Peter, brother of John X.,135Peter of Carbara,217Petrarch,211,216Petrucci, Cardinal,295Philip II.,186,187,188,198Philip III.,203,207Philip VI.,217,220Philip of Anjou,202Philip Neri, St.,333Philip of Suabia,179,182-4Phocas, the Emperor,76Photius,105,106Pierleone, Cardinal,183Pierleone, Giovanni,176,177Pierre de Castelnau,195,197Pignatelli, Cardinal,387Pinturicchio,266,283Pippin, Donation of,80-3Pirie-Gordon, C.H.C.,175Pisa, Council of,228,229Pisa, second Council of,278,279Pius II.,243Pius III.,268Pius IV.,331Pius V.,332,334Pius VI.,369,372Pius VII.,371-90Pius VIII.,392Pius IX.,393-413,425Plebiscites in Italy,405,406,408Pliny,2Poles, the Vatican, the,434Poli, Oddo,177Pontianus,18Pragmatic Sanction, the,286,294,304Primacy, idea of the,6,30,37,39,40,48Priscillianists, the,31Pucci, Lorenzo,290Pulcheria,46,47QQuanta Cura,407Quiercey Donation, the,81RRampolla, Cardinal,426,429Raphael,301Ratherius, Bishop,133Ratisbon, Diet of,322Ravenna and the Papacy,67,68Raymond of Toulouse,196-9Raynaldus,243Reformation, the,286,304-9,312,317-30Reformation, foregleams of the,215,232,241,286Reginald of Canterbury,186Renaissance, the,241Renier, the Cistercian,195Rerum Novarum,441Revolution, the French,370,372Riario, Cardinal,296Riario, Pietro,246Richard the Lion-Heart,185Robert of Geneva,222,223Robert of Naples,216,217Romwald,94-5Roquain, F.,142,151Roscoe, W.,291Rosmini, A.,400,402Rossi, G.B. de,8,9,13Rossi, Pellegrino,400Rothrad of Soissons,111-12,119Rotrud,96Roy, Jules,120,121Rudolph II., of Burgundy,134Rudolph of Suabia,159,163,165,167,168SSabellius,12Sacramentary, the,62St. Bartholomew, Massacre of,332Sta. Maria Maggiore,25St. Peter's, building of,274,283Sala, Cardinal,417Saldanha, Cardinal,365Sancho of Portugal,190Sanfedisti, the,388,396Sangallo,329Sanseverino, Cardinal,289Sant' Angelo, Castle of,60Sanuto, M.,253,291Satolli, Mgr.,437Sauli, Cardinal,296Savona, Pius VII. at,383-5Savonarola and Alexander VI.,264-5Scatfgoch, Bishop,364Schmalkaldic League, the,327,328Schwemer, R.,185Sergius III.,125,127,128,129,131Sergius IV.,139Servatus Lupus,118Severus, Bishop,68Sforza, Cardinal Ascanio,248,250Sforza, Giovanni,254,259Sforza, Lodovico,255,258Sigismund of Hungary,229-30,232-8Silvester I.,20Silvester II.,139,143,157Simeon of Bulgaria,137Simony at Rome,210,224-5,250,268,301Sirianus, Pope,37Sixtus III.,39Sixtus IV.,244,246Sixtus V.,332-50Slaves, the Papacy and the,65Socialism and the Vatican,424,427,428,431,441Sollicitudo Omnium,388Solomon of Brittany,119Solomon of Hungary,157Spain and the Papacy,70,154,157,189-90,260,347-9,361Spina, Archbishop,374Spirituals, the,214Stephen I.,80Stephen II.,80-2Stephen III.,83Stephen IV.,83Stephen V.,101Stephen VI.,125,126,127Stephen X.,145,146Stephens, W.R.W.,142Strozzi, the banker,302Stuarts, the Vatican and the,363Sulpicius Severus,31Syagrius, Bishop,71Syllabus, the,407TTalleyrand,376,380Talleyrand-Périgord, Countess,204Talmud, condemnation of the,219Tancred of Sicily,181Tarasius,96Tassilo,93Tedald,160Templars, suppression of the,203Temporal power, beginning of the,78-83,86-90,95Tencin, Cardinal,354,355Tertullian,5,13Tetzel,306Teutonic Knights, the,219Theodora of Rome,128,129-32Theodora, the Empress,56Theodoric,55Theodosius,32,33Theophylactus,128,132Theutberga,107,110Thomas Aquinas, philosophy of,440Three Chapters, the,67Transtiberina, the,1,16Trent, Council of,323-8,330,331-2Troslé, Council of,133Turribius of Astorga,43UUnigenitus,360Urban I.,11,18Urban II.,172Urban VI.,222Urban VIII.,352Urbino, Duchy of,294,295,298Ursicinus, Anti-Pope,25-7VValens,31Valenti, Cardinal,357Valentinian I.,27,29,37Valentinian II.,38Valla, Lorenzo,241Vandals, Leo and the,51-2Vannozza dei Catanei,245Vatican, the,178Vatican Council, the,408-10Vatican, early state of the,1,2Vatican Library, the,438Venantius and Gregory the Great,72Venice and the Papacy,272-3,275-6Ventura, P.,397Victor I.,5,9Victor III.,140Victor Emmanuel I.,406Vienna Congress, the,388Villani,208Viventius,25,27Voltaire,356Vulgarius,129,130WWaldeck-Rousseau,432Waldrada,107,109,110Walpole, Horace,356Walter de Brienne,181Wenilo of Sens,118William II. and the Papacy,430William of Burgundy,156William the Conqueror,148,156Wiseman, Cardinal,379Worms, Diet of,308Wulfad,113Wyclif,232XXimenes, Cardinal,301YYork, Cardinal,363Young Italians, the,395,396ZZachary I.,79,80Zara, the taking of,192,193Zelanti, the,388Zephyrin, Pope,6,10Zigliara, Cardinal,441Zosimus,39