[1]John C. Miller,Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783, Boston, 1948, preface.[2]Louis C. Duncan,Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1783, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 1931; William O. Owen,The Medical Department of the United States Army during the Period of the Revolution, New York, 1920; James E. Gibson,Dr. Bodo Otto and the Medical Background of the American Revolution, Springfield, Ill., 1937; James Thomas Flexner,Doctors on Horseback, New York, 1939.[3]Lyman F. Kebler, "Andrew Craigie, the First Apothecary General of the United States,"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 1928, vol. 17, pp. 63-74, 167-178; Frederick Haven Pratt, "The Craigies,"Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society(1941), 1942, vol. 27, pp. 43-86; Edward Kremers and George Urdang,A History of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, 1951 edition, chap. 11; Edward Kremers, "The Lititz Pharmacopoeia,"The Badger Pharmacist, nos. 22-25, June-December 1938; J. W. England, ed.,The First Century of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, 1922, pp. 84-94;American Journal of Pharmacy, 1884, vol. 56, pp. 483-491.[4]Jonathan Potts Papers, four volumes of miscellaneous manuscripts at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (hereinafter referred to as Potts Papers).[5]Journals of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay, quoted in Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 22-23.[6]Greenleaf Ledger, 1765-1778, at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. (The Greenleaf pharmacy was established by Elizabeth Greenleaf in 1726 or 1727. See J. L. Sibley,Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1920, vol. 5, pp. 472-476; Jonathan Greenleaf,A Genealogy of the Greenleaf Family, New York, 1854, pp. 89, 91, 205, 207;Boston Post-BoyandBoston Gazette, November 8, 1762, obituary of Elizabeth Greenleaf.)[7]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 23.[8]J. R. Alden,The American Revolution, New York, 1954 p. 23.[9]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 12-13.[10]Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, edited by Worthington C. Ford, Washington, D.C., 1905, vol. 2, p. 250. Nearly all excerpts from Ford also appear in Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2).[11]Ibid., vol. 3, p. 261. The Samuel Ward diary for September 23 records that "a parcel of medicines for the hospital" was "to be bought" (E. C. Burnett,Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Washington, D.C., 1921, vol. 1, p. 205).[12]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 344.[13]Burnett,op. cit.(footnote 11), vol. 1, p. 292.[14]Pennsylvania Ledger, May 6, 1775. [William Smith in Philadelphia was selling drugs in 1772 (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 52).][15]Pennsylvania Evening Post, December 26, 1775.[16]Pennsylvania Packet, September 11, 1775;Pennsylvania Journal, September 6, 1775;Pennsylvania Gazette, October 4, 1775.[17]The Marshalls sold drugs to Sharp Delaney and William Smith in April 1776 (Marshall Waste Book, see footnote 20).[18]E. T. Ellis, "The Story of a Very Old Philadelphia Drug Store,"American Journal of Pharmacy, 1908, vol. 75, p. 57; England,op. cit.(footnote 3), pp. 348-350; Parke, Davis & Co.,A History of Pharmacy in Pictures, undated booklet edited by George Bender.[19]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 442; vol. 4, pp. 188, 197.[20]Christopher Jr. and Charles Marshall Waste Book, February 21 to July 6, 1776, at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.[21]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 442; vol. 4, pp. 188, 197; Burnett,op. cit.(footnote 11), vol. 1.[22]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 18-19.[23]American Archives ...Peter Force, ed., Washington, ser. 4, vol. 1-6, 1837-46; ser. 5, vol. 1-3, 1848-53. Ser. 4, vol. 3, p. 306.[24]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 62-64.[25]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.[26]It is quite possible that the designation "bad" was a typographical error for "rad[ix]."[27]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 115.[28]Connecticut Courant, February 12, 1776.[29]Newport Mercury, January 15, 1776.[30]Massachusetts Gazette, September 7, 1775.[31]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 159.[32]Massachusetts Gazette, February 22, 1776.[33]Boston Gazette, April 15, 1776.[34]Ibid., April 22, 1776. It is worth noting that Morgan did not think this important enough to include in hisVindication(see footnote 35).[35]John Morgan,A Vindication of His Public Character in the Station of Director-General of the Military Hospital, and Physician in Chief of the American Army; Anno, 1776, Boston, 1777.[36]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.[37]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 488.[38]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 102, 144; andIndependent Chronicle, April 10, 1777.[39]James Thacher,American Medical Biography, Boston, 1828, vol. 1, pp. 270-273.[40]For biographies of Sylvester Gardiner seeDictionary of American Biography, New York, 1931, vol. 8, pp. 139-140;Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, New York, 1887, vol. 2; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage,Dictionary of American Medical Biography, New York, 1928, pp. 450-452; James H. Stark,The Loyalists of Massachusetts, Boston, 1910, pp. 313-315.[41]Greenleaf Ledger (see footnote 6).[42]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 282, 284.[43]Ibid., p. 314.[44]S. E. Morison and H. S. Commager,The Growth of the American Republic, New York, 1950, vol. 1, p. 210.[45]New-York Journal, July 13, 1775.[46]Ibid., May 11, 1775.[47]New-York Gazette, January 1 and January 29, 1776. For a history of the English patent medicines in America, see G. B. Griffenhagen and J. H. Young inThe Chemist and Druggist, 1957, vol. 167, pp. 714-722, and inU.S. National Museum Bulletin 218, 1959, pp. 155-183 (Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 10).[48]George Washington,The Writings of George Washington, edited by John C. Fitzpatrick, Washington, 1931, vol. 4, pp. 464-465.[49]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 4, 9, 68;Pennsylvania Packet, June 19, 1779; and Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 4, pp. 464-465.[50]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 135; Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 11.[51]New-York Gazette, May 6 and December 23, 1776.[52]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 1026.[53]Ibid., vol. 6, p. 1431.[54]Morgan misspelled Delaney as "Delancey" in his letter of June 25 to Adams.[55]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 128.[56]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 570.[57]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 1069.[58]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 633.[59]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 12.[60]Pennsylvania Packet, June 26, 1779.[61]Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 6, pp. 58-59.[62]Connecticut Courant, January 6, 1777.[63]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 13, 136, 146. William Smith was appointed Continental Druggist on August 20; see Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 4, pp. 292-293.[64]Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 6, pp. 86, 113.[65]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 116, 837.[66]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.[67]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 129.[68]Ibid., p. xxv. [For details of the manner in which Shippen moved in on Morgan to replace him eventually as director general, see Flexner,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 3-53.][69]Ibid., p. xxxv; Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 55.[70]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 7, p. 91.[71]New-York Gazette, September 30, December 16, 23, 1776, January 20, 1777.[72]Ibid., December 9, 1776, April 28, June 9, 1777.[73]Plough Court Pharmacy letterbook dated April 7, 1778, through December 8, 1779, in possession of Allen and Hanburys, London. See also Chapman-Huston and Ernest C. Gripps,Through a City Archway: The Story of Allen and Hanburys, 1715-1954, London, 1954.[74]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 97.[75]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 39.[76]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 1069.[77]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 651-652, 1114.[78]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 77; Morgan to Potts, July 28, 1776.[79]Ibid., folio 89; Stringer to Potts, August 17, 1776. See also Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 108-109. Washington mentions Stringer's visit with Morgan in a letter to Gates dated August 14 (Washington,op. cit.footnote 48, vol. 5, pp. 433-435).[80]Ibid.; McHenry to Potts, August 3, 1776. [Stringer arrived in Philadelphia on the evening of August 2.][81]Ibid.; Stringer to Potts, August 17, 1776.[82]Ibid.; McHenry to Potts, August 21, 1776.[83]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 1271. For a similarly worded letter to Egbert Benson dated August 22, see Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 112.[84]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 98; Stringer to Potts, September 7, 1776. Stringer arrived in Albany on September 5 (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 97).[85]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 1266. Other items included "Acet. Com. six barrels; Alo. Hepta. 3 lb.; Calomel 2 lb.; Emp. Diachyl 10 lb.; Cantharid. 2 lb.; Gm. Guiac 1 lb.; Myrrh 1 lb.; Hord. Com. 100 lb.; Jerc. Precip. Rub. ½ lb.; Merc. Cor. Sublim. 1 lb.; Rad. Serpent. Virg. 3 lb.; Sal. Nit. 5 lb.; Spirit Sal. Ammo. 4 lb.; Ung. Diath. 3 lb.; Elix. Asthmat. 5 lb.; and Elix. Vitriol. 10 lb." Also included were six gross of vials and corks and three reams of wrapping paper.[86]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folios 102-106, 108-111, 114, 119.[87]Ibid., folio 99. There was a listing for 170 pounds of "Cathart: Am" (Epsom salts). The 7 pounds of rhubarb was listed as "3 lb. Rad. Rhaei and 4 lb. Pul. Rhaei." Also on hand were 1½ pounds of "Mithridat" (opium).[88]Ibid., folios 73, 94, 124.[89]Ibid., folio 4; McCrea to Potts, September 2, 1776.[90]Ibid., folio 124; Johnston to Potts, September 19, 1776.[91]Ibid., folio 125; Craigie to Potts, October 3, 1776.[92]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 2, p. 923. Stringer also wrote Potts on October 6 to advise him of the stock (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 126).[93]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 131; Stringer to Potts, October 15, 1776.[94]Ibid., folio 133; Stringer to Potts, October 25, 1776.[95]Ibid., folio 132; Craigie to Potts, October 22, 1776.[96]Ibid., folio 138; Stringer to Potts, November 7, 1776.[97]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 110.[98]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 453, vol. 4, pp. 24-25.[99]Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 103-113.[100]Virginia Gazette, August 24, 1776.[101]Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 18, 1776.[102]G. B. Griffenhagen, "The Day-Dunlap 1771 Pharmaceutical Catalogue,"American Journal of Pharmacy, 1955, vol. 127, pp. 296-302.[103]103 Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 110-112.[104]Greenleaf Ledger,op. cit.(footnote 6).[105]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folio 213.[106]Ibid., vol. 3, folio 305.[107]Ibid., folio 331.[108]Ibid., folio 346.[109]Ibid., folio 336.[110]Ibid., folio 369.[111]Ibid., folio 331; Craigie to Potts, September 1, 1777.[112]Preserved at the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts.[113]Independent Chronicle, October 30, 1777.[114]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 748, vol. 7, p. 274, vol. 8, p. 538. (Smith received $2,490 on September 9, 1776, $2,952 on April 17, 1777, "for sundry medicines," and Caldwell & Co. received $666 on July 7, 1777, "for sundry medicine delivered William Smith.")[115]Ibid., vol. 7, p. 321. (Christopher and Charles Marshall received $4,151 on May 2, 1777, "for sundry medicines and chirurgical instruments supplied by them for the use of different battalions of continental forces.")[116]Pennsylvania Journal, January 29, 1777.[117]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folio 150.[118]Ibid., folio 153; Bass to Potts, March 17, 1777.[119]Pennsylvania Journal, June 11, July 9, 23, 1777.[120]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 11, p. 546.[121]Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 18, May 27, 1777.[122]Boston Gazette, February 3, 1777;Connecticut Courant, April 7, 1777.[123]Pennsylvania Packet, April 15, 22, 1777. This anonymous article was written by Dr. Benjamin Rush and reprinted as a pamphlet.[124]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folios 158, 159.[125]Pennsylvania Ledger, October 10, 1777;Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 14, 18, 1777.[126]Pennsylvania Evening Post, November 1, 8, 13, 1777, April 29, 1778. (A large number of advertisements announcing thefts appeared during the British occupation.)[127]Pennsylvania Evening Post, January 10 through April 20, 1778, andPennsylvania Ledger, April 4, 15, 1778. [Yeldall advertised his "Anti-Venereal Essence" only once under American occupation, but at $4.00 per bottle (Pennsylvania Evening Post, August 26, 1777).][128]Pennsylvania Evening Post, June 25, 1777.[129]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 149.[130]It was in February 1778 that Dr. Potts assumed his office as purveyor general for the hospital department of the Continental Army with the duty of purchasing and distributing all supplies and medicines (ibid., p. 154).[131]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 24. (This apparently is the list prepared by Brown, even though it is not signed by him. The item "Medicines, Vials, Cork &c. £20,000" was added with the statement "The above enumerated articles should be purchased immediately," and both were in the handwriting of "W. Shippen, D.G." The document is undated.)[132]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 419; Brown to Potts, March 11, 1778.[133]Ibid., folio 428; Cutting to Potts, March 25, 1778.[134]Ibid., folio 432; Cutting to Potts, March 30, 1778.[135]Ibid., folio 441; Cutting to Potts, April 16, 1778.[136]Ibid., vol. 2, folio 151; Tillotson to Potts, February 22, 1777. [Cutting served as Assistant Apothecary under Craigie at Cambridge and Roxbury. The feud has not been explored in any of Craigie's biographies.][137]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 429; Craigie to Potts, March 27, 1778.[138]Ibid., folio 437; Craigie to Potts, April 4, 1778.[139]Ibid., folio 411; Potts to Gates, February 24, 1778.[140]Ibid., folio 441; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778.[141]Ibid., vol. 1, folios 41, 44; undated invoices from Lux & Bowly that undoubtedly were supplied during the spring or summer of 1778. Also, vol. 4, folio 476; letter from James Caldwell to Potts advising "I sent forward from Baltimore a case of medicine & five cases of Bark ... I have three cases more of Bark not yet up from Williamsburg where it arrived."[142]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 458; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778. Craigie advises: "Enclosed is a small List directed to Mr. Root [Israel Root or Josiah Root, both apothecaries from Connecticut] which I think may well be spared from the Northward, and are much wanted here. I wish therefore they may be ordered. Andrew Atekin our assistant there might come with them—he would make a good Hospital Apothecary." Also, vol. 4, folio 431, an undated "Invoice of Medicines &c. to be forwared for Head Quarters to Compleat ye Regimental Assortments for the Army of the United States in the Middle Department for the Campaign 1778."[143]Ibid., folio 419; Brown to Potts, March 11, 1778.[144]Ibid., folio 458; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778.[145]Ibid., folio 428; Cutting to Potts, March 25, 1778. Cutting notes: "as to volatile salts, I expect a fine parcel manufactured at Carlisle by tomorrow."[146]Ibid., folio 471; Craik to Potts, May 24, 1778. Dr. Craik, a regimental surgeon, advises: "I wish you could procure some Cathartic salts. The Regimental surgeons complain greatly for want of them.... You may engage any quantity at the salt works in the Jersies."[147]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 166-167.[148]Potts Papers, vol. 4, folios 462, 467; Craik to Potts, May 2 and May 15. On May 2, Craik advises that "the medicine chests are much wanted in the Regiments. Doctr. Cutting had best have them filled up as soon as possible to prevent complaints." On May 15 Craik commented: "I am sorry Doctr. Cutting went away before the Regiment Chests were finished; there is great clamour about them tho Doctr. Layman is as busy as possible.... I hope Doctr. Craig[ie] will soon have his chests ready."[149]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 167-168.[150]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 25, undated.[151]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 178, and Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 115-116, 275.[152]Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 425-477.[153]An interesting account of the medical aspects of Burgoyne's campaign is recorded by R. M. Gorssline inCanadian Defense Quarterly, 1929, vol. 6, pp. 356-363.Transcriber's NotesThe marker for footnote 3 is missing, but it appears to belong after"of theLititz Pharmacopoeiaof 1778."In footnote 15 I corrected a typo, Pennslyvania for PennsylvaniaOn page 115 I removed an extra quotation mark(purchasing such medicines "as)On page 118 I corrected a typo, capitivity for captivity(happily delivered from his late capitivity)On page 118 I removed an extra quotation mark(will turn to good Account.")On page 120 I corrected a typo, enitrely for entirely(one half the load is enitrely)On page 128 I corrected a typo, mediicines for medicines(Invoice of a Chest of mediicines)On page 129 I corrected a typo, quandrupled for quadrupled(price more than quandrupled)On page 133 I corrected a typo, instument for instrument(Tooth-drawing instument)These words occur both ways in the text and I have not changed them:Bowly and Bowley, Barnabas and Barnabus
[1]John C. Miller,Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783, Boston, 1948, preface.
[1]John C. Miller,Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783, Boston, 1948, preface.
[2]Louis C. Duncan,Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1783, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 1931; William O. Owen,The Medical Department of the United States Army during the Period of the Revolution, New York, 1920; James E. Gibson,Dr. Bodo Otto and the Medical Background of the American Revolution, Springfield, Ill., 1937; James Thomas Flexner,Doctors on Horseback, New York, 1939.
[2]Louis C. Duncan,Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775-1783, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 1931; William O. Owen,The Medical Department of the United States Army during the Period of the Revolution, New York, 1920; James E. Gibson,Dr. Bodo Otto and the Medical Background of the American Revolution, Springfield, Ill., 1937; James Thomas Flexner,Doctors on Horseback, New York, 1939.
[3]Lyman F. Kebler, "Andrew Craigie, the First Apothecary General of the United States,"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 1928, vol. 17, pp. 63-74, 167-178; Frederick Haven Pratt, "The Craigies,"Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society(1941), 1942, vol. 27, pp. 43-86; Edward Kremers and George Urdang,A History of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, 1951 edition, chap. 11; Edward Kremers, "The Lititz Pharmacopoeia,"The Badger Pharmacist, nos. 22-25, June-December 1938; J. W. England, ed.,The First Century of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, 1922, pp. 84-94;American Journal of Pharmacy, 1884, vol. 56, pp. 483-491.
[3]Lyman F. Kebler, "Andrew Craigie, the First Apothecary General of the United States,"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 1928, vol. 17, pp. 63-74, 167-178; Frederick Haven Pratt, "The Craigies,"Proceedings of the Cambridge Historical Society(1941), 1942, vol. 27, pp. 43-86; Edward Kremers and George Urdang,A History of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, 1951 edition, chap. 11; Edward Kremers, "The Lititz Pharmacopoeia,"The Badger Pharmacist, nos. 22-25, June-December 1938; J. W. England, ed.,The First Century of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, 1922, pp. 84-94;American Journal of Pharmacy, 1884, vol. 56, pp. 483-491.
[4]Jonathan Potts Papers, four volumes of miscellaneous manuscripts at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (hereinafter referred to as Potts Papers).
[4]Jonathan Potts Papers, four volumes of miscellaneous manuscripts at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (hereinafter referred to as Potts Papers).
[5]Journals of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay, quoted in Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 22-23.
[5]Journals of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts Bay, quoted in Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 22-23.
[6]Greenleaf Ledger, 1765-1778, at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. (The Greenleaf pharmacy was established by Elizabeth Greenleaf in 1726 or 1727. See J. L. Sibley,Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1920, vol. 5, pp. 472-476; Jonathan Greenleaf,A Genealogy of the Greenleaf Family, New York, 1854, pp. 89, 91, 205, 207;Boston Post-BoyandBoston Gazette, November 8, 1762, obituary of Elizabeth Greenleaf.)
[6]Greenleaf Ledger, 1765-1778, at the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. (The Greenleaf pharmacy was established by Elizabeth Greenleaf in 1726 or 1727. See J. L. Sibley,Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1920, vol. 5, pp. 472-476; Jonathan Greenleaf,A Genealogy of the Greenleaf Family, New York, 1854, pp. 89, 91, 205, 207;Boston Post-BoyandBoston Gazette, November 8, 1762, obituary of Elizabeth Greenleaf.)
[7]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 23.
[7]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 23.
[8]J. R. Alden,The American Revolution, New York, 1954 p. 23.
[8]J. R. Alden,The American Revolution, New York, 1954 p. 23.
[9]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 12-13.
[9]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 12-13.
[10]Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, edited by Worthington C. Ford, Washington, D.C., 1905, vol. 2, p. 250. Nearly all excerpts from Ford also appear in Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2).
[10]Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, edited by Worthington C. Ford, Washington, D.C., 1905, vol. 2, p. 250. Nearly all excerpts from Ford also appear in Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2).
[11]Ibid., vol. 3, p. 261. The Samuel Ward diary for September 23 records that "a parcel of medicines for the hospital" was "to be bought" (E. C. Burnett,Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Washington, D.C., 1921, vol. 1, p. 205).
[11]Ibid., vol. 3, p. 261. The Samuel Ward diary for September 23 records that "a parcel of medicines for the hospital" was "to be bought" (E. C. Burnett,Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Washington, D.C., 1921, vol. 1, p. 205).
[12]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 344.
[12]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 344.
[13]Burnett,op. cit.(footnote 11), vol. 1, p. 292.
[13]Burnett,op. cit.(footnote 11), vol. 1, p. 292.
[14]Pennsylvania Ledger, May 6, 1775. [William Smith in Philadelphia was selling drugs in 1772 (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 52).]
[14]Pennsylvania Ledger, May 6, 1775. [William Smith in Philadelphia was selling drugs in 1772 (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 52).]
[15]Pennsylvania Evening Post, December 26, 1775.
[15]Pennsylvania Evening Post, December 26, 1775.
[16]Pennsylvania Packet, September 11, 1775;Pennsylvania Journal, September 6, 1775;Pennsylvania Gazette, October 4, 1775.
[16]Pennsylvania Packet, September 11, 1775;Pennsylvania Journal, September 6, 1775;Pennsylvania Gazette, October 4, 1775.
[17]The Marshalls sold drugs to Sharp Delaney and William Smith in April 1776 (Marshall Waste Book, see footnote 20).
[17]The Marshalls sold drugs to Sharp Delaney and William Smith in April 1776 (Marshall Waste Book, see footnote 20).
[18]E. T. Ellis, "The Story of a Very Old Philadelphia Drug Store,"American Journal of Pharmacy, 1908, vol. 75, p. 57; England,op. cit.(footnote 3), pp. 348-350; Parke, Davis & Co.,A History of Pharmacy in Pictures, undated booklet edited by George Bender.
[18]E. T. Ellis, "The Story of a Very Old Philadelphia Drug Store,"American Journal of Pharmacy, 1908, vol. 75, p. 57; England,op. cit.(footnote 3), pp. 348-350; Parke, Davis & Co.,A History of Pharmacy in Pictures, undated booklet edited by George Bender.
[19]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 442; vol. 4, pp. 188, 197.
[19]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 442; vol. 4, pp. 188, 197.
[20]Christopher Jr. and Charles Marshall Waste Book, February 21 to July 6, 1776, at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
[20]Christopher Jr. and Charles Marshall Waste Book, February 21 to July 6, 1776, at The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
[21]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 442; vol. 4, pp. 188, 197; Burnett,op. cit.(footnote 11), vol. 1.
[21]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 442; vol. 4, pp. 188, 197; Burnett,op. cit.(footnote 11), vol. 1.
[22]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 18-19.
[22]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 18-19.
[23]American Archives ...Peter Force, ed., Washington, ser. 4, vol. 1-6, 1837-46; ser. 5, vol. 1-3, 1848-53. Ser. 4, vol. 3, p. 306.
[23]American Archives ...Peter Force, ed., Washington, ser. 4, vol. 1-6, 1837-46; ser. 5, vol. 1-3, 1848-53. Ser. 4, vol. 3, p. 306.
[24]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 62-64.
[24]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 62-64.
[25]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.
[25]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.
[26]It is quite possible that the designation "bad" was a typographical error for "rad[ix]."
[26]It is quite possible that the designation "bad" was a typographical error for "rad[ix]."
[27]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 115.
[27]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 115.
[28]Connecticut Courant, February 12, 1776.
[28]Connecticut Courant, February 12, 1776.
[29]Newport Mercury, January 15, 1776.
[29]Newport Mercury, January 15, 1776.
[30]Massachusetts Gazette, September 7, 1775.
[30]Massachusetts Gazette, September 7, 1775.
[31]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 159.
[31]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 159.
[32]Massachusetts Gazette, February 22, 1776.
[32]Massachusetts Gazette, February 22, 1776.
[33]Boston Gazette, April 15, 1776.
[33]Boston Gazette, April 15, 1776.
[34]Ibid., April 22, 1776. It is worth noting that Morgan did not think this important enough to include in hisVindication(see footnote 35).
[34]Ibid., April 22, 1776. It is worth noting that Morgan did not think this important enough to include in hisVindication(see footnote 35).
[35]John Morgan,A Vindication of His Public Character in the Station of Director-General of the Military Hospital, and Physician in Chief of the American Army; Anno, 1776, Boston, 1777.
[35]John Morgan,A Vindication of His Public Character in the Station of Director-General of the Military Hospital, and Physician in Chief of the American Army; Anno, 1776, Boston, 1777.
[36]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.
[36]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.
[37]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 488.
[37]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 488.
[38]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 102, 144; andIndependent Chronicle, April 10, 1777.
[38]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 102, 144; andIndependent Chronicle, April 10, 1777.
[39]James Thacher,American Medical Biography, Boston, 1828, vol. 1, pp. 270-273.
[39]James Thacher,American Medical Biography, Boston, 1828, vol. 1, pp. 270-273.
[40]For biographies of Sylvester Gardiner seeDictionary of American Biography, New York, 1931, vol. 8, pp. 139-140;Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, New York, 1887, vol. 2; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage,Dictionary of American Medical Biography, New York, 1928, pp. 450-452; James H. Stark,The Loyalists of Massachusetts, Boston, 1910, pp. 313-315.
[40]For biographies of Sylvester Gardiner seeDictionary of American Biography, New York, 1931, vol. 8, pp. 139-140;Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography, New York, 1887, vol. 2; H. A. Kelly and W. L. Burrage,Dictionary of American Medical Biography, New York, 1928, pp. 450-452; James H. Stark,The Loyalists of Massachusetts, Boston, 1910, pp. 313-315.
[41]Greenleaf Ledger (see footnote 6).
[41]Greenleaf Ledger (see footnote 6).
[42]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 282, 284.
[42]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 282, 284.
[43]Ibid., p. 314.
[43]Ibid., p. 314.
[44]S. E. Morison and H. S. Commager,The Growth of the American Republic, New York, 1950, vol. 1, p. 210.
[44]S. E. Morison and H. S. Commager,The Growth of the American Republic, New York, 1950, vol. 1, p. 210.
[45]New-York Journal, July 13, 1775.
[45]New-York Journal, July 13, 1775.
[46]Ibid., May 11, 1775.
[46]Ibid., May 11, 1775.
[47]New-York Gazette, January 1 and January 29, 1776. For a history of the English patent medicines in America, see G. B. Griffenhagen and J. H. Young inThe Chemist and Druggist, 1957, vol. 167, pp. 714-722, and inU.S. National Museum Bulletin 218, 1959, pp. 155-183 (Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 10).
[47]New-York Gazette, January 1 and January 29, 1776. For a history of the English patent medicines in America, see G. B. Griffenhagen and J. H. Young inThe Chemist and Druggist, 1957, vol. 167, pp. 714-722, and inU.S. National Museum Bulletin 218, 1959, pp. 155-183 (Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, Paper 10).
[48]George Washington,The Writings of George Washington, edited by John C. Fitzpatrick, Washington, 1931, vol. 4, pp. 464-465.
[48]George Washington,The Writings of George Washington, edited by John C. Fitzpatrick, Washington, 1931, vol. 4, pp. 464-465.
[49]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 4, 9, 68;Pennsylvania Packet, June 19, 1779; and Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 4, pp. 464-465.
[49]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 4, 9, 68;Pennsylvania Packet, June 19, 1779; and Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 4, pp. 464-465.
[50]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 135; Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 11.
[50]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 135; Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 11.
[51]New-York Gazette, May 6 and December 23, 1776.
[51]New-York Gazette, May 6 and December 23, 1776.
[52]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 1026.
[52]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 1026.
[53]Ibid., vol. 6, p. 1431.
[53]Ibid., vol. 6, p. 1431.
[54]Morgan misspelled Delaney as "Delancey" in his letter of June 25 to Adams.
[54]Morgan misspelled Delaney as "Delancey" in his letter of June 25 to Adams.
[55]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 128.
[55]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 128.
[56]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 570.
[56]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 570.
[57]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 1069.
[57]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 1069.
[58]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 633.
[58]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 633.
[59]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 12.
[59]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 12.
[60]Pennsylvania Packet, June 26, 1779.
[60]Pennsylvania Packet, June 26, 1779.
[61]Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 6, pp. 58-59.
[61]Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 6, pp. 58-59.
[62]Connecticut Courant, January 6, 1777.
[62]Connecticut Courant, January 6, 1777.
[63]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 13, 136, 146. William Smith was appointed Continental Druggist on August 20; see Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 4, pp. 292-293.
[63]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), pp. 13, 136, 146. William Smith was appointed Continental Druggist on August 20; see Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 4, pp. 292-293.
[64]Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 6, pp. 86, 113.
[64]Washington,op. cit.(footnote 48), vol. 6, pp. 86, 113.
[65]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 116, 837.
[65]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 3, pp. 116, 837.
[66]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.
[66]Pennsylvania Packet, June 24, 1779.
[67]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 129.
[67]Morgan,op. cit.(footnote 35), p. 129.
[68]Ibid., p. xxv. [For details of the manner in which Shippen moved in on Morgan to replace him eventually as director general, see Flexner,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 3-53.]
[68]Ibid., p. xxv. [For details of the manner in which Shippen moved in on Morgan to replace him eventually as director general, see Flexner,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 3-53.]
[69]Ibid., p. xxxv; Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 55.
[69]Ibid., p. xxxv; Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 55.
[70]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 7, p. 91.
[70]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 7, p. 91.
[71]New-York Gazette, September 30, December 16, 23, 1776, January 20, 1777.
[71]New-York Gazette, September 30, December 16, 23, 1776, January 20, 1777.
[72]Ibid., December 9, 1776, April 28, June 9, 1777.
[72]Ibid., December 9, 1776, April 28, June 9, 1777.
[73]Plough Court Pharmacy letterbook dated April 7, 1778, through December 8, 1779, in possession of Allen and Hanburys, London. See also Chapman-Huston and Ernest C. Gripps,Through a City Archway: The Story of Allen and Hanburys, 1715-1954, London, 1954.
[73]Plough Court Pharmacy letterbook dated April 7, 1778, through December 8, 1779, in possession of Allen and Hanburys, London. See also Chapman-Huston and Ernest C. Gripps,Through a City Archway: The Story of Allen and Hanburys, 1715-1954, London, 1954.
[74]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 97.
[74]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 97.
[75]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 39.
[75]Owen,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 39.
[76]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 1069.
[76]American Archives, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 1069.
[77]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 651-652, 1114.
[77]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 651-652, 1114.
[78]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 77; Morgan to Potts, July 28, 1776.
[78]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 77; Morgan to Potts, July 28, 1776.
[79]Ibid., folio 89; Stringer to Potts, August 17, 1776. See also Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 108-109. Washington mentions Stringer's visit with Morgan in a letter to Gates dated August 14 (Washington,op. cit.footnote 48, vol. 5, pp. 433-435).
[79]Ibid., folio 89; Stringer to Potts, August 17, 1776. See also Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 108-109. Washington mentions Stringer's visit with Morgan in a letter to Gates dated August 14 (Washington,op. cit.footnote 48, vol. 5, pp. 433-435).
[80]Ibid.; McHenry to Potts, August 3, 1776. [Stringer arrived in Philadelphia on the evening of August 2.]
[80]Ibid.; McHenry to Potts, August 3, 1776. [Stringer arrived in Philadelphia on the evening of August 2.]
[81]Ibid.; Stringer to Potts, August 17, 1776.
[81]Ibid.; Stringer to Potts, August 17, 1776.
[82]Ibid.; McHenry to Potts, August 21, 1776.
[82]Ibid.; McHenry to Potts, August 21, 1776.
[83]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 1271. For a similarly worded letter to Egbert Benson dated August 22, see Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 112.
[83]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 1271. For a similarly worded letter to Egbert Benson dated August 22, see Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 112.
[84]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 98; Stringer to Potts, September 7, 1776. Stringer arrived in Albany on September 5 (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 97).
[84]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 98; Stringer to Potts, September 7, 1776. Stringer arrived in Albany on September 5 (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 97).
[85]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 1266. Other items included "Acet. Com. six barrels; Alo. Hepta. 3 lb.; Calomel 2 lb.; Emp. Diachyl 10 lb.; Cantharid. 2 lb.; Gm. Guiac 1 lb.; Myrrh 1 lb.; Hord. Com. 100 lb.; Jerc. Precip. Rub. ½ lb.; Merc. Cor. Sublim. 1 lb.; Rad. Serpent. Virg. 3 lb.; Sal. Nit. 5 lb.; Spirit Sal. Ammo. 4 lb.; Ung. Diath. 3 lb.; Elix. Asthmat. 5 lb.; and Elix. Vitriol. 10 lb." Also included were six gross of vials and corks and three reams of wrapping paper.
[85]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 1, p. 1266. Other items included "Acet. Com. six barrels; Alo. Hepta. 3 lb.; Calomel 2 lb.; Emp. Diachyl 10 lb.; Cantharid. 2 lb.; Gm. Guiac 1 lb.; Myrrh 1 lb.; Hord. Com. 100 lb.; Jerc. Precip. Rub. ½ lb.; Merc. Cor. Sublim. 1 lb.; Rad. Serpent. Virg. 3 lb.; Sal. Nit. 5 lb.; Spirit Sal. Ammo. 4 lb.; Ung. Diath. 3 lb.; Elix. Asthmat. 5 lb.; and Elix. Vitriol. 10 lb." Also included were six gross of vials and corks and three reams of wrapping paper.
[86]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folios 102-106, 108-111, 114, 119.
[86]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folios 102-106, 108-111, 114, 119.
[87]Ibid., folio 99. There was a listing for 170 pounds of "Cathart: Am" (Epsom salts). The 7 pounds of rhubarb was listed as "3 lb. Rad. Rhaei and 4 lb. Pul. Rhaei." Also on hand were 1½ pounds of "Mithridat" (opium).
[87]Ibid., folio 99. There was a listing for 170 pounds of "Cathart: Am" (Epsom salts). The 7 pounds of rhubarb was listed as "3 lb. Rad. Rhaei and 4 lb. Pul. Rhaei." Also on hand were 1½ pounds of "Mithridat" (opium).
[88]Ibid., folios 73, 94, 124.
[88]Ibid., folios 73, 94, 124.
[89]Ibid., folio 4; McCrea to Potts, September 2, 1776.
[89]Ibid., folio 4; McCrea to Potts, September 2, 1776.
[90]Ibid., folio 124; Johnston to Potts, September 19, 1776.
[90]Ibid., folio 124; Johnston to Potts, September 19, 1776.
[91]Ibid., folio 125; Craigie to Potts, October 3, 1776.
[91]Ibid., folio 125; Craigie to Potts, October 3, 1776.
[92]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 2, p. 923. Stringer also wrote Potts on October 6 to advise him of the stock (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 126).
[92]American Archives, ser. 5, vol. 2, p. 923. Stringer also wrote Potts on October 6 to advise him of the stock (Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 126).
[93]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 131; Stringer to Potts, October 15, 1776.
[93]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 131; Stringer to Potts, October 15, 1776.
[94]Ibid., folio 133; Stringer to Potts, October 25, 1776.
[94]Ibid., folio 133; Stringer to Potts, October 25, 1776.
[95]Ibid., folio 132; Craigie to Potts, October 22, 1776.
[95]Ibid., folio 132; Craigie to Potts, October 22, 1776.
[96]Ibid., folio 138; Stringer to Potts, November 7, 1776.
[96]Ibid., folio 138; Stringer to Potts, November 7, 1776.
[97]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 110.
[97]Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 110.
[98]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 453, vol. 4, pp. 24-25.
[98]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 3, p. 453, vol. 4, pp. 24-25.
[99]Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 103-113.
[99]Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 103-113.
[100]Virginia Gazette, August 24, 1776.
[100]Virginia Gazette, August 24, 1776.
[101]Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 18, 1776.
[101]Pennsylvania Evening Post, July 18, 1776.
[102]G. B. Griffenhagen, "The Day-Dunlap 1771 Pharmaceutical Catalogue,"American Journal of Pharmacy, 1955, vol. 127, pp. 296-302.
[102]G. B. Griffenhagen, "The Day-Dunlap 1771 Pharmaceutical Catalogue,"American Journal of Pharmacy, 1955, vol. 127, pp. 296-302.
[103]103 Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 110-112.
[103]103 Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 110-112.
[104]Greenleaf Ledger,op. cit.(footnote 6).
[104]Greenleaf Ledger,op. cit.(footnote 6).
[105]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folio 213.
[105]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folio 213.
[106]Ibid., vol. 3, folio 305.
[106]Ibid., vol. 3, folio 305.
[107]Ibid., folio 331.
[107]Ibid., folio 331.
[108]Ibid., folio 346.
[108]Ibid., folio 346.
[109]Ibid., folio 336.
[109]Ibid., folio 336.
[110]Ibid., folio 369.
[110]Ibid., folio 369.
[111]Ibid., folio 331; Craigie to Potts, September 1, 1777.
[111]Ibid., folio 331; Craigie to Potts, September 1, 1777.
[112]Preserved at the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts.
[112]Preserved at the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts.
[113]Independent Chronicle, October 30, 1777.
[113]Independent Chronicle, October 30, 1777.
[114]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 748, vol. 7, p. 274, vol. 8, p. 538. (Smith received $2,490 on September 9, 1776, $2,952 on April 17, 1777, "for sundry medicines," and Caldwell & Co. received $666 on July 7, 1777, "for sundry medicine delivered William Smith.")
[114]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 5, p. 748, vol. 7, p. 274, vol. 8, p. 538. (Smith received $2,490 on September 9, 1776, $2,952 on April 17, 1777, "for sundry medicines," and Caldwell & Co. received $666 on July 7, 1777, "for sundry medicine delivered William Smith.")
[115]Ibid., vol. 7, p. 321. (Christopher and Charles Marshall received $4,151 on May 2, 1777, "for sundry medicines and chirurgical instruments supplied by them for the use of different battalions of continental forces.")
[115]Ibid., vol. 7, p. 321. (Christopher and Charles Marshall received $4,151 on May 2, 1777, "for sundry medicines and chirurgical instruments supplied by them for the use of different battalions of continental forces.")
[116]Pennsylvania Journal, January 29, 1777.
[116]Pennsylvania Journal, January 29, 1777.
[117]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folio 150.
[117]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folio 150.
[118]Ibid., folio 153; Bass to Potts, March 17, 1777.
[118]Ibid., folio 153; Bass to Potts, March 17, 1777.
[119]Pennsylvania Journal, June 11, July 9, 23, 1777.
[119]Pennsylvania Journal, June 11, July 9, 23, 1777.
[120]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 11, p. 546.
[120]Ford,op. cit.(footnote 10), vol. 11, p. 546.
[121]Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 18, May 27, 1777.
[121]Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 18, May 27, 1777.
[122]Boston Gazette, February 3, 1777;Connecticut Courant, April 7, 1777.
[122]Boston Gazette, February 3, 1777;Connecticut Courant, April 7, 1777.
[123]Pennsylvania Packet, April 15, 22, 1777. This anonymous article was written by Dr. Benjamin Rush and reprinted as a pamphlet.
[123]Pennsylvania Packet, April 15, 22, 1777. This anonymous article was written by Dr. Benjamin Rush and reprinted as a pamphlet.
[124]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folios 158, 159.
[124]Potts Papers, vol. 2, folios 158, 159.
[125]Pennsylvania Ledger, October 10, 1777;Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 14, 18, 1777.
[125]Pennsylvania Ledger, October 10, 1777;Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 14, 18, 1777.
[126]Pennsylvania Evening Post, November 1, 8, 13, 1777, April 29, 1778. (A large number of advertisements announcing thefts appeared during the British occupation.)
[126]Pennsylvania Evening Post, November 1, 8, 13, 1777, April 29, 1778. (A large number of advertisements announcing thefts appeared during the British occupation.)
[127]Pennsylvania Evening Post, January 10 through April 20, 1778, andPennsylvania Ledger, April 4, 15, 1778. [Yeldall advertised his "Anti-Venereal Essence" only once under American occupation, but at $4.00 per bottle (Pennsylvania Evening Post, August 26, 1777).]
[127]Pennsylvania Evening Post, January 10 through April 20, 1778, andPennsylvania Ledger, April 4, 15, 1778. [Yeldall advertised his "Anti-Venereal Essence" only once under American occupation, but at $4.00 per bottle (Pennsylvania Evening Post, August 26, 1777).]
[128]Pennsylvania Evening Post, June 25, 1777.
[128]Pennsylvania Evening Post, June 25, 1777.
[129]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 149.
[129]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 149.
[130]It was in February 1778 that Dr. Potts assumed his office as purveyor general for the hospital department of the Continental Army with the duty of purchasing and distributing all supplies and medicines (ibid., p. 154).
[130]It was in February 1778 that Dr. Potts assumed his office as purveyor general for the hospital department of the Continental Army with the duty of purchasing and distributing all supplies and medicines (ibid., p. 154).
[131]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 24. (This apparently is the list prepared by Brown, even though it is not signed by him. The item "Medicines, Vials, Cork &c. £20,000" was added with the statement "The above enumerated articles should be purchased immediately," and both were in the handwriting of "W. Shippen, D.G." The document is undated.)
[131]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 24. (This apparently is the list prepared by Brown, even though it is not signed by him. The item "Medicines, Vials, Cork &c. £20,000" was added with the statement "The above enumerated articles should be purchased immediately," and both were in the handwriting of "W. Shippen, D.G." The document is undated.)
[132]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 419; Brown to Potts, March 11, 1778.
[132]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 419; Brown to Potts, March 11, 1778.
[133]Ibid., folio 428; Cutting to Potts, March 25, 1778.
[133]Ibid., folio 428; Cutting to Potts, March 25, 1778.
[134]Ibid., folio 432; Cutting to Potts, March 30, 1778.
[134]Ibid., folio 432; Cutting to Potts, March 30, 1778.
[135]Ibid., folio 441; Cutting to Potts, April 16, 1778.
[135]Ibid., folio 441; Cutting to Potts, April 16, 1778.
[136]Ibid., vol. 2, folio 151; Tillotson to Potts, February 22, 1777. [Cutting served as Assistant Apothecary under Craigie at Cambridge and Roxbury. The feud has not been explored in any of Craigie's biographies.]
[136]Ibid., vol. 2, folio 151; Tillotson to Potts, February 22, 1777. [Cutting served as Assistant Apothecary under Craigie at Cambridge and Roxbury. The feud has not been explored in any of Craigie's biographies.]
[137]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 429; Craigie to Potts, March 27, 1778.
[137]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 429; Craigie to Potts, March 27, 1778.
[138]Ibid., folio 437; Craigie to Potts, April 4, 1778.
[138]Ibid., folio 437; Craigie to Potts, April 4, 1778.
[139]Ibid., folio 411; Potts to Gates, February 24, 1778.
[139]Ibid., folio 411; Potts to Gates, February 24, 1778.
[140]Ibid., folio 441; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778.
[140]Ibid., folio 441; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778.
[141]Ibid., vol. 1, folios 41, 44; undated invoices from Lux & Bowly that undoubtedly were supplied during the spring or summer of 1778. Also, vol. 4, folio 476; letter from James Caldwell to Potts advising "I sent forward from Baltimore a case of medicine & five cases of Bark ... I have three cases more of Bark not yet up from Williamsburg where it arrived."
[141]Ibid., vol. 1, folios 41, 44; undated invoices from Lux & Bowly that undoubtedly were supplied during the spring or summer of 1778. Also, vol. 4, folio 476; letter from James Caldwell to Potts advising "I sent forward from Baltimore a case of medicine & five cases of Bark ... I have three cases more of Bark not yet up from Williamsburg where it arrived."
[142]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 458; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778. Craigie advises: "Enclosed is a small List directed to Mr. Root [Israel Root or Josiah Root, both apothecaries from Connecticut] which I think may well be spared from the Northward, and are much wanted here. I wish therefore they may be ordered. Andrew Atekin our assistant there might come with them—he would make a good Hospital Apothecary." Also, vol. 4, folio 431, an undated "Invoice of Medicines &c. to be forwared for Head Quarters to Compleat ye Regimental Assortments for the Army of the United States in the Middle Department for the Campaign 1778."
[142]Ibid., vol. 4, folio 458; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778. Craigie advises: "Enclosed is a small List directed to Mr. Root [Israel Root or Josiah Root, both apothecaries from Connecticut] which I think may well be spared from the Northward, and are much wanted here. I wish therefore they may be ordered. Andrew Atekin our assistant there might come with them—he would make a good Hospital Apothecary." Also, vol. 4, folio 431, an undated "Invoice of Medicines &c. to be forwared for Head Quarters to Compleat ye Regimental Assortments for the Army of the United States in the Middle Department for the Campaign 1778."
[143]Ibid., folio 419; Brown to Potts, March 11, 1778.
[143]Ibid., folio 419; Brown to Potts, March 11, 1778.
[144]Ibid., folio 458; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778.
[144]Ibid., folio 458; Craigie to Potts, May 1, 1778.
[145]Ibid., folio 428; Cutting to Potts, March 25, 1778. Cutting notes: "as to volatile salts, I expect a fine parcel manufactured at Carlisle by tomorrow."
[145]Ibid., folio 428; Cutting to Potts, March 25, 1778. Cutting notes: "as to volatile salts, I expect a fine parcel manufactured at Carlisle by tomorrow."
[146]Ibid., folio 471; Craik to Potts, May 24, 1778. Dr. Craik, a regimental surgeon, advises: "I wish you could procure some Cathartic salts. The Regimental surgeons complain greatly for want of them.... You may engage any quantity at the salt works in the Jersies."
[146]Ibid., folio 471; Craik to Potts, May 24, 1778. Dr. Craik, a regimental surgeon, advises: "I wish you could procure some Cathartic salts. The Regimental surgeons complain greatly for want of them.... You may engage any quantity at the salt works in the Jersies."
[147]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 166-167.
[147]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 166-167.
[148]Potts Papers, vol. 4, folios 462, 467; Craik to Potts, May 2 and May 15. On May 2, Craik advises that "the medicine chests are much wanted in the Regiments. Doctr. Cutting had best have them filled up as soon as possible to prevent complaints." On May 15 Craik commented: "I am sorry Doctr. Cutting went away before the Regiment Chests were finished; there is great clamour about them tho Doctr. Layman is as busy as possible.... I hope Doctr. Craig[ie] will soon have his chests ready."
[148]Potts Papers, vol. 4, folios 462, 467; Craik to Potts, May 2 and May 15. On May 2, Craik advises that "the medicine chests are much wanted in the Regiments. Doctr. Cutting had best have them filled up as soon as possible to prevent complaints." On May 15 Craik commented: "I am sorry Doctr. Cutting went away before the Regiment Chests were finished; there is great clamour about them tho Doctr. Layman is as busy as possible.... I hope Doctr. Craig[ie] will soon have his chests ready."
[149]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 167-168.
[149]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 167-168.
[150]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 25, undated.
[150]Potts Papers, vol. 1, folio 25, undated.
[151]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 178, and Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 115-116, 275.
[151]Gibson,op. cit.(footnote 2), p. 178, and Duncan,op. cit.(footnote 2), pp. 115-116, 275.
[152]Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 425-477.
[152]Miller,op. cit.(footnote 1), pp. 425-477.
[153]An interesting account of the medical aspects of Burgoyne's campaign is recorded by R. M. Gorssline inCanadian Defense Quarterly, 1929, vol. 6, pp. 356-363.
[153]An interesting account of the medical aspects of Burgoyne's campaign is recorded by R. M. Gorssline inCanadian Defense Quarterly, 1929, vol. 6, pp. 356-363.
Transcriber's Notes
The marker for footnote 3 is missing, but it appears to belong after"of theLititz Pharmacopoeiaof 1778."In footnote 15 I corrected a typo, Pennslyvania for PennsylvaniaOn page 115 I removed an extra quotation mark(purchasing such medicines "as)On page 118 I corrected a typo, capitivity for captivity(happily delivered from his late capitivity)On page 118 I removed an extra quotation mark(will turn to good Account.")On page 120 I corrected a typo, enitrely for entirely(one half the load is enitrely)On page 128 I corrected a typo, mediicines for medicines(Invoice of a Chest of mediicines)On page 129 I corrected a typo, quandrupled for quadrupled(price more than quandrupled)On page 133 I corrected a typo, instument for instrument(Tooth-drawing instument)These words occur both ways in the text and I have not changed them:Bowly and Bowley, Barnabas and Barnabus