REFERENCES1.Bronn, H. G.: Klassen des Thier-Reichs. (Vols. on reptiles.) 1890.2.Chaffanjon, V.: Observations sur Alligator mississippiensis (Tractus intestinalis und Mesenterium). Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol. 28, p. 83 ff., 1881.3.Eisler, P.: Zur Kentniss der Histologie des Alligatormagens. Archiv f. Mikr. Anat., vol. 34, pp. 1-10, 1889.4.Hertwig, O.: Comparative Embryology of Vertebrates. Especially vol. 2, pp. 1-241, 1906.5.Reese, A. M.: The Nasal Passages of the Florida Alligator. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1901.6.Reese, A. M.: The Development of the American Alligator. Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 51, No. 1791, pp. 1-66, 1908.
1.Bronn, H. G.: Klassen des Thier-Reichs. (Vols. on reptiles.) 1890.
2.Chaffanjon, V.: Observations sur Alligator mississippiensis (Tractus intestinalis und Mesenterium). Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol. 28, p. 83 ff., 1881.
3.Eisler, P.: Zur Kentniss der Histologie des Alligatormagens. Archiv f. Mikr. Anat., vol. 34, pp. 1-10, 1889.
4.Hertwig, O.: Comparative Embryology of Vertebrates. Especially vol. 2, pp. 1-241, 1906.
5.Reese, A. M.: The Nasal Passages of the Florida Alligator. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1901.
6.Reese, A. M.: The Development of the American Alligator. Smith. Misc. Coll., vol. 51, No. 1791, pp. 1-66, 1908.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 1-8, PLATES 1-15The word "Plate" refers to the physical pages on which the Figures were printed. The word is not used as an illustration identifier. The complete caption text from this section has been added to each Figure. In the original, Figures were labeled only with number and letter. Based on the author's age at time of publication, "Miss C. M. Reese" is more likely to have been his sister than his daughter.The surface views were drawn, under the author's direction, by Miss C. M. Reese. The first two of these views were copied, by permission, from S. F. Clarke; the others were drawn from the specimens themselves.All of the figures of any one stage are given the same number, followed by distinguishing letters, so that it is possible to tell at a glance what figures belong together.All of the figures except those from Clarke were drawn under a camera lucida.Figure 1.A surface view of an embryo, from the dorsal aspect, at the beginning of the formation of the enteron.Figure 1A.A sagittal section of an embryo of approximately the age of the one shown in figure 1. × 43.Figure 2.A dorsal view of an embryo with five pairs of mesoblastic somites.Figure 2A.A sagittal section of an embryo of the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.Figure 2B.A transverse section through the headfold of an embryo of the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.Figure 3.A dorsal view of an embryo with about fifteen pairs of somites. × 20.Figures 3A-3D. A series of transverse sections through an embryo of the stage of the one shown in figure 3. × 43.Figure 4.A surface view of an embryo with about twenty pairs of somites. × (about) 15.Figures 4A-4D. A series of transverse sections through the anterior end of an embryo of the approximate age of the one shown in figure 4. × 20.Figures 4Eand4F. Two transverse sections through the thyroid gland of this stage; more highly magnified. × 102.Figures 4G-4M. A series of transverse sections caudad to the preceding. Figure 4H, × 43; other figures, × 20.Figure 5.A surface view, in profile, of an embryo at the time of the origin of the limbs. × (about) 5.Figures 5A-5I. A series of transverse sections through an embryo of the age shown in figure 5. × 7.Figure 5J.A composite drawing of reconstructions of the enterons of two embryos of the age of the one shown in figure 5. One reconstruction was in wax, from sagittal sections, the other was a plotted reconstruction from transverse sections. × 14.Figure 6.A surface view, in profile, of an embryo with well developed manus and pes. × (about) 5.Figure 6A.A reconstruction, plotted from transverse sections, of the enteron of an embryo of about the age of the one shown in figure 6. × 14.Figures 6B-6H. Part of a series of transverse sections from which the preceding reconstruction was made. × 7.Figure 7.A reconstruction of the enteron of an embryo of 42 mm. crown-rump length.Figures 7A-7G. A part of the series of transverse sections from which the preceding reconstruction was made. × 7.Figure 7H.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the oesophagus in the region of figure 7A. × 190.Figure 7I.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the stomach in the region of figure 7C.Figure 7J.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the duodenum in the region of figure 7D.Figure 8.An outline drawing, from the ventral aspect, of the enteron of an embryo of 20 cm. length, at about the time of hatching; made from a dissection. × 1.Lettering for all Figuresa, head-fold of amnion.aa, anterior appendage.ac, anterior cardinal vein.aip, anterior intestinal portal.al, allantois.an, anterior nares.ao, aorta.ar, aortic arch.au, auricle.b, bulbus arteriosus.bc, body cavity.bd, bile duct.bd´, opening of bile duct to liver.bd´´, opening of bile duct to duodenum.blp, blastopore.bp, basilar plate.bs, bile-sac.bv, blood vessel.c, centrum of vertebra.ca, caudal artery.ce, caecum.ch, cerebral hemisphere.cl, cloaca.cm, circular muscle layer.cn, cranial nerve.cp, posterior choroid plexus.cv, cardinal vein.d, duodenum.dc, ductus Cuvieri.di, diverticulum of stomach.e, eye.ec, ectoderm.ec´, thickening of ectoderm.en, entoderm.en´, endocardium.ent, enteron.ep,epidermal layer of ectoderm.ep´, epithelium.epi, pineal body.es, embryonic shield.f, fronto-nasal process.fb, forebrain.fg, foregut.g1-5, gill clefts.gf1-6, gill folds.gl, glomerulus.h, head-fold.gs, glottis.gz, gizzard.hb, hindbrain.hc, head cavity.hg, hindgut.ht, heart.i, intestine.i´, stomach.il, large intestine.in, infundibulum.io, intromittent organ.ir, iris.it, iter.k, kidney.la, larynx.li, liver.lm, longitudinal muscle layer.ln, lens.lp,lp´, etc., loops of intestine.lu, lungs.lv, lens vesicle.m, mouth.ma, manus.mb, midbrain.me, medullary canal.me´, tip end of medullary canal.md., mandibular folds.mes, mesoderm.mes´, myocardium.mf, medullary fold.mg, medullary groove.mk, Meckel's cartilage.ml, muscle layer.mp, muscle plate.ms, mesentery.mv, meatus venosus.mx, maxillary fold.myc, myocoel.n, nasal cavity.na, neural arch of vertebra.nc, neurenteric canal.nl, nervous layer of ectoderm.nt, notochord.o, ear vesicle.oc, optic cup.oe, oesophagus.on, optic nerve.os, optic stalk.ov, optic vesicle.p, pituitary body.pa, posterior appendage.pag, post-anal gut.pan, pancreas.pan´, opening of pancreas.pc, posterior cardinal vein.pe, pes.pg, primitive groove.ph, pharynx.pip, posterior intestinal portal.pl, pelvis.pn, posterior nares.pr, pericardial cavity.ps, primitive streak.pt, pecten.py, pylorus.r, rib.rt, retina.s, somites.sc, spinal cord.se, spenethmoid cartilage.sg, spinal ganglion.sl, submucosa.sm, splanchnic mesoblast.sn, spinal nerve.so, somatic mesoblast.st, stomodaeum.sy, sympathetic nervous system.t, tail.ta, trachea.tg, thyroid gland.tn, tongue.to, tooth anlage.tr, trunchus arteriosus.tv,tv´, third ventricle of brain.ty, thymus gland.u, umbilical stalk.v´,v´´,v´´´, first, second, and third cerebral vesicles.va, vascular area.vc, vocal cords.vm, vitelline membrane.vn, ventricle of heart.vp, velum palitum.vv, vitelline blood vessels.wd, Wolffian duct.wdo, opening of Wolffian duct.wr, Wolffian ridge.wt, Wolffian tubule.x, point of origin of bronchi.y, yolk.ys, yolk-stalk.
The word "Plate" refers to the physical pages on which the Figures were printed. The word is not used as an illustration identifier. The complete caption text from this section has been added to each Figure. In the original, Figures were labeled only with number and letter. Based on the author's age at time of publication, "Miss C. M. Reese" is more likely to have been his sister than his daughter.
The surface views were drawn, under the author's direction, by Miss C. M. Reese. The first two of these views were copied, by permission, from S. F. Clarke; the others were drawn from the specimens themselves.
All of the figures of any one stage are given the same number, followed by distinguishing letters, so that it is possible to tell at a glance what figures belong together.
All of the figures except those from Clarke were drawn under a camera lucida.
Figure 1.A surface view of an embryo, from the dorsal aspect, at the beginning of the formation of the enteron.
Figure 1A.A sagittal section of an embryo of approximately the age of the one shown in figure 1. × 43.
Figure 2.A dorsal view of an embryo with five pairs of mesoblastic somites.
Figure 2A.A sagittal section of an embryo of the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.
Figure 2B.A transverse section through the headfold of an embryo of the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.
Figure 3.A dorsal view of an embryo with about fifteen pairs of somites. × 20.
Figures 3A-3D. A series of transverse sections through an embryo of the stage of the one shown in figure 3. × 43.
Figure 4.A surface view of an embryo with about twenty pairs of somites. × (about) 15.
Figures 4A-4D. A series of transverse sections through the anterior end of an embryo of the approximate age of the one shown in figure 4. × 20.
Figures 4Eand4F. Two transverse sections through the thyroid gland of this stage; more highly magnified. × 102.
Figures 4G-4M. A series of transverse sections caudad to the preceding. Figure 4H, × 43; other figures, × 20.
Figure 5.A surface view, in profile, of an embryo at the time of the origin of the limbs. × (about) 5.
Figures 5A-5I. A series of transverse sections through an embryo of the age shown in figure 5. × 7.
Figure 5J.A composite drawing of reconstructions of the enterons of two embryos of the age of the one shown in figure 5. One reconstruction was in wax, from sagittal sections, the other was a plotted reconstruction from transverse sections. × 14.
Figure 6.A surface view, in profile, of an embryo with well developed manus and pes. × (about) 5.
Figure 6A.A reconstruction, plotted from transverse sections, of the enteron of an embryo of about the age of the one shown in figure 6. × 14.
Figures 6B-6H. Part of a series of transverse sections from which the preceding reconstruction was made. × 7.
Figure 7.A reconstruction of the enteron of an embryo of 42 mm. crown-rump length.
Figures 7A-7G. A part of the series of transverse sections from which the preceding reconstruction was made. × 7.
Figure 7H.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the oesophagus in the region of figure 7A. × 190.
Figure 7I.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the stomach in the region of figure 7C.
Figure 7J.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the duodenum in the region of figure 7D.
Figure 8.An outline drawing, from the ventral aspect, of the enteron of an embryo of 20 cm. length, at about the time of hatching; made from a dissection. × 1.
a, head-fold of amnion.
aa, anterior appendage.
ac, anterior cardinal vein.
aip, anterior intestinal portal.
al, allantois.
an, anterior nares.
ao, aorta.
ar, aortic arch.
au, auricle.
b, bulbus arteriosus.
bc, body cavity.
bd, bile duct.
bd´, opening of bile duct to liver.
bd´´, opening of bile duct to duodenum.
blp, blastopore.
bp, basilar plate.
bs, bile-sac.
bv, blood vessel.
c, centrum of vertebra.
ca, caudal artery.
ce, caecum.
ch, cerebral hemisphere.
cl, cloaca.
cm, circular muscle layer.
cn, cranial nerve.
cp, posterior choroid plexus.
cv, cardinal vein.
d, duodenum.
dc, ductus Cuvieri.
di, diverticulum of stomach.
e, eye.
ec, ectoderm.
ec´, thickening of ectoderm.
en, entoderm.
en´, endocardium.
ent, enteron.
ep,epidermal layer of ectoderm.
ep´, epithelium.
epi, pineal body.
es, embryonic shield.
f, fronto-nasal process.
fb, forebrain.
fg, foregut.
g1-5, gill clefts.
gf1-6, gill folds.
gl, glomerulus.
h, head-fold.
gs, glottis.
gz, gizzard.
hb, hindbrain.
hc, head cavity.
hg, hindgut.
ht, heart.
i, intestine.
i´, stomach.
il, large intestine.
in, infundibulum.
io, intromittent organ.
ir, iris.
it, iter.
k, kidney.
la, larynx.
li, liver.
lm, longitudinal muscle layer.
ln, lens.
lp,lp´, etc., loops of intestine.
lu, lungs.
lv, lens vesicle.
m, mouth.
ma, manus.
mb, midbrain.
me, medullary canal.
me´, tip end of medullary canal.
md., mandibular folds.
mes, mesoderm.
mes´, myocardium.
mf, medullary fold.
mg, medullary groove.
mk, Meckel's cartilage.
ml, muscle layer.
mp, muscle plate.
ms, mesentery.
mv, meatus venosus.
mx, maxillary fold.
myc, myocoel.
n, nasal cavity.
na, neural arch of vertebra.
nc, neurenteric canal.
nl, nervous layer of ectoderm.
nt, notochord.
o, ear vesicle.
oc, optic cup.
oe, oesophagus.
on, optic nerve.
os, optic stalk.
ov, optic vesicle.
p, pituitary body.
pa, posterior appendage.
pag, post-anal gut.
pan, pancreas.
pan´, opening of pancreas.
pc, posterior cardinal vein.
pe, pes.
pg, primitive groove.
ph, pharynx.
pip, posterior intestinal portal.
pl, pelvis.
pn, posterior nares.
pr, pericardial cavity.
ps, primitive streak.
pt, pecten.
py, pylorus.
r, rib.
rt, retina.
s, somites.
sc, spinal cord.
se, spenethmoid cartilage.
sg, spinal ganglion.
sl, submucosa.
sm, splanchnic mesoblast.
sn, spinal nerve.
so, somatic mesoblast.
st, stomodaeum.
sy, sympathetic nervous system.
t, tail.
ta, trachea.
tg, thyroid gland.
tn, tongue.
to, tooth anlage.
tr, trunchus arteriosus.
tv,tv´, third ventricle of brain.
ty, thymus gland.
u, umbilical stalk.
v´,v´´,v´´´, first, second, and third cerebral vesicles.
va, vascular area.
vc, vocal cords.
vm, vitelline membrane.
vn, ventricle of heart.
vp, velum palitum.
vv, vitelline blood vessels.
wd, Wolffian duct.
wdo, opening of Wolffian duct.
wr, Wolffian ridge.
wt, Wolffian tubule.
x, point of origin of bronchi.
y, yolk.
ys, yolk-stalk.
1see captionFig. 1.A surface view of an embryo, from the dorsal aspect, at the beginning of the formation of the enteron.see captionFig. 1a.A sagittal section of an embryo of approximately the age of the one shown in figure 1. × 432see captionFig. 2.A dorsal view of an embryo with five pairs of mesoblastic somites.see captionFig. 2a.A sagittal section of an embryo of the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.see captionFig. 2b.A transverse section through the headfold of an embryoof the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.3see captionFig. 3.A dorsal view of an embryo with about fifteen pairs of somites. × 20.see captionsee captionFig. 3a.Fig. 3b.4see captionsee captionFig. 3c.Fig. 3d.A series of transverse sections through an embryoof the stage of the one shown in figure 3. × 43.see captionFig. 4.A surface view of an embryowith about twenty pairs of somites. × (about) 15.5see captionsee captionFig. 4a.Fig. 4b.see captionsee captionFig. 4c.Fig. 4d.A series of transverse sections through the anterior endof an embryo of the approximate ageof the one shown in figure 4. × 20.see captionsee captionFig. 4e.Fig. 4f.Two transverse sections through the thyroid glandof this stage; more highly magnified. × 102.6see captionsee captionsee captionFig. 4g.Fig. 4h.Fig. 4k.see captionsee captionsee captionFig. 4i.see captionFig. 4j.Fig. 4l.Fig. 4m.A series of transverse sections caudad to the preceding.Figure 4H, × 43; other figures, × 20.7see captionFig. 5.A surface view, in profile, of an embryoat the time of the origin of the limbs. × (about) 5.see captionsee captionsee captionFig. 5a.Fig. 5b.Fig. 5c.8see captionsee captionsee captionFig. 5d.Fig. 5e.Fig. 5f.see captionsee captionsee captionFig. 5g.Fig. 5h.Fig. 5i.A series of transverse sections through an embryoof the age shown in figure 5. × 7.see captionFig. 5j.A composite drawing of reconstructions of the enterons of two embryos of the age of the one shown in figure 5. One reconstruction was in wax, from sagittal sections, the other was a plotted reconstruction from transverse sections. × 14.9see captionFig. 6.A surface view, in profile, of an embryowith well developed manus and pes. × (about) 5.10see captionFig. 6a.A reconstruction, plotted from transverse sections, of the enteron of an embryo of about the age of the one shown in figure 6. × 14.9bsee captionsee captionFig. 6b.Fig. 6c.11see captionsee captionsee captionFig. 6d.Fig. 6e.Fig. 6f.see captionsee captionFig. 6g.Fig. 6h.Part of a series of transverse sectionsfrom which the preceding reconstruction was made. × 7.12see captionFig. 7.A reconstruction of the enteron of an embryo of 42 mm. crown-rump length.see captionsee captionFig. 7a.Fig. 7b.13see captionsee captionFig. 7c.Fig. 7d.see captionsee captionFig. 7e.Fig. 7f.14see captionFig. 7g.A part of the series of transverse sectionsfrom which the preceding reconstruction was made. × 7.see captionsee captionFig. 7h.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the oesophagus in the region of figure 7A. × 190.Fig. 7i.A high power drawing of a portion of the wall of the stomach in the region of figure 7C.see captionFig. 7j.A high power drawing of a portion of the wallof the duodenum in the region of figure 7D.15see captionFig. 8.An outline drawing, from the ventral aspect, of the enteron of an embryo of 20 cm. length, at about the time of hatching; made from a dissection. × 1.
see caption
Fig. 1.A surface view of an embryo, from the dorsal aspect, at the beginning of the formation of the enteron.
see caption
Fig. 1a.A sagittal section of an embryo of approximately the age of the one shown in figure 1. × 43
see caption
Fig. 2.A dorsal view of an embryo with five pairs of mesoblastic somites.
see caption
Fig. 2a.A sagittal section of an embryo of the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.
see caption
Fig. 2b.A transverse section through the headfold of an embryoof the stage shown in figure 2. × 43.
see caption
Fig. 3.A dorsal view of an embryo with about fifteen pairs of somites. × 20.
see caption
Fig. 4.A surface view of an embryowith about twenty pairs of somites. × (about) 15.
see caption
Fig. 5.A surface view, in profile, of an embryoat the time of the origin of the limbs. × (about) 5.
see caption
Fig. 5j.A composite drawing of reconstructions of the enterons of two embryos of the age of the one shown in figure 5. One reconstruction was in wax, from sagittal sections, the other was a plotted reconstruction from transverse sections. × 14.
see caption
Fig. 6.A surface view, in profile, of an embryowith well developed manus and pes. × (about) 5.
see caption
Fig. 6a.A reconstruction, plotted from transverse sections, of the enteron of an embryo of about the age of the one shown in figure 6. × 14.
see caption
Fig. 7.A reconstruction of the enteron of an embryo of 42 mm. crown-rump length.
see caption
Fig. 7j.A high power drawing of a portion of the wallof the duodenum in the region of figure 7D.
see caption
Fig. 8.An outline drawing, from the ventral aspect, of the enteron of an embryo of 20 cm. length, at about the time of hatching; made from a dissection. × 1.