IV. PAWNEES.

808.{

808.

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Naw-cher-choo-nu-kaw.Bad Thunder.

812.Wah-kunk-scha-kaw, and daughter.

Wife of "Martin Van Buren," a former prominent chief of the tribe.

814.Ka-ra-cho-we-kaw.A Blue Cloud Passing By.

809, 813.Winnebago children.

The Arickarees, Ricarees, or Rees, as variously written, call themselves Sa-nish, or Tanish, meaning "the people," a common form of expression among Indians to indicate their superiority. They were originally the same people as the Pawnees of the Platte River, their language being nearly the same. That they migrated upwards along the Missouri from their friends below is established by the remains of their dirt-villages, which are yet seen along that river, though at this time mostly overgrown with grass. At what time they separated from the parent stock is not correctly known, though some of their locations appear to have been of very ancient date, at least previous to the commencement of the fur-trade on the Upper Missouri. At the time when the old French and Spanish traders began theirdealings with the Indians of the Upper Missouri, the Arickaree village was situated a little above the mouth of Grand River, since which time they have made several removals, and are now located at Fort Clark, in a former village of the Mandans.

The cabins or huts of the Arickarees and other stationary tribes are built by planting four posts in the ground in the form of a square, the posts being forked at the top to receive transverse beams. Against the beams other timbers are inclined the lower extremities of which describe a circle, or nearly so, the interstices being filled with small twigs, the whole thickly overlaid with willows, rushes, and grass, and plastered over with mud laid on very thick. A hole is left in the top for smoke to pass out, and another at the side for a door. The door opens a few steps distant from the main building on the surface of the ground, from which, by a gradual descent through a covered passage, the interior of the hut is reached. The door is of wood, and the aperture large enough to admit a favorite horse to the family circle, which is often done. These buildings are located within fifteen or twenty feet of each other without any regard to regularity.

They cultivate considerable land, each family separating its little farm from their neighbors' by rush fences. Corn is their principal dependence, of which they raise considerable quantities. The work is done entirely by the women, the primitive hoe being their only implement. They generally have quite a surplus, which they trade to the Dakotas and to the fur companies.

The Arickarees are quite expert in manufacturing a very serviceable kind of pottery, neatly shaped, and well adapted for cooking purposes. They are of clay, hand wrought, but not glazed.

At the present time they number 900, and are associated with 600 Gros Ventres and 420 Mandans at the Fort Berthold agency on the Upper Missouri, where 13,000 square miles has been set apart for them as their reservation. They have 500 acres under cultivation, and are receiving considerable assistance from the Government in the way of improved implements. Many houses are being built, and the more progressive Indians are abandoning the old mud-lodges for them.

List of illustrations.

1042.Ku-nugh-na-give-nuk.Rushing Bear.

Head chief; age, 56; height, 5.8-1/2; head, 22-3/4; chest, 39-1/2.

1044.E-gus-pah.Bull Head.

Age, 57; height, 5.4-1/2; head, 23-1/4; chest, 42-1/2.

1043.Che-wa-koo-ka-ti.Black Fox.

Son of Black Bear, a great chief of the tribe. Age, 23; height, 5.5; head, 24; chest, 36-1/4.

717.Black Buffalo.

718.Long Knife.

The Keechies, of whom there are now only a small remnant of about 90 in the Indian Territory, affiliated with the Wichitas, Wacos, and Tawacanies; were originally from Texas, and are supposed to be the Quitzies of the Spanish authorities of 1780. Even at that time they were a small tribe, numbering about 100 warriors. After the admission of Texas, were placed on a State reservation, where they remained undisturbed until 1859, when their presence became so distasteful to the settlers that it became necessary to remove them. Land was leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and the Keechies settled on it, building their villages of grass houses along the Canadian River. The breaking out of the civil war set them back, just as they were beginning to prosper, compelling another remove for safety. In 1867 they were restored to their lands again, and since then have progressed rapidly in civilized pursuits. Like the Wichitas and Wacos, they are of the same stock as the Pawnees.

List of illustrations.

411.Knee-war-war, (Front.)

412.Knee-war-war, (Profile.)

There is but little definite knowledge of the early history of the Pawnees, although they are among the longest known to the whites west of the Mississippi. Marquette notes them in his map, 1673, as divided into various bands. They are supposedto be the Panimaha of La Salle's voyage in 1688. At the time of Lewis and Clarke's visit, in 1803, their principal village was on the south side of the Platte. Pike, in 1806, estimated the population of three of their villages at 6,233, with nearly 2,000 warriors, engaged in fierce combats with neighboring tribes. In 1820, three of the four bands into which they have been for a long time divided resided on the banks of the Platte and its tributaries, with a reservation on Loup Fork, on the ninety-eighth meridian. Were then estimated at about 10,000 souls, living in earth-covered lodges, and much devoted to the cultivation of the soil, but engaging regularly every season in a grand buffalo-hunt. The Delawares, in 1823, burnt the Great Pawnee village on the Republican, and these Pawnees, becoming much reduced in numbers by small-pox soon after, sold all their lands south of the Platte, and removed to the reservation on Lou Fork. The means were provided, and many exertions made to place them on the high road to prosperity; but their inveterate foe, the Sioux, harassed them continually; drove them repeatedly off their reservation, and despoiled their villages. This warfare and disease soon reduced them to half their former number. In 1861, they raised a company of scouts for service against the Sioux, and a much larger force under the volunteer organization, incurring in consequence an increased hostility from their enemies, who harassed them so continuously, that in 1874 the chiefs in general council determined upon removing to a new reservation in the Indian Territory, lying between the forks of the Arkansas and Cimarron, east of the ninety-seventh meridian. Their removal was almost entirely effected during the winter of 1874-'75.

The Pawnees now number in all 2,026, and yet retain the subdivision into bands, as follows: The Skeedee (Pawnee Mahas, or Loups), Kit-ka-hoct, or Republican Pawnees, Petahoweret, and the Chowee or Grand Pawnees. There are also living on the Washita, a small band of affiliated Wacos and Wichitas, sometimes called Pawnee Picts, who are undoubtedly an offshoot of the Grand Pawnees. They are under the care of the Friends; have well-organized day and industrial schools, and are well supplied with implements and means to carry forward a systematic cultivation of the soil.

List of illustrations.

530-2.Peta-la-sha-ra.Man and Chief.Chowee.

Reputed head chief of the Pawnees, though really chief only of his own band, theChowee. His claim was based partly on the fact of having been the first signer of their treaty of 1857. Being a good Indian orator, and of dignified bearing, he was generally awarded the first place in their councils, and led off in speech. In 1820, it is said that he put a stop to the custom, then prevalent among the Pawnees, of offering human sacrifices, but only by a display of great courage. In 1825 he visited Washington with a delegation of his tribe, and attracted much attention by his fine presence. Has always been friendly to the whites and in favor of the advancement of his tribe in civilized habits, although very slow himself to adopt new ideas. He died in the summer of 1874 from an accidental pistol-shot. Had but one wife, and she survives him.

533.La-ta-cuts-la-shar.Eagle Chief.Skeedee..

At present the oldest, and consequently the head chief of the tribe.

534.La-roo-chuk-a-la-shar.Sun Chief.Chowee..

A son of Peta-la-sha-ra and head chief of the Chowee band; also a leader in the councils. Height, 5.9; head, 22; chest, 36-1/2.

535.Tuh-cod-ix-te-cah-wah.Brings Herds.Skeedee..

Height, 5.10; head, 22; chest, 42.

543.Tu-tuc-a-picish-te-ruk.Gives to the Poor.Skeedee..

A soldier or policeman of the Skeedees. Height, 5.9; head, 22-1/2; chest, 42.

545.Squaw of Tu-tuc-a-picish-te-ruk.Skeedee..

548.La-hic-ta-ha-la-sha.Pipe Chief.Chowee..

One of the signers of the treaty of 1858.

528.

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La-roo-chuk-a-la-shar.Sun Chief.See No. 534.Chowee.Aru-saw-la-kit-towy.A Fine Horse.Skeedee.Ski-ar-ra-ra-shar.Lone Chief.Chowee.Se-ted-e-row-weet.One Aimed At.Skeedee.Cot-ta-ra-tet-goots.Struck with a Tomahawk.Skeedee.

529.

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Te-rar-a-weet.Stopped with the Horses.Kit-ka-hoct.

Height, 5.7; head, 21-1/2; chest, 37. A soldier of his band.

La-shara-chi-eks.Humane Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

One of the four chiefs of his band, dresses well; is pleasant in manner, and of progressive tendencies. Height, 5.10; head, 22-1/2; chest, 36.

As-son-oo-cot-tuk.As a Dog, but yet a High Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

One of the four chiefs of his band. Height, 5.8; head, 22; chest, 35.

La-shara-tu-ra-ha.Good Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

Head chief of the band. Height, 5.7; head, 22-1/2; chest, 39.

La-sharoo-too-row-oo-towy.Difficult Chief.Kit-ka-hoct.

One of the soldiers and head men of this band.

552-3.Group of Four Brothers of the Kit-ka-hoct Band, viz:

La-roo-rutk-a-haw-la-shar.Night Chief.

La-roo-ra-shar-roo-cosh.A Man that left his Enemy lying in the Water.

A noted brave. Height, 5.10; head, 23; chest, 39.

Tec-ta-sha-cod-dic.One who strikes the Chiefs first.

Second chief of his band, and one of four noted brothers (see No. 552), pre-eminent in their tribe for bravery in war and wisdom in council. Height, 5.8; head, 23; chest, 39.

Te-low-a-lut-la-sha.Sky Chief.

A chief, and a brave leader of his band, taking the first place in war or peace. Was killed by the Sioux in the massacre of the Pawnees in 1873, while hunting buffalo in the valley of the Republican.

Baptiste Bayhylle, orLa-shara-se-re-ter-rek.One whom the Great Spirit smiles upon.

United States interpreter, French half-breed.

550-1.Night Chief and The Man that left his Enemy lying in the Water.

554-5.Baptiste Bayhylle.

560.Te-low-a-lut-la-sha.Sky Chief.

The same as in No. 552, No. 4.

558-9.{

558-9.

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Coo-towy-goots-oo-ter-a-oos.Blue Hawk.Petahowerat.Tuc-ca-rix-te-ta-ru-pe-row.Coming around with the Herd.Petahowerat.

556-7.Perrus-kitty-busk.Small Boy.Skeedee.

575.Loo-kit-towy-hoo-ra.On a fine Horse.Petahowerat.

576.Luh-sa-coo-re-culla-ha.Particular in the Time of Day.Kit-ka-hoct.

577.La-roo-chuk-a-rar-oo.The Sun Coming in.Chowee.

578.Se-rar-wot-cowy.Behind the one that strikes first.Skeedee.

579, 585, 607.Caw-caw-kitty-busk.Little Raven.Skeedee.

580.As-sau-taw-ka.White Horse.Petahowerat.

581.Loots-tow-oots.Rattlesnake.Skeedee.

582.Ke-wuk.Fox.Kit-ka-hoct.

583.Ke-wuk-o-we-te-rah-rook.Acting a Fox.Skeedee.

584.Kit-toox.Beaver.Kit-ka-hoct.

586.As-sow-weet.

592.As-sow-weet and Sawka.White.Chowee.

589.Ter-ra-re-caw-wah.Petahowerat.

Died in 1875; the oldest chief in the tribe. Very prominent in his day as a brave warrior.

591.Caw-heek.An Old Man.Kit-ka-hoct.

593.{

593.

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Loo-kit-towy-his-sa.On a Fine Horse.Skeedee.Are-wauks.A Male Calf.Chowee.

594.Loots-tow-oos.Rattlesnake, and squaw.Skeedee.

595.E-rah-cot-ta-hot.In the Front of Battle, and squaw.Skeedee.

Alias Jim Curoux. A steady worker, and wearing citizens' dress.

596.A-rus-saw-e-root-cowy.A Nice Horse.Skeedee.

597.Cu-roox-ta-ri-ha.Good Bear.Skeedee.

598.Tit-towy-oot-se.Beginning to go to War.Skeedee.

Alias Johnson Wright. A civilized Indian.

599.Ke-wuk-o-car-war-ry.Fox on the War-path.Skeedee.

Alias Fat George. Assistant carpenter at the agency.

600.Caw-caw-ke-reek.Crow Eyes.Petahowerat.

601.Kee-week-o-war-uxty.Medicine Bull.Skeedee.

602.Tec-ta-sha-cod-dic.One who strikes the Chiefs first.Kit-ka-hoct.

603.Le-ta-cuts-a-war-uxty.Medicine Eagle.Skeedee.

604.Ta-caw-deex-taw-see-ux.Driving a Herd.Skeedee.

605.Us-caw-da-war-uxty.Medicine Antelope.Kit-ka-hoct.

606.Ter-ra-ha-tu-riha.Good Buffalo.Petahowerat.

608.Sit-te-row-e-hoo-ra-reek.Seen by All.Skeedee.

609.Loo-kit-towy-his-sa.On a Fine Horse.Skeedee.

610.Paw-hoo-cut-taw-wah.Knee-mark on the Ground on Stooping to Drink.Skeedee.

611.Squaw and Pappoose.

523, 567-8.The village of the Pawnees.

Situated on the Loupe Fork of the Platte River, about 100 miles west of Omaha. It was divided into two parts, the Skeedees occupying one part by themselves, and the other three bands jointly in the other. The entire village accommodated about 2,500 people. Each lodge was capable of holding several families; they were formed by erecting several stout posts in a circle, forked at the top, into which cross beams were laid, and against these long poles were inclined from the outside toward the centre; all was then covered with brush, and finally with earth, leaving a hole at the apex for the escape of smoke, and a long tunnel-like entrance at the base. This village is now (1876) entirely destroyed, and the Indians removed to the Indian Territory.

524, 569.A mud lodge.

In the Pawnee village, showing the tunnel-like entrance. (See No. 523.)

537-9.School buildingon the Pawnee reserve, on the Loupe Fork, Nebraska.

573-4.Groups of the head menof the tribe.

525-7.Groups of Indian children(attending the boarding-school on the reservation).

The first shows the younger children of the primary classes, and the two latter numbers the older and more advanced scholars.

570-2.Groups of childrenin their every-day attire, which consists principally of the covering with which nature first clothed them.

536.A group of young squawsin the village.

541-2.Agency buildings.

540.Native painting on a buffalo-skin.

A biography, or narration of the principal events in the life of a prominent chief, by the means of picture-writing.

547-9; 561-6; 587-90; 612.Miscellaneous portraits of Pawneeswithout information as to name or history.

742.Long Soldier.(Front.)

743.Long Soldier.(Profile.)

744.Assadawa.(Front.)

745.Assadawa.(Profile.)

746.Esquitzchew.(Front.)

747.Esquitzchew.(Profile.)

748.Black Horse.

165, 167.Buffalo Goad.(Front.)

166, 168.Buffalo Goad.(Profile.)

Was one of the great delegation of chiefs from the Indian Territory in 1872, among whom were Little Raven, Little Robe, Bird Chief, &c. He impressed all as being a man of more than usual ability and dignity.

The Bannacks, Bonnacks, or Pannaques, a small, scattered tribe of Shoshone stock, roaming over the desert plains of Idaho and portions of the surrounding Territories, were first found about the Blue Mountains. In 1833 Bonneville met them on the Snake River, near the mouth of the Portneuf, "numbering about 120 lodges. They are brave and cunning warriors, and deadly foes of the Blackfeet, whom they easily overcome in battle when their forces are equal. They are not vengeful and enterprising in warfare, however, seldom sending parties to attack the Blackfeet towns, but contenting themselves with defending their own territories and houses." They frequent the headwaters of the Snake and Yellowstone countries to hunt and fish.

They have generally enjoyed a reputation for friendliness, although, in 1866, all but the Eastern Bannacks under Tahgee engaged in hostilities against the whites.

At the present time there are 600 Bannacks associated with 900 Shoshonees at the Fort Hall reservation on Snake River, where the attempt is being made to civilize them. There are 200 more at the Lemhi reservation, where there are also 340 Sheep-eaters, a band of the Bannacks living a retired life in the mountains dividing Idaho from Montana, and 500 Shoshonees.

List of illustrations.

46.Groupof eight of the leading chiefs and braves; photographed at the Snake River agency in 1872, among whom arePaquits, orBannock Jim, a prominent chief;Totse-cabe-natsy,The White-faced Boy, andMajor Jim.

47.Groupof a miscellaneous crowd at the agency.

48.Family Group.

In 1871, while returning from the exploration of the Yellowstone region, and while encamped near the head of the Medicine Lodge Creek, the camp of a family of the Sheep-eater band of Bannacks was accidentally discovered near by, almost completely hidden in a grove of willows. Their tent or tepee is made of a few boughs of willow, about which are thrown an old canvaspicked up in some of the settlements. The present of a handful of sugar and some coffee reconciled them to having their photographs taken. In the group are the father and mother and five children. The Sheep-eaters are a band of the Bannacks, running in the mountains north of the Kamas prairies, and are so shy and timid that they are but rarely seen.

51-61.Groups and scenesabout the agency.

Eleven views, showing the various operations of the agency, some of the idlers, and a few groups of squaws and pappooses.

A roving, warlike, and predatory tribe of Shoshone descent, roaming over much of the great prairie country from the Platte to Mexico. Their traditions and early history are vague, but they claim to have come from the west. They call themselvesNaüni(live people), but the Spanish called them Comanches or Camanches (Les Serpents), the name adopted by the Americans. Procuring horses from the Spaniards at an early day they became expert riders, which, united with their daring and aggressiveness, made them noted and feared throughout the Southwest. Engaged in long and bloody wars with the Spaniards, but were subdued by them in 1783. Were estimated about that time at 5,000 warriors. In 1816 lost heavily by small-pox. Up to 1847 were variously estimated at from 9,000 to 12,000 in all. Were at one time on a reservation in Texas, but were driven out of the State, and since then have been unrelenting enemies of the people of that State. The General Government has set apart a new reservation for them in the western part of the Indian Territory and are gradually drawing them all on to it, though not without much trouble. They now number 1,570 in all, and are divided into eight bands. Have made a commencement in farming, and have been induced to send a few of their children to an industrial school.

W. Blackmore, esq., in an article on the North American Indians, thus describes the Comanche:

"These fierce, untamed savages roam over an immense region, eating the raw flesh of the buffalo, drinking its warm blood, and plundering Mexicans, Indians, and whites with judicial impartiality. Arabs and Tartars of the desert, they remove theirvillages (pitching their lodges in regular streets and squares) hundreds of miles at the shortest notice. The men are short and stout, with bright copper faces and long hair, which they ornament with glass beads and silver gewgaws."

Catlin says of them:

"In their movements they are heavy and ungraceful, and on their feet one of the most unattractive and slovenly races I have ever seen; but the moment they mount their horses they seem at once metamorphosed, and surprise the spectator with the ease and grace of their movements. A Comanche on his feet is out of his element, and comparatively almost as awkward as a monkey on the ground without a limb or branch to cling to; but the moment he lays his hand upon his horse hisfaceeven becomes handsome, and he gracefully flies away, a different being."

List of illustrations.

128.Asa havie.The Milky Way.(Front.)Penetathka.

129.Asa havie.The Milky Way.(Profile.)

Is one of the head men of his band, dividing the office of chief with Toshoway. (No. 134.) Has been one of the most noted raiders into Texas, leading many bands of the restless young men of his tribe, until about ten years since, when he was badly wounded in an encounter and left for dead upon the field. Is now endeavoring to live in the white man's ways, having had a comfortable log house built for himself, and a few acres of ground enclosed, which he is successfully cultivating. This portrait ofAsa haviewas made in 1872, while on a visit to Washington with a delegation of his tribe. Age, about 45; height, 5.9-1/2; head, 23-1/2; chest, 44-1/2; weight, about 200 pounds.

130.Wife of Asa havie.(Front.)

131.Wife of Asa havie.(Profile.)

Age, about 40; height, 5.4; head, 23; chest, 38; weight, 170 pounds.

132.Timber Bluff.(Front.)

133.Timber Bluff.(Profile.)

134.Toshoway.Silver Knife.(Front.)Penetathka.

135.Toshoway.Silver Knife.(Profile.)Penetathka.

One of the chiefs of his band, sharing the position withAsa havie. Is noted for good sense and fair dealing, and has long been friendly to the whites. In youth, however, was not behind the other adventurous spirits of his tribe in predatory exploits and raids into Texas. Age, about 55; height, 5.6; head, 22-1/4; chest, 41; weight, 168.

136.Wife of Toshoway.(Front.)

137.Wife of Toshoway.(Profile.)

Age, 55; height, 4.10; head, 21; chest, 34; weight, 120.

138-9, 140.Asa-to-yet.Gray Leggings.(Front.)Penetathka.

One of the leading men of his tribe, taking an active interest in their advancement. Lives in a house, cultivates the ground, and has a good lot of stock. Speaks English fluently. Age, 45; height, 5.10; head, 34; chest, 42.

141-2.Cheevers.He Goat.Tamparethka.

A prominent and influential man in his tribe, and chief of his band.

143-4.Wife of cheevers.Tamparethka.

One of the three wives of Cheevers. She accompanied him to Washington with the delegation in 1872. None of his wives have any children.

145-6.Mother of cheevers.Tamparethka.

147-8.Quirts-quip.Chewing Elk.Tamparethka.

One of the chiefs of the tribe; a shrewd and able person, with considerable executive and financial ability. Age, 45; height, 5.6-3/4; head, 23; chest, 39.

149, 150.Ho-we-oh.Gap in the Salt.Tamparethka.

A chief who is doing his best to lead his tribe in civilized ways, as well as to walk in that way himself. Age, —; height, 5.11-1/2; head, 23; chest, 43.

151-2.Daughter of Gap in the Salt.Tamparethka.

153-4.Parry-wah-sa-men.Ten Bears.Tamparethka.

Formerly head chief of the Tamparethkas band of Comanches. He died in November, 1872, just after hisreturn from Washington with a visiting delegation from his tribe. Was friendly to the whites, and a man of influence among his people, maintaining this influence and his chieftainship to the unusual age of 80 years.

155-6.Buffalo Hump.Tamparethka.

157-8.Jim.Tamparethka.

178-9.Native drawings.

The Kiowas, or prairie men, are one of the tribes that compose the Shoshone family. They are a wild and roving people, occupying the country about the headwaters of the Arkansas, but also formerly ranging over all of the country between the Platte and the Rio Grande. They had the reputation of being the most rapacious, cruel, and treacherous of all the Indians on the plains, and had a great deal of influence over the Comanches and other neighboring Indians. Our first knowledge of them was through Lewis and Clarke, who found them on the Paducah. They were at war with many of the northern tribes, but carried on a large trade in horses with some other tribes. Little intercourse was had with them until 1853, when they made a treaty and agreed to go on a reservation, but soon broke it and went raiding into Texas. The citizens of that State drove them out, but in revenge for the stoppage of their annuities, they retaliated upon the Texans, and until recently the warfare was kept up between them. In 1869, were placed on a reservation of over three and a half millions of acres with some Comanches and Apaches, but were restive and unsettled. In 1871, under their great chief Satanta, raided Texas again, but it resulted in the capture of himself and Big Tree, and their imprisonment soon after. Were afterwards pardoned by the governor of Texas, in whose custody they were, through interposition from Washington, and restored to their tribe; but this did not seem to lessen their hostility, and new disturbances arose, chiefly in consequence of raiding parties of whites from Texas, that led finally to the re-arrest of Satanta and his imprisonment in Texas.

List of illustrations.

402.Lone Wolf.(Front.)

403.Lone Wolf.(Profile.)

404.Squaw of Lone Wolf.(Front.)

405.Squaw of Lone Wolf.(Profile.)

406.Squaw of Lone Wolf.(Standing.)

407.Sleeping Wolf.

408. Sonof the Sun.(Front.)

409.Son of the Sun.(Profile.)

410.Native drawing.

The Shoshones, or Snakes, are a tribe inhabiting the country about the headwaters of the Green and Snake Rivers, and a part of a great family of the same name, including the Comanches, Utahs, and Kiowas. They occupy nearly all of the great Salt Lake Basin, to the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and extend also easterly to Texas. The Shoshonees proper are divided into many bands under various names, the most important being the Buffalo-Eaters, of Wind River; the Mountain Sheep-Eaters, of Salmon River, and the Western Shoshonees, near Boise, separated from the rest of the tribe by the kindred Bannacks, numbering in the aggregate, with some lesser tribes on the Humboldt, between five and six thousand souls. Our first knowledge of them was through Lewis and Clarke, who found them west of the Rocky Mountains on the waters of the Columbia, but are supposed to have at one time inhabited the plain-country east of the mountains. James Irwin, United States Indian agent, in his report to the Commissioner, says: "They emigrated north about 1781, and proceeded to the upper waters of Green River under a leader or chief called Shoshone, or Snake. At this point they divided, one party going over on the Oregon slope, who are now called Western Shoshones, and have an agency in common with the Bannacks at Fort Hall. The other party constitute the eastern band of Shoshones, and have roamed around the Wind River Mountains from the time mentioned until 1868, when a treaty was made at Fort Bridger, that provided a reservation for them embracing the Wind River Valley. Recently they entered into a contract with the Government by which they ceded a portion of their reservation, leaving them a district perhaps 50 miles in length, and 30 in breadth, embracing a beautiful valley on the east side of the Wind River Mountains. They now number about 1,800 souls, and must have diminished greatly since the time of Lewis andClarke. Their life was a continued warfare; at first with the Crows and Blackfeet, and since then with the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, and Sioux, and all this time contending almost naked with the elements and struggling for subsistence."

List of illustration.

657-8.Village in South Pass.

During the expedition of 1870, the United States Geological Survey of the Territories came across the above village of Shoshones, numbering nearly one hundred lodges, encamped among the southern foot-hills of the Wind River Mountains, where the above and some of the following views were secured. They were under the well-known chief Washakie, and were on their way to the Wind River Valley to hunt buffalo for the winter's supply of food and clothing. Although the village had all the appearance of being a permanent abiding-place, yet the following morning, before the sun was an hour high, there was not a tent in sight, and the last pack-pony with trailing lodge-poles had passed out of sight over the hills to the eastward.

659-660.War chief's tent.

The war chief is generally a man of more importance in the village, especially when in the neighborhood of enemies, than the chief himself. In this instance his tent, situated in the centre of the encampment, is adorned with broad bands of black, yellow, and white, rendering it quite conspicuous. The war chief, or his lieutenant, issues forth frequently to announce, in the far-reaching voice peculiar to Indians, the orders which are to govern their actions, while within is an almost uninterrupted thumping on drums.

661-2.Washakie and his warriors.

A group in front of the tent of the head chief Washakie. About him are gathered all the chief men of the encampment.

663-4.Washakie.

This well-known chief is a man of more than ordinary ability, and his record as a steadfast friend of the white people has come down to the present time without a blemish. He is now well advanced in years, but still retains hisvigor, and his influence over the tribe. One of the above portraits was made in the South Pass encampment, and the other is a copy of one made in Salt Lake City.

665-6.Views in the village.

667-676.Groupsof in-door and out-door subjects, copied from small card views made in Salt Lake City, and which formed a part of the first Blackmore collection.

The Utahs, Yutas, or Utes, as the name is variously written, are a large tribe belonging to the great Shoshone family, and who occupy the mountainous portion of Colorado, with portions of Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada. Those living in the mountains where game abounds have a fine physical development, are brave and hardy, and comparatively well to do; while those who inhabit the sterile plains of the Salt Lake Basin are miserably poor, and spiritless. We derive our first knowledge of the Utahs from the early Spanish explorers, who came in contact with them on the upper waters of the Rio Grande del Norte, and who gave them the reputation of being a brave and warlike tribe. Their country bordered that of the Navajos on the south (the Rio San Juan now dividing them), who formerly ranged as far north as the waters of the Grand, but were crowded back by the Utahs. A continuous warfare was kept up between the tribes, in which the Navajos were worsted. The Utahs were employed against them by the Government at the time of their expulsion from their country in 1863. The tribe is divided into many bands, which are continually changing, but as now recognized are as follows: Capotes, Weeminuches, Tabeguaches, Muaches, Grand River, Yampas, Uintahs, Peahs, Goships, and Mouaches. The tribe now numbers in the aggregate 5,260. The Pi-Utes, Pi-Edes, Timpanagos, San-pitches, and others in Utah are kindred tribes.

The Utahs have generally been friendly to the whites, although there was some fighting in 1859 and 1860 about Pike's Peak, many emigrants plundered at various times, and stray miners cut off by disaffected bands. The Capotes, Weeminuches, and others in the southern portion of the Territory have been more troublesome than those of the north.

Treaties were made in 1863 and 1868, giving them 18,320 square miles of reservation in the western part of the Territory.The southern portion of it, known as the San Juan region, was found to be rich in precious metals, and as it was already attracting a large influx of miners, additional treaties were made in 1872 for the cession of that part of their reservation. In 1874 the tribe consented to the sale of about 6,000 square miles for $25,000 a year forever. Much dissatisfaction ensued from the failure of the Government to promptly carry out the provisions of the treaty, and from the fact that much of their most valuable agricultural lands were unwittingly included in the purchase.

"Though holding a hereditary friendship for the white people and acknowledging the supremacy of the Government, and for the most part included under agencies and receiving Government rations to a greater or less extent, no tribe in the country is more averse to manual labor, or has yielded less to civilizing influences, partly because of the abundance of game and partly because of their remoteness from settlements."

List of illustrations.

765-7.Ouray.Arrow.Tabeguache.

Ouray was born in 1834, in Taos, N. Mex., his father being a Ute, and his mother a Jicarilla Apache. He attended the Mexican school at Taos, under the tuition of Jesuit priests, and acquired there a perfect knowledge of the Spanish language. In 1850, he married, and joined his tribe as a warrior, it being then at war with the Navajos of New Mexico, and the Cheyennes and Arapahos of Colorado. Soon after, in a fight with the Arapahos, his only son was captured and carried off by the enemy, and since then he has never ceased, nor allowed his tribe to rest, from hostilities against these Indians. In 1856, his knowledge of the Spanish language and superior executive ability secured him the position of Government interpreter, which position he has held ever since, and through the same means he has gradually risen from a simple warrior to be the principal chief of the nation. In 1863, he accompanied, as interpreter, a delegation of his tribe to Washington, when their first treaty with the Government was made. In 1868, he again, as chief of the Tabeguaches, in company with the chiefs of the other tribes, visited Washington, and it was mainly through his influenceand eloquence a treaty was made, whereby the Utes ceded a large portion of their country in Colorado. Soon after his return, the principal chief of Utes, Nevava, died, and he became the acknowledged leader. In 1873, when the discovery of rich mines upon their lands (the San Juan region) was very near involving the Utes in war with the miners, he avoided this by agreeing to a cession of the lands in dispute, and against a strong opposition from the greater portion of the nation. As a chief he is very strict with his people, punishing all crimes, and sometimes simple disobedience, with death; but he is very kind nevertheless, and has gained his influence more through moral suasion than command. He is a steadfast friend of the whites, and has never lifted his hand against any of them, though some of his people have at times been on the point of making war. Ouray is quite wealthy, owning a herd of several hundred horses, among which are some famous racers, and also large flocks of sheep. He lives at the Government agency in a comfortable house, in a somewhat civilized style, and has a carriage with driver, while his people live altogether in tents. The Government places great confidence in his ability and suggestions, and he has managed to keep the Utes at peace with the fast-encroaching people of Colorado.

768.Guero.

Present chief of the Tabeguache Utes. Guero belongs to that class of chiefs among the Indians who generally succeed their fathers as leaders of a band which hunts and fights in a separate party. He has about 50 lodges in his band, and therefore has considerable influence. When younger he distinguished himself in the wars against the Navajos, but in later years has abandoned his warlike proclivities. He is a staunch supporter of Ouray's peace policy with the Government, and generally lives at the agency, assisting the agent in the distribution of the annuity goods and provisions.

772-3, 781.Shavano.Tabeguache.

War chief of the Tabeguaches, and the most prominent warrior among the Utes. The Arapahoes andCheyennes fear and hate him; he never goes on the war-path but brings back a scalp of his enemies. Has distinguished himself often by the fierceness of his attack, generally going into a fight naked, and has been wounded several times in such encounters. In the council he is always for peace with the whites, and has used his influence to make those treaties whereby all difficulties were obviated. He is an eloquent orator, and when speaking is often applauded by his people.

751.Tapuche.Capote.

A young chief of the Capote band of Utes, son of Sobita, their principal chief. The latter is now very old, and does not attend to the duties of his office, his son taking his place. Both are strong supporters of Ouray and his peace-policy. Tapuche was the delegate of his tribe to visit Washington and confirm the treaty of 1873.

752.Mautchick.Muache.

A young chief of the Muache Utes, who has during the last few years gained considerable influence, and is now considered the war chief of his band in place of Curacanto. Was also delegate to Washington in 1873.

754.Co-ho.The lame man.Muache.

756-758.Antero.Graceful Walker.

759-760.Wa-ne-ro.Yellow Flower.

761-762.Tabiyuna.One Who Wins the Race.

763-764.Ko-mus.

An intelligent young Indian of the Uinta band, who was brought east by Major Powell, of the Colorado exploring expedition, who educated him, and then employed him as a clerk in his office in Washington, but died suddenly a short time since.

769.John.Yampah.

A young warrior of the Yampah Utes, well known among the people of Colorado by the soubriquet of "John," and as a particularly good friend of the white settlers. Died suddenly at the Hot Springs in Middle Park in 1873.

770.Kwa-ko-nut.A King, andMose.Muache.

771.Cu-ra-can-te.Muache.

The old war chief of his band, and in former days quite noted for his independent raids into the country of the Cheyennes and their allies. In the winter of 1868-'69 he organized a body of 100 warriors, and, as leader of these, was attached to the column under Colonel Evans, operating against the Kiowas and Comanches, which campaign ended in the surrender of these Indians. He is now quite old and has lost much of his influence, his son Maut chick succeeding him.

774.Wa-retsandShavano.Tabeguache.

775.Grouprepresenting—

776.Groupof seven, representing—

777.Suriap.Yampah.

A son of Lodge Pole, a prominent chief and a warrior in his band. Was one of a delegation to visit Washington in 1868 to make the treaty with the Government. He has not, however, come up to the expectations of his people, as, although a young man, he has not distinguished himself in any way, so that he remains a simple warrior to this day.

778.Chippin.Always Riding.

779.Little Soldier.

780.Squaw of Little Soldier.

782.Lovo.The Wolf.

Lovo was noted among the Utes for his ability in following the trail of man or beast, hunting, or on the war-path, and had gained the name of being the best scout. Was frequently employed as "runner" by the Government in carrying dispatches, and was noted for his promptness in executing these commissions. Is a brother of the chief Guero, and died in October, 1874, while hunting on the Republican River.

783.Rainbow.

784.Nick-a-a-god.Green Leaf.Yampah.

A chief of the Yampahs and formerly a man of considerable influence, which he has lost, however, through several petty thieving excursions which he has led against the whites. He has but few followers left, and is one of the few mischievous Utes. In 1868, was delegated to go to Washington, and while there was considered to have equal influence with Ouray, both being in favor of the treaty made that year. Speaks English well, has considerable intelligence, and a good knowledge of the customs of the whites, but since his repudiation by his tribe he has not come in contact with them much.

785.Pe-ah, orBlack-Tail Deer.

A young chief of the Grand River band of Utes. As a delegate of his tribe, he helped to make the treaty of 1868 in Washington, and signed it; but since then he has never acknowledged it, and, with his band, has kept off the present reservation, camping generally near Denver. He has about 35 lodges, or 250 people, with him. He is a nephew of the late principal chief Nevava, who died in 1868. He is quite a young man, very adroit and ambitious, and possessed of considerable ability. Has distinguished himself as a warrior in contests with the Arapahoes. He has many enemies among the Utes on account of his overbearing disposition and pride of birth and position, but manages to gain in influence, so that the Government has been obliged to establish a special agency for his band at Denver.

935.Colorado.

787.SappixandSon.

788.Chu.

789.Kanosh.

790-6, 965-74. Miscellaneous groups, all copies; a portion of the original Blackmore collection.

955-9.Ute encampmenton the plains near Denver.

960-3.Camp scenesamong the Utes at Los Pinos.

520.Groupof Pe-ah and his head men.

The Sahaptin family inhabit the country south of the Salish, between the Cascade and Bitter Root Mountains, reaching southward, in general terms, to the forty-fifth parallel, but very irregularly bounded by the Shoshone tribes of the California group. Of its nations, the Nez Percés, or Sahaptins proper, dwell on the Clearwater and its branches, and on the Snake about the forks. The Palouse occupy the region north of the Snake, about the mouth of the Palouse; the south banks of the Columbia and Snake, near their confluence, and the banks of the Lower Walla Walla, are occupied by the Walla Wallas. The Yakimas and Klikelats inhabit the region north of the Dalles, between the Cascade Range and the Columbia. The natives of Oregon, east of the Cascade Range, who have not usually been included in the Sahaptin family, are divided somewhat arbitrarily into the Wascoes, extending from the mountains eastward to John Day River, and the Cayuses from this river across the Blue Mountains to the Grande Ronde.

The Nez Percés, or the Sahaptin proper, inhabit Idaho and portions of Oregon and Washington. They style themselves Numepo, but Lewis and Clarke called them the Chopunnish. The origin of their present name is buried in obscurity. Early in the present century they were estimated to number 8,000; and in 1836, when a mission was established among them, about 4,000. In the Oregon Indian war most of the tribe remained friendly and did effective service for the whites on a number of occasions. In 1854 a treaty was made ceding part of their lands,but only a portion of the tribe recognizing it, led to a separation, one party becoming wandering hunters, while the other remained on the reservations.

"Of the 2,800 Nez Percés now living, nearly half located on the Kamiah and Lapwai reservations in northern Idaho, and a few others settled on lands outside the reserve, are prosperous farmers and stock-growers. The rest are 'non-treaties,' who, with other non-treaty Indians in that region, make every exertion to induce the reservation Indians to lease their farms and join them in their annual hunting and root-gathering expeditions."

Early in the summer of the present year troubles arose in regard to the occupancy of the Wallowa Valley by white settlers, it having been withdrawn in 1875 from the reservation assigned them by treaty in 1873, from a failure on their part to permanently occupy it. An Indian, belonging to a band of malcontents or non-treaties under the Chief Joseph, was killed by some settlers, when they insisted upon the removal of all the whites and the restitution of the valley to them. Upon the refusal of the Government to this demand, and further attempts to compel all the non-treaty Indians to come into the reservation at Lapwai, an outbreak occurred under the leadership of Joseph, which resulted in a number of pitched battles, with great loss of life, but were compelled to retreat, the forces under General Howard pursuing them eastwardly across the headwaters of the Snake River and through the Yellowstone National Park, where the pursuit was taken up by the forces under General Terry, resulting finally in the capture of Joseph and the remainder of his force by General Miles.

List of illustrations.

427-8.Kal-kal-shu-a-tash, orJason.

429-431.Ta-ma-son, orTimothy.

433-4.Encampment on the Yellowstone River.

The temporary camp of a small hunting party, who were visiting their friends the Crows at the old agency, near the mouth of Shields River. This and the following views were made in 1871:

435-6.Lodges in the Village.

437.The Chief of the Village.

438. This man has long yellow hair and blue eyes, but is in every other respect a thorough Indian. Is said to be a son of one of the expedition under Lewis and Clarke, who visited their country early in this century.

439-441.Village Views.

The Warm Springs Indians, so named from their location about the thermal springs in Northern Oregon, are related to the Walla Wallas, and number 187, on a reservation of some 725 square miles, on which are also some 300 Wascoes and Teninoes. The combined tribes cultivate about 800 acres of the land. They are very well off in live stock and derive some of their income by lumbering. All wear citizen's dress, many have good comfortable houses, and support two schools, with an attendance of about 50 scholars. They assisted in the operations against the Modocs in 1872, raising a company of scouts for that purpose, who rendered good service.

List of illustrations.

1058.Cappolas.A Boney Man.

Took a prominent part in the Modoc war, and distinguished himself by the capture of Captain Jack in the lava-beds. Height, 5.5-1/2; circumference of head, 22-3/4.

1061.Shaka.Little Beaver.

A sergeant in the company that captured Captain Jack. Height, 5.8; circumference of head, 22-5/8.

1056.Ske-metze.Chopped up.

Familiarly known as "Billy." Height, 5.4-1/2; circumference of head, 22-3/8.

1054.Ke-hey-a-kin.Crooked Stick.

Height, 5.6-1/2; circumference of head, 21-3/4.

1063.Histo.Clam Fish.

Height, 5.7-3/4; circumference of head, 22-7/8.

1059.Wey-a-tat-han.Owl.

The married man of the party, his wife accompanying him on his travels. Was wounded in the lava-beds, and with five others were the scouts who first discovered Captain Jack's hiding-place in the cave.

1064.Chin-chin-wet.Alone.

Wife of Wey-a-tat-han. A very comely and intelligent Indian woman, of whom but very few are found among the far western tribes. Height, 4.11-1/2; circumference of head, 21-1/2.

1057.Semeo, orUmatilla Jim.

The Wascos, like the Warm Springs Indians, are related to the Walla Wallas, and through them to the Sahaptin family. The name signifies "basin," and the tribe derives its name, traditionally, from the fact that formerly one of their chiefs, his wife having died, spent much of his time in making cavities or basins in the soft rock for his children to fill with water and pebbles, and thereby amuse themselves. They came originally from around the Dalles. Are associated with the Warm Springs and Teninoes on a reservation in Oregon just south of the Columbia. Now number 263, profess the Christian religion, and are more advanced in civilization than any tribe in the State. All the tribes of this reservation are self-supporting, deriving about half their subsistence by agriculture and the rest by fishing and hunting.

List of illustrations.

1062.Kle-mat-chosny.Agate Arrow-Point.

Is a chief and a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a zealous worker for the spiritual welfare of his people. Height, 5.6-3/4; circumference of head, 21-3/4.

1060.Stat-tla-ka.Pole Cat.

Height, 5.4; circumference of head, 20-5/8.

1055.Oscar Mark, orLittle Vessel.

Height, 5.5; circumference of head, 23-1/4.

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