Chapter 8

Accidents, inevitability of,48;conditions affecting chances of,253;law of averages in,259.Acquisition, instinct for,49-50, 51;power of, not a measure of brain capacity,51-54.Adultery, crime of,90-91.Adventure, chance for, an incentive to crime,54, 55,79,93.Age, relation of, to crime,251;and disease,252, 253.Alcohol, relation of crime to use of,197-198.America, emotional side of man neglected in,55;high ratio of property crimes per capita in,98;system of justice in, superior to that of European countries,281.Ancestry, effects of,126-128.SeeHeredity.Anger, as one underlying motive in punishment,12;the cause of killings,83.Animal, man a predatory,94-100.Animal life, man's origin and development the same as that of other,29-34."Anti-social," significance of term,5-6.Art, satisfaction of emotions by,55.Automobile, effect of the, on crime,208-211.Beauty, appeal of, to man's emotional side,55.Bible, vengeance as purpose of punishment shown by,13-14.Boys, development of criminals from,58-64,75-80;sex crimes among,90-91;and the automobile lure,210-211.Buckle, H. T., "History of Civilization," cited,102-103.Burglar, development of a,58-60, 62,92-93.Burglary, crime of,92-93.Capital punishment, question of,166-171.Chance, man as subject to element of,255-262.Children, as criminals,75-80;sex crimes among,90;rights of property unknown to,107.Christianity, Pliny's correspondence with Trajan regarding,225-228.Christians, belief of early, in punishment as vengeance,14-19.Cities, relative prevalence of crime in,75-79,207-208;crimes against property in,99.Civilization, limitations built up around heredity by,42-43;growth of crime coincident with growth of,203-211;the road to decay,211-212;does not mean the humanizing of men,228-229;new evils and new complexities with each new,229.Confidence game in obtaining property, law against,137.Conscience, as a guide to conduct,4-5,109.Conspiracy, statute concerning,136-137.Convicts, in prison and after120-123,230-232;good found in,181.Courts, growth in number and kind of,139.Crime, defined,1-11;purpose of punishment of,12-27;failure of punishment as a deterrent from,21-24;need for better understanding of, by the public,27;responsibility for,28-36;part played by heredity and environment in,36;among women,71-74;of homicide,81-87;due to sex relations,88-91;of robbery and burglary,92-93;performed against property,101-108;question of increase in,134-142;industrialism and,203-208;increase of, due to the automobile,208-211;war and,213-220;disease, accident, and,250-254;elements of luck and chance as related to,255-262;remedies for,273-285.Criminal, scope of word,1-6;one who violates "folk-ways" of his community,6-9;purpose of punishment of the,12-27;need for better understanding of,27;reasons for existence of,56-70;the female,71-74;the juvenile,75-80;attitude of the,109-115;the law and the,116-129;effect on others of punishment of,158-160;stigmata of,172-177;the good in the,178-182;pardon, parole, and placing on probation of,263-272.Criminal conduct, psychology of,44-55.Dante, the hell of,15.Death penalty, methods of inflicting,163.Defectives, discussion of the,183 ff.;in prisons,184-185;proposed isolation or sterilization of,233-249.Disease, treatment of crime contrasted with that of,139-140,154,230-232;crime, accidents, and,250-253.Doctors, employment of, in trials, as experts,143-149.Dugdale, R.L., study of "The Jukes" by,244-248.Education, a response to suggestion,65;importance of, to the child,77-78;of the subnormal and the backward,237.Edwards, Jonathan, view held by, of punishment as vengeance,17-19.Emerson, R. W., on non-obedience to law,114.Emotions, factor of, in human action,46-55;lack of satisfaction of, in American scheme of things,55.England, system of justice in,281.Environment, man the product of heredity and,34-36;relation of heredity and,37-40;adjustment of, to heredity,41-43,277-278;relation of, to development of criminal,57-69;effects of,201-202;necessity of improving, shown by studies of the Jukes and the Kallikaks,244-249.Experts, medical, in courts,143-149.Factory system, growth of cities due to,76;and crime,203-212;Fear, emotion of, in man,46-47;instilling of, an object of punishment,165.Feeble-minded, distinguishing between the normal and,185-188.SeeDefectives.Feuds, family,12.Flight, instinct of, in man,46-47.Folk-ways, crime defined as violation of,6-7;enforcement of, by primitive man,8;present-day laws descended from,28;are still a guide to man,99-100.Forgers, development of,66-68.Freedom of speech, loss of, as result of World War,220.Gang, the boy's,79.Genius, a frequent indication of insanity,239.Girls, protected life of, as compared with boys,72;sex crimes among,90-91.Glands, the ductless, and their use,33-34,38,174.Grant, General, on repealing of bad law,130.Grasset, Joseph, "The Semi-Insane and the Semi-Responsible," cited,239.Gregariousness, instinct of, in man,47-48, 50.Hatred, punishment actuated by,12-19;killings traceable to,83.Heredity, view of man as the product of environment and,34-36;relation of environment and,37-40;problem of future, to adjust environment to,41-43,277-278;responsibility of, for the criminal,57-65;child criminal as result of,78-79;accounting for accused men's actions by,126-129;effects of,201-202;laws of, not sufficiently known to justify sterilization,237-238.Homicide, the crime of,81-87.Ignorance, disease due to,252.Illinois, operation of parole law in,267.Incest, crime of,89-90.Indeterminate sentence, the,268-271,278.Industrialism and crime,76,203-212.Insane, restraint of, a measure of self-protection,26;treatment of,144;in prisons,184-185;allowances for, in criminal codes,187-190;legal tests of, not logical or humane,190-192.Instinct, human action largely governed by,44-54;stress placed on, as motive power of life,81-83.Intelligence tests, use of,185-186.Intolerance, a persisting source of evil,228-229.Isolation of the subnormal,233-249.Jealousy, crime traceable to,84-85.Jesus, doctrine of vengeance repudiated by,13-14.Judges, attitude of,282-283.Jukes family, study of the,244-248;wrong deductions from,248-249.Juries, attitude of, toward women criminals,72, 73,85;decision as to sanity of defendants left to,144;abolition of, proposed by some,282;better chances for the common man with,283.Juvenile Courts,59,139.Juvenile Prison, the,59.Kallikak family, results of environment rather than heredity shown by,249.Kidnapping, death penalty sometimes advocated for,156.Killings.SeeHomicide.Kleptomania, a form of insanity,191-192.Labor, manual, and its poor pay,69;training for manual, in schools,69-70.Law, a codification of a custom,8;and its infraction,110-114;the criminal and the,116-129;repealing of,130-133;shortening and simplification of codes of,278.Laws, feeling against so-called property,112.Legislation, restrictive, resulting from World War,220.Legislatures, fixing of punishments by,155-156.Lockouts, crimes resulting from,102.Lombroso, C, discarded theory of,172.Luck, element of, as affecting man,255-262.Man, origin and development of, like that of other animal life,29-34;the product of heredity and environment,34-36;as a predatory animal,94-100;the outlook for,274.Milton, the hell of,15.Mind, operations of the, clouded in mystery,24;seat of, in whole physical organism,174.Money-getting, brain power not involved in,51-54;crimes due to passion for,104-105.Murder, not a profession like burglary or other crimes,62;by robbers and burglars,93.Music, satisfaction of emotions by,55.Negroes, disregard of laws pertaining to,132.Pacifism, a dream,218-219.Panics, strikes following on,102.Pardons, granting of, to criminals,263-272.Parole, release of prisoners on,265-272.Parole boards,22;responsibilities of,266-272;need of, for honesty, intelligence, and thorough equipment for work,278-279.Parole laws,218-219.Pick-pocket, development of the,60-62.Pliny, letter of, quoted,225-228.Poverty, relation between crime and,101-102,172, 176-177;of men charged with crime,120.Prisoners, situation of,120-123;proposed remedial measures affecting,273-282.Prisons, reformation not accomplished in,20-21.gradual improvement in,163-164.Probation, system of,271-272.Prohibition laws,138;effect of, on crime,197-198;Property, crimes against,97-99;normal results of civilization,100;discussion and analysis of,101-108.Pugnacity, instinct of, in man,47, 48.Punishment, purpose of,12 ff.;hatred and vengeance as moving purposes of,12-19;reformation viewed as aim of,19-21;as a deterrent from crime,21-24;impossibility of justifying, by any reasoning,25-27;determining correct basis of fixing,150-157;effects of too drastic,156-157;results of, to others than the subject,158-160;evolution of,161-165;capital,166-171;viewed as cruelty, not as a remedial measure,275.Rape, crime of,88-89, 91.Reason, slight effect of, on actions of men,44-55.Reformation, viewed as purpose of punishment19-21;impossibility of moral, of man,276-277.Religion, emotional life supplied by54-55;in early times, subjects for criminal code furnished by,161-163;criminal code created with growth of,223-224.Repulsion, instinct of, in man,47."Revelations of St. Peter," quotation from,14-17.Revenge.SeeVengeance.Revenue laws, common violation of,132.Revolutionists, position of,114.Robbery, crime of,92-93.Sabbath observance, disregard of laws concerning,132.Self-protection, a justification of imprisonment,25.Sentences of prisoners, basis of fixing,156-157;indeterminate,268-271,278.Sentimentalism, defense of,168-169.Sex instinct in man,45, 48-49;jealousy and revenge caused by,84-85;crimes resulting from,88-91.Shoplifting, kleptomania and,191-192.Social control, theory of,136;discussion of,193-202.Spanish Inquisition, ravages of the,224.Sterilization of the defective,233-249.Stigmata of the criminal,172-177.Strikes, crimes following on,102.Suggestion, power of, on human mind,24,65.Sumner, W.G., "Folkways" by,131.Taboos, adoption of, by primitive man,7-8.Tests, physical, of prisoners,176-177;intelligence, for grading mentality of the backward,185-186.Trajan, correspondence between Pliny and,225-228.Vengeance, origin in, of idea of punishment,12-19;punishment inflicted solely for, not as remedial measure,275.War, encroachments on liberty during,114-115;effect of, on crime,213-220.Weather, relation between crime and,250.Westermarck, E.A., "History of Human Marriage," cited,89.Witchcraft, hangings for,224.Women, as criminals,71-74;shoplifting by,191-192.World War, underlying cause of,106;encroachments on liberty during,115;increase in crime since close of,214-217;spirit of super-patriotism a result of,219-220;restrictive legislation due to,220.Young, care of the, resulting from mother-instinct,45-46.

Accidents, inevitability of,48;conditions affecting chances of,253;law of averages in,259.Acquisition, instinct for,49-50, 51;power of, not a measure of brain capacity,51-54.Adultery, crime of,90-91.Adventure, chance for, an incentive to crime,54, 55,79,93.Age, relation of, to crime,251;and disease,252, 253.Alcohol, relation of crime to use of,197-198.America, emotional side of man neglected in,55;high ratio of property crimes per capita in,98;system of justice in, superior to that of European countries,281.Ancestry, effects of,126-128.SeeHeredity.Anger, as one underlying motive in punishment,12;the cause of killings,83.Animal, man a predatory,94-100.Animal life, man's origin and development the same as that of other,29-34."Anti-social," significance of term,5-6.Art, satisfaction of emotions by,55.Automobile, effect of the, on crime,208-211.

Accidents, inevitability of,48;

conditions affecting chances of,253;

law of averages in,259.

Acquisition, instinct for,49-50, 51;

power of, not a measure of brain capacity,51-54.

Adultery, crime of,90-91.

Adventure, chance for, an incentive to crime,54, 55,79,93.

Age, relation of, to crime,251;

and disease,252, 253.

Alcohol, relation of crime to use of,197-198.

America, emotional side of man neglected in,55;

high ratio of property crimes per capita in,98;

system of justice in, superior to that of European countries,281.

Ancestry, effects of,126-128.

SeeHeredity.

Anger, as one underlying motive in punishment,12;

the cause of killings,83.

Animal, man a predatory,94-100.

Animal life, man's origin and development the same as that of other,29-34.

"Anti-social," significance of term,5-6.

Art, satisfaction of emotions by,55.

Automobile, effect of the, on crime,208-211.

Beauty, appeal of, to man's emotional side,55.Bible, vengeance as purpose of punishment shown by,13-14.Boys, development of criminals from,58-64,75-80;sex crimes among,90-91;and the automobile lure,210-211.Buckle, H. T., "History of Civilization," cited,102-103.Burglar, development of a,58-60, 62,92-93.Burglary, crime of,92-93.

Beauty, appeal of, to man's emotional side,55.

Bible, vengeance as purpose of punishment shown by,13-14.

Boys, development of criminals from,58-64,75-80;

sex crimes among,90-91;

and the automobile lure,210-211.

Buckle, H. T., "History of Civilization," cited,102-103.

Burglar, development of a,58-60, 62,92-93.

Burglary, crime of,92-93.

Capital punishment, question of,166-171.Chance, man as subject to element of,255-262.Children, as criminals,75-80;sex crimes among,90;rights of property unknown to,107.Christianity, Pliny's correspondence with Trajan regarding,225-228.Christians, belief of early, in punishment as vengeance,14-19.Cities, relative prevalence of crime in,75-79,207-208;crimes against property in,99.Civilization, limitations built up around heredity by,42-43;growth of crime coincident with growth of,203-211;the road to decay,211-212;does not mean the humanizing of men,228-229;new evils and new complexities with each new,229.Confidence game in obtaining property, law against,137.Conscience, as a guide to conduct,4-5,109.Conspiracy, statute concerning,136-137.Convicts, in prison and after120-123,230-232;good found in,181.Courts, growth in number and kind of,139.Crime, defined,1-11;purpose of punishment of,12-27;failure of punishment as a deterrent from,21-24;need for better understanding of, by the public,27;responsibility for,28-36;part played by heredity and environment in,36;among women,71-74;of homicide,81-87;due to sex relations,88-91;of robbery and burglary,92-93;performed against property,101-108;question of increase in,134-142;industrialism and,203-208;increase of, due to the automobile,208-211;war and,213-220;disease, accident, and,250-254;elements of luck and chance as related to,255-262;remedies for,273-285.Criminal, scope of word,1-6;one who violates "folk-ways" of his community,6-9;purpose of punishment of the,12-27;need for better understanding of,27;reasons for existence of,56-70;the female,71-74;the juvenile,75-80;attitude of the,109-115;the law and the,116-129;effect on others of punishment of,158-160;stigmata of,172-177;the good in the,178-182;pardon, parole, and placing on probation of,263-272.Criminal conduct, psychology of,44-55.

Capital punishment, question of,166-171.

Chance, man as subject to element of,255-262.

Children, as criminals,75-80;

sex crimes among,90;

rights of property unknown to,107.

Christianity, Pliny's correspondence with Trajan regarding,225-228.

Christians, belief of early, in punishment as vengeance,14-19.

Cities, relative prevalence of crime in,75-79,207-208;

crimes against property in,99.

Civilization, limitations built up around heredity by,42-43;

growth of crime coincident with growth of,203-211;

the road to decay,211-212;

does not mean the humanizing of men,228-229;

new evils and new complexities with each new,229.

Confidence game in obtaining property, law against,137.

Conscience, as a guide to conduct,4-5,109.

Conspiracy, statute concerning,136-137.

Convicts, in prison and after120-123,230-232;

good found in,181.

Courts, growth in number and kind of,139.

Crime, defined,1-11;

purpose of punishment of,12-27;

failure of punishment as a deterrent from,21-24;

need for better understanding of, by the public,27;

responsibility for,28-36;

part played by heredity and environment in,36;

among women,71-74;

of homicide,81-87;

due to sex relations,88-91;

of robbery and burglary,92-93;

performed against property,101-108;

question of increase in,134-142;

industrialism and,203-208;

increase of, due to the automobile,208-211;

war and,213-220;

disease, accident, and,250-254;

elements of luck and chance as related to,255-262;

remedies for,273-285.

Criminal, scope of word,1-6;

one who violates "folk-ways" of his community,6-9;

purpose of punishment of the,12-27;

need for better understanding of,27;

reasons for existence of,56-70;

the female,71-74;

the juvenile,75-80;

attitude of the,109-115;

the law and the,116-129;

effect on others of punishment of,158-160;

stigmata of,172-177;

the good in the,178-182;

pardon, parole, and placing on probation of,263-272.

Criminal conduct, psychology of,44-55.

Dante, the hell of,15.Death penalty, methods of inflicting,163.Defectives, discussion of the,183 ff.;in prisons,184-185;proposed isolation or sterilization of,233-249.Disease, treatment of crime contrasted with that of,139-140,154,230-232;crime, accidents, and,250-253.Doctors, employment of, in trials, as experts,143-149.Dugdale, R.L., study of "The Jukes" by,244-248.

Dante, the hell of,15.

Death penalty, methods of inflicting,163.

Defectives, discussion of the,183 ff.;

in prisons,184-185;

proposed isolation or sterilization of,233-249.

Disease, treatment of crime contrasted with that of,139-140,154,230-232;

crime, accidents, and,250-253.

Doctors, employment of, in trials, as experts,143-149.

Dugdale, R.L., study of "The Jukes" by,244-248.

Education, a response to suggestion,65;importance of, to the child,77-78;of the subnormal and the backward,237.Edwards, Jonathan, view held by, of punishment as vengeance,17-19.Emerson, R. W., on non-obedience to law,114.Emotions, factor of, in human action,46-55;lack of satisfaction of, in American scheme of things,55.England, system of justice in,281.Environment, man the product of heredity and,34-36;relation of heredity and,37-40;adjustment of, to heredity,41-43,277-278;relation of, to development of criminal,57-69;effects of,201-202;necessity of improving, shown by studies of the Jukes and the Kallikaks,244-249.Experts, medical, in courts,143-149.

Education, a response to suggestion,65;

importance of, to the child,77-78;

of the subnormal and the backward,237.

Edwards, Jonathan, view held by, of punishment as vengeance,17-19.

Emerson, R. W., on non-obedience to law,114.

Emotions, factor of, in human action,46-55;

lack of satisfaction of, in American scheme of things,55.

England, system of justice in,281.

Environment, man the product of heredity and,34-36;

relation of heredity and,37-40;

adjustment of, to heredity,41-43,277-278;

relation of, to development of criminal,57-69;

effects of,201-202;

necessity of improving, shown by studies of the Jukes and the Kallikaks,244-249.

Experts, medical, in courts,143-149.

Factory system, growth of cities due to,76;and crime,203-212;Fear, emotion of, in man,46-47;instilling of, an object of punishment,165.Feeble-minded, distinguishing between the normal and,185-188.SeeDefectives.Feuds, family,12.Flight, instinct of, in man,46-47.Folk-ways, crime defined as violation of,6-7;enforcement of, by primitive man,8;present-day laws descended from,28;are still a guide to man,99-100.Forgers, development of,66-68.Freedom of speech, loss of, as result of World War,220.

Factory system, growth of cities due to,76;

and crime,203-212;

Fear, emotion of, in man,46-47;

instilling of, an object of punishment,165.

Feeble-minded, distinguishing between the normal and,185-188.

SeeDefectives.

Feuds, family,12.

Flight, instinct of, in man,46-47.

Folk-ways, crime defined as violation of,6-7;

enforcement of, by primitive man,8;

present-day laws descended from,28;

are still a guide to man,99-100.

Forgers, development of,66-68.

Freedom of speech, loss of, as result of World War,220.

Gang, the boy's,79.Genius, a frequent indication of insanity,239.Girls, protected life of, as compared with boys,72;sex crimes among,90-91.Glands, the ductless, and their use,33-34,38,174.Grant, General, on repealing of bad law,130.Grasset, Joseph, "The Semi-Insane and the Semi-Responsible," cited,239.Gregariousness, instinct of, in man,47-48, 50.

Gang, the boy's,79.

Genius, a frequent indication of insanity,239.

Girls, protected life of, as compared with boys,72;

sex crimes among,90-91.

Glands, the ductless, and their use,33-34,38,174.

Grant, General, on repealing of bad law,130.

Grasset, Joseph, "The Semi-Insane and the Semi-Responsible," cited,239.

Gregariousness, instinct of, in man,47-48, 50.

Hatred, punishment actuated by,12-19;killings traceable to,83.Heredity, view of man as the product of environment and,34-36;relation of environment and,37-40;problem of future, to adjust environment to,41-43,277-278;responsibility of, for the criminal,57-65;child criminal as result of,78-79;accounting for accused men's actions by,126-129;effects of,201-202;laws of, not sufficiently known to justify sterilization,237-238.Homicide, the crime of,81-87.

Hatred, punishment actuated by,12-19;

killings traceable to,83.

Heredity, view of man as the product of environment and,34-36;

relation of environment and,37-40;

problem of future, to adjust environment to,41-43,277-278;

responsibility of, for the criminal,57-65;

child criminal as result of,78-79;

accounting for accused men's actions by,126-129;

effects of,201-202;

laws of, not sufficiently known to justify sterilization,237-238.

Homicide, the crime of,81-87.

Ignorance, disease due to,252.Illinois, operation of parole law in,267.Incest, crime of,89-90.Indeterminate sentence, the,268-271,278.Industrialism and crime,76,203-212.Insane, restraint of, a measure of self-protection,26;treatment of,144;in prisons,184-185;allowances for, in criminal codes,187-190;legal tests of, not logical or humane,190-192.Instinct, human action largely governed by,44-54;stress placed on, as motive power of life,81-83.Intelligence tests, use of,185-186.Intolerance, a persisting source of evil,228-229.Isolation of the subnormal,233-249.

Ignorance, disease due to,252.

Illinois, operation of parole law in,267.

Incest, crime of,89-90.

Indeterminate sentence, the,268-271,278.

Industrialism and crime,76,203-212.

Insane, restraint of, a measure of self-protection,26;

treatment of,144;

in prisons,184-185;

allowances for, in criminal codes,187-190;

legal tests of, not logical or humane,190-192.

Instinct, human action largely governed by,44-54;

stress placed on, as motive power of life,81-83.

Intelligence tests, use of,185-186.

Intolerance, a persisting source of evil,228-229.

Isolation of the subnormal,233-249.

Jealousy, crime traceable to,84-85.Jesus, doctrine of vengeance repudiated by,13-14.Judges, attitude of,282-283.Jukes family, study of the,244-248;wrong deductions from,248-249.Juries, attitude of, toward women criminals,72, 73,85;decision as to sanity of defendants left to,144;abolition of, proposed by some,282;better chances for the common man with,283.Juvenile Courts,59,139.Juvenile Prison, the,59.

Jealousy, crime traceable to,84-85.

Jesus, doctrine of vengeance repudiated by,13-14.

Judges, attitude of,282-283.

Jukes family, study of the,244-248;

wrong deductions from,248-249.

Juries, attitude of, toward women criminals,72, 73,85;

decision as to sanity of defendants left to,144;

abolition of, proposed by some,282;

better chances for the common man with,283.

Juvenile Courts,59,139.

Juvenile Prison, the,59.

Kallikak family, results of environment rather than heredity shown by,249.Kidnapping, death penalty sometimes advocated for,156.Killings.SeeHomicide.Kleptomania, a form of insanity,191-192.

Kallikak family, results of environment rather than heredity shown by,249.

Kidnapping, death penalty sometimes advocated for,156.

Killings.SeeHomicide.

Kleptomania, a form of insanity,191-192.

Labor, manual, and its poor pay,69;training for manual, in schools,69-70.Law, a codification of a custom,8;and its infraction,110-114;the criminal and the,116-129;repealing of,130-133;shortening and simplification of codes of,278.Laws, feeling against so-called property,112.Legislation, restrictive, resulting from World War,220.Legislatures, fixing of punishments by,155-156.Lockouts, crimes resulting from,102.Lombroso, C, discarded theory of,172.Luck, element of, as affecting man,255-262.

Labor, manual, and its poor pay,69;

training for manual, in schools,69-70.

Law, a codification of a custom,8;

and its infraction,110-114;

the criminal and the,116-129;

repealing of,130-133;

shortening and simplification of codes of,278.

Laws, feeling against so-called property,112.

Legislation, restrictive, resulting from World War,220.

Legislatures, fixing of punishments by,155-156.

Lockouts, crimes resulting from,102.

Lombroso, C, discarded theory of,172.

Luck, element of, as affecting man,255-262.

Man, origin and development of, like that of other animal life,29-34;the product of heredity and environment,34-36;as a predatory animal,94-100;the outlook for,274.Milton, the hell of,15.Mind, operations of the, clouded in mystery,24;seat of, in whole physical organism,174.Money-getting, brain power not involved in,51-54;crimes due to passion for,104-105.Murder, not a profession like burglary or other crimes,62;by robbers and burglars,93.Music, satisfaction of emotions by,55.

Man, origin and development of, like that of other animal life,29-34;

the product of heredity and environment,34-36;

as a predatory animal,94-100;

the outlook for,274.

Milton, the hell of,15.

Mind, operations of the, clouded in mystery,24;

seat of, in whole physical organism,174.

Money-getting, brain power not involved in,51-54;

crimes due to passion for,104-105.

Murder, not a profession like burglary or other crimes,62;

by robbers and burglars,93.

Music, satisfaction of emotions by,55.

Negroes, disregard of laws pertaining to,132.

Negroes, disregard of laws pertaining to,132.

Pacifism, a dream,218-219.Panics, strikes following on,102.Pardons, granting of, to criminals,263-272.Parole, release of prisoners on,265-272.Parole boards,22;responsibilities of,266-272;need of, for honesty, intelligence, and thorough equipment for work,278-279.Parole laws,218-219.Pick-pocket, development of the,60-62.Pliny, letter of, quoted,225-228.Poverty, relation between crime and,101-102,172, 176-177;of men charged with crime,120.Prisoners, situation of,120-123;proposed remedial measures affecting,273-282.Prisons, reformation not accomplished in,20-21.gradual improvement in,163-164.Probation, system of,271-272.Prohibition laws,138;effect of, on crime,197-198;Property, crimes against,97-99;normal results of civilization,100;discussion and analysis of,101-108.Pugnacity, instinct of, in man,47, 48.Punishment, purpose of,12 ff.;hatred and vengeance as moving purposes of,12-19;reformation viewed as aim of,19-21;as a deterrent from crime,21-24;impossibility of justifying, by any reasoning,25-27;determining correct basis of fixing,150-157;effects of too drastic,156-157;results of, to others than the subject,158-160;evolution of,161-165;capital,166-171;viewed as cruelty, not as a remedial measure,275.

Pacifism, a dream,218-219.

Panics, strikes following on,102.

Pardons, granting of, to criminals,263-272.

Parole, release of prisoners on,265-272.

Parole boards,22;

responsibilities of,266-272;

need of, for honesty, intelligence, and thorough equipment for work,278-279.

Parole laws,218-219.

Pick-pocket, development of the,60-62.

Pliny, letter of, quoted,225-228.

Poverty, relation between crime and,101-102,172, 176-177;

of men charged with crime,120.

Prisoners, situation of,120-123;

proposed remedial measures affecting,273-282.

Prisons, reformation not accomplished in,20-21.

gradual improvement in,163-164.

Probation, system of,271-272.

Prohibition laws,138;

effect of, on crime,197-198;

Property, crimes against,97-99;

normal results of civilization,100;

discussion and analysis of,101-108.

Pugnacity, instinct of, in man,47, 48.

Punishment, purpose of,12 ff.;

hatred and vengeance as moving purposes of,12-19;

reformation viewed as aim of,19-21;

as a deterrent from crime,21-24;

impossibility of justifying, by any reasoning,25-27;

determining correct basis of fixing,150-157;

effects of too drastic,156-157;

results of, to others than the subject,158-160;

evolution of,161-165;

capital,166-171;

viewed as cruelty, not as a remedial measure,275.

Rape, crime of,88-89, 91.Reason, slight effect of, on actions of men,44-55.Reformation, viewed as purpose of punishment19-21;impossibility of moral, of man,276-277.Religion, emotional life supplied by54-55;in early times, subjects for criminal code furnished by,161-163;criminal code created with growth of,223-224.Repulsion, instinct of, in man,47."Revelations of St. Peter," quotation from,14-17.Revenge.SeeVengeance.Revenue laws, common violation of,132.Revolutionists, position of,114.Robbery, crime of,92-93.

Rape, crime of,88-89, 91.

Reason, slight effect of, on actions of men,44-55.

Reformation, viewed as purpose of punishment19-21;

impossibility of moral, of man,276-277.

Religion, emotional life supplied by54-55;

in early times, subjects for criminal code furnished by,161-163;

criminal code created with growth of,223-224.

Repulsion, instinct of, in man,47.

"Revelations of St. Peter," quotation from,14-17.

Revenge.SeeVengeance.

Revenue laws, common violation of,132.

Revolutionists, position of,114.

Robbery, crime of,92-93.

Sabbath observance, disregard of laws concerning,132.Self-protection, a justification of imprisonment,25.Sentences of prisoners, basis of fixing,156-157;indeterminate,268-271,278.Sentimentalism, defense of,168-169.Sex instinct in man,45, 48-49;jealousy and revenge caused by,84-85;crimes resulting from,88-91.Shoplifting, kleptomania and,191-192.Social control, theory of,136;discussion of,193-202.Spanish Inquisition, ravages of the,224.Sterilization of the defective,233-249.Stigmata of the criminal,172-177.Strikes, crimes following on,102.Suggestion, power of, on human mind,24,65.Sumner, W.G., "Folkways" by,131.

Sabbath observance, disregard of laws concerning,132.

Self-protection, a justification of imprisonment,25.

Sentences of prisoners, basis of fixing,156-157;

indeterminate,268-271,278.

Sentimentalism, defense of,168-169.

Sex instinct in man,45, 48-49;

jealousy and revenge caused by,84-85;

crimes resulting from,88-91.

Shoplifting, kleptomania and,191-192.

Social control, theory of,136;

discussion of,193-202.

Spanish Inquisition, ravages of the,224.

Sterilization of the defective,233-249.

Stigmata of the criminal,172-177.

Strikes, crimes following on,102.

Suggestion, power of, on human mind,24,65.

Sumner, W.G., "Folkways" by,131.

Taboos, adoption of, by primitive man,7-8.Tests, physical, of prisoners,176-177;intelligence, for grading mentality of the backward,185-186.Trajan, correspondence between Pliny and,225-228.

Taboos, adoption of, by primitive man,7-8.

Tests, physical, of prisoners,176-177;

intelligence, for grading mentality of the backward,185-186.

Trajan, correspondence between Pliny and,225-228.

Vengeance, origin in, of idea of punishment,12-19;punishment inflicted solely for, not as remedial measure,275.

Vengeance, origin in, of idea of punishment,12-19;

punishment inflicted solely for, not as remedial measure,275.

War, encroachments on liberty during,114-115;effect of, on crime,213-220.Weather, relation between crime and,250.Westermarck, E.A., "History of Human Marriage," cited,89.Witchcraft, hangings for,224.Women, as criminals,71-74;shoplifting by,191-192.World War, underlying cause of,106;encroachments on liberty during,115;increase in crime since close of,214-217;spirit of super-patriotism a result of,219-220;restrictive legislation due to,220.

War, encroachments on liberty during,114-115;

effect of, on crime,213-220.

Weather, relation between crime and,250.

Westermarck, E.A., "History of Human Marriage," cited,89.

Witchcraft, hangings for,224.

Women, as criminals,71-74;

shoplifting by,191-192.

World War, underlying cause of,106;

encroachments on liberty during,115;

increase in crime since close of,214-217;

spirit of super-patriotism a result of,219-220;

restrictive legislation due to,220.

Young, care of the, resulting from mother-instinct,45-46.

Young, care of the, resulting from mother-instinct,45-46.


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