FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[125]Sheridan's Art of Reading.[126]Sheridan.[127]Churchill has improved English versification, but was sometimes too incorrect. It is a remark of some writer, "That the greatest geniuses are seldom correct," and the remark is not without foundation. Homer, Shakespear, and Milton, were perhaps the greatest geniuses that ever lived, and they were certainly guilty of the greatest faults. Virgil and Pope were much inferior in point of genius, but excelled in accuracy. Churchill had genius, but his contempt of rules made him sometimes indulge a too great latitude of expression.NOTES,HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL.[A],page42, Text.The author of the "Specimen of an Etymological Vocabulary," asserts that "the Celtic was demonstrably the origin of the Greek and Latin; of most, if not all the languages of Europe; of part of Africa and the two Tartaries."Mons. Gebelin, who has, with great industry, investigated the origin of the European languages, is of opinion that the Celtic was spoken from the borders of the Hellespont to the ocean, and from Troy to Cape Finisterre and Ireland. "La langue Celtique, dans son sens le plus extendu, est la langue que parlerent les premiers habitans de l'Europe, depuis les rives de l'Hellespont & de la Mer Egée, jusques a celle de l'Ocean; depuis le cap Sigée aux portes de Troie, jusques au cap de Finisterre en Portugal, ou jusques en Irelande."——Dis. Prelim. art. 2.From this language, he says, sprung the Greek or Pelasgic, prior to Hesiod and Homer—the Latin or thatof Numa—the Etruscan, spoken in a considerable part of Italy—the Thracian, spoken on the Danube, from the Euxine to the Adriatic sea, which was the same as the Phrygian—the Teutonic or German, spoken from the Vistula to the Rhine—the Gaulish, spoken on the Alps, in Italy, on this side the Po, and from the Rhine to the Ocean, including France, the Low Countries, Switzerland, Alemain, and the two Bretagnes—also the Cantabrian, or ancient language of Spain—in short, the Runic, spoken in the North, Denmark, Sweden, &c.The only pure remains of this primitive Celtic, the same author supposes, are found in Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany in France, where the people still speak dialects of a language which is proved to be the ancient British."Separes ainsi du reste de l'univers, ces debris des anciens Celtes ont conservé leurs anciens usages, & parlent une langue qui n'a aucun rapport a celles des peuples qui les ont subjugués, & qui s'est partagée en trois dialectes, le Gallois, le Cornouaillien, & le Bas Breton; dialectes qui ont entr'eux le plus grand rapport, & qui sont incontestablement les precieux restes de l'ancienne langue des Celtes ou des Gaulois."——Dis. Prelim."Separated from the rest of the world, these remains of the ancient Celts have preserved their ancient customs, and speak a language whichhas no agreement with those of their conquerors, and which is divided into three dialects, the Welsh, the Cornish, and the Armoric—dialects which have a close affinity with each other, and which are, beyond dispute, the precious remains of the ancient Celtic or Gaulish language."[128]In this passage the author seems to contradict what he had just before advanced, that the Celtic was theprimitive language of Europe, from which sprung the Gothic or German. Now the Franks, Normans and Saxons, who subdued Gaul and Britain, spoke dialects of the Gothic; consequently there must have been, upon our author's own hypothesis, some agreement between the ancient Celtic and the more modern languages of the Goths, Saxons, and other northern conquerors of the Celtic nations. This agreement will appear, when I come to collate a number of words in the different languages.Many learned men have attempted to prove that the Northern Goths and Teutones, and the Celts who lived in Gaul and Britain, were originally the same people. Mons. Mallet, the celebrated historian, has composed his "Introduction to the History of Denmark" upon this hypothesis. His translator is of a different opinion, and has generally substituted the English word "Gothic" for the "Celtique" of the original. In a preface to his translation, he endeavors to confute the opinion of Mons. Mallet, Cluverius, Pellutier and others, and prove that the Gothic and Celtique nations wereab originetwo distinct races of men. Great erudition is displayed on both sides of the question, and those who have a taste for enquiries of this kind, will receive much satisfaction and improvement, in reading what these authors have written upon the subject.After a close examination, I freely declare myself an advocate for the opinion of Mons. Mallet, Lhuyd, and Pellutier, who suppose the Celts and Goths to be descended from the same original stock. The separation however must have been very early, and probably as early as the first age after the flood. To say that the Gothic and Celtique languages haveno affinity, would be to contradict the most positive proofs; yet the affinity is very small—discoverable only in a few words.The modern English, Danish, Swedish and German are all unquestionably derived from the same language;they have been spoken by distinct tribes, probably not two thousand years, and almost one half of that period, the sounds have been in some measure fixed by written characters, yet the languages are become so different as to be unintelligible, each to those who speak the other. But, suppose two languages separated from the parent tongue, two thousand years earlier, and to be spoken, thro the whole of that time, by rude nations, unacquainted with writing, and perpetually roving in forests, changing their residence, and liable to petty conquests, and it is natural to think their affinity must become extremely obscure. This seems to have been the fact with respect to the Gothic and Celtic tongues. The common parent of both was the Phenician or Hebrew. This assertion is not made on the sole authority of Moses; profane history and etymology furnish strong arguments to prove the truth of the scripture account of the manner in which the world was peopled from one flock or family. Of these two ancient languages, the Celtic or British comes the nearest to the Hebrew, for which perhaps substantial reasons will be assigned. The Gothic bears a greater affinity to the Greek and Roman, as being derived through the ancient Ionic or Pelasgic, from the Phenician.Lhuyd, a celebrated and profound antiquary, remarks, Arch. Brit. page 35. "It is a common error in etymology to endeavor the deriving all the radical words of our western European languages from the Latin and Greek; or indeed to derive constantly the primitives of any one language from any particular tongue. When we do this, we seem to forget that all have been subject to alterations; and that the greater and more polite any nation is, the more subject, (partly for improvement, and partly out of a luxurious wantonness) to new model their language. We must therefore necessarily allow, that whatever nations were of the neighborhood and of one common origin with the Greeks and Latins, when they began to distinguish themselves for politeness, they must have preserved theirlanguages (which could differ from theirs only in dialects) much better than they; and consequently no absurdity to suppose a great many words of the language, spoken by the old aborigines, the Osci, the Læstrigones, the Ausonians, Ænotrians, Umbrians and Sabines, out of which the Latin was composed, to have been better preserved in the Celtic than in the Roman. "Lingua Hetrusca, Phrygia, Celtica (says the learned Stiernhelm) affines sunt omnes; ex uno fonte derivatæ. Nec Græca longe distat, Japheticæ sunt omnes; ergo et ipsa Latina. Non igitur mirium est innumera vocabula dictarum Linguarum communia esse cum Latinis." And that being granted, it must also be allowed that the Celtic (as well as all other languages) has been best preserved by such of their colonies, as, from the situation of their country, have been the least subject to foreign invasions. Whence it proceeds that we always find the ancient languages are best retained in mountains and islands."The result of this doctrine is, that the primitive Celtic was preserved, in greatest purity, in Britain, before the Roman and Saxon conquests, and since those periods, in Wales and Cornwall. Hence the affinity between the Hebrew and British, which will afterward appear.Wallis remarks that it is doubtful whether many words in the English and German languages are derived from the Latin, or the Latin from the Teutonic, or whether all were derived from the same stock. "Multas autem voces, quæ nobis cum Germanis fere sunt communes, dubium est an prisci olim Teutones a Latinis, an hi ab illis, aut denique utrique ab eodem commune fonte, acceperint."——Gram. Cap. 14.But I presume that history, as well as etymology, will go far in solving the doubt, and incline us to believe that the Teutonic, Greek and Latin were all children of the same parent tongue.We first hear of men in the mild climate of Asia Minor, and about the head of the Mediterranean. Soon after the flood, the inhabitants began to migrate into distant countries. Some of them went northward and settled in Bactriania and Hyrcania, thence extending westward along the shores of the Caspian sea into Armenia. From these Asiatic colonies, sprung the Scythians and the numerous tribes that afterwards covered the territory of modern Russia, Sweden and Denmark. The different tribes or hordes of these people were called Cimbri, (perhaps from Gomer) Galli, Umbri, &c. and settled the northern parts of Europe as far as the Rhine.The northern Greek countries, Thrace and Mysia, were peopled by the descendants of Tiras or Thiras, a son of Japhet. The whole country from Thrace to Peloponnesus was inhabited by the posterity of Javan and Cittim; indeed Ionia, the ancient name of Greece, seems to be derived from Javan,JorIbeing anciently pronounced as liquidi, oryconsonant, and as it is still pronounced in the Germanja,yaw. These settlements were made long before the Pelasgic migrations into Greece, which happened at least 2000 years before Christ. The original language of Greece was calledIonic, fromJavanorIon. The Pelasgi were probably Phenicians; and ancient historians relate that they carried letters into Greece; but these must have been in a very rude state, so early after their invention;[129]nor do we find that they were ever much used; at least no records or inscriptions, in these characters, are mentioned by the Greek historians.Cadmus introduced the Phenician letters into Greece 1494 years before Christ. These letters were introduced with some difficulty, and both Cadmus and his followers were obliged to adopt theIonicor originalJaphetic language, which was afterwards written in his Phenician characters.The Greeks, at different periods, sent colonies into distant parts of the country. These settled in Thrace, Macedon, on the banks of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, in Italy, Sicily and on the southern shore of the Mediterranean. This Ionic or Japhetic language was therefore the root of the Greek and Latin. It was also the root of the Gothic language, spoken in the north of Europe; and from which, after the revolution of ages, the shocks of war, and the improvements in science, no less than seven or eight different languages are derived.[130]Profane history therefore warrants us in asserting that the Greek, Roman, and all the modern languages of the north of Europe, and the English, among the rest, had a common stock. But history alone would not silence our objections to this theory, were it not incontestibly proved by a number of radical words, common to all, which are not yet lost in the changes of time. Etymology therefore furnishes a demonstration of what is related in history. When one sees the words γινωσκω and γνοω in Greek,nosco, and anciently,gnoscoin Latin, andknowin English, conveying the same idea, he is led to suspect that one nation borrowed the word from another. But when did the English borrow this word? The word was used by the Saxons, long before they could have had any knowlege of Greek or Roman authors. It furnishes therefore a strong presumption that all the streams came from the same fountain. But when we examin further, and find many, perhaps a hundred words or more, common to all these languages, the evidence of their common origin becomes irresistible. This in fact is the case.The authors then who have labored to prove the Greek and Latin Languages to be derived from theCeltic, mistake the truth. TheCelticwas notpriorto the Greek and Latin, but a branch of thesame stock; that is, cotemporary with those languages.This Japhetic language, I take to be coeval with the Phenician or Hebrew; and there are some Hebrew words in the English language, which must have been derived thro the Saxon or Teutonic. But the old British, as I before remarked, retained the greatest affinity to the Hebrew. The reason which appears probable, has been already assigned; the Celts and Britons in the west of Europe, remained, till the times of Julius Cæsar, less disturbed by wars and revolutions, than the inhabitants of Asia, Egypt and Greece.But I am inclined to believe further, that the descent of the Britons from the first Japhetic tribes that settled in Greece, was more direct, than thro the Gomerians or Cimbri, who travelled northward along the shores of the Baltic. I suspect that very ancient colonies settled on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Italy and Spain, and thence found their way to Gaul and Britain, before the northern tribes arrived thro Germany and Belgium. This would account for the affinity between the Hebrew language and the Welsh. The opinion however is not well supported by historical facts, and the ancient name of the British language,Cymraeg, denoting its descent from theCimbricis a weighty objection.[131]It is certain however that Carthage was settled by Phenicians, about 900 years before Christ. Greek colonies went thither in the following century, and not long after they settled at Marseilles in Gaul. The people therefore on both shores of the Mediterranean were descended from the same stock as the northern nations.Accordingly we are not surprized to find some radical words nearly the same in all the existing languages of Europe. See Jackson's Chronological Antiquities, vol. 3, with Lhuyd, Geblin, and others.To illustrate what I have advanced, respecting the first peopling of the world, and the derivation of most European languages from one mother tongue, I will here insert some remarks from Rowland's Mona Antiqua Restaurata, p. 261, with a table of words, evidently of Hebrew original."ATABLE,shewing the Affinity and near Resemblance, both in Sound and Signification, of many Words of the Ancient Languages of Europe with the Original Hebrew Tongue."For the better understanding of the parallels of this following table, it is to be observed, that letters of one and the same organ are of common use in the pronunciation of words of different languages—as for example,M,B,V,F,P, are labials:T,D,S, are dentals:G,Ch,H,K,C, are gutturals—and therefore if the Hebrew word or sound begins with, or is made of, any one of the labials, any of the rest of the same organ will answer it in the derivative languages. The same is to be observed in using the dental and the guttural letters. For in tracing out the origin of words, we are more to regard the sound of them than their literal form and composition; wherein we find words very often, by the humors and fancy of people, transposed and altered from their native sounds, and yet in their signification they very well fit their original patterns. I shall only exemplify in the lettersM,B, andV, which are of one organ, that is, are formed by one instrument, the lip; and therefore are promiscuously used the one for the other, in pronouncing words of one language in another. The HebrewBis generally pronounced as aVconsonant. And the Irish also, most commonly in the middle of a word, pronounceMas aV; as we find the ancient Britons to have made use ofV, or ratherF, which they pronounce asV, forMandBin many Latin words; as,Latin.British.AnimalAnifailTurmaTyrfaTerminusTerfynCalamusCalafPrimusPrifAmnisAfonArmaArfauFirmusFfyrfMonumentumMonfentFirmomentumFfurfafenLamentorLlefainElementumEifenMemorareMyfyrioHyemsGauafClamareLlafaruNumerusNiferColumnaColofnGemelliGefeillRomaRhufainScriboScrifenuLiberLlyfrRemusRhwyfDomoDofiRebelloRhyfelaPlumaPlufCatamanusCadfanDimetæDyfedLimaLlifLaminaLlafn, &c."We are not to wonder at this analogy of sounds in the primitive distinction of languages. For before the use of writing, which has established the correct form of words, people were only guided by the ear in taking the sound of words, and they pronounced and uttered them again as the organs of their voice were best fitted for it; and it happening that the aptitude and disposition of those organs, peculiar to some people and countries, were various (as we find to this day some nations cannot shape their voice to express all the sounds of another's tongue,) it accordingly affected and inclined some parties of people to speak the same consonants harder or softer, to utter the same vowels broader or narrower, longer or shorter, as they found themselves best disposed to do. And thereupon custom prevailing with particular sets of people, to continue the use of such different pronunciation as they affected, the words so varied came at length to take on them different forms,and to be esteemed and taken as parts of different languages, tho in their origin they were one and the same.[132]Hebrew.Derivatives.English.AuchAwchBrit.The edge of a swordEvenMaenA stoneAgamorLeagamLagamCorn.A pool or lakeIvahDeis-yfuBr.To desireAuorAwyrLightened airAnoYnoThenAcheiAchauBrethren or kindredAedeneiGwadnauThe soles of the feetCalalCyllellTo wound or pierceDomenTomenMuck or dungGehel——CoalSâlSâlBr.Vile or of no accountKadalGadaelTo forsake or desistAgganAngeionGreekA vessel or earthen potAlaph'AlphoōTo findBamaBoōmòsAn altarHagAgiosHolyHadarCadairBr.Honor or reverenceKathaIrishHiaY hiBr.SheGophCorphA body, corpseDeraichBraichAn armRaichDadDidenBr.The dug or udderAgerAggeroLat.To heap togetherElah-Illi, illæThey,masc. & fem.AngilAxillaThe arm pitDapshDapsCheer or daintiesHenEn! ecce!Lo! behold!PharPhérōGreekTo bear or carryHarabonArrhabonA pawn or pledgePhalatPhuláttōTo keep or defendPathahPeíthōTo persuadeGabGibbusLat.Bent or crookedDurDuroTo endureLaishLisGreekA lionDekaDekōTo biteEphachOphisA serpentDathDeddfBr.A lawDenahDynaThis, that, there it isHissahYs tawBe silentDistawCalaClafTo be sickCleiCleasIrishJewels, ornamentsDevarDeveirimTo speakEinYnysBr.IslandHamaAmanArmor.ButterYmenynBr.ImIrishIvoNavaHis enemyBealaMealamTo be wastedVockVacuusLat.EmptyGwâcBr.AitaYdywIs, or areBarBarIrishSonBarehBaraBr.Meat, or victualsBeramVerùmLat.But, neverthelessBethBwthBr.A house, boothSeSheIrishHe, or himGahaIachauBr.To heal, or cureGadCàdAn armyBotenPottenBr.The bellyGeverGwrA manHadaEdōGreekTo cherishBoaBáōTo comeAniahAníaSadnessCharathCharâttōTo insculpMaasMiséōI hateSemainSemaínōI shewAaz'AixA goatAlethAlaethBr.A curseElilEllyllyIdolAllunLlwynA grove of oaksAmunathAmyneddConstancyApWepFaceIthoIddoWith himAtunOdynA furnaceAthaAethWent, or cameIscheYssuTo burnEmaethYmaithFrom himBarachParchTo esteem, or blessGobahCoppaThe topGevenCefnA ridge, or backGedadGwiwdodExcellencyGaiaphCauTo shut, or incloseEvil——EvilBeasch——BaseBabel——To babble, cabal; and hablar in Spanish, to speak; Lat. fabula; Fr. fariboles, idle talkBaroth——BrothGaah——GayDum——DumbDusch——To dashHebisch——To abashHua——He,masc. gend.Haras——To harassChittah——WheatMesurah——A measureSahap——To sweepCharath——To writeSaar——A showerAanna——To annoyPhæer——FairPheret——A part, or portionPhærek——FierceEretz——Earth; Sax. herthaSad——SideSpor——A sparrowKinneh——A caneKera——To cryShekel——SkillRechus——RichesKre——A crowPasa——To passHalal——A holeCatat——To cutRagez——To rageRagal——To rail, or detractMaguurMagwyrHabitationMadheviMyddfaiDistempersDorothTorethGenerations, encreaseDalTalTall and highHavahY fuWas, or has beenMahalacMalcA pathway, or a balkHiloHeuloShining.Apollo, Sol.TorToarIrish.A boundary, or limitTerfynBr.SiuSywResplendentAchalasAchlesDefence, AchillesMachanehMachnoandMechainPlaces of defence of old in the co. of Montgomery. PenmachnoChorauCrauHolesChoreshCorsBr.A place full of small wood or reedsNodahNodiTo make known, or noteJadhaAddefTo know'OídaGreekHathorathAthrawiaethBr.DisciplineJchEichYour, or your ownJaredI waredDescendedChaChwiYouJainGwînWineToledouthTylwythGenerationsLusLlyfuTo go away, or avoidCaolathColledA lossHounilYnnillGainJesterYstyrConsiderationJadadhGwahoddTo inviteCafodothCyfoethHonours, or wealthCisCîstA chestBarFarLat.Bread cornBaraBr.Shevah——SevenDakar——A daggerHinnek——To hangShelet——A shieldHever——Over, or aboveShibbar——To shiver, or quakeJiled——[133]A childChœbel——A cableParak——To breakGannaf——A knave, or a thiefColl——AllHannah——To annoy, or hurtEthEtosGreekA year, or ageÆtasLat.SanCœnaA supperNabalNebuloA churlMotMotusLat.MotionBathBatosGreekA thornEdenEdonePleasureKolahKleiōTo praiseSasSesA mothPhacPhakeLentilSkopacScopōTo speculateJounecJevangcBr.A sucklingHamohadAmmodCovenantParadParedA partitionKerenCornA hornKefelCefailThe armpitMe-AbMâbSon, or from a fatherLuungLlyngcuTo swallowTemuthaDifethaDestructionCeremluachCromlechA sacrificing stoneHamuleAmlPlenty, or storeMah?Mae?What? where? how?MagalMagluTo betrayMakelMaglA staffMeriaMêrFat, or marrowMoutMudoTo removeMethMethuTo die, or failMarMaerA lordMaradBrad[134]RebellionNafeNefJoyfulTaphiluTafluTo castHanesHanesTo signifyNevathNeuaddHabitationJissalIselorIseluTo throw downNaoaphNwyfLustNaduNaduThey moanSetharSathruTo throw under feetHeberAberA ford, or passageNucchuNychuBeing smittenNuuNhwyThey, or thoseNaodhadNoddedTo escapeGadahGadawBr.To pass byNiuedNiweidTo spoilGolothGolwythBurnt offeringsMohalMoelTop of a hillGalasGlwysPleasantHasemAsenA rib, or boneGarevathGwarthShameTaphugDiffygWant, or defectPhorethFfrwythFruit, or effectPachBachA crooked stickPinnouthPennaethChief, or uppermostPhinnahFfynnuTo prosperPathPethA part or portionPhilegeshFfilogesA concubineCatonCwttynShort and littleCirCaerA walled townReithRhîthAppearanceTirenehTrînTo feed and look afterRagahRhwygoTo tear, ragRasahRâsandRhâdGrace, or good willSemenSaimFat, or oilSaraphSarphA serpentSacSâchA[135]sackPhukFfûgDisguiseFucusLat.PhærekFerociaFiercenessPinnahPinnaBattlementPiggerPiger fuitLazyNacaNecoTo slayAdAdUntoNutNutoTo nodDaragTrechōGreekTo run to, or come atBalaPalaiSome time agoHannak'AgchōTo strangleTaguBr.NaarNearosGreekNew or latelyAgab'AgapaōTo lovePachaPegeGreekA fountainParashPhrasōTo declare, phraseKolKalèōG.GalwB.To callMashalBasileuōGreekTo reignSharekaSyrinxA syringeBekarimPecoraLat.CattleAhelAulaA hallCarpasCarbasusFine linen, or lawnÆshÆstesLa.TêsBr.Heat, or hot weatherGibarGubernoLat.To governParahVireoTo look greenKiQuiaWhereforeOlamOlimOf oldGolemGlomusA clew of threadAmamYmamMother, mammaCoapharGwobrRewardCalaCaulaLat.A sheepfoldSarchSerchBr.LustfulGoliathGlwthA bedPathehenPuttainA whoreBurgadBwrgaisA burgessTeragDrwgBad, or evilDasgarDysglA dishShiovangSiongeHonorableAnasAnnosTo instigateTamDimNothingPherchY ferchA daughterTetuvaEdifarPenitentLeamorAr lafarSayingCasasCeisioTo searchCarkCarcharTo bind;Lat.carcerKamCammuTo bendCaffaCyffA beamCevelAr gyfylNearDumgaDammegA simileTorandSorTarwA bull;Lat.taurusTurnaTeyrnA prince, tyrantManosMyddynA mountainMalasMelysSweetPalacPlyguTo foldBancMaincA benchMalalMaluTo grindMarakMarcA noteCadifGwaduTo tell a lieTohumEyfnDepthColarColerA neck band, collarCoronthaCoronA crownBerekBrêgA breachBagadBagadA great manyArachArogliTo smellNagashYn agosTo approachCiliahCeilliauStonesGevrCawrA giantKecCêgA mouthKunCwynoTo lamentNatsarDinystrDestruction, or ruinPinnahPinaglPinnacleMahalalMawlorMoliTo praiseHedelHoedlLifeHalalHaulSunGavelGafaelTenureLashaddGlasaiddBlueishGeremGrym, grymmusBony or strongMasacCym-myscuTo mingleGanaCanuTo sing; Lat. canoCelimahCalumniaLat.ReproachNetzNisusEndeavorPtselPsileōTo make bearShushanSousonLillyShecanSceneōTo dwell in tabernaclesKalalGwaelBr.VileTaffiDiffoddiTo extinguishTselemDelwAn imageHoberiObryMen over againstAen-adonAnudonDisclaiming God, or perjuryHere are about fifty English words, which, from their near resemblance to the Hebrew, both in sound and signification, must have been borrowed from the latter in modern ages, or been preserved thro successive generations from Heber to the present times. But they could not have been introduced into English in modern ages, for many of them are found in the other branches of the Gothic, the German, Danish and Swedish; and it can be proved that they existed in the original Gothic or northern language. For example, our wordearthis found in Hebrew, and in all the dialects of the Gothic. Hebrew,ertorertz; Welsh,d'aira; Greek,éra; Latin,terra; Gothic,airthai; ancient German,erthorherth; Saxon,eartho; Low Dutch,aerden; High Dutch, erden; Swiss, erden; Scotch, airth; Norwegian or Norse,iorden; Danish,iorden; Swedish,iordenne; Irelandic,iordu. In the pronunciation of these words there is little difference, except such as is common to the several languages. The ancients aspirated their words more frequently than the moderns; hence the old Germans pronounced the word withh, as appears by a passage in Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. 40. "Nec quidquam notabile in singulis, nisi quod in communeHerthum, id estterram, matrem colunt."—The modern nations of the north generally write and pronouncedwhere we writeth; aserden; and theiof the Norwegians answers to oureory, so thatiordenis pronouncedyorden; and it is remarkable that many of the common English people still pronounceearth,yerth.The Hebrewturnais found in the Britishteyrn, signifying a prince or ruler. This word is the root of the Greekturannos, the Latintyrannus, the Britishdyrnas, a kingdom or jurisdiction, which is still preserved in the modern Welshdeyrnas; and we see the word in the name of the celebrated British commander,Vortighern. Our word tyrant is derived from it, but it is always used in a bad sense.In the Hebrewrechusorrekus, we have the origin of the Englishrich,riches, and the terminationrickin bishop-rick, and anciently, in king-rick; the word originally denotinglanded property, in which wealth was supposed to consist, and afterwardsjurisdiction. From the same word are derived the Anglo Saxonryc; the Franco Theotisc,rihhi; the Cimbric,rickie; the ancient Irish or Gaedhlig,riogda; the Low Dutch,rijcke; the Frisic,rick; the German,reich; the Swiss,rijch; the Danish,rige; the Norwegian,riga; the Swedish,ricke; the French,riche, and the Spanish,riccos, a general name for nobility, or wealthy proprietors of land.The wordCaerseems to have been a very ancient name for a city or town. We probably see this word in a great number of Welsh names,Carmarthen,Carnarvon,Carlisle, &c. This word seems also to be the origin ofCairo, in Egypt;Carthageor town of the horse;[136]thecirtheof the Numidians, and theCaereof the Etruscan. "Inde Turnus Rutilique, diffisi rebus, ad florentes Etruscorum opes Mezentiumque eorum regem, confugiunt; quiCaere, opulento tum oppido imperitans—haud gravatim socia arma Rutulis junxit."—Liv. lib. 1. 2. Here we hear of the word before the foundation of Rome.But the affinity between the Hebrew and British is much more obvious, than that between the Hebrew and English. There are about one hundred and eighty British words in the foregoing table, which are clearly the same as the Hebrew; and there is no way to account for the fact, but by supposing them to be all derived from the same primitive tongue.The resemblance between the Welsh, Latin and English may be observed in the following.

[125]Sheridan's Art of Reading.

[126]Sheridan.

[127]Churchill has improved English versification, but was sometimes too incorrect. It is a remark of some writer, "That the greatest geniuses are seldom correct," and the remark is not without foundation. Homer, Shakespear, and Milton, were perhaps the greatest geniuses that ever lived, and they were certainly guilty of the greatest faults. Virgil and Pope were much inferior in point of genius, but excelled in accuracy. Churchill had genius, but his contempt of rules made him sometimes indulge a too great latitude of expression.

[A],page42, Text.

The author of the "Specimen of an Etymological Vocabulary," asserts that "the Celtic was demonstrably the origin of the Greek and Latin; of most, if not all the languages of Europe; of part of Africa and the two Tartaries."

Mons. Gebelin, who has, with great industry, investigated the origin of the European languages, is of opinion that the Celtic was spoken from the borders of the Hellespont to the ocean, and from Troy to Cape Finisterre and Ireland. "La langue Celtique, dans son sens le plus extendu, est la langue que parlerent les premiers habitans de l'Europe, depuis les rives de l'Hellespont & de la Mer Egée, jusques a celle de l'Ocean; depuis le cap Sigée aux portes de Troie, jusques au cap de Finisterre en Portugal, ou jusques en Irelande."——Dis. Prelim. art. 2.

From this language, he says, sprung the Greek or Pelasgic, prior to Hesiod and Homer—the Latin or thatof Numa—the Etruscan, spoken in a considerable part of Italy—the Thracian, spoken on the Danube, from the Euxine to the Adriatic sea, which was the same as the Phrygian—the Teutonic or German, spoken from the Vistula to the Rhine—the Gaulish, spoken on the Alps, in Italy, on this side the Po, and from the Rhine to the Ocean, including France, the Low Countries, Switzerland, Alemain, and the two Bretagnes—also the Cantabrian, or ancient language of Spain—in short, the Runic, spoken in the North, Denmark, Sweden, &c.

The only pure remains of this primitive Celtic, the same author supposes, are found in Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany in France, where the people still speak dialects of a language which is proved to be the ancient British.

"Separes ainsi du reste de l'univers, ces debris des anciens Celtes ont conservé leurs anciens usages, & parlent une langue qui n'a aucun rapport a celles des peuples qui les ont subjugués, & qui s'est partagée en trois dialectes, le Gallois, le Cornouaillien, & le Bas Breton; dialectes qui ont entr'eux le plus grand rapport, & qui sont incontestablement les precieux restes de l'ancienne langue des Celtes ou des Gaulois."——Dis. Prelim.

"Separated from the rest of the world, these remains of the ancient Celts have preserved their ancient customs, and speak a language whichhas no agreement with those of their conquerors, and which is divided into three dialects, the Welsh, the Cornish, and the Armoric—dialects which have a close affinity with each other, and which are, beyond dispute, the precious remains of the ancient Celtic or Gaulish language."[128]

In this passage the author seems to contradict what he had just before advanced, that the Celtic was theprimitive language of Europe, from which sprung the Gothic or German. Now the Franks, Normans and Saxons, who subdued Gaul and Britain, spoke dialects of the Gothic; consequently there must have been, upon our author's own hypothesis, some agreement between the ancient Celtic and the more modern languages of the Goths, Saxons, and other northern conquerors of the Celtic nations. This agreement will appear, when I come to collate a number of words in the different languages.

Many learned men have attempted to prove that the Northern Goths and Teutones, and the Celts who lived in Gaul and Britain, were originally the same people. Mons. Mallet, the celebrated historian, has composed his "Introduction to the History of Denmark" upon this hypothesis. His translator is of a different opinion, and has generally substituted the English word "Gothic" for the "Celtique" of the original. In a preface to his translation, he endeavors to confute the opinion of Mons. Mallet, Cluverius, Pellutier and others, and prove that the Gothic and Celtique nations wereab originetwo distinct races of men. Great erudition is displayed on both sides of the question, and those who have a taste for enquiries of this kind, will receive much satisfaction and improvement, in reading what these authors have written upon the subject.

After a close examination, I freely declare myself an advocate for the opinion of Mons. Mallet, Lhuyd, and Pellutier, who suppose the Celts and Goths to be descended from the same original stock. The separation however must have been very early, and probably as early as the first age after the flood. To say that the Gothic and Celtique languages haveno affinity, would be to contradict the most positive proofs; yet the affinity is very small—discoverable only in a few words.

The modern English, Danish, Swedish and German are all unquestionably derived from the same language;they have been spoken by distinct tribes, probably not two thousand years, and almost one half of that period, the sounds have been in some measure fixed by written characters, yet the languages are become so different as to be unintelligible, each to those who speak the other. But, suppose two languages separated from the parent tongue, two thousand years earlier, and to be spoken, thro the whole of that time, by rude nations, unacquainted with writing, and perpetually roving in forests, changing their residence, and liable to petty conquests, and it is natural to think their affinity must become extremely obscure. This seems to have been the fact with respect to the Gothic and Celtic tongues. The common parent of both was the Phenician or Hebrew. This assertion is not made on the sole authority of Moses; profane history and etymology furnish strong arguments to prove the truth of the scripture account of the manner in which the world was peopled from one flock or family. Of these two ancient languages, the Celtic or British comes the nearest to the Hebrew, for which perhaps substantial reasons will be assigned. The Gothic bears a greater affinity to the Greek and Roman, as being derived through the ancient Ionic or Pelasgic, from the Phenician.

Lhuyd, a celebrated and profound antiquary, remarks, Arch. Brit. page 35. "It is a common error in etymology to endeavor the deriving all the radical words of our western European languages from the Latin and Greek; or indeed to derive constantly the primitives of any one language from any particular tongue. When we do this, we seem to forget that all have been subject to alterations; and that the greater and more polite any nation is, the more subject, (partly for improvement, and partly out of a luxurious wantonness) to new model their language. We must therefore necessarily allow, that whatever nations were of the neighborhood and of one common origin with the Greeks and Latins, when they began to distinguish themselves for politeness, they must have preserved theirlanguages (which could differ from theirs only in dialects) much better than they; and consequently no absurdity to suppose a great many words of the language, spoken by the old aborigines, the Osci, the Læstrigones, the Ausonians, Ænotrians, Umbrians and Sabines, out of which the Latin was composed, to have been better preserved in the Celtic than in the Roman. "Lingua Hetrusca, Phrygia, Celtica (says the learned Stiernhelm) affines sunt omnes; ex uno fonte derivatæ. Nec Græca longe distat, Japheticæ sunt omnes; ergo et ipsa Latina. Non igitur mirium est innumera vocabula dictarum Linguarum communia esse cum Latinis." And that being granted, it must also be allowed that the Celtic (as well as all other languages) has been best preserved by such of their colonies, as, from the situation of their country, have been the least subject to foreign invasions. Whence it proceeds that we always find the ancient languages are best retained in mountains and islands."

The result of this doctrine is, that the primitive Celtic was preserved, in greatest purity, in Britain, before the Roman and Saxon conquests, and since those periods, in Wales and Cornwall. Hence the affinity between the Hebrew and British, which will afterward appear.

Wallis remarks that it is doubtful whether many words in the English and German languages are derived from the Latin, or the Latin from the Teutonic, or whether all were derived from the same stock. "Multas autem voces, quæ nobis cum Germanis fere sunt communes, dubium est an prisci olim Teutones a Latinis, an hi ab illis, aut denique utrique ab eodem commune fonte, acceperint."——Gram. Cap. 14.

But I presume that history, as well as etymology, will go far in solving the doubt, and incline us to believe that the Teutonic, Greek and Latin were all children of the same parent tongue.

We first hear of men in the mild climate of Asia Minor, and about the head of the Mediterranean. Soon after the flood, the inhabitants began to migrate into distant countries. Some of them went northward and settled in Bactriania and Hyrcania, thence extending westward along the shores of the Caspian sea into Armenia. From these Asiatic colonies, sprung the Scythians and the numerous tribes that afterwards covered the territory of modern Russia, Sweden and Denmark. The different tribes or hordes of these people were called Cimbri, (perhaps from Gomer) Galli, Umbri, &c. and settled the northern parts of Europe as far as the Rhine.

The northern Greek countries, Thrace and Mysia, were peopled by the descendants of Tiras or Thiras, a son of Japhet. The whole country from Thrace to Peloponnesus was inhabited by the posterity of Javan and Cittim; indeed Ionia, the ancient name of Greece, seems to be derived from Javan,JorIbeing anciently pronounced as liquidi, oryconsonant, and as it is still pronounced in the Germanja,yaw. These settlements were made long before the Pelasgic migrations into Greece, which happened at least 2000 years before Christ. The original language of Greece was calledIonic, fromJavanorIon. The Pelasgi were probably Phenicians; and ancient historians relate that they carried letters into Greece; but these must have been in a very rude state, so early after their invention;[129]nor do we find that they were ever much used; at least no records or inscriptions, in these characters, are mentioned by the Greek historians.

Cadmus introduced the Phenician letters into Greece 1494 years before Christ. These letters were introduced with some difficulty, and both Cadmus and his followers were obliged to adopt theIonicor originalJaphetic language, which was afterwards written in his Phenician characters.

The Greeks, at different periods, sent colonies into distant parts of the country. These settled in Thrace, Macedon, on the banks of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, in Italy, Sicily and on the southern shore of the Mediterranean. This Ionic or Japhetic language was therefore the root of the Greek and Latin. It was also the root of the Gothic language, spoken in the north of Europe; and from which, after the revolution of ages, the shocks of war, and the improvements in science, no less than seven or eight different languages are derived.[130]

Profane history therefore warrants us in asserting that the Greek, Roman, and all the modern languages of the north of Europe, and the English, among the rest, had a common stock. But history alone would not silence our objections to this theory, were it not incontestibly proved by a number of radical words, common to all, which are not yet lost in the changes of time. Etymology therefore furnishes a demonstration of what is related in history. When one sees the words γινωσκω and γνοω in Greek,nosco, and anciently,gnoscoin Latin, andknowin English, conveying the same idea, he is led to suspect that one nation borrowed the word from another. But when did the English borrow this word? The word was used by the Saxons, long before they could have had any knowlege of Greek or Roman authors. It furnishes therefore a strong presumption that all the streams came from the same fountain. But when we examin further, and find many, perhaps a hundred words or more, common to all these languages, the evidence of their common origin becomes irresistible. This in fact is the case.

The authors then who have labored to prove the Greek and Latin Languages to be derived from theCeltic, mistake the truth. TheCelticwas notpriorto the Greek and Latin, but a branch of thesame stock; that is, cotemporary with those languages.

This Japhetic language, I take to be coeval with the Phenician or Hebrew; and there are some Hebrew words in the English language, which must have been derived thro the Saxon or Teutonic. But the old British, as I before remarked, retained the greatest affinity to the Hebrew. The reason which appears probable, has been already assigned; the Celts and Britons in the west of Europe, remained, till the times of Julius Cæsar, less disturbed by wars and revolutions, than the inhabitants of Asia, Egypt and Greece.

But I am inclined to believe further, that the descent of the Britons from the first Japhetic tribes that settled in Greece, was more direct, than thro the Gomerians or Cimbri, who travelled northward along the shores of the Baltic. I suspect that very ancient colonies settled on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Italy and Spain, and thence found their way to Gaul and Britain, before the northern tribes arrived thro Germany and Belgium. This would account for the affinity between the Hebrew language and the Welsh. The opinion however is not well supported by historical facts, and the ancient name of the British language,Cymraeg, denoting its descent from theCimbricis a weighty objection.[131]

It is certain however that Carthage was settled by Phenicians, about 900 years before Christ. Greek colonies went thither in the following century, and not long after they settled at Marseilles in Gaul. The people therefore on both shores of the Mediterranean were descended from the same stock as the northern nations.

Accordingly we are not surprized to find some radical words nearly the same in all the existing languages of Europe. See Jackson's Chronological Antiquities, vol. 3, with Lhuyd, Geblin, and others.

To illustrate what I have advanced, respecting the first peopling of the world, and the derivation of most European languages from one mother tongue, I will here insert some remarks from Rowland's Mona Antiqua Restaurata, p. 261, with a table of words, evidently of Hebrew original.

"ATABLE,shewing the Affinity and near Resemblance, both in Sound and Signification, of many Words of the Ancient Languages of Europe with the Original Hebrew Tongue.

"For the better understanding of the parallels of this following table, it is to be observed, that letters of one and the same organ are of common use in the pronunciation of words of different languages—as for example,M,B,V,F,P, are labials:T,D,S, are dentals:G,Ch,H,K,C, are gutturals—and therefore if the Hebrew word or sound begins with, or is made of, any one of the labials, any of the rest of the same organ will answer it in the derivative languages. The same is to be observed in using the dental and the guttural letters. For in tracing out the origin of words, we are more to regard the sound of them than their literal form and composition; wherein we find words very often, by the humors and fancy of people, transposed and altered from their native sounds, and yet in their signification they very well fit their original patterns. I shall only exemplify in the lettersM,B, andV, which are of one organ, that is, are formed by one instrument, the lip; and therefore are promiscuously used the one for the other, in pronouncing words of one language in another. The HebrewBis generally pronounced as aVconsonant. And the Irish also, most commonly in the middle of a word, pronounceMas aV; as we find the ancient Britons to have made use ofV, or ratherF, which they pronounce asV, forMandBin many Latin words; as,

Latin.British.AnimalAnifailTurmaTyrfaTerminusTerfynCalamusCalafPrimusPrifAmnisAfonArmaArfauFirmusFfyrfMonumentumMonfentFirmomentumFfurfafenLamentorLlefainElementumEifenMemorareMyfyrioHyemsGauafClamareLlafaruNumerusNiferColumnaColofnGemelliGefeillRomaRhufainScriboScrifenuLiberLlyfrRemusRhwyfDomoDofiRebelloRhyfelaPlumaPlufCatamanusCadfanDimetæDyfedLimaLlifLaminaLlafn, &c.

"We are not to wonder at this analogy of sounds in the primitive distinction of languages. For before the use of writing, which has established the correct form of words, people were only guided by the ear in taking the sound of words, and they pronounced and uttered them again as the organs of their voice were best fitted for it; and it happening that the aptitude and disposition of those organs, peculiar to some people and countries, were various (as we find to this day some nations cannot shape their voice to express all the sounds of another's tongue,) it accordingly affected and inclined some parties of people to speak the same consonants harder or softer, to utter the same vowels broader or narrower, longer or shorter, as they found themselves best disposed to do. And thereupon custom prevailing with particular sets of people, to continue the use of such different pronunciation as they affected, the words so varied came at length to take on them different forms,and to be esteemed and taken as parts of different languages, tho in their origin they were one and the same.[132]

Hebrew.Derivatives.English.AuchAwchBrit.The edge of a swordEvenMaenA stoneAgamorLeagamLagamCorn.A pool or lakeIvahDeis-yfuBr.To desireAuorAwyrLightened airAnoYnoThenAcheiAchauBrethren or kindredAedeneiGwadnauThe soles of the feetCalalCyllellTo wound or pierceDomenTomenMuck or dungGehel——CoalSâlSâlBr.Vile or of no accountKadalGadaelTo forsake or desistAgganAngeionGreekA vessel or earthen potAlaph'AlphoōTo findBamaBoōmòsAn altarHagAgiosHolyHadarCadairBr.Honor or reverenceKathaIrishHiaY hiBr.SheGophCorphA body, corpseDeraichBraichAn armRaichDadDidenBr.The dug or udderAgerAggeroLat.To heap togetherElah-Illi, illæThey,masc. & fem.AngilAxillaThe arm pitDapshDapsCheer or daintiesHenEn! ecce!Lo! behold!PharPhérōGreekTo bear or carryHarabonArrhabonA pawn or pledgePhalatPhuláttōTo keep or defendPathahPeíthōTo persuadeGabGibbusLat.Bent or crookedDurDuroTo endureLaishLisGreekA lionDekaDekōTo biteEphachOphisA serpentDathDeddfBr.A lawDenahDynaThis, that, there it isHissahYs tawBe silentDistawCalaClafTo be sickCleiCleasIrishJewels, ornamentsDevarDeveirimTo speakEinYnysBr.IslandHamaAmanArmor.ButterYmenynBr.ImIrishIvoNavaHis enemyBealaMealamTo be wastedVockVacuusLat.EmptyGwâcBr.AitaYdywIs, or areBarBarIrishSonBarehBaraBr.Meat, or victualsBeramVerùmLat.But, neverthelessBethBwthBr.A house, boothSeSheIrishHe, or himGahaIachauBr.To heal, or cureGadCàdAn armyBotenPottenBr.The bellyGeverGwrA manHadaEdōGreekTo cherishBoaBáōTo comeAniahAníaSadnessCharathCharâttōTo insculpMaasMiséōI hateSemainSemaínōI shewAaz'AixA goatAlethAlaethBr.A curseElilEllyllyIdolAllunLlwynA grove of oaksAmunathAmyneddConstancyApWepFaceIthoIddoWith himAtunOdynA furnaceAthaAethWent, or cameIscheYssuTo burnEmaethYmaithFrom himBarachParchTo esteem, or blessGobahCoppaThe topGevenCefnA ridge, or backGedadGwiwdodExcellencyGaiaphCauTo shut, or incloseEvil——EvilBeasch——BaseBabel——To babble, cabal; and hablar in Spanish, to speak; Lat. fabula; Fr. fariboles, idle talkBaroth——BrothGaah——GayDum——DumbDusch——To dashHebisch——To abashHua——He,masc. gend.Haras——To harassChittah——WheatMesurah——A measureSahap——To sweepCharath——To writeSaar——A showerAanna——To annoyPhæer——FairPheret——A part, or portionPhærek——FierceEretz——Earth; Sax. herthaSad——SideSpor——A sparrowKinneh——A caneKera——To cryShekel——SkillRechus——RichesKre——A crowPasa——To passHalal——A holeCatat——To cutRagez——To rageRagal——To rail, or detractMaguurMagwyrHabitationMadheviMyddfaiDistempersDorothTorethGenerations, encreaseDalTalTall and highHavahY fuWas, or has beenMahalacMalcA pathway, or a balkHiloHeuloShining.Apollo, Sol.TorToarIrish.A boundary, or limitTerfynBr.SiuSywResplendentAchalasAchlesDefence, AchillesMachanehMachnoandMechainPlaces of defence of old in the co. of Montgomery. PenmachnoChorauCrauHolesChoreshCorsBr.A place full of small wood or reedsNodahNodiTo make known, or noteJadhaAddefTo know'OídaGreekHathorathAthrawiaethBr.DisciplineJchEichYour, or your ownJaredI waredDescendedChaChwiYouJainGwînWineToledouthTylwythGenerationsLusLlyfuTo go away, or avoidCaolathColledA lossHounilYnnillGainJesterYstyrConsiderationJadadhGwahoddTo inviteCafodothCyfoethHonours, or wealthCisCîstA chestBarFarLat.Bread cornBaraBr.Shevah——SevenDakar——A daggerHinnek——To hangShelet——A shieldHever——Over, or aboveShibbar——To shiver, or quakeJiled——[133]A childChœbel——A cableParak——To breakGannaf——A knave, or a thiefColl——AllHannah——To annoy, or hurtEthEtosGreekA year, or ageÆtasLat.SanCœnaA supperNabalNebuloA churlMotMotusLat.MotionBathBatosGreekA thornEdenEdonePleasureKolahKleiōTo praiseSasSesA mothPhacPhakeLentilSkopacScopōTo speculateJounecJevangcBr.A sucklingHamohadAmmodCovenantParadParedA partitionKerenCornA hornKefelCefailThe armpitMe-AbMâbSon, or from a fatherLuungLlyngcuTo swallowTemuthaDifethaDestructionCeremluachCromlechA sacrificing stoneHamuleAmlPlenty, or storeMah?Mae?What? where? how?MagalMagluTo betrayMakelMaglA staffMeriaMêrFat, or marrowMoutMudoTo removeMethMethuTo die, or failMarMaerA lordMaradBrad[134]RebellionNafeNefJoyfulTaphiluTafluTo castHanesHanesTo signifyNevathNeuaddHabitationJissalIselorIseluTo throw downNaoaphNwyfLustNaduNaduThey moanSetharSathruTo throw under feetHeberAberA ford, or passageNucchuNychuBeing smittenNuuNhwyThey, or thoseNaodhadNoddedTo escapeGadahGadawBr.To pass byNiuedNiweidTo spoilGolothGolwythBurnt offeringsMohalMoelTop of a hillGalasGlwysPleasantHasemAsenA rib, or boneGarevathGwarthShameTaphugDiffygWant, or defectPhorethFfrwythFruit, or effectPachBachA crooked stickPinnouthPennaethChief, or uppermostPhinnahFfynnuTo prosperPathPethA part or portionPhilegeshFfilogesA concubineCatonCwttynShort and littleCirCaerA walled townReithRhîthAppearanceTirenehTrînTo feed and look afterRagahRhwygoTo tear, ragRasahRâsandRhâdGrace, or good willSemenSaimFat, or oilSaraphSarphA serpentSacSâchA[135]sackPhukFfûgDisguiseFucusLat.PhærekFerociaFiercenessPinnahPinnaBattlementPiggerPiger fuitLazyNacaNecoTo slayAdAdUntoNutNutoTo nodDaragTrechōGreekTo run to, or come atBalaPalaiSome time agoHannak'AgchōTo strangleTaguBr.NaarNearosGreekNew or latelyAgab'AgapaōTo lovePachaPegeGreekA fountainParashPhrasōTo declare, phraseKolKalèōG.GalwB.To callMashalBasileuōGreekTo reignSharekaSyrinxA syringeBekarimPecoraLat.CattleAhelAulaA hallCarpasCarbasusFine linen, or lawnÆshÆstesLa.TêsBr.Heat, or hot weatherGibarGubernoLat.To governParahVireoTo look greenKiQuiaWhereforeOlamOlimOf oldGolemGlomusA clew of threadAmamYmamMother, mammaCoapharGwobrRewardCalaCaulaLat.A sheepfoldSarchSerchBr.LustfulGoliathGlwthA bedPathehenPuttainA whoreBurgadBwrgaisA burgessTeragDrwgBad, or evilDasgarDysglA dishShiovangSiongeHonorableAnasAnnosTo instigateTamDimNothingPherchY ferchA daughterTetuvaEdifarPenitentLeamorAr lafarSayingCasasCeisioTo searchCarkCarcharTo bind;Lat.carcerKamCammuTo bendCaffaCyffA beamCevelAr gyfylNearDumgaDammegA simileTorandSorTarwA bull;Lat.taurusTurnaTeyrnA prince, tyrantManosMyddynA mountainMalasMelysSweetPalacPlyguTo foldBancMaincA benchMalalMaluTo grindMarakMarcA noteCadifGwaduTo tell a lieTohumEyfnDepthColarColerA neck band, collarCoronthaCoronA crownBerekBrêgA breachBagadBagadA great manyArachArogliTo smellNagashYn agosTo approachCiliahCeilliauStonesGevrCawrA giantKecCêgA mouthKunCwynoTo lamentNatsarDinystrDestruction, or ruinPinnahPinaglPinnacleMahalalMawlorMoliTo praiseHedelHoedlLifeHalalHaulSunGavelGafaelTenureLashaddGlasaiddBlueishGeremGrym, grymmusBony or strongMasacCym-myscuTo mingleGanaCanuTo sing; Lat. canoCelimahCalumniaLat.ReproachNetzNisusEndeavorPtselPsileōTo make bearShushanSousonLillyShecanSceneōTo dwell in tabernaclesKalalGwaelBr.VileTaffiDiffoddiTo extinguishTselemDelwAn imageHoberiObryMen over againstAen-adonAnudonDisclaiming God, or perjury

Here are about fifty English words, which, from their near resemblance to the Hebrew, both in sound and signification, must have been borrowed from the latter in modern ages, or been preserved thro successive generations from Heber to the present times. But they could not have been introduced into English in modern ages, for many of them are found in the other branches of the Gothic, the German, Danish and Swedish; and it can be proved that they existed in the original Gothic or northern language. For example, our wordearthis found in Hebrew, and in all the dialects of the Gothic. Hebrew,ertorertz; Welsh,d'aira; Greek,éra; Latin,terra; Gothic,airthai; ancient German,erthorherth; Saxon,eartho; Low Dutch,aerden; High Dutch, erden; Swiss, erden; Scotch, airth; Norwegian or Norse,iorden; Danish,iorden; Swedish,iordenne; Irelandic,iordu. In the pronunciation of these words there is little difference, except such as is common to the several languages. The ancients aspirated their words more frequently than the moderns; hence the old Germans pronounced the word withh, as appears by a passage in Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. 40. "Nec quidquam notabile in singulis, nisi quod in communeHerthum, id estterram, matrem colunt."—The modern nations of the north generally write and pronouncedwhere we writeth; aserden; and theiof the Norwegians answers to oureory, so thatiordenis pronouncedyorden; and it is remarkable that many of the common English people still pronounceearth,yerth.

The Hebrewturnais found in the Britishteyrn, signifying a prince or ruler. This word is the root of the Greekturannos, the Latintyrannus, the Britishdyrnas, a kingdom or jurisdiction, which is still preserved in the modern Welshdeyrnas; and we see the word in the name of the celebrated British commander,Vortighern. Our word tyrant is derived from it, but it is always used in a bad sense.

In the Hebrewrechusorrekus, we have the origin of the Englishrich,riches, and the terminationrickin bishop-rick, and anciently, in king-rick; the word originally denotinglanded property, in which wealth was supposed to consist, and afterwardsjurisdiction. From the same word are derived the Anglo Saxonryc; the Franco Theotisc,rihhi; the Cimbric,rickie; the ancient Irish or Gaedhlig,riogda; the Low Dutch,rijcke; the Frisic,rick; the German,reich; the Swiss,rijch; the Danish,rige; the Norwegian,riga; the Swedish,ricke; the French,riche, and the Spanish,riccos, a general name for nobility, or wealthy proprietors of land.

The wordCaerseems to have been a very ancient name for a city or town. We probably see this word in a great number of Welsh names,Carmarthen,Carnarvon,Carlisle, &c. This word seems also to be the origin ofCairo, in Egypt;Carthageor town of the horse;[136]thecirtheof the Numidians, and theCaereof the Etruscan. "Inde Turnus Rutilique, diffisi rebus, ad florentes Etruscorum opes Mezentiumque eorum regem, confugiunt; quiCaere, opulento tum oppido imperitans—haud gravatim socia arma Rutulis junxit."—Liv. lib. 1. 2. Here we hear of the word before the foundation of Rome.

But the affinity between the Hebrew and British is much more obvious, than that between the Hebrew and English. There are about one hundred and eighty British words in the foregoing table, which are clearly the same as the Hebrew; and there is no way to account for the fact, but by supposing them to be all derived from the same primitive tongue.

The resemblance between the Welsh, Latin and English may be observed in the following.

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