The particlemavarimeans 'around' and governs the genitive; e.g.,iglesia no mavari ni tçuchi vo nague sutçuru na'do not put earth around the church.'
The particleuchimeans 'within,' and the noun which precedes it must be in the genitive; e.g.,iglesia no uchi'in the church,'ano fito va, fito no uchi de va nai'that man is not among men,' that is(51to say 'he is not a man,'futacuchi cúta coto va, cúta uchi de va nai(142v)[144]'to eat two mouthfuls is not to eat.'
The particlefocameans 'outside,' and the genitive is placed before it; e.g.,igelsia no foca ni'outside the church,'foca ie iqe'go out, or go outside.' Sometimes the genitive particle is replaced byiori; e.g.,Deus vonago ichinin iori foca tçucuri tamavanu(142v)[145]'God did not create but one woman,' that is to say 'he created just one,'Tengu fito ni acu vo susumuru iori foca va, nai(142v) 'the Devil does nothing if he is not persuaded by man to sin,'goxǒ vo tasucaru tame baptismo vo sazzucaru iori foca bechi no michi ga nai'there is no other way to save men than by baptism,' that is to say 'without baptism we cannot be saved.'Deus no gracia iori foca'without the grace of God.'
The particlenacameans 'in the middle.' It is used when the material is either dense or defuse; e.g.,qi no naca ni'in the wood,'fito no naca ni'among the men.'
The particlenacabameans 'in the midst of things' when referring to a sequence. It follows the genitive; e.g.,dangui no nacaba ni'in the midst of the sermon,'sore vo qijte, nacaba va vosore; nacaba va aqirete ita(145v) 'hearing that, he feared and was afraid,' that is to say 'he spent most of his time being afraid.'
The particleatomeans 'behind' and governs the genitive; e.g.,sonata no ato cara mairǒ'I shall come after you' that is to say 'I shall follow you.'
The particlevaqimeans 'near' and governs the genitive; e.g.,Pedro no vaqi'near Peter,'misa no vaqi'the mass is ended,'cono vaqi'in the last few days.' All of these adverbs require after them the cases that are required by the verb which follows.
Adverbs of Interrogation and Response[146]
There are many ways to ask 'why?' or 'for what reason[?]'; e.g.,najeni[?],najoni[?],nani xini?,nani tote ca?,nani no iuie ni?,nanto xita coto ni?,nani no xisai ni iotte?. The question 'how?' is said;nanto xite?,nanto iǒ ni[?],icani to xite?The answer is 'because' or 'for the reason that'; e.g.,sono iuie va,najeni to iúni. 'Because' is also said;tocoro de,fodo ni,ni iotte, orsacai ni. The first expresses(52the greatest degree of causality, the second not so much, and the third the least.
Uie vameans 'since (cumorsi quidem)'; e.g.,toganai uie va qizzucai ga nai(40v)[147]'I am not afraid because I have no fault.' The same meaning is achieved by the particlecara; e.g.,caiǒ ni iro vo misuru cara va; cacusu coto va iranu'since you have thus shown your feelings (iro), you can't hide them.' 'Since (si quidem)' means approximately the same astoqi vaandxicaru toqi va.Sari nagarameans 'but,'sari tote vameans 'until,'saru tote vameans 'since the thing is this way,'saru tote va, qicoienu coto gia'since it is so, it is unbearable.'
Adverbs of Time[148]
One asks 'when' withitçuoritçugoro. One asks 'from what day' withicca saqioricca maie, 'from what month' withicutçuqi saqi, and 'from what year' withnannen maie. Usuallyniis added when it is required by the verb, and the interrogativescaorzoare always put at the end of the sentence, withzopreferred.
One answers 'now' withimaortada ima, and 'already' withmǒ, e.g.,mǒ iqe'be already gone!' 'Sometimes' is said withtoqi ni iotteorjibun ni iotte. 'Afterwards' isnochi.Sore caraorsore iorimeans 'after that,'core caraorcore iorimeans 'after this,' andare ioriorare carameans 'after that.' 'Immediately' is said withiagate. 'Afterwards' or 'again' isima iori nochi,ima iori xite va, orima iori igo. 'This morning' is said withqesa.Connichiorqio[qiô] is 'today,' andasuormiônichi[miónichi][149]is 'tomorrow.' 'Tomorrow morning' isasa,axitatô, orasatocu, and 'tomorrow night' ismionia[miǒia]. 'Before' isijenorsaqi ni. 'Yesterday' isqinôorsacujit. 'The day before yesterday' isvototoiorfutçuca saqi ni. 'Several days in the past' iscono giǔ.Cono fodoandxenjithave the same meaning, as doesxendo.Condomeans 'several days in the future.' 'The day after tomorrow' isasatteormiógonichi. 'Three days hence' isxiasatteormiómiógonichi.Qiônen[Qionen] orcozomeans 'last year.' 'This year' iscotoxi. 'Two years ago' isvototoxiorvotodoxi. 'Three years ago' issanuruvotodoxi[sannuru votodoxi].[150]'Immediately' istachimaqi[tachimachi](53orsocuij ni[socuji ni].Sunavachiis also 'immediately.'Tanteqiis 'in a moment.'
Itçumade?means 'until when?'Itçumademomeans 'always.'Itçu carameans 'after what time.'Itçu iorimeans 'from what time.'
Adverbs of Negation[151]
Iiaoriia[iia iia][152]means 'not.'Só devanaimeans 'it is not so.'Iccanaoriccanaguenimeans 'by no means,'iume iumemeans 'not even in a dream,'sarani,ichiien,catçute, orcatçute mottemeans 'in no way,' andio,iomo, oriomo iomomeans 'without thinking'; e.g.,catçute mairu mai'in no way shall I come,'iomo só va gozaru mai(117v) 'it will in no way come to mind why it will be so.' When affirmative verbs are added to these adverbs they become negative; e.g.,iomo iomo to mǒxitareba vo mairi atta(117v) 'although you said you would not go, you went,'io mairó'in no way shall I go.'
Adverbs of Affirmation[153]
Nacanacameans 'it is so,'vómeans 'so,' when one agrees.Gueniorgueni guenimeans 'it is thus'; e.g.,gueni gueni só mo aró'without doubt the situation is thus.'Chódomeans 'at all.'Saiǒni,sono bun,sono gotoqu,sǒ de gozaru,sore sore,massǒ gia, orxicatomeans 'it is so.'Mottomomeans that something is reasonably said.Guioi no gotoqumeans 'as your Lordship believes, or says.'Mochironindicates that a thing does not come in to doubt or discussion.Nacanaca narucoto de gozaranumeans 'truly it is not possible.'Nacanaca no cotoindicates a thing with which it is possible to agree.Macotonimeans 'truly,' as doesxinjitorxinjitni.Xeimonmeans 'I affirm by oath.'Isasacaorisasaca mottemeans 'not even a little,' andissaiorixxetmeans 'in no way, or by no means,' and when these particles are added to the affirmative they mean 'truly.'
(54
Comparative Adverbs[154]
Iori,iori mo, andiori mo navomean 'more' in a comparison. The person compared is in the nominative case and the person to whom he is compared is in the ablative with one of the particles which we have listed above; e.g.,Pedro va juan iori mo gacuxó de gozaru'Peter is wiser than John,'soco ie noboru iori va; mairanu ga maxi gia'it is better not to go than to climb up there.'Gotoqu,mama, andiǒniare adverbs of similitude (adverbia similitudinis) and require the genitive for the thing with which the comparison is made. If the particle is preceded by a verb, no genitive is required; e.g.,no iama ie nari tomo qitai mama ni qite, nurureba, nugui suteraruru(124v) 'if they were to go to the mountains or the plains wearing such clothes as they want to wear, they will have to take them off when they become wet on account of the water.'Vomô mama ni, vomô gotoqu, andvomô iǒni, mean 'as I think,'cono mi no mama ni'according to his desires, or his pleasure.'Fodomeans 'to such a degree as (tantum),' or 'just as (quasi)'; e.g.,qifen ano fito fodo no gacuxó de gozaru[155]'you are as wise as he,'fara ga cudaru fodo ioi'he will recover as soon as he has a bowel movement,'michi vo aruqu fodo cutabiruru(123v) 'as I walk so I get tired,'acai fodo ioi'the redder the better,'xinuru fodo no vazzurai de va nai'this disease is not strong enough to cause death,'fune ni mesaruru fodo naraba vare mo norózu(124) 'if Your Lordship would take up the task of boarding the ship, so shall I,'tamexi mo nai fodo ni atta to mǒsu(124v) 'they say it was as if it had never been,'voquru fodo araba sore ie mairǒzu(124) 'if I am able to arrive at the state where I can get up from bed, I shall come to you,'chicara no fodo vo mite'seeing the degree of his strength,'fodo nó tçuita'he arrived inan instant,'core fodo'as this,'sore fodo'as that,'are fodo'as that,'vovoi fodo'while more,'sucunai fodo'while less.'
(55
Superlative Adverbs[156]
Uiemeans 'the highest'; e.g.,christian no voxiie va izzure iori mo uie de gozaru'the doctrine and faith of Christianity are supreme, or above all,'cono saqe no uie va nai'there is no better wine than that.'Ichiordaiichimeans 'supreme, or unique'; e.g.,gacuxǒ no uchi ni Sancto Thomas daiichi de gozatta'among wise men Saint Thomas was the best,'core va are iori uie'this is superior to that.' The particlexitahas the opposite meaning of 'inferior, or the lowest'; e.g.,xiqitai va anima iori xita de gozaru(141) 'the body is inferior to the soul.'
Adverbs of Intensity and Exaggeration[157]
Ichidan,chicagoro, andiccǒmean 'intensely (valde)'; e.g.,chicagoro no vo cocoro gaqe de gozaru'this is the greatest care and diligence,'sore va icco varui coto gia'this is extremely bad.'Bexxitemeans 'chiefly,'tori vaqemeans 'especially,'coto no focameans 'rarely, or extraordinarily,'icanimomeans 'intensely,' andamarinimeans 'too much.' As has been said, adverbs are formed from adjectives according to the rules above, and these adverbs mean adverbially what the adjectives mean adjectivally; e.g.,fucaimeans 'deep,' andfucómeans 'deeply.'Icani mo xizzucanimeans 'extremely quietly,'tani coto nimeans 'extraordinarily,' andxitatacaniorguiósannimeans 'in a way that is to be feared' that is to say 'too much.' See the dictionary.[158]
Accumulative Adverbs[159]
Voxinabetemeans 'universally';sôbetmeans 'generally,' as dotçuneniandsojite[sôjite];feijeinimeans 'regularly'; andvoioso,tabun,vocata,ioppodonimean 'for the most part,' andqeccuorcaiette(56means 'after all.'Tennenmeans 'perhaps,' as doxijenandicasama.Sadametemeans 'probably,'canarazumeans 'without doubt,'moxi xijien[moxi xijen] means 'perhaps,'xǒtocumeans 'naturally,'jinenmeans 'by chance,'xidai vidai niorjen jen nimeans 'gradually,' andvonozzucarameans 'by oneself.'
Adverbs that Conclude and Claim Attention[160]
Ficqiǒandtçuinimean 'finally, or in conclusion.'Tçugǒmeans 'in summary.'Nǒ nǒmeans 'is it not so?' e.g.,nǒ nǒ icani qicaxeruru ca?'do you hear me then?'Moxi[161]means 'ho there (heus),' but it is an elegant word; e.g.,moxi Padre sama'ho there, Reverend Father.'Iarealso means 'ho there,' but with inferiors; e.g.,iare tarǒ quaja to iieba'saying "Ho there, Tarōkaja."'Iaimeans 'ho there' with very low people; e.g.,iai sochi ga motta mono va nani zo?'hey! what is it that you bring?'Iahas the same meaning; e.g.,ia vo tono bara domo va nani vo savagu zo?(128) 'hey! you soldiers and good men, why do you quarrel?' The particleaihas the same meaning but it is placed after the sentence; e.g.,izzure mo mina qiqe ai(129) 'hey! all of you listen.'
The particlescaandzo, as has been said above, are used as interrogatives. The particlesiaandcaiahave the same function but they are more humble; e.g.,are va tare caia?'who is he?',core ia[?] 'this?',io fuqete tare ca va tazzuneô zo?(89v) 'when it becomes late at night, who will be able to visit?',sore de arǒ ca to iú coto gia'I said, "will it be this?"'
No?asks for agreement; e.g.,gozarǒ ca no?'will he come?'[162]mairǒ to voxerareta no?[...vôxerareta no?] 'did he say that he will come?'no Pedro dono?'isn't that so, Peter?'Na[?] means the same thing, but it is used with inferiors; e.g.,sǒ qiita na?'didn't you hear so?' Sometimes, in a sentence containingzo,baxi, which is a dubitive particle (particula dubitandi), is placed; e.g.,nanto xita xisai de baxi gozaru zo?(122v)[163]'for what reason did this happen?',sate nanto iú voqiacu de baxi gozaru zo[?] (123) 'what is the name of your guest?',goiô baxi gozaru ca?'isn't there something of use to you?'
Ioandzostrengthen or give cadence to the sentence; e.g.,caita zo'he truly wrote,'maitta io'he certainly came,'sono toqi vare(57va ichi dan varui tçucai vo xiraruite gozaru io[...siaruite...] (95) 'at that time I was following bad advice.'Bacarimeans 'only, or in only one way,'sore ni caguittemeans 'that only,'core ni caguirazu'not only this.'Bacarialso means 'more or less'; e.g.,fiacu bacari'there were a hundred,'fiacunin bacari corosareta'about one hundred men were killed.'Nó,nóte,naqu xite, andnaqutemean 'without'; e.g.,raxxi mo nó'without reason or order,'cacugo nó'without any preparation.'
The adverbs of sound (adverbia sonus) are many and vary in accordance with the way that the Japanese perceive the sound. The particletois added to them; e.g.,va va to xite'vociferously sayingwa wa,' and if they addmeqi,u, it means to make even a louder noise; e.g.,va meqi,u'to shout sayingwa.'
The Case Prepositions[164]
Tameornimeans 'concerning';[165]e.g.,sonata no tame'for you (tibi).' It governs the genitive which precedes it;nan no tame'for what,'nani ni naru ca?'for what is it?',nani ni xô ca?'what do you do that for?',nani no iô ni tatçu ca?(171v) 'for what is it needed, or useful?',maitte no iô va?(130) 'what's the use of going?'
Tai xitemeans 'on account of' or 'against'; e.g.,tengu ni tai xite teqito'to fight against the devil, or resist him,'Deus ni tai xite cuguio vo coraiuru'I endure the pain (labor) because of God.'Uie iorialso means 'because'; e.g.,von jifi no uie iori(167) 'because of his mercy.'
Ni iottesignifies the reason for which; e.g.,Deus iori fito no jento acu ni iotte go fempô vo ataiesaxerareozu[...ataiesaxerareôzu] (146v) 'God gives to man according to his virtues and vices.' This form is derived from the verbiori,u.
Ni tçuitemeans 'around, or about' and is derived from the verbtçuqi,u; e.g.,core ni tçuite,core ni tçuqi, orcore ni tçuqetemeans 'about that.'Sono gui ni voite va zonjenu(120) 'I do not know anything about this matter,'Vôxe va mottomo naredomo vagami ni totte va canai gatai(120) 'Your Lordship speaks well but what concerns me is that(58it is difficult to do.'Dai quan ni itatte va ichinin bacari sadame io(120)[166]'decide that which concerns the steward only.'Itatteandtotte[167]are the gerunds of verbs just as the preceding. They also sayPadre coto va'the things belonging to the priest,'varera coto va'about my things, or those things which belong to me.'Xitagatteorxitagǒtemeans 'near' and is the gerund of the verbxitagari,uorxitagai,ó. As with the other verbs it governs the dative case; e.g.,guioi ni xitagatteorxitagǒte'according to Your Lordship's understanding.'Xidaihas the same meaning; e.g.,conata xidai'according to your wishes.' Sometimes it is added to the roots of verbs; e.g.,mairi xidai'according to when he comes, or according to his coming.'
Niindicates the place in which.Ni voitehas the same meaning but indicates permanence; e.g.,fatto va fuximi ni voite vôxeidasareta'he established the law while he was in Fushimi,'Bungo funai ni itatte'in the city of Funai in the kingdom of Bungo,'iglesia ni uoru'he is in church.'
Deindicates the place of an action; e.g.,michi de Pedro ni vǒta'I met Peter in the street.' The same particlede, together withvo motte, indicate the instrument with which an action is done; e.g.,bo vo motte Pedro vo uchi coroita'he killed Peter with a stick,'Padre sama catarareta de navo qicoieta'from what the Reverend Father told me, it became easier to understand,'necqi de xinda'he died of a fever.'
Caraorioriindicate the place from which; e.g.,iglesia cara'from church.' They also sayfune cara maitta'he came by ship' andcachi cara maitta'he came on foot.'Fune de maittais the same asfune cara maittaandfune ni notte maitta.Fana cara me cara miguruxij mono gia'it is unpleasant to the nose and the eyes.'Ioriindicates the place through which; e.g.,sama iori faitta'he entered through the window.'
Tomo nimeans 'at the same time'; e.g.,sonata to tomo ni mairǒzuI shall go at the same time as you,'mǒsu to tomo ni'at the same time as he spoke.'
Ieindicates the place to which; e.g.,achi ie mairǒ'I shall go directly to court (curia),'miiaco no cata ie noboru'he went up to court' and alsomiiaco no fǒ ie noboru. They also saymiiaco no iori,miiaco sama, ormiiaco no gotoqu noboru, but this is not a good way of speaking and is more characteristic of a rustic (rusticus).
Deindicates the material from which; e.g.,tçuchi de cavara(59vo tçuquru'to make bricks out of earth or mud,'nande core vo tçuquru ca?'from what is this made?'
Uiemeans 'concerning'; e.g.,zuibun codomo no uie vo fito ni mo naxi marasuru iǒni to cocoro gaqe marasuru'with great diligence I took care of my sons so as to make them men.'Sonata no fiquan no vo saiban mesare io[...no uie vo...] (141) 'take care of your servants.'
Mademeans 'until';asu made'until morning,'inochi vo uxinǒ made aru mai'he will not lose his life, or he will not arrive at the loss of his life,'sore made vomoi mo ioranu gui gia'it will not come to my mind,'cocoro zaxi areba canavanu made mo xei vo iruru'when something is wished for, one uses his strength up to the point of impossibility,'mǒsu made mo nai'it is not necessary to say,'cono tocoro made maitta'I came to this place.'
Conjunction and Separation[168]
Tomeans 'and'; e.g.,Pedro to juan to Nagasaqi ie ita'Peter and John went to Nagasaki,'core to, are to vo toru'I take this and that.'Mohas the same meaning; e.g.,Pedro mo juan mo Nagasaqi cara modotta'Peter and John returned from Nagasaki,'naqu mono mo ari, varó mono mo aru'there are those who cry and those who laugh.Mois often placed before negative verbs; e.g.,nanigoto mo gazaranu ca?'is that not something new?'
Matameans 'and,' whether it is found between nouns or verbs.Cameans 'or'; e.g.,Pedro ca; juan ca coi to iie'tell Peter or John to come.'Arui vaalso means 'or'; e.g.,arui va Pedro, arui va juan'either Peter or John,'arui va iomu, arui va caqu'I either read or write.'Moxi vameans 'if in fact,' and it is used in the middle of a sentence; e.g.,moxi va cane ga nai naraba'if in fact you were to have no money.'
Mata vais used to bind the sentences more tightly together (ad orationem contexturam). It means 'besides that, or besides'; e.g.,(60arui va iamai ga vocoru ca, mata va isogui no fumi qitaru ca etc.[...ca, etc.] (135) 'either some sickness occurs, or besides that some urgent letter arrives.'
Xicarebameans 'since things are this way,'sari nagarameans 'but,'sǒ aru tocoro demeans 'since it is thus,'sarabameans 'since it is so,' andsareba sarebameans 'since then.'Ca?means 'if'; e.g.,maitta ca mi io'see if he came, or went,'maitta ca xiranu'I don't know if he went.'Iarameans 'if,' but distributively (divisive); e.g.,fito iara chicuxǒ iara xiranu'I don't know if it's man or beast,'nani iara to mǒxita'I wonder what he said.'
Some disjunctive and emphatic particles are formed fromnanicaandtocacuwith the addition of other particles; e.g.,nani ia ca ia?'which thing?' The same meaning is expressed bynani iara ca iara?andnanto iara cato iara?Nanto xite,cato xitemeans 'how,'nanto mo cato momeans 'in no way,' andnani mo ca momeans 'nothing.'Nanigoto mo cagoto mo, mina içtuvari naru zo[...itçuvari...] 'when all is said and done they are all lies.'Nani no ca no, andnanto xite,cato xiteare ways to excuse oneself.Nani no ca no to iútemeans 'saying this and that.'Domo comomeans 'in whatever way it is,' as doesdǒ xite mo cǒ xite mo.Dǒ xite cǒ xitemeans 'doing this and that differently.'Dǒ xô cǒ xômeans 'I shall do this and that.'
Tomo cacumomeans 'all the same,' as dotoni cacuni,tonimo cacunimo, andtotemo cacutemo.Core to ij; care to ijmeans 'saying this and that, or making excuses.'Care coremeans 'this and that,'coco caxicomeans 'here and there (hic and illic).'Vomoxirô, vocaxu[169][vomoxirovocaxǔ] is used when accommodating oneself almost to flattery.
If the particlemotteis added to the particlescatçute,isasaca,tomoni,nani, andnani nani iori[... andnani iori] it adds strength and force; e.g.,catçute motte sǒ aru mai'the situation will not be this way at all.'
Interjections[170]
Sate,sate sate, [satemo,] andsatemo satemoare interjections of admiration; e.g.,satemo Deus no voqinaru vonjifi cana'oh! great mercy of God!'
Avareis the interjection for pity; e.g.,avare mutçucaxij io no naca cana'oh! world replete with misery!'
Ha![171]is the interjection of penetence; e.g.,ha faxi demo(61vomoxiroi ga; tocoro ni iote qicoie canuru[...ni iotte...] (127v) 'ah, the workmanship of the sound and the harmony of the singing is most graceful, but it is not able to be heard well.'
Iara!is the interjection for joy and pain; e.g.,iara iara medeta ia(128) 'oh! how much I rejoice.'Iais also used; e.g.,satemo iiaxii iatçubara ia(129)[172]'oh! how vile and despicable,'gongo dǒdan fuxigui na xisai cana(128v) 'oh! how rare and ridiculous a reason.'Ieiis the interjection of wonder; e.g.,iei Padre sama cochi gozaru io'oh! here is the Reverend Father.'
Hatis the interjection that indicates that one is repentent; e.g.,Benqei core vo mite hat coto naxi to zonjite, sono mama niva ni bǒ vo voraxi,etc. (127v) 'Benkei seeing this,' etc.[173]
The Syntax and the Cases that are Governed by the Verbs[174]
The nominative is placed at the beginning of the sentence and the verb at the end: the remaining elements are placed according to the cadence (cadentia) of the sentence; e.g.,Pedro va Nagasaqi de xutrai xita iqi iqi ni tçuite juan vo coroita'Peter killed John because of an argument that took place in Nagasaki.' In certain sentences of serious import a substitute verb (verbum suppositum) is placed after the verb, but this is rare; e.g.,tare mo canavanu futari no qimi ni tçucǒru coto va(84)[175]'no one can serve two masters.' In this sentence the substitute verb istçucǒru coto va.Core ni iote tanomi tatematçuru itçumo virgen[Core ni iotte...] (84) 'therefore I pray to the ever virgin [Mary].'
Clauses (orationes) in the absolute or permissive subjunctive, infinitive, conditional, and causative are always placed before clauses that are in the indicative or imperative, even if it does not make sensein Latin or any other European language; e.g.,achi cara tomeraruru tomo; tomaru na'do not stay, even if they want you to remain,'sore vo qiitareba, fara vo tatete modotta'when he heard that, he came back very angry,'taxicani uqetamotta ni iotte coso, móxi ague maraxitare'I listened carefully, and then I spoke,'faiǒ gozatta raba vo mexi vo xinjô mono vo'if you had come earlier, I would have offered you food.'
When there are two verbs in the same sentence, the first will(62be in the gerund form and the other will be in the tense that is required by the sense of the sentence; e.g.,core vo totte giqi ni mi ga comono ni vataxe'take this and give it to my servant at once.'
When there are two or more clauses which have the same subject or tense, only the last verb will be in the tense that is required by the sense of the sentence. The other verbs will be in the root form, while still others will be in the gerund ineform; e.g.,tovazunba cotaiezu, voxe raba tçuxxinde qiqi[tovazũba...vôxe...qiqe] (85v)[176]'if they don't ask don't answer: if they speak listen carefully,'Deus no vo coto vo macoto ni uqe, go voqite mo camavaide, sono mama inferno ni vochita'he did not believe in God, and he did not respect His precepts; therefore, he fell into Hell.'
Verbs are always placed in the third person to indicate honor. No one honors himself except the king when he is speaking of himself; e.g.,iorocobi ni voboximesu'I am enjoying it very much.'
When there are many adjectives in a sentence, they will all be in the adverbial form except the last; e.g.,qe nangǒ, iro curô, icanimo utçucuxij mono[qe nagǒ...][177]'a very beautiful person with long, black hair.'
The particletois placed before verbs of understanding, believing, and hearing, takes the place of the verb 'to be,' and means 'that';fito to zonjita'I thought, or believed that he was a man,'qixó vo jennin to vomovô ca?[qixo...vomovǒ ca?] 'shall I believe that you are a saint?'Amata no fito xini no fonovo ni moiuru vo misaxerareô(20)[178]'youwill see many men burning in the flames of indignation.' Here one has replacedtowithmoiuru vo, which is a substitute verb. Whenmois added totoit strongly affirms what is said; e.g.,mairó to mo'I shall certainly go, or I will be going.'
The particleto, in the first meaning, is sometimes replaced byiǒni; e.g.,agueta iǒni gozaru'they say that he offered it,'ica iǒna fito to va xiranu'I did not know what kind of a man he was.' Sometimes the substantive verb takes the place of the particleto; e.g.,mairó de gozatta'he said that he would come,'xô de va naqeredomo'although I did not say that I would do it.'
Qiuzo core vo mite, ima vo saigo no coto de areba(97)[179]'seeing this, Kiso believed that the hour of death was present, etc.' Here the substantive verb replacestoand serves as an active verb governing the accusativeima vo, which also replacesto. The particlessǒnaandguenamean 'it seems.'Sǒnais added to the roots of verbs; e.g.,deqi(63sǒna'it seems that it is finished.' If a substantive verb is placed after this particle theais changed toi; e.g.,deqi sǒni gozaru'it seems that he will finish,'deqi sǒni mo zonjenu'I believe that it will not be finished.'[180]Sǒnais also added to adjectives ini, and when it is theiis lost; e.g.,io sǒna'it seems good, or it seems that it is good,'xigue sǒna'it seems dense,' andaiau sǒna'it seems that I am in danger.' If this particle is added to adjectives inna, thenais lost; e.g.,aqiraca sǒna'it seems that it is clear.'
The particleguenais added to the nouns and verbs previously formed; e.g.,maitta guena'I believe that he has come.' If a substantive verb is added to this particle theachanges toi; e.g.,maitta gueni gozaru'I believe that he has come.'Sǒnameans 'it seems,' andguenameans 'I believe,' but either of these forms may occasionally be used in any of the examples given.
When a sentence has two preterits, the first may be in the preterit and the second in the future; e.g.,qesa cara sǒ vôxerareta raba mo faia de maraxô'If you would have said that this morning, I would have already left.'
When reporting what someone else has said, it is said this way;Padre mósaruru va: iagate sonata ie mairó to mǒsaruru'the priest said that he was going to come.' Sometimes when one is excusing himself he will usenoin place ofto; e.g.,asu no, raiguat no, nando to noburu na'don't spread around that it is tomorrow, next month, or whenever.'
Whenvofollowsnit loses itsv; e.g.,go von o uqetatematçutta'I received benefits.'[181]
Adverbs are always placed before their verbs except for the adverbs of time which are placed at the beginning of the sentence; e.g.,sore vo qijte iccó xicari maraxita'hearing that he was very angry,'qiô nen espana cara vatatta toqi[qio nen...] 'when I sailed from Spain last year.' Each verb requires before it a subject in the nominative case, either expressed or understood; e.g.,vare iqeoriqe'come!', where thevareis understood. In some sentences this rule is not respected; e.g.,xisai voba core ni mósare maraxozu[...maraxôzu] 'he will explain, or give the reason for this.' In the following case we do not see the nominative, but ratherare ni va, which is in the dative or ablative;are ni va, navo voixri atta[...voxiri atta] 'he knows better.' In this sentence theare ni vaought to be in the nominative.Cacaru vo ni va cogane no cusari vo icusugi mo tçuqeta dógu de gozaru(138v) 'for a necklace (torques) he had a chain of gold with many links.'
Core ni va gozonji aru mai'Your Lordship does not know(64about this.' Here thecore ni vareplaces the accusative which is governed byzonji,uru.
The impersonal verb or the infinitive requires a nominative before it; e.g.,Pedro va maitta to mósu'they say that Peter came.'
The verbiri,u, which means 'to need,' governs two nominatives, one for the thing and the other for the person in need; e.g.,vatacuxi va cono cane ga iru'I need, or I have a necessity for this money.' It also governs the dative for the person; e.g.,sono tame ni va cane ga iranu'he does not need any gold, or money.'
The active verb requires the accusative before it; e.g.,cane vo motanu'I have no money.'
Certaincobitaorcoienouns, as we have said above, are borrowed from Chinese and govern the same cases as the Japanese verbs to whichthey correspond; e.g.,niva vo qenbut no aida ni mexi vo coxiraie io'prepare the food while we visit the garden.' The nounqenbutrequires the accusativeniva vo. The same is true withfito ni guenzan suru(97) which is likefito ni vó'I meet the man.' Theguenzangoverns the dative just as does the verbai,ó.
When a borrowed word (vocabulum cobitum)[182]is a compound of two elements it is possible to determine if it is a verb by seeing if the first part has the meaning of a verb; e.g.,jótenis a verb which means 'to ascend to heaven' with thejǒmeaning to 'go up.'Tenjǒis a noun in which thejǒis placed after thetenand means 'heaven.'
The passive verb has the ablative for its agent (persona agente); e.g.,Pedro cara corosareta'he was killed by Peter,' but it is better that it govern the dative; e.g.,Pedro ni corosareta, orPedro va nusubito ni cane vo torareta'Peter had his money stolen by thieves.'
There are also certain neutral verbs which govern the accusative as if they were active verbs; e.g.,xiqitai vo fanaruru'to depart from the body, or to die,'axi vo vazzuró'to have a pain in the foot.' This is also true fornigue,uru'to escape,'nogare,uru'to evade,'de,uru'to go out,'noqe,uru'to retreat,'tovori,u'to go across,'nori,u'to sail,' as incaixǒ vo noru'I sail the sea,'iuqi,u'to walk,' as inmichi vo iuqu'I walk the streets,'vovari,u'to finish,'mairi,uas inxogui vo mairu'I play chess (tabula laterucularia),'iorocobi,uas incocoro vo iorocobu'I gladden the heart,'abi,uru, as inmizzu vo abiru[183]'I wash myself with water, or I pour water on myself,'avaremi,u'I am sad,'(65canaximi,u'I am unhappy,'coie,uru'to cross over,'fabacari,u'to be shy,'facarai,ǒ'to take care of,'faxiri,u'to sail,' as incaixǒ, vo, faxiru[caixǒ vo faxiru] 'I sail the sea,'fagi,zzuru'to be ashamed,'fedate,tçuru'to separate,'fe,uru'to spend,' as inficazu vo furu'I spend many days,' [fumaie,uru'to be based on,' as in]dori vo fumaiuru'to be based on reason, or to have reason as a basis,'itami,u'to be sick,'mavari,u'to go around,' as incono cotovari vo móxi mavatta'he goes around and spreads the news here and there,'meguri,uhas the same meaning,nagusami,u'to please,' as incocoro vo nagusamu'I make the hearthappy,'naqi,u'to weep,'tasucari,u'to be saved,' as ininochi vo tasucaru'I am saved from the dangers of life,' orgoxǒ vo tasucaru'to be saved for a future life,'tachi,tçu'to go away from,' as intocoro vo tatçu'I go away from this place,'tomurai,ó'to make a funeral for the dead,'ucagai,ó'to inquire with hesitation,'voximi,u'to value,'urami,u'to enquire,'xinobi,u'to wait in hiding, almost insidiously,' as infito no me vo xinobu'I am careful lest someone see me.'[184]A few of these verbs which require the accusative of location admit to the use of the ablative with the particlescaraoriori; e.g.,tocoro vo tatçuis the same astocoro iori tatçu'I leave the place.'
There are some active verbs which require two accusative cases; e.g.,fori,u,daxi,u,fanaxi,u,tate,tçuru. For example,Pedro vo soco vo voi idaita'they led Peter away from that place.' It is possible that it governs the ablative of location; e.g.,Pedro vo soco cara voi daita[...voi idaita]. Some take either the dative or the accusative; e.g.,fito vo, orfito ni fanare,uru'to go away from the men,'Deus vo, orDeus ni somuqi,u'to offend God.' Verbs of this kind are generally verbs of fearing, offending, or going away.[185]
Many verbs of helping, harming, damning, obeying, recognizing as superior or inferior, being subjugated, being victorious, and similar verbs govern the dative; e.g.,chiie saicacu iǒni coieta'he is superior to others in wisdom and industry.'[186]
Verbs of giving, promising, and the like, govern the accusative for the thing and the dative for the person; e.g.,fito ni cane vo cururu'to give money to someone.'[187]
There are many verbs which permit before themselves the roots of other verbs without change, letting the roots take on the function of an infinitive; e.g.,qiqi fajime,uru'to begin to hear.' Some of these verbs are:nare,uru'to become accustomed,'tçuqe,uruwith the same(66meaning,fate,tçuru'to finish,'narai,ó'to learn,'some,uru'to begin,'todoqe,uru'to continue,'ate,tçuru'to direct,'atari,u'to find by chance,'vaqe,uru'to divide,'cane,uru'to be able to do with difficulty,'soconai,ǒ'to be wrong,'sumaxi,u'to finish,'sugoxi,u'to exceed,'fague maxi,u'to work much and intensely,'aqi,u'to become bored,'tai'to want,' andtǒ mo nai'to not want.'[188]If the roots of verbs are placed before certain adjectives ending ini, they form a kind of supine inTu; e.g.,iomi iasui(92) 'easy to read (facile lectu),' etc.
A numeral, if a substantive noun is placed after it, must be in the genitive case; e.g.,fitotçu no toga'one sin.' The same is true with the particlefodowhen it means 'all'; e.g.,aru fodo no fito'how so ever many.' The same is true withiori; e.g.,Nanban iori no mono'things from Europe.' But this is a relative formation (relatiuum). The genitive is also required with nouns that mean much or little; e.g.,amata no fito'many men.' These nouns are;bechi'other,'fon'one's own,'cazucazu'many,'sama zama'many ways.'Iro iro'much' is the same asiorozzuandizzure.Issaimeans 'all,' as doesvono vono,cotogotoqu, andreqi reqifor a noble person,igue'that which follows,'nocori'that which remains,'itçumo'always,'itçumo no coto'that which always is,'tçune'usual,'ima'now.'Isasacameans 'a little,' as doessotoorsucoxi,xotocu'natural,'sono foca'others.'[189]These nouns are in the genitive if they are followed by a substantive noun, but when they are not followed by a noun they must be taken as adjectives. If they are followed by a verb rather than a noun, they do not require the genitive; e.g.,iorozzu dancǒ xite iocarǒ'it will be good if you all confer.'
There are two ways to count in Japanese.[190]The first is with the ordinary numerals which are callediomi. With these one is able to count to ten; e.g.,fitotçumeans 'one,' which is also used to(67say 'a little,' as insaqe fitotçu nomaxite tamǒre'give me a little sake to drink.'Futatçumeans 'two,'mitçu'three,'iotçu'four,'itçutçu'five,'mutçu'six,'nanatçu'seven,'iatçu'eight,'coconotçu'nine,' andtovo'ten.'Icutçumeans 'what?' and is used when one does not have the proper number.
The second way of counting is with thecoievocables which are borrowed from Chinese. These numbers are not used by themselves to count to ten; but are rather used when counting things which are represented by Chinese, and not Japanese vocables. These bound numerals (termini numerales) are:ichi'one,'ni'two,'san'three,'xi'four,'go'five,'rocu'six,'xichi'seven,'fachi'eight,'cu'nine,'jú'ten.' The numbers eleven and above are made by joining these numbers together. Thus, 'eleven' isjǔichi;júniis 'twelve,'júsan'thirteen,'júcu'ninteen.' The tens are obtained by placing one of the numbers in front of ten; e.g.,nijú'twenty,'sanjú'thirty,'sanjǔichi'thirty-one,'cujǔ'ninety.'Fiacumeans 'hundred,'fiacu ichi'one hundred and one,'fiacu jǔ'one hundred and ten,'fiacu sanjǔ'one hundred and thirty,'ni fiacu'two hundred,'sambiacu'three hundred.'Xenmeans 'thousand,' andxen roppiacu sanjǔ ichiis 'sixteen thirty-one.'
By placing the Japanese numerals in front of Japanese vocables, which are callediomi, and by removing thetçuof the aforementioned numbers before they are joined to nouns or verb stems, one is able to enumerate those things which are indicated by the vocable; e.g.,fito cotoba'one word,'futa cotovari'two reasons,'mi ami'three nets, or three casts of the net,'iocama'to bake something four times in an oven,'itçu caqe'five attacks,'mu casane'six robes, or covers,'nana catana'seven wounds by a sword,'ia catague'eight loads,'cu cavari[191]'nine changes,'to cusa'ten varieties.' Above the number ten this way of counting is not used, instead they sayiro júichiorjúichi no irofor 'eleven colors.' The interrogative isicutçu. If the thing being questioned is placed after the interrogative the particlenois added; e.g.,itçucu no qi zo[icutçu...] 'how many trees are there?' To such a question the answer isfutatçu'two,'mitçu'three,' etc. If thetçuis removed fromicutçu, one may place it in front of the thing being asked about; e.g.,icu tocoro'how many places?'icu toqi'how many hours?'; alsofito fanaxi'one sermon, or conversation,'futa sugi'two treads,'io te'four hands, as in a fight,'itçu tçubu'five grains,'mu tocoro'six(68places,'ia mavari'six [eight] circuits,'cu ninai'nine loads, carried inthe Japanese fashion on a stick with the load in front,'to vatari'ten crossings.' It is possible to count the same thing in different ways. Thus,mu tocorois alsomutçu no tocoroandtocoro mutçu'six places.'Fito iemeans 'one plain thing,'futa ie'doubled, or duplicate,'mi ie'triplicate,' etc. In the same way one may add Chinese numerals to Chinese vocables, orcoie. Usually in this way of counting a [phonetic] change occurs in either the number or the thing counted. Sometimes this change is in the first part, sometimes in the second, and at other times in both. This is particularly true with the first, second, third, sixth, tenth, and one hundredth numbers. With the items below, if nothing is noted, it is an indication that nothing is changed.
When asking about men one saysicutari?'how many men?' The response is made by addingninto the Chinese numeral; e.g.,ichi nin'one man,'ni nin'two men,'iottari'four men'; this is becausexininmeans 'dead person.'
When asking about days one saysicca'how many days?' The response isfi fitoi,[192]becauseichi nichimeans 'one entire solar day,'futçuca'two days,'micca'three days,'iocca'four days,'itçuca'five days,'muica'six days,'nanuca'seven days,'iǒca'eight days,'coconoca'nine days,'toca[193]'ten days,'fatçuca'twenty days.' The remaining days are counted withcoienumerals.
When counting nightsiais added to thecoienumerals; e.g.,ichi ia'one night,'ni ia'two nights,' etc. It is also possible to addiowhich means 'night' in Japanese to theiominumeral; e.g.,icu io'how many nights?'futa io'two nights,'nana io'seven nights,' etc.
When enumerating the months of the yearguatis added to thecoienumeral, with the exception that the first month is calledxóguat. The second isniguat, the third issaguat,[194]the fourth isxiguat, the eleventh isximotçuqi, and the twelfth and last isxi vasu. When counting months thetçuis removed from theiominumeral and the wordtçuqi, which means 'month,' is added.Icutçuqi?means 'how many months.' In response one saysfitotçuqi'one month,' up to ten which istotçuqi, and from there on one counts withcoienumerals; e.g.,júichiguat'eleven months.' If one wants to ask what month it is,January, February, one saysnanguat. The first month of the(69Japanese year is March.
In the enumeration of the yearsnenis placed after thecoienumeral. In asking how many,nen[nan] is placed beforenen; e.g.,nannen'how many years?' In response one saysichinen'one year,'ionen'four years,'sanganen'three years,'sǒ ionen[195]'three or four years,'sǒ xijúnen'thirty or forty years,'fatachimeans 'twenty years of age,' as doesnijǔnen,nijǔ no toxi, ortoxi niju. They ask withicutoxiortoxi icutçu'how old are you.' They count the age of men and animals such as cattle and horses by addingsaito thecoienumeral; e.g.,issai'one,'nisai'two,'sanzai'three.'
In counting turns (visis)dois added to thecoienumerals; e.g.,nando'how many times,'ichido'once,'iodo'four times,'godo'five times,'sai san'twice or thrice.'
In the enumeration of shipssôis placed after thecoienumeral; e.g.,nanzo[nanzô] 'how many ships,' to which one answersissô'one ship,'niso[nisô] 'two,'sanzô'three,'fassô'eight,'jússô[jissô] 'ten.'
Ichiren'one string,'niren'two,'saren'three,' as in figs or pearls.
When enumerating sermons, homilies (tractatus), or repetitions of things,fenis placed after the numeral; e.g.,ippen'one sermon,'nifen'two,'sanben'three,'ave maria fiacu gojippen'one hundred and fifty Hail Mary's.'
In counting gold currencymommeis placed after the numeral; e.g.,ichi momme'onemomme,'ni momme'two,'san mome[san momme] 'three.' When amommeis divided into tenths it is called anippun[fun]. Thus,ippunmeans one tenth part of amomme,nifunmeans 'two tenths,'gofunmeans half the basic unit (media dragma),roppunmeans 'six tenths of amomme.'
When the tenth part of amommeis divided again into ten parts it is counted asichirin,nirin,sarin,iorin,gorin,rocurin,xichirin,fachirin, andcurin. Then comesippun, which is one tenth of amomme.Fiacu memeans 'one hundredmomme,'fiacu ichi momme'one hundred and one,'icquan memeans 'one thousandmomme,'jicquanmemeans 'ten thousand.' There are other coins of silver which are counted by placingmaiormonafter the numeral; e.g.,ichi monmeans one ofthat unit,ni monis 'two,'San maiis three hundredmon. They no longer produce a coin which is one half of the gold coin, but one thousand of these coins makeicquan, whilejicquanis 'ten(70thousandquan.'[196]
Core va ica fodo ni suru'how much is this worth?' orica fodo ni uru'at what price will you sell this?'Ni momme suru'I consider it worth twomomme,' orni momme ni iasui'I can sell this for more than twomomme, or at twomommethis is cheap.'
The enumeration of liquid measurements is done by placing the particlexôin front of the liquid quantity; e.g.,ixxo[ixxô] 'onexô,'nixo[nixô] 'two,'sango[sanjô] 'three.' Tenxôareittowhich is the particletoplaced after the numeral;nitomeans 'twentyxô,'sando'thirty.' For one tenth of axôone places the particlegoafter the numeral; e.g.,Ichigo'onego,'nigo'two,'sango'three,'ixxô gogo'one and one halfxô.'Fattois eightyxô. One hundredxômakeichi cocu. By placing thecocuafter numerals one obtainsni cocu'two hundredxô,'sangocu'three hundred,'jiccocu'one thousand,'xencocu'ten thousand,'ichi mangocu'one hundred thousand.'
The enumeration of the measurements of human height is achieved by placingfito[firo] after theiominumerals; e.g.,fito firo'onefiro,'futa firo'two,'jippiro'ten.' The measurement of a span (palmus) is made by addingxacuto thecoienumerals; e.g.,ixxacu'one span, or three spans by the Spanish measuring system,'[197]sanjaku'three.'Goxacuis the same asfito firowhich is a measurement we have referred to before. Sixxacumake up a measurement calledicqen'oneqen,'nicqen[niqen] 'two,'jicqen'ten,' andsanguen'three.' From sixty of these measurements one makes a measurement calledicchó, that is 'one mountain path,'nicchǒ[nichǒ] 'two,'jichiǒ [jicchǒ]'ten,'sangiǒ'three.' From sixty-three [thirty-six]chô, as measured in the northern part of Japan, one obtainsichiriwhich is one league or one miliar. One enumerates by addingrito thecoienumerals; e.g.,niri'two,'sanri'three,'gori'five,'júri'ten';ioriis 'four,' becausexirimeans anus.[198]Fan michimeans 'a half of a league.' They say;ioco fan miqi tate ichiri[...michi...] 'a half ariwide and onerilong,'faba icqen'the width is oneqen,'iofǒ futa firo'twohiroon all sides.'
The cardinal numbers first, second, etc. are made by addingbanto thecoienumerals; e.g.,ichi ban'first,'ni ban'second.' To these are also addedme, as said before; e.g.,xi ban me'fourth.' One may also make the cardinal numbers by placingdaiin front of thecoie(71numerals; e.g.,daiichi'first,'daini'second,' etc.
The enumeration of multiples is done by addingbaito the numbers; e.g.,ichibai'double,'nibai'triple,'sanbai'quadruple,'[199]fiacu zobai'one hundred fold.'
The enumeration of the parts from the whole is done by placingbuichiafter the numeral; e.g.,ni buichi'one from two parts,'san buichi'one from three parts.'
To indicate one tenthvariis placed after the numeral; e.g.,ichi vari'one from ten parts,'xi vari gobu'four and one half from ten parts.'Jú buichiis the same asichi vari.
The enumeration of oars, muskets, and long things made of wood is done by placingchóafter the numerals; e.g.,icchó'one oar,'nichó'two,'sangiǒ'three,'jichó[jicchó] 'ten.'
The enumeration of fish and fire wood is done by placingconafter the numerals;[200]e.g.,iccon, 'one fish,'sangon'three,'jiccon'ten,'fiaccon'one hundred,'fiacu gojǔ sangon'one hundred and fifty-three.' This is the amount Saint Peter caught, and even though he caught that number the net did not tear.
The enumeration of leaves of paper and sheets of gold, etc. is done by placingmaiafter the numeral; e.g.,ichimai'one leaf,'cami gomai'five leaves of paper.'
The enumeration of the stories of a house is done by placingcaiafter the numeral; e.g.,nicai'the first floor,'sangai'the second,'xigai'the third,'gocai'the fourth,' when counted as in a house in Madrid.
The enumeration of utensils and cups for drinking is done by placingfaiafter the numeral; e.g.,ippai'one drink, or one draught,'nifai'two,'sanbai'three,'jippai'ten.'
The enumeration of rolls of silk or the like is done by placingtanafter the numeral; e.g.,ittan'one roll,'nitan'two,'sandan'three,'jittan'ten.'Xichitan buneis a ship with a sail seventanwide.
This is also said by addingmaito the numeral; e.g.,gomai'five,' as ingomai bune'a ship having a sail fivemaiwide.'
The enumeration of four-footed animals is done by placingfiqiafter the numeral; e.g.,ippiqi'one animal,'nifiqi'two,'sanbiqi'three,'roppiqi'six,'jippiqi'ten,'fiappiqi'one hundred,'xenbiqi'one thousand.'
The enumeration of images, pictures, and medicines is done(72by placingfucuafter the numeral; e.g.,ippucu'one item,'nifucu'two,'sanbucu'three,'roppucu'six,'jippucu'ten.' Needles are also counted this way.
The enumeration of pounds (libra) is done by placingqinafter the numeral; e.g.,icqin'one pound,'niqin'two,'sanguin'three,'rocqin'six,'jicqin'ten,'fiacqin'one hundred,'xenqin'one thousand.'
The enumeration of masses and congregations of men is done by placingzaafter the numeral; e.g.,ichiza'one congregation,'niza'two,'sanza'three,'jǔza, or bettertoza'ten.'
The enumeration of sacks of rice, wheat, and the like, is done by placingfiôafter the numeral; e.g.,ippiô'one sack,'nifiô'two,'sanbiô'three,'xifio[xifiô] 'four,'roppio[roppiô] 'six,'jippio[jippiô] 'ten,'fiiappio[fiappiô] 'one hundred,'xembiô[xenbiô] 'one thousand.'
The enumeration of pieces of wood, reeds, and needles is done by placingfonafter the numeral; e.g.,ippon'one item,'nifon'two,'sanbon'three,'roppon'six,'jippon'ten,'fiappon'one hundred,'xenbon'one thousand.'
The enumeration of bundles (fasciculus) is done by placingvaafter the numeral; e.g.,ichiva'one bundle,'niva'two,'sanba'three,'jippa'ten,'júichiva'eleven,'ni jippa'twenty.'
The enumeration of burdens or the packs that horses carry is done by placingsóafter the numeral; e.g.,issó'one burden,'nisǒ'two,'sanzó'three,'jissǒ'ten.' In the same way one counts those furnishings calledbiǒbu; two or a pair from a set is calledissó, etc.
The enumeration of that which in the vernacular is called a quire of paper (mano de papel) is done by placinggiôafter the numeral; e.g.,ichigio[ichigiô] 'one quire,'nigio[nigiô] 'two,'sangiô'three,' so onto ten. Units of ten are counted by addingsocuto the numeral; e.g.,issocu'ten quires, or what in the vernacular is called a half ream (media resma),'nisocu'twenty, or an entire ream.' With this particlesocuadded to numerals one also counts pairs of shoes; e.g.,issocu'a pair of shoes.'
The enumeration of substance (substantia) is done by placingtaiafter the numeral; e.g.,ittai'one substance,'nitai'two,'sandai'three.'Deus no von tocoro va goittai de gozaru'God as God is of one substance and one essence.'
The enumeration of the divisions in a writing (capitulum) is done by placingcagiôafter the numeral; e.g.,iccagiô'one chapter,'(73nicagio[nicagiô] 'two,'sangagio[sangagiô] 'three,'roccagio[roccagiô] 'six,'fiaccagio[fiaccagiô] 'one hundred.'
The enumeration of drops is done by placingteqiafter the numeral; e.g.,itteqi'one drop,'jitteqi'ten.' The same meaning is obtained by addingxizzucuto theiominumeral; e.g.,fito xizzucu'one drop,' etc. In this case thetçumust be removed from the numeral.
The enumeration of the pairs of small sticks (paxillus) with which they eat is done by placingtçuiafter the numeral; e.g.,itçui[ittçui] 'one pair,'jittçui'ten.'
The enumeration of bundles is done by placingcaafter the numeral; e.g.,icca'one bundle,'nica'two,'sanga'three.'
The enumeration of books is done by placingquanafter the numeral; e.g.,icquan'one book,'niquan'two,'sanguan'three,'roquan[rocquan] 'six,'jiquan[jicquan] 'ten.'
With the interrogativenan, when it is placed before one of these nouns, it changes it in the same way as does the number three; e.g.,ano mmadomo va nanbiki zo?'how many horses are there?'
The enumeration of kingdoms (regnum) is done by placingcacocuafter the numeral; e.g.,iccacocu'one kingdom,'nicacocu'two,'sangacocu'three,'jiccacocu'ten.' Kingdoms are divided into provinces or districts calledgun, and this word also is placed after the numeral; e.g.,ichigun'one province,'nigun'two,'sangun'three,' etc.
Sermons and exhortations are enumerated by placingdanafter the numeral;ichidan'one sermon, or assembly.' Words are enumerated byplacinggonorguenafter the numeral; e.g.,ichigon'one word,'sanguen'three words.'
Placing the particlezzutçuafter eithercoieoriominumerals gives the meaning of 'each'; e.g.,ichinin ni uxi sanbiki zzutçu vo toraxeta'he let the men have three oxen each,'ichinin zzutçu saqe sanbai zzutçu vo nomareta'each man drank three sake each.'
In speaking of two or three things separately, they join the two numbers; e.g.,xigonin'four or five men,' from which others may be copied.
The honorific particles are four;vo,von,go, andmi.[201]The first two are joined toiomivocables. The last two are joined tocoie, or Chinese vocables. The last is the most honorific and is used when speaking of things divine; e.g.,midexi tachi'disciples of Christ the Lord,'goichinin vocoite cudasarei'please send one from among the Lords.'
The words which follow have honorific particles that have(74been added by the speaker. However, the honor is shown to the person addressed or to those related to him; e.g.,go focô[go fôcô] 'a duty,'von furu mai'a banquet,'von cotoba'a word, or a sermon,'von mono gatari'a conversation,'von natçucaxijorvon nocori vovoiwhich mean the same as what the Portuguese callsaudades(nostalgia) and the Spanish callcarino(affection),von tori avaxe'intercession,'von mi mai'a visit,'von cha'that which one drinks when they invite you,'go dancó'a consultation or congregation for the purpose of obtaining advice,'von rei'an act of gratitude,'von busata'a lapse of good manners,'vo motenaxi'to treat well and elegantly,'go chiso[go chisô] 'esteem,'go iqen'an opinion,' e.g.,fabacari nagara go iqen vo mǒxitai'forgive me but I would like to give you some advice,' etc.