15Al-Zahrāwī mentions several caustic medicines used in cautery, among which are garlic, mustard, melted lead, slaked or unslaked lime with or without "common" soap, Thapsia (Ruta graveolensLinn.), and juice of the Oriental cashew nut (Senecarpus anacardiumLinn.).
15Al-Zahrāwī mentions several caustic medicines used in cautery, among which are garlic, mustard, melted lead, slaked or unslaked lime with or without "common" soap, Thapsia (Ruta graveolensLinn.), and juice of the Oriental cashew nut (Senecarpus anacardiumLinn.).
16Vel. 2491, fol. 106; Bes. 502, fol. 523r-524v.
16Vel. 2491, fol. 106; Bes. 502, fol. 523r-524v.
17Al-Zahrāwī criticizes those who interpret the saying "cautery is the end of treatment" to mean that cauterization is the best and only conclusive treatment at the physician’s disposal. He points out that other treatments, such as drugs, should be resorted to first, and used until they prove of no avail; and he states that only after cautery proves to be the cure should it be considered the completion of medical treatment—"al-kay ākhir al-Ṭibb." See Vel. 2491, fol. 106; and Bes. 502, fol. 524r-525v.
17Al-Zahrāwī criticizes those who interpret the saying "cautery is the end of treatment" to mean that cauterization is the best and only conclusive treatment at the physician’s disposal. He points out that other treatments, such as drugs, should be resorted to first, and used until they prove of no avail; and he states that only after cautery proves to be the cure should it be considered the completion of medical treatment—"al-kay ākhir al-Ṭibb." See Vel. 2491, fol. 106; and Bes. 502, fol. 524r-525v.
18For healing, soothing, or emollient purposes, al-Zahwārī suggested medications, such as egg white, salt water (normal saline), sap of psyllium, several ointments, "duhn" of rose, and other "adhān" (plural of "duhn," the fatty or oily essences extracted from various substances through pharmaceutical processes).
18For healing, soothing, or emollient purposes, al-Zahwārī suggested medications, such as egg white, salt water (normal saline), sap of psyllium, several ointments, "duhn" of rose, and other "adhān" (plural of "duhn," the fatty or oily essences extracted from various substances through pharmaceutical processes).
19For a more accurate estimate of the equivalence of "dirham" according to the area in which the measurement was taken, the reader may consult Walter Hinz,Islamische Masse und Gewichte umgerechnet ins metrische System, Leiden, 1955, pt. 1, pp. 2-8; and George C. Miles,Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps, New York, 1948, p. 6.
19For a more accurate estimate of the equivalence of "dirham" according to the area in which the measurement was taken, the reader may consult Walter Hinz,Islamische Masse und Gewichte umgerechnet ins metrische System, Leiden, 1955, pt. 1, pp. 2-8; and George C. Miles,Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps, New York, 1948, p. 6.
20The contents of several manuscripts (such as Ali 2854, Wien 476 A, Bes. 503, and Tüb. MS. 91) give different numbers.
20The contents of several manuscripts (such as Ali 2854, Wien 476 A, Bes. 503, and Tüb. MS. 91) give different numbers.
21See, for example, Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 45v; and Bes. 502, fol. 530v.
21See, for example, Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 45v; and Bes. 502, fol. 530v.
22Sudhoff,op. cit.(footnote 10), p. 29, fig. 6.
22Sudhoff,op. cit.(footnote 10), p. 29, fig. 6.
23For a more detailed and interesting discussion with beautiful illustrations included, the reader may consult Ch. Niel, "La Chirurgie Dentaire D’Abulcasis Comparée a celle des Maures du Trarza,"Revue de Stematologie, April 1911, vol. 18, pp. [169]-180 and 222-229.
23For a more detailed and interesting discussion with beautiful illustrations included, the reader may consult Ch. Niel, "La Chirurgie Dentaire D’Abulcasis Comparée a celle des Maures du Trarza,"Revue de Stematologie, April 1911, vol. 18, pp. [169]-180 and 222-229.
24It is regrettable that Franz Rosenthal in his fine article "Bibliographical Notes on Medieval Muslim Dentistry" (Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1960, vol. 34, pp. 52-60) failed to refer to this or any other section of al-Zahrāwī’s work.
24It is regrettable that Franz Rosenthal in his fine article "Bibliographical Notes on Medieval Muslim Dentistry" (Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1960, vol. 34, pp. 52-60) failed to refer to this or any other section of al-Zahrāwī’s work.
25Bes. 502, fol. 538. See also Channing,Albucasis, pp. 206-208. For the identification of the drugs and their botanical origins the author of the present paper consulted H. P. J. Renaud and Georges S. Colin,Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb, Glossaire de la Matière Médicale Marocaine, Paris, 1934, pp. 133, 143, 193-194, and Max Meyerhof,Un Glossaire de Matière Médicale Composé par Maimonide, Cairo, 1940, pp. 168-169.
25Bes. 502, fol. 538. See also Channing,Albucasis, pp. 206-208. For the identification of the drugs and their botanical origins the author of the present paper consulted H. P. J. Renaud and Georges S. Colin,Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb, Glossaire de la Matière Médicale Marocaine, Paris, 1934, pp. 133, 143, 193-194, and Max Meyerhof,Un Glossaire de Matière Médicale Composé par Maimonide, Cairo, 1940, pp. 168-169.
26Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 99v.
26Tüb. MS. 91, fol. 99v.
27Dragon’s blood is a resin obtained from the scales covering the surface of the ripe fruits of "Daemonorops draco Blume" (Heber W. Youngken,Textbook of Pharmacognosy, ed. 6, Philadelphia, 1948, p. 175). See also Renaud and Colin,op. cit.(footnote 25), pp. 54-55.
27Dragon’s blood is a resin obtained from the scales covering the surface of the ripe fruits of "Daemonorops draco Blume" (Heber W. Youngken,Textbook of Pharmacognosy, ed. 6, Philadelphia, 1948, p. 175). See also Renaud and Colin,op. cit.(footnote 25), pp. 54-55.
28Heinrich Frölich, "Abul-Kasem als Kriegschirurg,"Archiv für klinische Chirurgie, 1884, vol. 30, pp. 365-376. This well-presented study was reviewed by Paul Schede inCentralblatt für Chirurgie, 1884, no. 38, pp. 626-627.
28Heinrich Frölich, "Abul-Kasem als Kriegschirurg,"Archiv für klinische Chirurgie, 1884, vol. 30, pp. 365-376. This well-presented study was reviewed by Paul Schede inCentralblatt für Chirurgie, 1884, no. 38, pp. 626-627.
29Johannis Freind,The History of Physick, London, 1726, vol. 2, p. 129.
29Johannis Freind,The History of Physick, London, 1726, vol. 2, p. 129.
30In several manuscripts, the chapter on the use of leeches is the last one in the second section of the treatise.
30In several manuscripts, the chapter on the use of leeches is the last one in the second section of the treatise.
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