sterna fuscata). Bird-Banding 45(2):115-144.Harris, M. P. 1964. Aspects of the breeding biology of the gullsLarus argentatus,L. fuscusandL. marinus. Ibis 106(4):432-456.Harris, M. P. 1976. The present status of the puffin in Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 69(7):239-264.Harris, M. P., and W. J. Plumb. 1965. Experiments on the ability of herring gullsLarus argentatusand lesser black-backed gullsL. fuscusto raise larger than normal broods. Ibis 107(2):256-257.Hickey, J. J., editor. 1969. Peregrine falcon populations—their biology and decline. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. 596 pp.Hildén, O. 1965. Habitat selection in birds: a review. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 2(1):53-75.Holdgate, M. W., editor. 1971. The sea bird wreck in the Irish Sea, autumn 1969. Nat. Environ. Res. Council Publ. Ser. C, No. 4. 17 pp.Hultén, E. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary period. Bokforlags Aktiebolaget Thule, Stockholm. 168 pp.Hunt, G. L. 1972. Influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of herring gulls. Ecology 53(6):1051-1061.Jones, R. D. 1970. Reproductive success and age distribution of black brant. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(2):328-333.Kadlec, J. A. 1971. Effects of introducing foxes and raccoons on herring gull colonies. J. Wildl. Manage. 35(4):625-636.Kadlec, J. A., and W. H. Drury. 1968. Structure of the New England herring gull population. Ecology 49(4):644-676.Kenyon, K. W., and R. E. Phillips. 1965. Birds from the Pribilof Islands and vicinity. Auk 82(4):624-635.Klein, D. R. 1959. Saint Matthew Island reindeer-range study. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.—Wildl. 43. 48 pp.Kluyver, H. N. 1951. The population ecology of the great tit,Parus majorL. Ardea 39:1-135.Kluyver, H. N. 1966. Regulation of a bird population. Ostrich 38 (Suppl. 6):389-396.Kluyver, H. N., and L. Tinbergen. 1953. Territory and the regulation of density in titmice. Arch. Neér. Zool. 10:265-289.Lack, D. 1948. Natural selection and family size in the starling. Evolution 2:95-110.Lack, D. 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 343 pp.Lack, D. 1964. A long-term study of the great tit(Parus major). J. Anim. Ecol. 33(Suppl.):159-173.Lack, D. 1966. Population studies of birds. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 341 pp.Mackay, G. H. 1893. Observations on the breeding habits ofLarus atricillain Massachusetts. Auk 10(4):333-336.Manuwal, D. A. 1974. Effects of territoriality on breeding in a population of Cassin's auklet. Ecology 55(6):1399-1406.May, R. M., and W. J. Leonard. 1975. Nonlinear aspects of competition between species. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 29(2):243-253.Mills, J. A. 1973. 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Nature 241:141-142.Nisbet, I. C. T., and W. H. Drury. 1972. Post-fledging survival in herring gulls in relation to brood-size and date of hatching. Bird-Banding 43(3):161-172.Noble, G. K., and M. Würm. 1943. The social behavior of the laughing gull. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 45:179-200.Norton, A. H. 1921. Report of the field agent for Maine. Bird-Lore 23:355-356.Norton, A. H. 1924. Notes on birds of the Knox County region. Maine Nat. 4:35-39.Palmer, R. S. 1949. Marine birds. Harvard Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 102. 656 pp.Perrins, C. 1965. Population fluctuations and clutch-size in the great tit,Parus majorL. J. Anim. Ecol. 34:601-647.Pitelka, F. A., P. Q. Tomich, and G. W. Treichel. 1955. Ecological relations of jaegers and owls as lemming predators near Barrow, Alaska. Ecol. Monogr. 25:85-117.Preble, E. A., and W. L. McAtee. 1923. A biological survey of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., N. Am. Fauna 46:1-255.Reed, A., and J. G. Cousineau. 1967. 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Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill. 782 pp.
Ashmole, N. P. 1963. The regulation of numbers of tropical oceanic birds. Ibis 103b:458-473.
Bailey, E. P., and G. H. Davenport. 1972. Die-off of common murres on the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island. Condor 74(2):215-219.
Barry, T. W. 1967. Geese of the Anderson River delta, Northwest Territories. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 176 pp.
Barry, T. W. 1968. Observations on natural mortality and native use of eider ducks along the Beaufort Sea Coast. Can. Field-Nat. 82(2):140-144.
Bédard, J. 1969. Feeding of the least, crested, and parakeet auklets around St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 47:1025-1050.
Belopol'skii, L. O. 1961. Ecology of sea bird colonies of the Barents Sea. (Translated from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 346 pp.
Bent, A. C. 1919. Life histories of North American diving birds. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 107. 245 pp.
Bent, A. C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113. 345 pp.
Bent, A. C. 1922. Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 121. 343 pp.
Bergman, G. 1957. Concerning the problem of mixed colonies: the tufted duck and gulls. Die Vogelwarte 19(1):15-25.
Bertram, G. C. L., D. Lack, and B. B. Roberts. 1934. Notes on East Greenland birds, with a discussion of the periodic non-breeding among arctic birds. Ibis 13(4):816-831.
Brown, R. G. B. 1967. Breeding success and population growth in a colony of herring and lesser black-backed gullsLarus argentatusandL. fuscus. Ibis 109(4):502-515.
Buckley, F. G., and P. A. Buckley. 1971. The breeding ecology of royal terns(Sterna [thalasseus] maxima maxima). Ibis 114(3):344-359.
Buckley, P. A., and F. G. Buckley. 1975. The significance of dredge spoil islands to colonially nesting waterbirds in certain national parks. Proc. Conf. on Management of Dredge Islands in North Carolina Estuaries, May 1974. N.C. Sea Grant Publ. UNC-SG-75-01, Raleigh.
Byrd, G. V., D. D. Gibson, and D. L. Johnson. 1974. The birds of Adak, Alaska. Condor 76(3):288-300.
Coulson, J. C. 1966. The influence of the pair-bond and age on the breeding biology of the kittiwake gullRissa tridactyla. J. Anim. Ecol. 35:269-279.
Coulson, J. C. 1968. Differences in the quality of birds nesting in the centre and on the edges of a colony. Nature 217 (Feb. 3):478-479.
Coulson, J. C. 1974. KittiwakesRissa tridactyla. Pages 134-141inS. Cramp, W. R. P. Bourne, and D. Saunders, The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland. Taplinger Publ. Co., Inc., New York. 287 pp.
Coulson, J. C., G. A. Potts, I. R. Deans, and S. M. Fraser. 1968. Exceptional mortality of shags and other seabirds caused by paralytic shellfish poison. Brit. Birds 61:381-404.
Coulson, J. C., and E. White. 1958. The effect of age on the breeding biology of the kittiwakeRissa tridactyla. Ibis 100(1):40-51.
Coulson, J. C., and E. White. 1961. An analysis of the factors influencing the clutch-size of the kittiwake. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 136:207-217.
Cramp, S., W. R. P. Bourne, and D. Saunders. 1974. The seabirds of Britain and Ireland. Taplinger Publ. Co., Inc., New York. 287 pp.
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London. 490 pp.
Dement'ev, G. P., R. N. Meklenburtsev, A. M. Sudilovskya, and E. P. Spangeberg. 1968. Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. 2. (Translated from Russian.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 553 pp.
Drost, R., E. Focke, and G. Freytag. 1961. Entwicklung und aufbau einer population der Silbermöwe,Larus argentatus argentatus. J. Ornithol. 102(4):404-429.
Drury, W. H. 1961. Observations on some breeding water birds on Bylot Island. Can. Field-Nat. 75(2):84-101.
Drury, W. H. 1963. Results of a study of herring gull populations and movements in southeastern New England. Pages 207-217inColloque: Le problème des oiseaux sur les aérodromes (Nice, 1963). Inst. Nat. Rech. Agron., Paris.
Drury, W. H. 1973. Population changes in New England seabirds. Bird-Banding 44(4):267-313.
Drury, W. H. 1974a. Population changes in New England seabirds. Bird-Banding 45(1):1-15.
Drury, W. H. 1974b. Rare species. Biol. Conserv. 6(3):162-169.
Drury, W. H., and I. C. T. Nisbet. 1972. The importance of movements in the biology of herring gulls in New England. Pages 173-212inPopulation Ecology of Migratory Birds: a Symposium. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Wildl. Res. Rep. 2. 278 pp.
Dutcher, W. 1901. Results of special protection to gulls and terns obtained through the Thayer Fund. Auk 18(2):76-103.
Dutcher, W. 1904. Report of the A.O.U. Committee on the Protection of North American Birds for the year 1903. Auk 21(suppl.):97-208.
Emison, W. B., F. S. L. Williamson, and C. M. White. 1971. Geographical affinities and migrations of the avifauna on Amchitka Island, Alaska. BioScience 21(12):627-631.
Fay, F. H., and T. J. Cade. 1959. An ecological analysis of the avifauna of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 63:73-150.
Fernald, M. L. 1925. Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America. Mem. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 15:239-342.
Fisher, J. 1952. The fulmar. Collins, London. 496 pp.
Fisher, J., and R. M. Lockley. 1954. Seabirds: An introduction to the natural history of the seabirds of the North Atlantic. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 320 pp.
Fisher, J., and H. G. Vevers. 1943. The breeding distribution, history and population of the North Atlantic gannet(Sula bassana). Part I. A history of the gannet's colonies, and the census in 1939. J. Anim. Ecol. 12:173-213.
Fisher, J., and H. G. Vevers. 1944. The breeding distribution, history and population of the NorthAtlantic gannet(Sula bassana). Part II. The changes in the world numbers of the gannet in a century. J. Anim. Ecol. 13:49-62.
Flegg, J. J. M. 1972. The puffin on St. Kilda 1969-71. Bird Study 19:7-17.
Forbush, E. H. 1929. Birds of Massachusetts and other New England States. Vol. I. Massachusetts Department of Agriculture, Boston. 481 pp.
Fordham, R. A. 1968. Dispersion and dispersal of the Dominican gull in Wellington, New Zealand. Proc. New Zeal. Ecol. Soc. 15:40-50.
Fordham, R. A. 1970. Mortality and population change of Dominican gulls in Wellington, New Zealand, with a statistical appendix by R. M. Cormack. J. Anim. Ecol. 39(1):13-27.
Frazer-Darling, F. 1938. Bird flocks and the breeding cycle. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England. 124 pp.
Gilpin, M. E. 1975. Limit cycles in competition communities. Am. Nat. 109:51-60.
Gromme, O. J. 1927. Some highlights on the faunal life of the Alaskan Peninsula. Milw. Public Mus. Yearb. 7:30-45.
Hansen, H. A., and U. C. Nelson. 1957. Brant of the Bering Sea—migration and mortality. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 22:237-256.
Harrington, B. A. 1974. Colony visitation behavior and breeding ages of sooty terns(Sterna fuscata). Bird-Banding 45(2):115-144.
Harris, M. P. 1964. Aspects of the breeding biology of the gullsLarus argentatus,L. fuscusandL. marinus. Ibis 106(4):432-456.
Harris, M. P. 1976. The present status of the puffin in Britain and Ireland. Brit. Birds 69(7):239-264.
Harris, M. P., and W. J. Plumb. 1965. Experiments on the ability of herring gullsLarus argentatusand lesser black-backed gullsL. fuscusto raise larger than normal broods. Ibis 107(2):256-257.
Hickey, J. J., editor. 1969. Peregrine falcon populations—their biology and decline. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison. 596 pp.
Hildén, O. 1965. Habitat selection in birds: a review. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 2(1):53-75.
Holdgate, M. W., editor. 1971. The sea bird wreck in the Irish Sea, autumn 1969. Nat. Environ. Res. Council Publ. Ser. C, No. 4. 17 pp.
Hultén, E. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic and boreal biota during the Quaternary period. Bokforlags Aktiebolaget Thule, Stockholm. 168 pp.
Hunt, G. L. 1972. Influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of herring gulls. Ecology 53(6):1051-1061.
Jones, R. D. 1970. Reproductive success and age distribution of black brant. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(2):328-333.
Kadlec, J. A. 1971. Effects of introducing foxes and raccoons on herring gull colonies. J. Wildl. Manage. 35(4):625-636.
Kadlec, J. A., and W. H. Drury. 1968. Structure of the New England herring gull population. Ecology 49(4):644-676.
Kenyon, K. W., and R. E. Phillips. 1965. Birds from the Pribilof Islands and vicinity. Auk 82(4):624-635.
Klein, D. R. 1959. Saint Matthew Island reindeer-range study. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.—Wildl. 43. 48 pp.
Kluyver, H. N. 1951. The population ecology of the great tit,Parus majorL. Ardea 39:1-135.
Kluyver, H. N. 1966. Regulation of a bird population. Ostrich 38 (Suppl. 6):389-396.
Kluyver, H. N., and L. Tinbergen. 1953. Territory and the regulation of density in titmice. Arch. Neér. Zool. 10:265-289.
Lack, D. 1948. Natural selection and family size in the starling. Evolution 2:95-110.
Lack, D. 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 343 pp.
Lack, D. 1964. A long-term study of the great tit(Parus major). J. Anim. Ecol. 33(Suppl.):159-173.
Lack, D. 1966. Population studies of birds. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 341 pp.
Mackay, G. H. 1893. Observations on the breeding habits ofLarus atricillain Massachusetts. Auk 10(4):333-336.
Manuwal, D. A. 1974. Effects of territoriality on breeding in a population of Cassin's auklet. Ecology 55(6):1399-1406.
May, R. M., and W. J. Leonard. 1975. Nonlinear aspects of competition between species. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 29(2):243-253.
Mills, J. A. 1973. The influence of age and pair bond on the breeding biology of the red-billed gullLarus novaehollandiae scopulinus. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:147-162.
Murphy, R. C. 1936. Oceanic birds of South America, Vols. I and II. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. 1245 pp.
Murray, M. D., and R. Carrick. 1964. Seasonal movements and habitats of the silver gullLarus novaehollandiaeStephens in southeastern Australia. CSIRO Wildl. Res. 9:160-188.
Nelson, J. B. 1966. Population dynamics of the gannet at Bass Rock, with comparative information for other Sulidae. J. Anim. Ecol. 35:443-470.
Nettleship, D. 1972. Breeding success of the common puffin (Fratercula arcticaL.) on different habitats at Great Island, Newfoundland. Ecol. Monogr. 42:239-268.
Nicholson, A. J. 1933. The balance of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 2:132-178.
Nisbet, I. C. T. 1972. Disaster year for terns. Man and Nature, Dec. 1972:16-21.
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