APPENDIX III

I.Books and Articles, General and Fundamental, for the Study of Islam.II.On Muslim History and on Present Condition of Muslim World.III.On Muslim Traditions and Law.IV.On Muslim Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism.

I.Books and Articles, General and Fundamental, for the Study of Islam.

II.On Muslim History and on Present Condition of Muslim World.

III.On Muslim Traditions and Law.

IV.On Muslim Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism.

The non-Arabist will gain much insight into Muslim life and thought by reading such translations as that of Ibn Khallikan by De Slane (Paris-London; 1843-71), the Persian Tabari, by Zotenberg (Paris; 1867-74), Ibn Batuta by Defrémery and Sanguinetti (Paris; 1853-58), Mas‘udi by C. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille (Paris; 1861-77), Ibn Khaldun’sProlégomènesby De Slane (Paris; 1862-68), ad-Dimishqi by Mehren (Copenhagen; 1874), al-Beruni’sChronologyby Sachau (London; 1879).

The translations and notes in De Sacy’sChrestomathie arabe(Paris; 1826) can also be used to advantage.

Very many valuable articles will be found scattered through theZeitschriftof the German Oriental Society (hereafterZdmg), theJournal asiatique(hereafterJa), theJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society(hereafterJras) and the ViennaZeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes(hereafterWz).

It is always worth while to consult theEncyclopædia Britannica.

The best translations of the Qur’an into English are those by E. H. Palmer (2 vols., Oxford; 1880) and J. M. Rodwell (London; 1871). The first more perfectly represents the spirit and tone, and the second more exactly the letter. The commentary added by Sale to his version and his introduction are still useful.

TheThousand and One Nightsshould be read in its entirety in Arabic or in a translation by every student of Islam. English translation by Lane (incomplete but accurate and with very valuable commentary); Burton (last edition almost complete; 12 vols., London: 1894). Payne’s translation is complete, as is also Burton’s privately printed edition; but, while exceedingly readable, Payne hardly represents the tone of the original. There is an almost complete and very cheap German version by Henning (published by Reclam, Leipzig); Mardrus’ French version is inaccurate and free to such an extent as to make it useless. Galland’s version is a work of genius; but it belongs to French and not to Arabic literature.

R. P. A. Dozy:Essai sur l’histoire de l’islamisme.Leyden, 1879. A readable introduction.A. Müller:Der Islam im Morgen-und-Abendland.2 vols. Berlin, 1885, 1887. The best general history of Islam.Stanley Lane-Poole:The Mohammedan Dynasties; chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions.Westminster, 1894. An indispensable book for any student of Muslim history.C. Brockelmann:Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur.2 vols. Weimar, 1898, 1899. Indispensable for names, dates, and books, but not a history in any true sense.T. B. Hughes:A Dictionary of Islam.London, 1896. Very full of information, but to be used with caution. Based on Persian sources largely.E. W. Lane:An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians.First edition, London, 1836; third, 1842. Many others. Indispensable.C. M. Doughty:Travels in Arabia Deserta.2 vols. Cambridge, 1888. By far the best book on nomad life in Arabia. Gives the fullest and clearest idea of the nature and workings of the Arab mind.J. L. Burckhardt:Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys.2 vols. London, 1831.J. L. Burckhardt:Travels in Arabia.2 vols. London, 1829.R. F. Burton:Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah.2 vols. Last edition, London, 1898. On the Hajj and Muslim life, thought and studies generally in the middle of the nineteenth century. Readable and accurate to a degree.C. Snouck Hurgronje:Mekka.2 vols. and portfolio of plates. Haag, 1888, 1889. Is somewhat dull beside Burton, but very full and accurate.W. Robertson Smith:Lectures on the Religion of the Semites.First Series. New edition, London, 1894.Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia.Cambridge, 1885.Ignaz Goldziher:Muhammedanische Studien.I, Halle a. S., 1889. II, 1890. Epoch-marking books; as are all Goldziher’s contributions to the history of Muslim civilization.Alfred von Kremer:Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams.Leipzig, 1868.Alfred von Kremer:Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen.2 vols. Wien, 1875-77.Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge.Leipzig, 1873.Edward G. Browne:A Year Among the Persians.London, 1893. A most valuable account of modern Persian life, philosophy, and theology, and especially of Sufiism and Babism.Edward G. Browne:A Literary History of Persia.New York, 1902. Really political and religious prolegomena to such a history.G. A. Herklots:Qanoon-e-Islam, or the Customs of the Moosulmans of India.London, 1832.

R. P. A. Dozy:Essai sur l’histoire de l’islamisme.Leyden, 1879. A readable introduction.

A. Müller:Der Islam im Morgen-und-Abendland.2 vols. Berlin, 1885, 1887. The best general history of Islam.

Stanley Lane-Poole:The Mohammedan Dynasties; chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions.Westminster, 1894. An indispensable book for any student of Muslim history.

C. Brockelmann:Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur.2 vols. Weimar, 1898, 1899. Indispensable for names, dates, and books, but not a history in any true sense.

T. B. Hughes:A Dictionary of Islam.London, 1896. Very full of information, but to be used with caution. Based on Persian sources largely.

E. W. Lane:An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians.First edition, London, 1836; third, 1842. Many others. Indispensable.

C. M. Doughty:Travels in Arabia Deserta.2 vols. Cambridge, 1888. By far the best book on nomad life in Arabia. Gives the fullest and clearest idea of the nature and workings of the Arab mind.

J. L. Burckhardt:Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys.2 vols. London, 1831.

J. L. Burckhardt:Travels in Arabia.2 vols. London, 1829.

R. F. Burton:Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah.2 vols. Last edition, London, 1898. On the Hajj and Muslim life, thought and studies generally in the middle of the nineteenth century. Readable and accurate to a degree.

C. Snouck Hurgronje:Mekka.2 vols. and portfolio of plates. Haag, 1888, 1889. Is somewhat dull beside Burton, but very full and accurate.

W. Robertson Smith:Lectures on the Religion of the Semites.First Series. New edition, London, 1894.Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia.Cambridge, 1885.

Ignaz Goldziher:Muhammedanische Studien.I, Halle a. S., 1889. II, 1890. Epoch-marking books; as are all Goldziher’s contributions to the history of Muslim civilization.

Alfred von Kremer:Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams.Leipzig, 1868.

Alfred von Kremer:Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen.2 vols. Wien, 1875-77.Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge.Leipzig, 1873.

Edward G. Browne:A Year Among the Persians.London, 1893. A most valuable account of modern Persian life, philosophy, and theology, and especially of Sufiism and Babism.

Edward G. Browne:A Literary History of Persia.New York, 1902. Really political and religious prolegomena to such a history.

G. A. Herklots:Qanoon-e-Islam, or the Customs of the Moosulmans of India.London, 1832.

August Müller:Die Beherrscher der Gläubigen.Berlin, 1882. A very brightly written sketch based on thorough knowledge.Gustav Weil:Geschichte der Chalifen.3 vols. Mannheim, 1846-1851.Sir William Muir:The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline and Fall.London, 1891.Theodor Nöldeke:Zur tendentiösen Gestaltung der Urgeschichte des Islams.ZDMG, lii, pp. 16 ff. All Nöldeke’s papers on the early history of Islam are worthy of the most careful study.G. von Vloten:Zur Abbasiden Geschichte.ZDMG, lii, pp. 213 ff. On the early Abbasids.R. E. Brünnow:De Charidschiten unter den ersten Omayyaden.Leyden, 1884.Eduard Sachau:Über eine Arabische Chronik aus Zanzibar.Mitth. a.d. Sem. f. Orient. Sprachen. Berlin, 1898. On Ibadites.George Percy Badger:History of the Imams and Seyyids of Oman, by Salîl-ibn-Razîk. London: Hakluyt Society, 1871. Valuable for Ibadite history, law and theology.M. J. de Goeje:Mémoire sur les Carmathes du Bahraïn et les Fatimides.Leyden, 1886.John Nicholson:An Account of the Establishment of the Fatemite Dynasty in Africa.Tübingen and Bristol, 1840.Quatremère:Mémoires historiques sur la dynastie des Khalifes Fatimites.JA, 3, ii.Sylvestre de Sacy:Exposé de la religion des Druzes et la vie du Khalife Hakem-biamr-allah.2 vols. Paris, 1838.F. Wüstenfeld:Geschichte der Fatimiden-Khalifen.Göttingen, 1881.Stanley Lane-Poole:A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages.New York, 1901. For the origin and founding of the Fatimid Dynasty, the Khalifa al-Hakim, etc.H. L. Fleischer:Briefwechsel zwischen den Anführern der Wahhabiten und dem Pasha von Damaskus.Kleinere Schriften, iii, pp. 341 ff. First published in ZDMG for year 1857.E. Rehatsek:The History of the Wahhabys in Arabia and in India.Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. No. xxxviii (read January, 1880).Turkey in Europe, by “Odysseus.” London, 1900. The present situation, with its historical antecedents in European Turkey and the Balkans generally.H. O. Dwight:Constantinople and its Problems.New York, 1901.A. S. White:The Expansion of Egypt.London, 1899. The present situation in Egypt and its historical antecedents.W. W. Hunter:Our Indian Mussulmans.London, 1871.Sir Lewis Pelly:The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain.London, 1879.W. S. Blunt:The Future of Islam.London, 1880.

August Müller:Die Beherrscher der Gläubigen.Berlin, 1882. A very brightly written sketch based on thorough knowledge.

Gustav Weil:Geschichte der Chalifen.3 vols. Mannheim, 1846-1851.

Sir William Muir:The Caliphate, its Rise, Decline and Fall.London, 1891.

Theodor Nöldeke:Zur tendentiösen Gestaltung der Urgeschichte des Islams.ZDMG, lii, pp. 16 ff. All Nöldeke’s papers on the early history of Islam are worthy of the most careful study.

G. von Vloten:Zur Abbasiden Geschichte.ZDMG, lii, pp. 213 ff. On the early Abbasids.

R. E. Brünnow:De Charidschiten unter den ersten Omayyaden.Leyden, 1884.

Eduard Sachau:Über eine Arabische Chronik aus Zanzibar.Mitth. a.d. Sem. f. Orient. Sprachen. Berlin, 1898. On Ibadites.

George Percy Badger:History of the Imams and Seyyids of Oman, by Salîl-ibn-Razîk. London: Hakluyt Society, 1871. Valuable for Ibadite history, law and theology.

M. J. de Goeje:Mémoire sur les Carmathes du Bahraïn et les Fatimides.Leyden, 1886.

John Nicholson:An Account of the Establishment of the Fatemite Dynasty in Africa.Tübingen and Bristol, 1840.

Quatremère:Mémoires historiques sur la dynastie des Khalifes Fatimites.JA, 3, ii.

Sylvestre de Sacy:Exposé de la religion des Druzes et la vie du Khalife Hakem-biamr-allah.2 vols. Paris, 1838.

F. Wüstenfeld:Geschichte der Fatimiden-Khalifen.Göttingen, 1881.

Stanley Lane-Poole:A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages.New York, 1901. For the origin and founding of the Fatimid Dynasty, the Khalifa al-Hakim, etc.

H. L. Fleischer:Briefwechsel zwischen den Anführern der Wahhabiten und dem Pasha von Damaskus.Kleinere Schriften, iii, pp. 341 ff. First published in ZDMG for year 1857.

E. Rehatsek:The History of the Wahhabys in Arabia and in India.Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. No. xxxviii (read January, 1880).

Turkey in Europe, by “Odysseus.” London, 1900. The present situation, with its historical antecedents in European Turkey and the Balkans generally.

H. O. Dwight:Constantinople and its Problems.New York, 1901.

A. S. White:The Expansion of Egypt.London, 1899. The present situation in Egypt and its historical antecedents.

W. W. Hunter:Our Indian Mussulmans.London, 1871.

Sir Lewis Pelly:The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain.London, 1879.

W. S. Blunt:The Future of Islam.London, 1880.

The Mishkat, translated by Matthews. Calcutta, 1809. (A collection of traditions.)The Hidaya, translated by C. Hamilton. II edition. London, 1870.N. B. E. Baillie:A Digest of Muhammadan Law. Hanifi Code.London, 1865.The same.Imameea Code.London, 1869. The first volume deals with Sunnite, the second with Shi‘ite law.S. Keijzer:Précis de Jurisprudence Musulmane selon le rite Châfeite par Abu Chodja; texte arabe avec traduction et annotations.Leyden, 1859. To be used with caution.Eduard Sachau:Muhammadanisches Recht nach Schafiitischer Lehre.Stuttgart & Berlin, 1897. Based largely on al-Bajuri’s commentary to Abu Shuja: covers rather less than half the material of a corpus of canon law and is the best general introduction to the subject.Ignaz Goldziher:Die Zâhiriten, ihr Lehrsystem und ihre Geschichte.Leipzig, 1884.Ignaz Goldziher:Neue Materialien zur Litteratur des Ueberlieferungswesen bei den Muhammedanern.ZDMG, I, pp. 465 ff. Deals with Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.Ignaz Goldziher:Zur Litteratur des Ichtilâf al-madhâhib.ZDMG, xxxviii, pp. 669 ff. Contains a notice of ash-Sha‘rani.Ignaz Goldziher:Über eine Formel in der judischen Responsen-litteratur.ZDMG, liii, pp. 645 ff. Onfatwasandijtihad.Ignaz Goldziher:Das Princip des Istishab in muham. Gesetzwissenschaft.WZ, i, pp. 228 ff.Eduard Sachau:Muhammedanisches Erbrecht nach der Lehre der Ibaditischen Araber von Zanzibar und Östafrika.Sitzungsberichte der kön. preuss. Akad., 1894.Eduard Sachau:Zur ältesten Geschichte des muhammedanischen Rechts.Wien. Akad., 1870.Snouck Hurgronje:Le droit musulman.Revue de l’histoire des religions, xxxvii, pp. 1 ff, and 174 ff.Snouck Hurgronje:Muhammedanisches Recht nach schafiitischer Lehre von Eduard Sachau;Anzeige, ZDMG, liii, pp. 125 ff.S. K. Keun de Hoogerwoerd:Studien zur Einführung in das Recht des Islam.Erlangen, 1901. Contains introduction and part of section on law of marriage. Gives a good but miscellaneous bibliography and is written from a Persian point of view; transliteration is peculiarly eccentric and Arabic scholarship is unsound.J. Wellhausen:Medina vor dem Islam. Muhammad’s Gemeindeordnung von Medina.In “Skizzen und Vorarbeiten,” Viertes Heft. Berlin, 1889.Huart:Les Zindiqs en droit musulman.Eleventh Congress of Orientalists, part iii, pp. 69 ff.D. B. Macdonald:The Emancipation of Slaves under Muslim Law.American Monthly Review of Reviews, March, 1900.

The Mishkat, translated by Matthews. Calcutta, 1809. (A collection of traditions.)

The Hidaya, translated by C. Hamilton. II edition. London, 1870.

N. B. E. Baillie:A Digest of Muhammadan Law. Hanifi Code.London, 1865.

The same.Imameea Code.London, 1869. The first volume deals with Sunnite, the second with Shi‘ite law.

S. Keijzer:Précis de Jurisprudence Musulmane selon le rite Châfeite par Abu Chodja; texte arabe avec traduction et annotations.Leyden, 1859. To be used with caution.

Eduard Sachau:Muhammadanisches Recht nach Schafiitischer Lehre.Stuttgart & Berlin, 1897. Based largely on al-Bajuri’s commentary to Abu Shuja: covers rather less than half the material of a corpus of canon law and is the best general introduction to the subject.

Ignaz Goldziher:Die Zâhiriten, ihr Lehrsystem und ihre Geschichte.Leipzig, 1884.

Ignaz Goldziher:Neue Materialien zur Litteratur des Ueberlieferungswesen bei den Muhammedanern.ZDMG, I, pp. 465 ff. Deals with Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

Ignaz Goldziher:Zur Litteratur des Ichtilâf al-madhâhib.ZDMG, xxxviii, pp. 669 ff. Contains a notice of ash-Sha‘rani.

Ignaz Goldziher:Über eine Formel in der judischen Responsen-litteratur.ZDMG, liii, pp. 645 ff. Onfatwasandijtihad.

Ignaz Goldziher:Das Princip des Istishab in muham. Gesetzwissenschaft.WZ, i, pp. 228 ff.

Eduard Sachau:Muhammedanisches Erbrecht nach der Lehre der Ibaditischen Araber von Zanzibar und Östafrika.Sitzungsberichte der kön. preuss. Akad., 1894.

Eduard Sachau:Zur ältesten Geschichte des muhammedanischen Rechts.Wien. Akad., 1870.

Snouck Hurgronje:Le droit musulman.Revue de l’histoire des religions, xxxvii, pp. 1 ff, and 174 ff.

Snouck Hurgronje:Muhammedanisches Recht nach schafiitischer Lehre von Eduard Sachau;Anzeige, ZDMG, liii, pp. 125 ff.

S. K. Keun de Hoogerwoerd:Studien zur Einführung in das Recht des Islam.Erlangen, 1901. Contains introduction and part of section on law of marriage. Gives a good but miscellaneous bibliography and is written from a Persian point of view; transliteration is peculiarly eccentric and Arabic scholarship is unsound.

J. Wellhausen:Medina vor dem Islam. Muhammad’s Gemeindeordnung von Medina.In “Skizzen und Vorarbeiten,” Viertes Heft. Berlin, 1889.

Huart:Les Zindiqs en droit musulman.Eleventh Congress of Orientalists, part iii, pp. 69 ff.

D. B. Macdonald:The Emancipation of Slaves under Muslim Law.American Monthly Review of Reviews, March, 1900.

Theodor Haarbrücker:Asch-Schahrastâni’s Religionsparteien und Philosophenschulen übersetzt und erklärt.2 vols. Halle, 1850-51. The Arabic text, without which Haarbrücker’s German is sometimes hardly intelligible, was published by Cureton, London, 1846.T. J. de Boer:Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam.Stuttgart, 1901. Unsatisfactory but the best that there is. It is only a sketch and takes hardly sufficient account of theology and mysticism.Stanley Lane-Poole:Studies in a Mosque.II edition. London, 1893. Miscellaneous essays, lightly written but trustworthy.Krehl:Beiträge zur Characteristik der Lehre vom Glauben in Islam.Leipzig, 1877.G. von Vloten:Les Hachwia et Nabita.Eleventh Congress of Orientalists, part iii, pp. 99 ff. On early religious sects.G. von Vloten:Irdja.ZDMG, xiv, pp. 181 ff. On the Murji’ites.Eduard Sachau:Über de religiosen Anschauungen der ibaditischen Muhammedaner in Oman und Östafrica.Mitth. a. d. Sem. f. Orient. Sprachen. Berlin, 1899.H. Steiner:Die Mu‘taziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam.Leipzig, 1865.Wilhelm Spitta:Zur Geschichte Abu l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari’s.Leipzig, 1876. The best as yet on al-Ash‘ari, but to be used with caution, especially in the translations of theological texts.Martin Schreiner:Zur Geschichte des Ash‘aritenthums.In Actes du huitième Congress International des Orientalistes, I, i, pp. 77 ff. Leiden, 1891.M. A. F. Mehren:Exposé de la réforme de l’Islamisme commencée au troisième siècle de l’Hégire par Abou-l-Hasan Ali el-Ash‘ari et continuée par son école.Third International Congress of Orientalists, vol. ii.G. Flügel:Al-Kindi genannt “der Philosoph der Araber.” Ein Vorbild seiner Zeit und seines Volkes.Leipzig, 1857.Sir William Muir:The Apology of al-Kindy, written at the court of al-Mámûn.London, 1882.E. Sell:The Faith of Islam.London, 1896. II edition. A valuable book, but from the point of view of an Indian missionary. Hence the tone is polemic and the technicalities are Persian rather than Arabic.Walter M. Patten:Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the Mihna.Leyden, 1897. There is a valuable review by Goldziher in ZDMG, lii, pp. 155 ff. It traces connection of Hanbalites with Ibn Taymiya and Wahhabites.Heinrich Ritter:Ueber unsere Kenntniss der Arabischen Philosophie.Göttingen, 1844.Friedrich Dieterici:Alfarabi’s philosophische Abhandlungen herausgegeben.Leiden, 1890.Aus dem arabischen übersetzt.Leiden, 1892.Al-Farabi:Der Musterstaat. Herausgegeben und Übersetzt von Frdr. Dieterici.Leiden, 1900.G. Flügel:Ueber Inhalt und Verfasser der arabischen Encyclopädie der Ikhwan as-Safa.ZDMG, xiii, pp. 1 ff. See, too, an excellent article by August Müller inErsch und Gruber, ii, 42, pp. 272 ff., and Stanley Lane-Poole in hisStudies in a Mosque.Friedrich Dieterici:Die Philosophie der Araber im X. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus der Schriften der lauteren Brüder herausgegeben.Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-1879.Ignaz Goldziher:Materialien zur Entwickelungs-geschichte des Sufismus.WZ, xiii, pp. 35 ff.Theodor Nöldeke:Sufi.ZDMG, xlviii, pp. 45 ff. On the derivation and early usage of the name Sufi.Adelbert Merx:Idee und Grundlinien einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Mystik.Heidelberg, 1893.John P. Brown:The Derwishes or Oriental Spiritualism.London, 1868. A valuable but uncritical description of modern Turkish and Persian Darwishes.Sir James Redhouse:The Mesnevi of Jelal eddin ar-rumi translated into English.Book I. London, 1881. See, too, a translation by Whinfield, London, 1887, and an edition of selected ghazels from the Diwan with translation and valuable introduction by R. A. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 1898.E. J. W. Gibb:A History of Ottoman Poetry.Vol. i. London, 1900. A valuable statement of the later Persian and Turkish mysticism and metaphysic on pp. 13-70.E. H. Palmer:Oriental Mysticism.Cambridge, 1867.Carra de Vaux:Avicenne.Paris, 1900. Contains an introductory sketch of philosophy and theology up to the time of Ibn Sina.Algazali.Paris, 1902. A continuation of the first.A. von Kremer:Über die philosophischen Gedichte des Abul Ala Ma‘arry.Wien, 1888.A. von Kremer:Gedichte des Abu-l-Ala Ma‘arri.ZDMG, xxix, 304; xxx, 40; xxxi, pp. 471 ff.; xxxviii, 499 ff.Abu-l-Ala al-Ma‘arri:Letters Arabic and English, with notes, etc., edited by D. S. Margoliouth.Oxford, 1898. See, too, papers by R. A. Nicholson in JRAS, October, 1900, ff.; and by Margoliouth, for April, 1902.E. Fitzgerald:The Ruba‘iyat of Omar Khayyam. With a commentary by H. M. Batson and a biographical Introduction byE. D. Ross.New York, 1900. The biography by Ross is the only at all adequate treatment of the life and times of Umar which yet exists. Of the Ruba‘iyat themselves there are several adequate translations,e.g.by Whinfield, Payne and Mrs. Cadell.Martin Schreiner:Zur Geschichte der Polemik zwischen Juden und Muhammedanern.ZDMG, xlii, pp. 591 ff. Deals with Ibn Hazm and Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi.Martin Schreiner:Beiträge zur Geschichte der theologischen Bewegungen in Islam.ZDMG, lii, pp. 463 ff.; 513 ff.; liii, pp. 51 ff. A most valuable collection of materials with considerable gaps and imperfect digestion.D. B. Macdonald:The Life of al-Ghazzali.In the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xx, pp. 71-132.D. B. Macdonald:Emotional Religion in Islam as affected by Music and Singing. Being a translation of a book of the Ihya of al-Ghazzali.In JRAS for April and October, 1901, and January, 1902.Miguel Asin Palacios:Algazel, dogmatica, moral, ascetica.Zaragoza, 1901.C. Barbier de Meynard:Traduction nouvelle du Traité de Ghazzali,intituléLe Preservatif de l’Erreur. In JA, vii, 9, pp. 5 ff.T. J. de Boer:Die Widersprüche der Philosophie nach al-Ghazzali und ihr Ausgleich durch Ibn Roshd.Strassburg, 1894.A translation of al-Ghazzali’sTahafuthas been begun by Carra de Vaux inLe Muséon, xxviii, p. 143 (June, 1899).Ignaz Goldziher:Materialien zur Kenntniss der Almohadenbewegung in Nordafrika.ZDMG, xli, pp. 30 ff.Ignaz Goldziher:Die Bekenntnissformeln der Almohaden.ZDMG, xliv, pp. 168 ff.Robert Flint:Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland.New York, 1894. Contains an excellent estimate of Ibn Khaldun as a philosophical historian.A. von Kremer:Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte der islamischen Reiche.Wien, 1879.Ernest Renan:Averroes et l’Averroisme.III edition. Paris, 1861. Reviewed by Dozy in JA, 5, ii, pp. 93 ff. This review contains a curious description of a Parliament of Religions at Baghdad aboutA.D.1000.Philosophie und Theologie von Averroes. Aus dem Arabischenübersetzt von M. J. Müller.München, 1875. The Arabic text was published by Müller in 1859.Leon Gauthier:Ibn Thofail-Hayy ben Yaqdhan, roman philosophique. Texte arabe ... et traduction française.Alger, 1900. There is an earlier edition of Ibn Tufayl’s romance by the younger Pocock with a Latin version. Oxford, 1671.M. A. F. Mehren:Correspondance du Philosophe Soufi Ibn Sab‘in Abd oul-Haqq avec l’Empereur Frédéric II. de Hohenstaufen.In JA, vii, 14, pp. 341 ff.S. Guyard:Abd ar-Razzaq et son traité de la Prédestination et du libre arbitre.In JA, vii, 1, pp. 125 ff.A. de Kremer:Notice sur Sha’rany.In JA, vi, 11, pp. 253 ff.G. Flügel:Scha‘rani und sein Werk uber die muhammadanische Glaubenslehre.ZDMG, xx, p. 1 ff.Ignaz Goldziher:Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte der Shi‘a.Wien, 1874.James L. Merrick:The Life and Religion of Mohammed, as contained in the Sheeah Traditions of the Hyat-ul-Kuloob.Boston, 1850.J. B. Rüling:Beiträge zur Eschatologie des Islam.Leipzig, 1895.L. Gauthier:Ad-dourra al-fakhira; la perle précieuse de Ghazali.Genève, 1878. In Arabic and French; a valuable account of Muslim eschatology.M. Wolff:Muhammedanische Eschatologie.Leipzig, 1872. In Arabic and German; an account ofpopularMuslim eschatology.Depont et Cappolani:Les Confréries religieuses Musulmanes.Alger, 1897.Snouck Hurgronje:Les Confréries religieuses, la Mecque et le Panislamisme, in Revue de l’histoire des religions, xliv, pp. 262 ff.

T. J. de Boer:Geschichte der Philosophie im Islam.Stuttgart, 1901. Unsatisfactory but the best that there is. It is only a sketch and takes hardly sufficient account of theology and mysticism.

Stanley Lane-Poole:Studies in a Mosque.II edition. London, 1893. Miscellaneous essays, lightly written but trustworthy.

Krehl:Beiträge zur Characteristik der Lehre vom Glauben in Islam.Leipzig, 1877.

G. von Vloten:Les Hachwia et Nabita.Eleventh Congress of Orientalists, part iii, pp. 99 ff. On early religious sects.

G. von Vloten:Irdja.ZDMG, xiv, pp. 181 ff. On the Murji’ites.

Eduard Sachau:Über de religiosen Anschauungen der ibaditischen Muhammedaner in Oman und Östafrica.Mitth. a. d. Sem. f. Orient. Sprachen. Berlin, 1899.

H. Steiner:Die Mu‘taziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam.Leipzig, 1865.

Wilhelm Spitta:Zur Geschichte Abu l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari’s.Leipzig, 1876. The best as yet on al-Ash‘ari, but to be used with caution, especially in the translations of theological texts.

Martin Schreiner:Zur Geschichte des Ash‘aritenthums.In Actes du huitième Congress International des Orientalistes, I, i, pp. 77 ff. Leiden, 1891.

M. A. F. Mehren:Exposé de la réforme de l’Islamisme commencée au troisième siècle de l’Hégire par Abou-l-Hasan Ali el-Ash‘ari et continuée par son école.Third International Congress of Orientalists, vol. ii.

G. Flügel:Al-Kindi genannt “der Philosoph der Araber.” Ein Vorbild seiner Zeit und seines Volkes.Leipzig, 1857.

Sir William Muir:The Apology of al-Kindy, written at the court of al-Mámûn.London, 1882.

E. Sell:The Faith of Islam.London, 1896. II edition. A valuable book, but from the point of view of an Indian missionary. Hence the tone is polemic and the technicalities are Persian rather than Arabic.

Walter M. Patten:Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the Mihna.Leyden, 1897. There is a valuable review by Goldziher in ZDMG, lii, pp. 155 ff. It traces connection of Hanbalites with Ibn Taymiya and Wahhabites.

Heinrich Ritter:Ueber unsere Kenntniss der Arabischen Philosophie.Göttingen, 1844.

Friedrich Dieterici:Alfarabi’s philosophische Abhandlungen herausgegeben.Leiden, 1890.Aus dem arabischen übersetzt.Leiden, 1892.

Al-Farabi:Der Musterstaat. Herausgegeben und Übersetzt von Frdr. Dieterici.Leiden, 1900.

G. Flügel:Ueber Inhalt und Verfasser der arabischen Encyclopädie der Ikhwan as-Safa.ZDMG, xiii, pp. 1 ff. See, too, an excellent article by August Müller inErsch und Gruber, ii, 42, pp. 272 ff., and Stanley Lane-Poole in hisStudies in a Mosque.

Friedrich Dieterici:Die Philosophie der Araber im X. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus der Schriften der lauteren Brüder herausgegeben.Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-1879.

Ignaz Goldziher:Materialien zur Entwickelungs-geschichte des Sufismus.WZ, xiii, pp. 35 ff.

Theodor Nöldeke:Sufi.ZDMG, xlviii, pp. 45 ff. On the derivation and early usage of the name Sufi.

Adelbert Merx:Idee und Grundlinien einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Mystik.Heidelberg, 1893.

John P. Brown:The Derwishes or Oriental Spiritualism.London, 1868. A valuable but uncritical description of modern Turkish and Persian Darwishes.

Sir James Redhouse:The Mesnevi of Jelal eddin ar-rumi translated into English.Book I. London, 1881. See, too, a translation by Whinfield, London, 1887, and an edition of selected ghazels from the Diwan with translation and valuable introduction by R. A. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 1898.

E. J. W. Gibb:A History of Ottoman Poetry.Vol. i. London, 1900. A valuable statement of the later Persian and Turkish mysticism and metaphysic on pp. 13-70.

E. H. Palmer:Oriental Mysticism.Cambridge, 1867.

Carra de Vaux:Avicenne.Paris, 1900. Contains an introductory sketch of philosophy and theology up to the time of Ibn Sina.Algazali.Paris, 1902. A continuation of the first.

A. von Kremer:Über die philosophischen Gedichte des Abul Ala Ma‘arry.Wien, 1888.

A. von Kremer:Gedichte des Abu-l-Ala Ma‘arri.ZDMG, xxix, 304; xxx, 40; xxxi, pp. 471 ff.; xxxviii, 499 ff.

Abu-l-Ala al-Ma‘arri:Letters Arabic and English, with notes, etc., edited by D. S. Margoliouth.Oxford, 1898. See, too, papers by R. A. Nicholson in JRAS, October, 1900, ff.; and by Margoliouth, for April, 1902.

E. Fitzgerald:The Ruba‘iyat of Omar Khayyam. With a commentary by H. M. Batson and a biographical Introduction by

E. D. Ross.New York, 1900. The biography by Ross is the only at all adequate treatment of the life and times of Umar which yet exists. Of the Ruba‘iyat themselves there are several adequate translations,e.g.by Whinfield, Payne and Mrs. Cadell.

Martin Schreiner:Zur Geschichte der Polemik zwischen Juden und Muhammedanern.ZDMG, xlii, pp. 591 ff. Deals with Ibn Hazm and Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razi.

Martin Schreiner:Beiträge zur Geschichte der theologischen Bewegungen in Islam.ZDMG, lii, pp. 463 ff.; 513 ff.; liii, pp. 51 ff. A most valuable collection of materials with considerable gaps and imperfect digestion.

D. B. Macdonald:The Life of al-Ghazzali.In the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xx, pp. 71-132.

D. B. Macdonald:Emotional Religion in Islam as affected by Music and Singing. Being a translation of a book of the Ihya of al-Ghazzali.In JRAS for April and October, 1901, and January, 1902.

Miguel Asin Palacios:Algazel, dogmatica, moral, ascetica.Zaragoza, 1901.

C. Barbier de Meynard:Traduction nouvelle du Traité de Ghazzali,intituléLe Preservatif de l’Erreur. In JA, vii, 9, pp. 5 ff.

T. J. de Boer:Die Widersprüche der Philosophie nach al-Ghazzali und ihr Ausgleich durch Ibn Roshd.Strassburg, 1894.

A translation of al-Ghazzali’sTahafuthas been begun by Carra de Vaux inLe Muséon, xxviii, p. 143 (June, 1899).

Ignaz Goldziher:Materialien zur Kenntniss der Almohadenbewegung in Nordafrika.ZDMG, xli, pp. 30 ff.

Ignaz Goldziher:Die Bekenntnissformeln der Almohaden.ZDMG, xliv, pp. 168 ff.

Robert Flint:Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland.New York, 1894. Contains an excellent estimate of Ibn Khaldun as a philosophical historian.

A. von Kremer:Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte der islamischen Reiche.Wien, 1879.

Ernest Renan:Averroes et l’Averroisme.III edition. Paris, 1861. Reviewed by Dozy in JA, 5, ii, pp. 93 ff. This review contains a curious description of a Parliament of Religions at Baghdad aboutA.D.1000.

Philosophie und Theologie von Averroes. Aus dem Arabischenübersetzt von M. J. Müller.München, 1875. The Arabic text was published by Müller in 1859.

Leon Gauthier:Ibn Thofail-Hayy ben Yaqdhan, roman philosophique. Texte arabe ... et traduction française.Alger, 1900. There is an earlier edition of Ibn Tufayl’s romance by the younger Pocock with a Latin version. Oxford, 1671.

M. A. F. Mehren:Correspondance du Philosophe Soufi Ibn Sab‘in Abd oul-Haqq avec l’Empereur Frédéric II. de Hohenstaufen.In JA, vii, 14, pp. 341 ff.

S. Guyard:Abd ar-Razzaq et son traité de la Prédestination et du libre arbitre.In JA, vii, 1, pp. 125 ff.

A. de Kremer:Notice sur Sha’rany.In JA, vi, 11, pp. 253 ff.

G. Flügel:Scha‘rani und sein Werk uber die muhammadanische Glaubenslehre.ZDMG, xx, p. 1 ff.

Ignaz Goldziher:Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte der Shi‘a.Wien, 1874.

James L. Merrick:The Life and Religion of Mohammed, as contained in the Sheeah Traditions of the Hyat-ul-Kuloob.Boston, 1850.

J. B. Rüling:Beiträge zur Eschatologie des Islam.Leipzig, 1895.

L. Gauthier:Ad-dourra al-fakhira; la perle précieuse de Ghazali.Genève, 1878. In Arabic and French; a valuable account of Muslim eschatology.

M. Wolff:Muhammedanische Eschatologie.Leipzig, 1872. In Arabic and German; an account ofpopularMuslim eschatology.

Depont et Cappolani:Les Confréries religieuses Musulmanes.Alger, 1897.

Snouck Hurgronje:Les Confréries religieuses, la Mecque et le Panislamisme, in Revue de l’histoire des religions, xliv, pp. 262 ff.

For typographical reasons the smooth gutturalHa, the palatalsSad,Dad,Ta,Za, and the long vowels are indicated by italic. The same system is followed in the index.

A.H.11 M.d.; AbuBakr Kh.13 ‘Umar Kh.14 Battle of al-Qadisiya; fall of Jerusalem; al-Basra founded; fall of Damascus.17 Al-Kufa founded; Syria and Mesopotamia conquered.20 Conquest of Egypt.21 Battle of Nahawand; Persia conquered.23 ‘Uthman Kh.30 Final redaction of the Qur’an.35 ‘AliKh.36 Battle of Carmel.40 ‘Alid.41 Mu‘awiya I. Kh.; Herat.49 Al-Hasan d.56 Samarqand.60 Schism of Ibadites from Kharijites.61 Karbala & d. of al-Husayn.73 Storm of Mecca & d. of ‘Abd Allah b. az-Zubayr.74 Carthage.80 Ma‘bad executed.81 M. b. al-Hanafiya d.93 Toledo.99-101 ‘Umar II. Kh.110Hasan al-Basrid.114 Charles the Hammer at Tours (A.D.732).121 Zayd b. Zayn al-‘Abidin d.124 Az-Zuhrid.127-132 Marwan II. Kh.130 Jahm b.Safwan killed?131 Wasil b. ‘Atad.132 Fall of Umayyads; as-Saffahfirst ‘Abbasid Kh.134 First Ibadite Imam.135 Rabi‘a d.136-158 Al-Mansur Kh.138-422 Umayyads of Cordova.140 Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ killed.143 Halley’s comet.144 ‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd d.?145 Baghdad founded; ‘A’isha d. of Ja‘far as-Sadiq d.147 Homage to al-Mahdias successor in Kh.148 Ja‘far as-Sadiq d.150 AbuHanifa d.; trace ofSufimonastery in Damascus.157 Al-Awza‘id.158-169 Al-MahdiKh.; John of Damascus d.?161 Sufyan ath-Thawrid.; Ibrahim b. Adham d.165 Da’ud b. Nusayr d.167 Bashshar b. Burd killed.170-193 Harun ar-Rashid Kh.172-375 Idrisids.179 Malik b. Anas d.182 The QadiAbuYusuf d.187 Fall of Barmecides; al-Fudayl b. ‘Iyadd.189 M. b. al-Hasan d.198-218 Al-Ma’mun Kh.200 Ma‘ruf of al-Karkh d.; trace ofSufimonastery in Khurasan.204 Ash-Shafi‘id.208 Abu‘Ubayda d.; the Lady Nafisa d.211 Theodorus Abucara d.212 Decree that the Qur’an is created.213 Thumama b. Ashras d.215 AbuSulayman of Damascus d.; 2nd decree.218-234 The Mihna; Al-Mu‘tasim Kh.220 Ma‘mar b. ‘Abbad.223 Fatima of Naysabur d.226 AbuHudhayl M. al-‘Allaf d.227 Bishr al-Hafid.; al-Wathiq Kh.231 An-Nazzam d.232 Al-Mutawakkil Kh.234 Decree that Qur’an is uncreated; Scotus Erigena transl. pseudo-Dionysius,A.D.850.240 Ibn AbiDuwad d.241 Ahmad b.Hanbal d.243 Al-Harith al-Muhasibid.245 Dhu-n-Nun d.; al-Karabisid.250-316 ‘Alids of Zaydite branch in north Persia.255 Al-Jahizd.256 Ibn Karram d.257 Al-Bukharid.; Sarias-Saqatid.260 Al-Kindid.? M. b. al-Hasan al-Muntazar vanished.261 Muslim d.; AbuYazid al-Bistamid.270 Da’ud az-Zahirid.273 Ibn Maja d.275 AbuDa’ud as-Sijistanid.277 Qarmatians hold fortress in Arab ‘Iraq.279 At-Tirmidhid.280 Zaydite Imams at as-Sa‘da and San‘a.289 ‘Ubayd Allah al-Mahdiin North Africa.295-320 Al-Muqtadir ‘Abbasid Kh.297 First Fatimid Kh.; al-Junayd d.300 Return of al-Ash‘ari.303 An-Nasa‘id.; Al-Jubba‘id.309 Al-Hallaj executed.317 Umayyads of Cordova take title of Commander of the Faithful; Qarmatians in Mecca.320-447 Buwayhids; al-Ash‘ari d.?322 Ibn ash-Shalmaghani.331 At-Tahawid.333 Al-Mataridid.333-356 Sayf ad-Dawla.334 Buwayhids in Baghdad; ash-Shiblid.339 Return of Black Stone by Qarmatians; al-Farabid.356 Fatimids conquer Egypt; Cairo founded.360 Ikhwan as-Safafl.362 Ibn Hani d.381-422 Al-Qadir Kh.386 AbuTalib al-Makkid.388-421 Mahmud of Ghazna.403 Al-Baqilanid.408 Persecution of Mu‘tazilites under al-Qadir.411 Al-Hakim Fatimid Kh. vanished; Firdawsid.428 Ibn Sinad.434 AbuDharr d.440 Al-Berunid.447Tughril Beg, the Saljuq, in Baghdad.449 Abu-l-‘Alaal-Ma‘arrid.450 Persecution of Ash‘arites.455 Alp-Arslan; Nizam al-Mulk Wazir; end of persecution of Ash‘arites.456 Ibn-Hazm az-Zahirid.465 Al-Qushayrid.478 Imam al-Haramayn d.481 Nasir b. Khusraw d.483Hasan b. as-Sabbahseizes Alamut.485 Nizam al-Mulk assass.488 Al-Ghazzalileaves Baghdad.505 Al-Ghazzalid.515 ‘Umar al-Khayyam d.516 Al-Baghawid.524 Ibn Tumart al-Mahdid.524-558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min.524-667 The Muwahhids.533 AbuBakr b. Bajja d.537 AbuHafs an-Nasafid.538 Az-Zamakhsharid.540 Yehuda Halevi d. =A.D.1145.546 AbuBakr b. al-‘Arabid.548 Ash-Shahrastanid.558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min the Muwahhid d.558 ‘Adial-Hakkarid.558-580 AbuYa‘qub the Muwahhid.561 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, founder of order of darwishes, d.567 Conquest of Egypt by Saladin and end of Fatimids.576 Order of Rifa‘ites founded.580 AbuYa‘qub d.580-596 AbuYusuf al-Mansur.581 IbnTufayl d.587 As-Suhrawardiexecuted.589 Saladin d.590 AbuShuja‘ d.?595 Ibn Rushd d.; AbuYusuf al-Mansur the Muwahhid d.601 Maimonides d. =A.D.1204.606 Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razid.620 Abu-l-Hajjaj b.Tumlus d.; Fakhr ad-Din b. ‘Asakir d.; St. Francis of Assisi d. =A.D.1226.625-941Hafsids at Tunis.630-640Ar-Rashid the Muwahhid.632 ‘Umar b. al-Farid.638 Ibn ‘Arabid.648 Frederick II. d. =A.D.1250.654 End of Assassins by Mongols; Ash-Shadhili, founder of order of darwishes, d.667 Ibn Sab‘in d.; end of Muwahhids.672 Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumid.675 Ahmad al-Badawi, founder of order of darwishes, d.681 Ibn Khallikan d.685 Al-Baydawid.693, 698-708, 709-741 Muhammad An-Nasir, Mamluk Sultan, reg.719 An-Nasr al-Manbijid.?724 Ibn Rushd is still studied at Almeria.728 Ibn Taymiya d.; Meister Eckhart d. =A.D.1328.730 ‘Abd ar-Razzaq d.756 Al-‘Ijid.; Heinrich Suso d.791 At-Taftazanid.; an-Naqshbandi, founder of order of darwishes, d.808 Ibn Khaldun d.857 Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and office of Shaykh al-Islam created =A.D.1453. Thomas à Kempis d. =A.D.1471.895 M. b. Yusuf as-Sanusid.907 Accession ofSafawids.922 Conquest of Egypt by Ottoman Turks.945 Death of al-Mutawakkil, last ‘Abbasid.951 Beginning of Sharifs of Morocco.973 Ash-Sha‘ranid.1201 ‘Abd al-Wahhab d. =A.D.1787.1205 Sayyid Murtadad.; al-Fudalifl. circ. 1220.1252 Foundation of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi=A.D.1837.1260 Ibrahim al-Bajurid.; Decree of Porte that apostate Muslims should not be put to death.1275 Death of founder of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi=A.D.1859.

A.H.

11 M.d.; AbuBakr Kh.

13 ‘Umar Kh.

14 Battle of al-Qadisiya; fall of Jerusalem; al-Basra founded; fall of Damascus.

17 Al-Kufa founded; Syria and Mesopotamia conquered.

20 Conquest of Egypt.

21 Battle of Nahawand; Persia conquered.

23 ‘Uthman Kh.

30 Final redaction of the Qur’an.

35 ‘AliKh.

36 Battle of Carmel.

40 ‘Alid.

41 Mu‘awiya I. Kh.; Herat.

49 Al-Hasan d.

56 Samarqand.

60 Schism of Ibadites from Kharijites.

61 Karbala & d. of al-Husayn.

73 Storm of Mecca & d. of ‘Abd Allah b. az-Zubayr.

74 Carthage.

80 Ma‘bad executed.

81 M. b. al-Hanafiya d.

93 Toledo.

99-101 ‘Umar II. Kh.

110Hasan al-Basrid.

114 Charles the Hammer at Tours (A.D.732).

121 Zayd b. Zayn al-‘Abidin d.

124 Az-Zuhrid.

127-132 Marwan II. Kh.

130 Jahm b.Safwan killed?

131 Wasil b. ‘Atad.

132 Fall of Umayyads; as-Saffahfirst ‘Abbasid Kh.

134 First Ibadite Imam.

135 Rabi‘a d.

136-158 Al-Mansur Kh.

138-422 Umayyads of Cordova.

140 Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ killed.

143 Halley’s comet.

144 ‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd d.?

145 Baghdad founded; ‘A’isha d. of Ja‘far as-Sadiq d.

147 Homage to al-Mahdias successor in Kh.

148 Ja‘far as-Sadiq d.

150 AbuHanifa d.; trace ofSufimonastery in Damascus.

157 Al-Awza‘id.

158-169 Al-MahdiKh.; John of Damascus d.?

161 Sufyan ath-Thawrid.; Ibrahim b. Adham d.

165 Da’ud b. Nusayr d.

167 Bashshar b. Burd killed.

170-193 Harun ar-Rashid Kh.

172-375 Idrisids.

179 Malik b. Anas d.

182 The QadiAbuYusuf d.

187 Fall of Barmecides; al-Fudayl b. ‘Iyadd.

189 M. b. al-Hasan d.

198-218 Al-Ma’mun Kh.

200 Ma‘ruf of al-Karkh d.; trace ofSufimonastery in Khurasan.

204 Ash-Shafi‘id.

208 Abu‘Ubayda d.; the Lady Nafisa d.

211 Theodorus Abucara d.

212 Decree that the Qur’an is created.

213 Thumama b. Ashras d.

215 AbuSulayman of Damascus d.; 2nd decree.

218-234 The Mihna; Al-Mu‘tasim Kh.

220 Ma‘mar b. ‘Abbad.

223 Fatima of Naysabur d.

226 AbuHudhayl M. al-‘Allaf d.

227 Bishr al-Hafid.; al-Wathiq Kh.

231 An-Nazzam d.

232 Al-Mutawakkil Kh.

234 Decree that Qur’an is uncreated; Scotus Erigena transl. pseudo-Dionysius,A.D.850.

240 Ibn AbiDuwad d.

241 Ahmad b.Hanbal d.

243 Al-Harith al-Muhasibid.

245 Dhu-n-Nun d.; al-Karabisid.

250-316 ‘Alids of Zaydite branch in north Persia.

255 Al-Jahizd.

256 Ibn Karram d.

257 Al-Bukharid.; Sarias-Saqatid.

260 Al-Kindid.? M. b. al-Hasan al-Muntazar vanished.

261 Muslim d.; AbuYazid al-Bistamid.

270 Da’ud az-Zahirid.

273 Ibn Maja d.

275 AbuDa’ud as-Sijistanid.

277 Qarmatians hold fortress in Arab ‘Iraq.

279 At-Tirmidhid.

280 Zaydite Imams at as-Sa‘da and San‘a.

289 ‘Ubayd Allah al-Mahdiin North Africa.

295-320 Al-Muqtadir ‘Abbasid Kh.

297 First Fatimid Kh.; al-Junayd d.

300 Return of al-Ash‘ari.

303 An-Nasa‘id.; Al-Jubba‘id.

309 Al-Hallaj executed.

317 Umayyads of Cordova take title of Commander of the Faithful; Qarmatians in Mecca.

320-447 Buwayhids; al-Ash‘ari d.?

322 Ibn ash-Shalmaghani.

331 At-Tahawid.

333 Al-Mataridid.

333-356 Sayf ad-Dawla.

334 Buwayhids in Baghdad; ash-Shiblid.

339 Return of Black Stone by Qarmatians; al-Farabid.

356 Fatimids conquer Egypt; Cairo founded.

360 Ikhwan as-Safafl.

362 Ibn Hani d.

381-422 Al-Qadir Kh.

386 AbuTalib al-Makkid.

388-421 Mahmud of Ghazna.

403 Al-Baqilanid.

408 Persecution of Mu‘tazilites under al-Qadir.

411 Al-Hakim Fatimid Kh. vanished; Firdawsid.

428 Ibn Sinad.

434 AbuDharr d.

440 Al-Berunid.

447Tughril Beg, the Saljuq, in Baghdad.

449 Abu-l-‘Alaal-Ma‘arrid.

450 Persecution of Ash‘arites.

455 Alp-Arslan; Nizam al-Mulk Wazir; end of persecution of Ash‘arites.

456 Ibn-Hazm az-Zahirid.

465 Al-Qushayrid.

478 Imam al-Haramayn d.

481 Nasir b. Khusraw d.

483Hasan b. as-Sabbahseizes Alamut.

485 Nizam al-Mulk assass.

488 Al-Ghazzalileaves Baghdad.

505 Al-Ghazzalid.

515 ‘Umar al-Khayyam d.

516 Al-Baghawid.

524 Ibn Tumart al-Mahdid.

524-558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min.

524-667 The Muwahhids.

533 AbuBakr b. Bajja d.

537 AbuHafs an-Nasafid.

538 Az-Zamakhsharid.

540 Yehuda Halevi d. =A.D.1145.

546 AbuBakr b. al-‘Arabid.

548 Ash-Shahrastanid.

558 ‘Abd al-Mu’min the Muwahhid d.

558 ‘Adial-Hakkarid.

558-580 AbuYa‘qub the Muwahhid.

561 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, founder of order of darwishes, d.

567 Conquest of Egypt by Saladin and end of Fatimids.

576 Order of Rifa‘ites founded.

580 AbuYa‘qub d.

580-596 AbuYusuf al-Mansur.

581 IbnTufayl d.

587 As-Suhrawardiexecuted.

589 Saladin d.

590 AbuShuja‘ d.?

595 Ibn Rushd d.; AbuYusuf al-Mansur the Muwahhid d.

601 Maimonides d. =A.D.1204.

606 Fakhr ad-Din ar-Razid.

620 Abu-l-Hajjaj b.Tumlus d.; Fakhr ad-Din b. ‘Asakir d.; St. Francis of Assisi d. =A.D.1226.

625-941Hafsids at Tunis.

630-640Ar-Rashid the Muwahhid.

632 ‘Umar b. al-Farid.

638 Ibn ‘Arabid.

648 Frederick II. d. =A.D.1250.

654 End of Assassins by Mongols; Ash-Shadhili, founder of order of darwishes, d.

667 Ibn Sab‘in d.; end of Muwahhids.

672 Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumid.

675 Ahmad al-Badawi, founder of order of darwishes, d.

681 Ibn Khallikan d.

685 Al-Baydawid.

693, 698-708, 709-741 Muhammad An-Nasir, Mamluk Sultan, reg.

719 An-Nasr al-Manbijid.?

724 Ibn Rushd is still studied at Almeria.

728 Ibn Taymiya d.; Meister Eckhart d. =A.D.1328.

730 ‘Abd ar-Razzaq d.

756 Al-‘Ijid.; Heinrich Suso d.

791 At-Taftazanid.; an-Naqshbandi, founder of order of darwishes, d.

808 Ibn Khaldun d.

857 Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and office of Shaykh al-Islam created =A.D.1453. Thomas à Kempis d. =A.D.1471.

895 M. b. Yusuf as-Sanusid.

907 Accession ofSafawids.

922 Conquest of Egypt by Ottoman Turks.

945 Death of al-Mutawakkil, last ‘Abbasid.

951 Beginning of Sharifs of Morocco.

973 Ash-Sha‘ranid.

1201 ‘Abd al-Wahhab d. =A.D.1787.

1205 Sayyid Murtadad.; al-Fudalifl. circ. 1220.

1252 Foundation of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi=A.D.1837.

1260 Ibrahim al-Bajurid.; Decree of Porte that apostate Muslims should not be put to death.

1275 Death of founder of Brotherhood of as-Sanusi=A.D.1859.

FOOTNOTES[1]For Muslim eschatology reference may still be made to Sale’s introduction to the Qur’an, § 4. The punishment of the grave is what, in the case of unbelievers, follows the inquisition by the two angelsMunkarandNakir; see on them Lane’sModern Egyptians, chap. xxviii; on the whole subject, see translations by Gautier and Wolff and tractate by Rüling (Bibliography, p. 367).[2]This, one of the dividing questions between Sunnites and Shi‘ites, belongs to theology as well as law. See p. 314 and Goldziher,Zur Literaturgeschichte der Si‘a, p. 87.[3]The Mu‘tazilites held that articles of sustenance of a forbidden nature, such as pork or wine, could not be calledrizqin this technical sense; that God could not so use them. The orthodox retorted that a man might live his life out on forbidden things; had he then been independent of God as to his sustenance? The Mu‘tazilites definedrizqas “a possession which its possessor eats” and as “that from which one is not hindered from profiting”; the orthodox, as a name for that which God sends to man and the other animals and they eat it and profit by it.[4]Some will run into the fire and find themselves immediately in Paradise; these would have been believers. Others will refuse, and will be treated as their parents.[5]This is not the normal doctrine of Islam and the commentators have to explain this passage away. Consult in the chapters on theology, the whole Sufi development and especially the views of al-Ghazzali. Al-Mataridi was greatly influenced by Abu Hanifa, who was hostile to mystics. Notice, too, the philosophical basis and beginning of this creed.[6]A sect of the Mu‘tazilites held that a man could have twoajals, one his end by a natural death appointed by God, the other his end by a violent death, not so appointed. The “Philosophers” are said to have held that oneajalwould be when the mechanism of the body ceased to work through the failing of its essential moisture and heat, and anotherajalmight come through sicknesses and accident generally.[7]See in bibliography, S. Keijzer,Précis, etc. Much help as to details of religious ritual and law will be found in Hughes’sDictionary of Islam, Sachau’sMuhammedanisches Recht, Lane’sModern Egyptians, and commentary to his translation of theArabian Nights, Burton’sPilgrimage, and Sell’sFaith of Islam.

[1]For Muslim eschatology reference may still be made to Sale’s introduction to the Qur’an, § 4. The punishment of the grave is what, in the case of unbelievers, follows the inquisition by the two angelsMunkarandNakir; see on them Lane’sModern Egyptians, chap. xxviii; on the whole subject, see translations by Gautier and Wolff and tractate by Rüling (Bibliography, p. 367).

[2]This, one of the dividing questions between Sunnites and Shi‘ites, belongs to theology as well as law. See p. 314 and Goldziher,Zur Literaturgeschichte der Si‘a, p. 87.

[3]The Mu‘tazilites held that articles of sustenance of a forbidden nature, such as pork or wine, could not be calledrizqin this technical sense; that God could not so use them. The orthodox retorted that a man might live his life out on forbidden things; had he then been independent of God as to his sustenance? The Mu‘tazilites definedrizqas “a possession which its possessor eats” and as “that from which one is not hindered from profiting”; the orthodox, as a name for that which God sends to man and the other animals and they eat it and profit by it.

[4]Some will run into the fire and find themselves immediately in Paradise; these would have been believers. Others will refuse, and will be treated as their parents.

[5]This is not the normal doctrine of Islam and the commentators have to explain this passage away. Consult in the chapters on theology, the whole Sufi development and especially the views of al-Ghazzali. Al-Mataridi was greatly influenced by Abu Hanifa, who was hostile to mystics. Notice, too, the philosophical basis and beginning of this creed.

[6]A sect of the Mu‘tazilites held that a man could have twoajals, one his end by a natural death appointed by God, the other his end by a violent death, not so appointed. The “Philosophers” are said to have held that oneajalwould be when the mechanism of the body ceased to work through the failing of its essential moisture and heat, and anotherajalmight come through sicknesses and accident generally.

[7]See in bibliography, S. Keijzer,Précis, etc. Much help as to details of religious ritual and law will be found in Hughes’sDictionary of Islam, Sachau’sMuhammedanisches Recht, Lane’sModern Egyptians, and commentary to his translation of theArabian Nights, Burton’sPilgrimage, and Sell’sFaith of Islam.

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