The Project Gutenberg eBook ofE-mail 101

The Project Gutenberg eBook ofE-mail 101This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.*** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook. Details Below. ****** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ***Title: E-mail 101Author: John E. GoodwinRelease date: July 1, 1993 [eBook #75]Most recently updated: February 9, 2012Language: English*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK E-MAIL 101 ***

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

*** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook. Details Below. ****** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ***

*** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook. Details Below. ***

*** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ***

Title: E-mail 101Author: John E. GoodwinRelease date: July 1, 1993 [eBook #75]Most recently updated: February 9, 2012Language: English

Title: E-mail 101

Author: John E. Goodwin

Release date: July 1, 1993 [eBook #75]Most recently updated: February 9, 2012

Language: English

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK E-MAIL 101 ***

EMAIL 101 by John Goodwin, this is an Alpha test version, your

suggestions will be included in the Beta test versions, and in the final editions.

This rough version is missing 8 out of 28 chapters and 1 out of 5 appendices.

You may make and distribute verbatim copies of these course notes for non-commercial purposes using any means, provided this copyright notice is preserved on all copies.

For information on taking the internetworking course, contact

John Goodwin (jgoodwin@adcalc.fnal.gov)P.O. Box 6022St. Charles, IL 60174, U.S.A.1

E-MAIL 101 If you like those little machines that give you 24 hour access to your bank account, you'll love the Internet. I suppose there are still people who, given a choice, will go to a drive-through teller just so they can deal with a "live person" instead of a machine. But even those people will admit that it is nice to have the option of doing things for yourself, on your own schedule, anywhere. Do you remember what it was like before automatic tellers? Banks closed at 3 p.m. on weekdays. Each Saturday you had to guess how much money you would need for the following week. If you were wrong you had to cash a check at a food store (and maybe buy something you didn't want). And if you were out of town? Well, there were always credit cards. We don't do that anymore. I think many people go to the automatic teller because they like the privacy of handling their own business without having to explain it all to someone else. And we like the illusion of having access to our "own" account anytime we want. There are disadvantages to using an automatic teller card too—you may have to pay a fee each month or even for each transaction—and you have to remember to deduct those fees from your account balance or you will bounce checks. But I'll bet you feel pretty competent using an automatic teller and don't lose much sleep worrying over the fees. This course is designed to give you that same sense of freedom and competence with the Internet that you have with an automatic teller machine or the telephone. With a home computer, a modem, and communications software, you can connect to other computers over the phone line to exchange electronic mail (E-mail), trade files, or search for information. Many of those computers are connected to the worldwide network called the Internet. Some few of them will—for a fee—let *you* connect to the Internet. From there you can dial any of 900,000 or more computers, send E-mail to any of 25 million people, and access hundreds of free, informative services. In short, you are on the verge of a new method of communicating with people and machines called "internetworking." Internetworking lets you: o Avoid playing phone tag; o Sign up to receive special interest electronic newsletters and journals; o Access hundreds of information services and document collections in exactly the same way—no need to have hundreds of sets of different instructions or hundreds of (expensive) special purpose software packages; o Find and communicate with other people who share your interests. Internetworking is an essential skill for the '90s. Your children will find it as common as viewing television or using the telephone. It still has a few rough edges—but we'll explain those. There is actually no single network owned by one company called the Internet. Instead, many medium-sized networks have grown together to create a "phone system" that connects together nearly a million computers. Many hundreds of these computers allow some form of public access. You can get the latest news or weather, download information about Government programs or high-tech products, search on-line library catalogues and databases, download free software, and do many other things, with little or no monetary investment beyond the cost of your home computer. Using the Internet need not be expensive: you can get on the Internet for as little as $10 a month if you own (1) a home computer, (2) a $50 modem, and (3) some communications software (under $100). There are more expensive ways to connect to the Internet, of course. These ways make sense for businesses or organizations that make heavy use of the network. But in this course we will discuss methods that cost in the $10-$40/month range. These methods are suitable for exploring the net after hours and for casual use. We will provide some basic information about more expensive methods of connecting (Appendix C) so that you can make informed decisions if your networking needs should increase in the future. Internetworking well means mastering a whole host of skills—connecting two computers together using the Internet is just the beginning. You have to learn methods for transferring information from the remote computer to your own. This is a complex task that may involve using a file transfer protocol and compression techniques. Because the information world is so vast, your biggest problem will most likely not be connecting to the Internet. It will be finding what you want. Thus, this course covers not only the mechanics of making a connection and transferring files, but techniques for locating material as well. And of course you will want to be savvy about the costs of different connection methods. This means estimating whether it will cost you more per Megabyte to transfer the information or to have it faxed to you by a friendly librarian. This course is intended for the general public—students, businesspersons, librarians, teachers, writers, journalists—in fact anyone who needs to find information and communicate with others. Whether you are researching a paper, writing an article, or trying to get technical information on a product, you will use these techniques over and over. Chapters marked with an asterisk are omitted from this edition. 1 : The Past and the Future of Internetworking 2 : What Is the Internet? 3 : How Do I Connect to the Internet? 4 : Who Pays for the Internet? 5 : Internet Basics 6 : Getting on the Internet Step by Step 7 : Programs and Pictures 8 : File Compression Methods for Faster Transfer 9 : What to Do When You Only Have E-mail 10 : Employee Development: How to Get Your Employees Internetworking 11 : Special for Businesses 12 : Special for Students and their Parents 13 : Special for Writers, Journalists, Publishers, and Printers 14 : Special for Elementary and High School Teachers 15 : Special for Librarians 16 : Special for Scholars 17 : Special for Churches, Synagogues, and Mosques 18 : Research Methods I: Basic Navigation Methods *19 : Research Methods II: Usenet Newsgroups 20 : Research Methods III: Advanced Techniques *21 : Organizing Information *22 : Information Structures *23 : Boolean Logic *24 : Writing for an Internetworked World: Basic Problems *25 : Writing for an Internetworked World: Getting Through to your Audience *26 : The Internet Address Book 27 : Bibliography *28 : Glossary Appendix A. Computer Hints for the *Really* Green Appendix B. Using a Modem *Appendix C. Technical Details of an Internet Connection Appendix D. Just Enough UNIX Appendix E. The Ten Best Things To Get If You Only Have E-Mail <Chapter 1> The Past and Future of Internetworking There is an old fashioned way to connect with other computers and share information and there is a modern way. It is helpful to compare the two methods briefly in order to make contact with methods you may already know and to show off the advantages of using the Internet. The old fashioned (ca. 1980) method of making contact with other computers is through a bulletin board service (BBS). Bulletin board services grew up in the late 70s as a method for sharing software, talking, playing games, etc. with a personal computer. They range in size from small special interest Bulletin Boards with a local following to giant national boards like CompuServe, GEnie, and The Source. You access a bulletin board with a modem and communication software by dialing a telephone number. Of course, if you don't live in the local area of the BBS you have to use a long distance carrier. This may add a couple dollars per hour to the connect fee. The basic services offered by a Bulletin Board and by the Internet are similar: (1) Access to a host computer (Internet TELNET command) (2) File transfer capability (Internet FTP command) (3) The ability to contact other BBS members individually (InternetE-mail) (4) The ability to post messages for general consumption in any ofseveral catagories. (Usenet Newsgroups) The difference is that whereas each BBS has its own dialup procedure, menu interface, file transfer methods, billing policies, and so on, THE INTERNET USES ONE METHOD FOR ALL COMPUTERS IN THE WORLD. The savings in terms of the "learning curve" is staggering. Once you know how to use anonymous FTP you know how to get information from *hundreds* of providers. It is like the difference between using the postal service or using a special courier for each person you write a letter to. Once you know how to address the envelope and put the stamp on, you can write anyone. The Internet has the added savings that any communications software you buy for it works with all providers. You do not have to buy (or customize) special software for each information provider. Thus you can use one familiar graphical user interface ("windows" program) to connect with any computer. The usual situation where you have to buy a special "client" program to connect to each kind of "server" is replaced with a situation in which you have a single program that any "server" out there has to comply with. This standardization is the main advantage of using the Internet. Bulletin Boards are still around. In fact, one of the easiest ways to connect to the Internet is through a national bulletin board service. One disadvantage of this method is that—as of this writing—national BBS's like CompuServe offer only E-mail. You can't FTP or Telnet from them. And they often charge per message for E-mail, so using them can be quite expensive. There are better ways. <Chapter 2> What is the Internet? The best way to think of the Internet is as a communications medium like the Telephone, Television, or the Postal Service. Using the Internet you can send a any written text by E-mail. This is rather like mailing a letter and having it arrive in seconds—three days in the most backwards parts of the world. Using a special protocol called File Transfer Protocol you can transfer text files that are too long to mail (over about 50 pages) or even transfer graphics and programs. If E-mail is the equivalent of "talking" to a person, then Telnet, the third main Internet service, is equivalent to telephoning a computer. As long as you know the password for logging on to a computer, you can access and search any of nearly a million computers. Details of E-mail, FTP, and Telnet are contained in Chapter 5, Internet Basics. This chapter puts the Internet into context. Rather than concentrating on the trees that will occupy us in later chapters, it paints a big picture of the computing world in which the Internet has evolved. When you pick up a telephone receiver you know you can dial households, businesses, or government offices. You can dial 800 numbers or 411 for information. You know how to get the time or weather, get your credit card balance, or leave a message on an answering machine. In short, you have a good idea of what might possibly be at the other end of the line and a great deal of experience with negotiating their various intricacies. But you are new to the Internet. Some sense of "what's out there" in this new world is necessary to avoid getting lost in the thickets of acronyms, numbers, and procedures developed by different vendors. As we approach the middle of the 90s, the normal working situation in offices is approaching something like this: there is a Local Area Network (LAN) connecting together personal computers, workstations, and mainframes of different makes. The LAN (pronounced like "land" without the "d") may be connected to other LANs as part of a Wide Area Network (WAN). The WAN may or may not be part of the global network called the Internet. In colleges, universities, and research laboratories it likely is part of the Internet; in the commercial world, except for a few high-tech companies, it likely is not. But the difference between academia and the commerical world is rapidly becoming blurred. In addition to the LANs and WANs there are many, many home and office computers that *could* be part of the global network using a modem-to- host connection. These computers can be the portable computers of outside salespersons connecting to the central office to file a report, a computer in a home-operated desktop publishing company connecting briefly to the Internet to get a graphic for a newsletter, or a parent sending E-mail to their child at college. <Section 2.1> Getting Over Shell-Shock Let's face it. Not many members of the public—even the computer literate public-are on the Internet. There are three reasons that using the Internet for the first time can be rather intimidating, even though it is actually rather simple to use, when you get down to the nitty- gritty of internetworking: o Getting on to the Internet can be a little bit complicated; o The capability of logging on to computers you've never used before by its very nature means facing unfamiliar—and hence uncomfortable— situations; and o The world is a very big place. I like to think of the first problem—getting on to the Internet—by remembering what it was like using an "alternative" long distance service before the breakup of the Bell monopoly. People who used the alternative carriers had to dial all sorts of access codes—very often a local access number, a credit card number, a security code, *and* the number of the party they were calling. They knew that whatever came after that was going to be easier. That's what getting on the Internet is like. You may have to dial a local access number, get your modem settings right, and type the right magic combination of words; but after all that, actually *using* the Internet is simple. We'll talk you through the initial steps—after a while (and some frustration) it will be as unconscious as unlocking your front door or tuning a television set. The second problem is a little more substantial. Using the Internet, you can get yourself into situations that are, well, experimental. Because the Internet gives you the freedom to "go anywhere" and "do anything"—at least if you know the passwords—you can uncover strange incompatibilities and unfamiliar systems. I call this experience "shell shock". At some point you will likely find yourself face to face with a computer program that expects you to type a command you don't happen to know. You can mostly avoid such situations by only trying things about which you have good information. The situation is not much different from using a telephone: if you stick to well-worn paths like dialing local numbers or simple long distance calls, you will have little trouble; but if you start dialing other countries or special numbers you may be in for a surprise or two. When you do log on to a new (previously unknown) computer, you can expect to come face to face with something called a "shell prompt". Shell prompts look like this: % (or some other obscure symbol, like a dollar-sign) or this: mail> (a favourite—means you're in some sort of mail program) or like this: prez23: (means 23rd command since you logged into computer "prez"). A prompt means the other computer expects you to type a command for its "shell", or "command interpreter". The shell is the outer layer that you, the user, interact with. Two other types of "user interfaces" you might encounter are: o menu systems that give you choice of numbers o "window" systems or graphical user interfaces (GUIs, pronounced "gooey"). Menu systems are popular on bulletin board services, and usually present no problem to the novice. Their weakness is that they get cloying after about five minutes. Most menu systems that are designed to be used for that length of time or longer have a "command mode", where you get—you guessed it—a shell prompt. Even windowing systems (you know if you have one of these) very often give you a window that "emulates a terminal", i.e. that gives you a shell prompt inside. So, you see, in each of the three common user interfaces—command line, menu-driven, or graphical user interface—you will likely encounter, at some time in your life, a shell prompt. Advice on things that will likely work to get you started is given here and in Appendix A. Some experience of other kinds of computers, especially computers that use the UNIX operating system is useful. Some tips about using UNIX and other operating systems you may not have encountered before is given in Appendix D. If you do get stuck, whether by being experimental or just by accident, it is helpful to remember a few points: o You can always disconnect from a remote service by using your communications software to "hang up". o If the computer gives you a strange symbol like a percent sign or a dollar sign and just sits and stares at you, you can try "help" or "?" to try to find out what the computer expects, or else try "exit", "quit", "bye", "logoff", or something similar, to return to where you were before. o Many times, when you log on to a system, you will get instructions on how to get further help or how to "escape" back to your own system. You should remember these or write them down! o As a last resort, exit the communications program (and all other active programs) and shut off your computer, turn off your modem, and disconnect it from the phone line. Be sure to do these steps in the order prescribed. It is unwise (though tempting) to simply turn your computer off and on, or to pull the plug on your modem with your computer running. More suggestions for the inexperienced are given in Appendix A. The final hurdle to using the Internet is that the world, even the world of the Internet, is indeed a very large place. When using the Internet you have to decide: o where to go; o what information you want (and where it might be); and o how to get to it (and get it back home intact). For a system as vast as the Internet, these are hard decisions. Often, the only strategy that works is to explore and try different things. This course is designed to get you over the initial hurdles, give you a fair grounding in methods that work, and point you in the right direction. The exploration is up to you. As an initial orientation, we describe the "three worlds of the known Internet" in the next section. <Section 2.2> The Three Worlds of the Known Internet The Internet, like ancient Gaul, is divided into three parts. These parts are not so much territories as worlds, each with their own sets of assumptions, favorite dialects, and favored equipment. We may conveniently refer to them as the "PC world", the "UNIX world", and the "Mainframe world". Here's a dossier on each of the three worlds: World: Personal Computer (PC)Typical Equipment: IBM PC and clones (85%) , Macintosh (15%)Conventional Operating Systems: MS-DOS, OS/2Windowing Systems: Windows, MacOSTypical Size: PC ($1k to $5k typical; few $100 used)Clientele: Mixed—Business, Home users, just about everybody World: (mostly UNIX) workstationTypical Equipment: Sun Workstation, VAXStations, other vendorsConventional Operating Systems: UNIX (two major dialects), VMSWindowing System: X WindowsTypical Size: Workstation ($5k and up)Clientele: Engineering/Scientific users; more and more businesses World: Mainframe or MinicomputerTypical Equipment: IBM (various), Digital Equipment VAXesConventional Operating Systems: VM, VMS, UNIXWindowing Systems: X Windows, if availableTypical Size: Minicomputer or Mainframe ($10k to millions)Clientele: Big Business, Universities, Government The neat picture of three worlds is distorted somewhat by a tendency for each of the worlds to have two (or a few) major options, either in choice of equipment, operating system, or vendor. So, for example, the PC world is split into two camps, the MS-DOS people and the Mac people. Similarly, the UNIX world is split into the "BSD" workstations and "System V" (i.e. "5") workstations. The three worlds are reflected somewhat in networking. The Internet is dominated by minicomputers and workstations running UNIX and VMS, with an ever increasing influx of PCs running MS-DOS and Macs. Machines running other operating systems often put a "UNIX-like" foot forward, so the user can almost believe he or she is dealing with UNIX machines. There is a certain sense that the UNIX software is the standard for the Internet. Software tends to appear on UNIX machines first and then be "ported" to other machines. What makes it possible for all these disparate machines to talk to each other is the "Internet Protocol" (known more formally as TCP/IP, for Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP can be thought of as a set of rules for two computers to use when they communicate with each other, even if they are not from the same vendor. We are used to thinking of computer systems as having "software" and "hardware", but it is closer to the truth to say that complicated systems like the Internet have many levels—in the case of the Internet as many as seven—ranging from "very software" to "very hardware". Each level has its own set of rules, called its protocol. The TCP/IP protocol belongs to two of the middle levels. At the moment, the most common protocol for the two most "very hardware" levels is "Ethernet" (looks rather like the coaxial cable used for cable TV), while the "very software" levels are completely dependent on the vendor. In fact, it is this profusion of levels which lets the Internet work on just about any kind of hardware and with software from many different vendors. Anyway, the Internet grew up as several medium-sized networks, all having diffent "very hardware" and "very software", but using the TCP/IP protocol for their middle layers, were connected together. Two of the first, and biggest, nets to adopt the Internet Protocol were ARPAnet— Internet was first designed for this one—the network for what used to be called DARPA (the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense), and NSFnet, a network connecting universities and government laboratories for the U.S. National Science Foundation. These and other large networks form the "backbone" of the Internet. But today there are hundreds of smaller nets hooked on to the backbones. There *are* big networks that don't use TCP/IP. For example, in the context of IBM mainframes at large universities and research institutions, BITnet (The "Because It's Time" Network) emerged. This large worldwide network does not use the Internet protocol. BITnet can be reached from the Internet through special translators called gateways, but it is definitely a different network. Occasionally one encounters problems that can be traced to this fact. <Section 2.3> The Future of the Internet The future of any technology is difficult to forcast, and I do not profess to know what the future holds for the Internet. Some predictions that various forcasters have made for internetworking (and telecommunications in general) are: o A proposal for a data "superhighway" called the NREN (National Research and Education Network) will pass the U.S. Congress. This is an upgrade for the Internet. o Commercial use of the Internet will become more common and new schemes for charging for its use will emerge. o The Internet will be handed by the government over to AT&T and the other "telecoms", who will charge so much to access it that the whole scheme will collapse. o Optical Fiber will replace Coaxial Cable (Ethernet protocol) as the most common standard for LANs. o The Internet will enter the home over ordinary phone lines. o The Internet will enter the home over existing Cable TV coaxial cable. o The Internet will enter the home through newly strung optical fiber as part of a unified system for Telephony, Cable TV, and the data communication, using [insert your favorite protocol here] as a standard. o Personal Computers will replace telephones, answering machines, stereos, CD players, and VCRs—maybe even TV!—as a single, universal device for home use. Sounds like a good thing to connect to the NREN. o Computer and telephone technology will become so intertwined that it is hard to tell the difference. One product, already on the market, is described as "[a handheld] alphanumeric pager, an XT-compatible computer with a backlit screen and PCMCIA Type III slot, a fax/modem, a cellular and land-line phone, and a voice recorder"! You are welcome to believe all or none of these predictions. <Chapter 3> How Do I Connect To the Internet? Connecting to the Internet involves several steps: (1) Getting your modem and communications software working together (2) Connecting to a provider over the phone lines (or a LAN) (3) Using Internet services For the first step you will have to rely on the manuals that came with your modem and software. Appendix B contains a discussion of some of the obscurer terminology associated with modem settings. You might want to read it if your manual is not well written. Actually, you do not have to know about the second step in great detail. Mostly it is a matter of knowing enough to intellegently choose a provider. Each provider will have a specific set of steps—modem settings, access numbers, passwords, etc.—that you need to follow in order to get from you to the provider. Don't lose hope! Once you get there you've finished the hardest part. Chapter 6 contains very explicit instructions for connecting to one particular service, DELPHI. Step 3 is the subject of the rest of this course—what you can do once you're on. The basics are discussed in the next chapter. <Section 3.1> Connection Methods In theory, there are three ways to connect to the Internet from a personal computer or workstation: (1) Your PC may have a direct connection. This means that it is part of a Local Area Network (LAN) that is in turn connected to one of the component Wide Area Networks of the Internet. Your computer will have its own Internet Protocol (IP) Address. This type of connection is common in offices, especially of high-tech firms, but definitely not for home use. (2) You may have a connection to a "host" computer that is directly connected to the net. If you can use a modem to connect your home PC to the mainframe at the office and the mainframe is on the net, then you can get an Internet connection that way. But what if your office doesn't have a mainframe on the net? You can still subscribe to a service that makes a host computer available to the public. This is presently the cheapest and most common method for public access to the net. (3) There is a connection method in between cases (1) and (2) called a Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) connection. You dial up a special host computer—just like case (2)—called a SLIP-server. The difference is that the SLIP server gives you a temporary IP address and talks to your computer using the Internet Protocol. This requires your computer's software to speak SLIP. Your computer thinks it is using case (1) even though your actual connection is closer to step 2. The advantage of fooling your terminal into thinking it has a direct connection is that it can use all the fancy, free software developed for computers with direct connections. The software for a SLIP connection is being built into all new communications software. If you just bought or upgraded your software, you probably have SLIP capability already. The catch? SLIP is too slow on a cheap 2400 baud modem. But if you buy a fast FAX modem it works fine. That's one reason that a $350 FAX modem is a good investment. It is fast enough for SLIP and gives you the ability to send and receive FAXes as well. SLIP technology is still rather new and somewhat experimental, so this discussion will focus on the old reliable—method 2. How do you find a service that will give the public access to the Internet? Depending on where you live, you may have a provider you can call in your local area code. If not, then most of your problem will be finding the cheapest way to make a long distance phone call. This book does not have a list of providers, since such a list will get out of date rapidly. Instead, it gives you one cheap way to get on the Internet, then gives you instructions on how to find out who the providers are and what their rates are. I would rather teach you how to look out for yourself than just give you some outdated advice. This method also has the advantage that one set of instructions works for everybody. That wouldn't be true if I listed 20 or 30 providers. Instructions are given in "Gettin on the Internet Step by Step." <Section 3.2> Types of Internet Providers As I said, most of the problem of getting on the net occurs when you live in an area that doesn't have a LOCAL provider. Basically there are three kinds of providers and three ways to get to them: (1) Providers of direct connections. If you are setting up a business and need a high volume direct connection for your office Local Area Network and can afford several thousand a year at least, you will want to consider these high-end providers. They are not relevant to our discussion. (But see Appendix C for more information). (2) There are several regional networks and one national one that specialize in low cost PC-to-host or SLIP connections. Costs range from $20-40 a month to $2000 a year, depending on the services you need. Performance Systems International (PSI) is a major provider of this kind of service. Other networks offer services similar to PSI, although PSI has the most extensive nationwide service at this time. This service can be very competitive with BBS type service (see below) if you are a frequent user of the net or need to send more than an occasional E-mail message. It is definitely worth a look. (3) Many computer bulletin board services offer E-mail or even Internet connections for around $10-20 per month. Be very careful to check out the connection charges. If you are not careful you could be charged for using the bulletin board (per hour), using the Internet, the long-distance connection, a surcharge for daytime use, and a per message charge for E-mail! One of the purposes of this book is to explain the minefield of charges so you don't get burned. The service recommended bundles all the charges up front so there are no surprises. Generally speaking, connecting to the Internet through a BBS is the best method for the explorer. Once you've determined that you need the Internet on a regular basis, one of the regional networks or PSI is probably the most economical route. Unless you are fortunate enough to live in an area where an Internet provider is a local call away, you will have to contend with long distance charges. Actually, these can be as low as $2 an hour and are sometimes bundled in with the network connection charge. <Section 3.3> Finding the Cheapest Long Distance Method There are three basic methods of paying for long distance: (1) You just pay for a call to another area code. This is veryexpensive and not recommended. (2) You use a provider with a toll free (800) number and pay for thecall in a higher connect charge. This is also very expensive. (3) You use a Public Data Network after hours and pay around $2 anhour (may be included). Actually, the last method is the only workable one. There are a number of PDN's. CompuServe has a data network. You do not have to join CompuServe touse it. PSI has its own data network with many points of presence around the US and abroad. These are divided into Class A and Class B, depending on the level of service provided. Tymenet and SprintNet are two other public data networks. You may have heard of the SprintNet service PC Pursuit. For a monthly fee this gives you many BBS nationwide as well as any computer that can be reached by SprintNet. In general, for a first experiment we recommend the DELPHI BBS and SprintNet. DELPHI includes the SprintNet surcharge in its $13/month bill (after hours use only—daytime is expensive everywhere). At this writing you get 5 free hours the first month and 4 hours per month after that. Additional hours are $4 each. There is also a 20 hours for $20 plan. Additional hours are $2 each with this plan. Detailed instructions on how to sign up are given in "Connecting to the Internet Step by Step." <Chapter 4> Who Pays for the Internet? All this talk of cost may be making you edgy. Eventually, everyone using the Internet must face the fear—if I am calling up a computer in Switzerland won't I be billed for the call? The marvelous thing about the Internet is that although there is plenty of expense involved in getting on it, there is no additional expense associated with what you do after you are connected. THE WHOLE WORLD IS ON LOCAL. Thus, you may have to pay for a $2 an hour call to Massachussetts, for your PC, your modem and software, and a connect fee to your internet provider. But you DO NOT HAVE TO PAY FOR EACH AND EVERY INTERNET CALL. Since most people find it hard to believe that you can send mail anywhere in the world or dial up a computer on the other side of the globe without paying a special charge, I will spend some time explaining who does pay for the Internet and how those costs are reflected back to the user. One way or another you do pay for network usage, but these payments are not in the form of a direct billing for each call. First, you already know that there is no Internet, Inc. that monitors all the calls and bill customers. Instead there are hundreds of smaller networks that act as relays. Those networks *could* charge their customers for each call, based on how much time it takes and where it goes, but since no one is charging them, they have no real incentive to pass on costs. Instead they charge a flat fee—usually based on connect time, but for a 24 hour connection just a flat yearly fee. Now network traffic does use up resources. Basically, the Internet works like a potluck supper. Everyone with a direct connection allows some of their system resources to be used by messages that are just "passing through". They allow this because other systems allow them the same privilege. Thus, it is in everyone's interest to allow some of their resources to be consumed by other persons' messages, because everyone comes out ahead. So, sites with direct connections pay real costs in terms of lost computing cycles, extra cabling, fancier equipment, and lost disk space. These costs are passed on to their customers or shouldered by government subsidy. But there are no direct charges associated with using the system. In the early days of the Internet, Government subsidy of the backbone networks was crucial. The backbone was built with government funds and it was government funds that paid for the extra equipment needed by the universities and laboratories that carried more traffic than they generated. With the development of commercial nets alternatives to the Government-sponsored backbone arose. The Government subsidy is still important, but becomming less so every year. So, the short answer is that you pay for the network. You either pay your provider a flat fee or you pay as a taxpayer for Government subsidized network resources. Most of the cost you actually see will be in your own equipment, the cost of placing a phone call, and whatever your provider charges you. <Chapter 5> Internet Basics We've talked a lot about the Internet, but how do you actually use it?There are three basic skills on which all Internet use is based: Electronic Mail (E-mail) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet All three commands rely on the Internet addressing scheme. An Internet "telephone number" of another computer is its Internet Protocol (IP) address, a number that looks like this: 225.225.12.38 This form, called "dotted decimal," is still required by some computers. But, to make IP addresses easier for humans, this telephone number has another form which is easier to remember: hoople.usnd.edu This means that computer ("node") named "hoople" is located at the University of Southern North Dakota. The last component, ".edu", means that the institution is in the educational domain. . Other domain names look like this: .edu : educational institutions .gov : government (research laboratories and .com : commercial businesses .org : nonprofit organizations .mil : military installations In addition to these domain names, there are many two-letter country codes, e.g. .ca : Canada .jp : Japan .uk : United Kingdom .us : United States and many more. To send electronic mail to someone over the Internet, all you need to know is their "username", or "handle". This is followed by an at-sign, the node name, and any domain names. Thus joe@locoweed.chi.il.us donotes a private citizen in Chicago, Illinois, in the U.S. Joe's computer is called "locoweed". As another (real) example, president@whitehouse.gov is the E-mail address of the U.S. President. In the examples that follow we will give details for a typical character-oriented computer. Windowing systems with menus, dialog boxes, and so on will hide many of these details, but they are happening behind the scenes. Also, once you are connected, you may be faced with an old-fashioned command-line system. <Section 5.1> Electronic Mail (E-mail) The details of using the mail system depend on your system, but basically it looks like this: % mail <enter the mail program with the MAIL command, or whatever> Welcome to Mail, Version 99.3 . . . mail> send To: president@whitehouse.govCc: vice.president@whitehouse.gov <or return if you don't want acarbon sent to anyone>Subj: I'm on Internet Type your message. Control-Z to exit Bill— I just got my Internet connection today. My address is pdq@hoople.usnd.edu. Give my best to Al, <type control-Z or do whatever your system needs to signal an end of the message> % <your system is now ready for your next command> <Section 5.2> Telnet In addition to using an Internet address to send E-mail, you can use it to call a computer. This is rather like dialing up a computer with a modem, except that the local computer (the one you called with *your* modem) is calling up the remote computer: your PC or Mac —> "local computer" —> "remote computer" The example assumes that "home>" is the shell prompt given by your local computer and that "%" is the prompt given by the remote computer (see Section 2.2 on "shell prompts"). So remember, you don't type them. home> telnet hoople.usnd.edu <type this on your "home" computer> Welcome to node HOOPLE. Now running Opus 2.0 username: pdqpassword: <type your password here> Last login 23:14:55 15-JUN-1752You have mail. % <now type whatever commands you like until . . . > % logoff <or bye or quit or exit or whatever> Session with hoople.usnd.gov terminated at 21:19. home> <now continue issuing commands on your home computer> This method of connecting to another computer is called "telnetting". In effect, you have used the local computer to telephone the remote computer. You can now do anything on the remote computer (with certain restrictions) you could do if you were "actually" logged on. Sometimes telnetting will put you into a menu-type program or even a "screen oriented" program. A special problem here is getting the other computer to recognize what type of screen you have. Since most communications software "emulates a terminal", this amounts to telling the other system what type of terminal your communications system is emulating. E.g., on a UNIX system you might type: % set term vt100 to tell the other system that your communications software thinks it is a VT100 terminal (a very common choice for emulation programs). If you don't get this exactly right, your telnet session will "sort of work". It's probably not worth spending a lot of time on this problem for a brief contact with the other computer. If you are going to work on the remote computer every day, however, you will want to get it right. Most "flaky" behavior can be traced to this problem. <Section 5.3> File Transfer Protocol (FTP) It is easy to transfer files over the Internet using a special protocol called FTP. FTP takes the place of programs like XModem or Kermit that may be familiar to you if you use a bulletin board service. Now, you might ask, if FTP transfers a file, what is the differnce between sending E-mail and FTP; why prefer one over the other? First of all, FTP avoids certain restrictions on the type of file sent; in particular, you can send binary (non-text) files like programs and pictures; and you are not restricted to any particular length, as is often the case with mail programs. Not only that, with FTP you can "browse" a directory of files before choosing one. You can move up and down the directory hierarchy and list files, looking for the one you want. Finally, FTP lets you get places that you may not have an account (or a friend to send you mail). The method for doing this, called "anonymous FTP", is described in the next section. There are several hundred "anonymous FTP sites" worldwide, with large collections of programs, textfiles, and graphics. Anonymous FTP is the Internet equivalent of publishing—a very important topic indeed. <Section 5.4> Anonymous FTP Further facility with Anon. FTP requires a little knowledge of the UNIX operating system. See Appendix D for an introduction. <Chapter 6> Getting on the Internet Step by Step This course takes a different approach to . Rather than In particular, you should contact the following for information. STEP 1. SIGN UP WITH A PROVIDER (example DELPHI) To get on the Internet you need: 1. a home computer, 2. a 1200 or 2400 baud modem that understands AT commands ("Hayes Command Set Compatible"), 3. communications software, and 4. a credit card. This example assumes that you are signing up with the bulletin board service DELPHI. DELPHI has no commercial relationship with the author. It was chosen for an example because its rates are typical of the low end of the market, it offers nationwide service, it includes afterhours access by SprintNet in its basic fee, and because at this time it offers 5 free hours of Internet access to new subscribers. You should definitely consider other providers. You can get information about other providers once you're on the Internet. In fact, that will be one of your first steps below. 1. Set your modem to 2400 (or 1200) baud, 8 bits, NO parity, 1 stop bit, full duplex, local echo and auto linefeeds off, XON/XOFF on, VT100 emulation. (see the manual for your modem, the manual for your communications software, and Appendix A if you need help) Don't worry if some of the options are missing. Usually, for example, full duplex implies local echo off and vice versa, so your software may not list these as separate options. 2. Use your communications software to issue (or type directly to your modem) the command ATDT 1 800 365 4656. If you have a pulse-dial phone your will use ATDP instead of ATDT. 3. DELPHI will give you explicit instructions, but for reference they will look like this: A. Make sure it is after 6 or 7 p.m. or on a weekend—unless youwant a $9 surcharge for daytime access. B. Dial your local SprintNet access number (local call!): ATDT 1234567. C. After "CONNECT 2400", type @D ("D" must be capital) D. After "terminal=" type <CR>, i.e. carriage return. E. At the @-sign type F. After Username: type Username: YOURNAMEPassword: OPENSESAME Type your own username and password of course. 4. If at anytime you forget your Sprintnet access number, or if you are out of town, you can look up SprintNet numbers as follows. STEP 2. Your First E-mailGet PDIAL, NIXPUB, INTERNET RESOURCE GUIDE, Info on PSIInfo on LISTSERV and signing up for E-mail STEP 3. Your First Anonyomous FTP Get surfing the internet STEP 4. Your First Telnet Getting Public Access UNIX and reading Usenet news STEP 5. First E-mailGetting Information on PSIGetting Information on LISTSERV You can do many, many things with the Internet. The information you have retrieved, especially the Internet Guides, will give you other ideas. We will go over some of the retrieval methods in Part III of this course. For now, you should experiment and explore, using the information you have as a starting point. The experience you gain will be useful when we come to the more systematic study of Internet research methods later. <Chapter 7> Programs and Pictures Evenually, as you gain experience finding and transfering information, you will want to try you hand at transferring binary files containing pictures or free software from one of the large FTP archives like wustl.edu sumex-aim.stanford.edu (Macintosh software) simtel-20.mil (IBM and compatible software) In fact, some of the first software you will want to get is software for compressing and uncompressing files (see next Chapter), processing graphics ("image files"), and perhaps some games. First, what is a binary file? A binary file is one that you can't read. Unlike text, which consists of groups of eight bit code letters representing "a", "b", and so on, binary files have bits that are meant to be read only by programs. You cannot "look" at them by typing them out or with a word processor—unless the word processor understands the format of the file. Expensive word processing programs—including the most popular ones like Word Perfect and Microsoft Word—are increasingly able to read a large variety of binary files. Frequently encountered binary files include: 1. Files that use proprietary formats, such as word-processing programs, spreadsheets, database programs, etc. These files contain formatting (like italics, underlines, etc.) and perhaps graphics, and other goodies beyond the simple text. 2. "Application Programs". These are programs written in (the binary) machine language that your computer understands. They are "compiled" from text files of "source code" written in a programming language. Vendors almost never make their source code available—except for free software, which you may have to compile yourself. 3. Text files that have been compressed to about half their size with one of the popular compression programs. Compression makes texts files binary. Compression doesn't do much for files that are already binary unless the data they contain is very repetitive. 4. Files containing graphics like GIF, TIFF, PICT, or JPEG files.More on this below. Transfering binary files is as easy as transfering text files once you understand the potential problems: 1. Most FTP programs start you out in TEXT mode. This means that text files are *translated* when they go from computer to computer on their way to you. This is fatal to binary files because their bit pattern has nothing to do with the groups of eight bits that make up text. 2. Even text files have slight compatibility problems because the three "worlds"—IBM, Macintosh, and UNIX—use a different control character to represent "return", "enter", or "newline." Translation between the different dialects is handled automatically in TEXT mode transfers. It is also the main reason why text files cannot be transfered in BINARY mode. The two control characters involved are called "linefeed" (LF) and "carriage return" (CR): IBM PC and compatibles : <LF> <CR> Macintosh and VAX : <CR> UNIX : <LF> 3. As mentioned above, text files are often compressed to save space. This means that you need a program to uncompress them before you read them—and that you have to transfer them in BINARY mode. The most common compression programs and common file extensions are: IBM PC and compatibles : PKZIP and PKUNZIP (.ZIP) Macintosh : Stuffit and UnStuffit archives (.sit) UNIX : compress and uncompress (.Z) and tape archive (.tar) with both together being most common (.tar.Z or .taz). Note capital "Z". UNIX also has the gzip/gunzip command pair. gzip files usually have the extension ".z" (*small* z) or ".tgz" if they are also tape archive files. Fortunately you can usually find free software for you computer that will uncompress formats from other computer models. For current information on compression software, see the FAQ for the newsgroup comp.compression (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/xxx). 4. Conversely, sometimes binary files are converted to a sort of ASCII that looks like gibberish so that they can be mailed or transferred in TEXT mode—but again you need a program that translates them back to binary. Sometimes we encounter the ultimate absurdity, a text file that is compressed then re-encoded as ASCII for mailing. Actually this makes sense if a large number of related text files are stored in a compressed "archive". The most common programs for this are: uuencode/uudecode for UNIX (used for Usenet news postings of binary files and for mailing programs) The file extension (rarely encountered because there is little reason to store files in this format) is ".uue". BinHex for the Macintosh (.hqx) Often combined with Stuffit (.sit.hqx). This is a common method for distributing all the files that come with a program as a single file. uuencoded files can be recognized by the fact that every line begins with a capital "M" and is exactly the same length. The file starts with the word "begin" and ends with "end" The translating program needs these words, but nothing above or below them. Often a uuencoded file is split into several parts for transmission and must be reassembled (and stripped of mail headers, etc.) in a word processing program before it is decoded. If you do this be sure to save the resulting file as a text file and not in the proprietary format of the word processing program! <Section 7.2> What To Do With Graphics The second topic of this chapter is graphic images. Graphics are very important for Desktop Publishers—writers of newsletters, businesses that prepare their own brochures, and small printshops. Pictures can be stored in separate files or, in some cases, embedded in other formats such as the proprietary format of Microsoft Word files. Picture files take up a large amount of space—especially big pictures at high resolution. 1 Megabyte is a typical size for a smallish picture at moderate resolution. Thus, one picture is worth about 500 pages of text! The lifecycle of a typical graphic goes something like this: STEP 1. Capturing (scanning) of photograph with optical scanner or with a special "video" camera The better sort of optical scanner looks like a small xerox machine. There are also cheaper hand-held models. Flatbed scanners cost in the $1000+ range so you are not likely to have one unless you are in the business. Most likely, the casual user will get a graphic from someone else, from a collection of "clip art", or create the graphic from scratch in a drawing program. STEP 2. Storage in a file using an interchange format However the image is obtained, it has to be stored on disk before it can be used. There are perhaps twenty or so common formats, but those found most often on the Internet and in the Usenet newsgroups are: GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) a rather old-fashioned but very commonly found type of graphics file. Almost any software can read this format. This is the most common format on Anonymous FTP archives. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Technically more versatile than GIF and just about as common. A very good choice for exchanging files between different programs. JPEG () A special compressed image format that is becoming common in newer software. EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) Not really a graphics file per say, but a set of instructions for drawing an image. The success of the Postscript page description language for Laser printers has led to a new stategy for including graphics in word processing files. Many high end word processing programs like Microsoft Word allow you to include a reference to an external Postscript file containing the figure. Desktop publishing and high-end word processing programs can often save and import graphics in any of these formats, especially TIFF and EPS. In addition, you may find files in proprietary formats like Macintosh PICT files. These formats serve as standards for their line of computers but not across different brands. Fortunately you can find free software that will convert TIFF to PICT orvice versa. STEP 3. Transmission to point of use Suppose you have a graphics file or a word processing file containing your brochure. How do you send that file to someone? If you work in an academic environment, it is quite possible that one or the other institutions is an Anonymous FTP site. You may be able to use the Anon. FTP site as a "mailbox" to transfer the file in binary mode— or you could exchange passwords and transfer the file directly, if both have a direct connection to the Internet. More commonly, you will have to send the file by E-mail. Say you've just finished a brochure and you want to send it cross-country. Let's suppose that your business has two branches—one in New York and one in Los Angeles, and that both offices have Macintoshes with Microsoft Word and that you both have one of the free "Usenet software kits" for the Macintosh (not necessarily the same one). Then, you proceed as follows: A. Using UUENCODE (or BINHEX, if you like) you convert the MicrosoftWord file to a coded text file. B. If your mail has a size limit, you may have to break up the fileand send it in parts. C. At the receiving end, reassemble the file and strip any headersand trailers added by the mail system. The file should look like begin <very first line>MMM Mend <very last line> and be saved as a TEXT file. D. Run UUDECODE (or BINHEX) and recover the binary file. E. Run Microsoft Word, open the binary (MS Word!) file and print. There may be one slight glitch. Macintosh files have two parts, a "resource" part and a "data" part. The resource part contains such information as the name of the application to run when you click on the file and how to draw the cute little icon pictures. Some of the simpler programs do not encode the resource part so you may get a generic document that you can't open by clicking on it (the infamous "application busy or missing" message). That's OK. Open it from *within* Word and then save it as a Word document. It should recover the missing parts. And get smarter software. Certainly this procedure is complicated—and you might want to do a dry run before you try beating a 5 o'clock deadline—but the capability of transfering a computer file cross-country in seconds can be crucial to a business. The fact that it can be done with free software and a casual $10/month E-mail connection is astounding. Play around and learn to do this. In the future, printers may commonly accept submissions by E-mail or by direct transfer over telephone lines. Imagine not having to figure out how to keep your camera-ready copy dry on a rainy day or having to rush across town minutes before your deadline! STEP 4. Image enhancing and/or color separation One of the great advantages of having a graphic in a computer file is that you can use free software (or shareware) to play around with the image. Cropping, rotating, streching, zooming, and so on are all common. In addition, you can convert color to black and white or greyscale, enhance the image, make halftones or color separations, and even play with the spatial frequency spectrum if you want. (Color separations are the four images needed by printers—separate ones for Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, and Black ink). STEP 5. Importing or embedding in a word processing or desktop publishing program Once you are happy with the picture you import it as a graphic into your DTP or word processing program. If your program reads the format the picture is in, this is easy. If not, you will need to get free software that converts from the format you have to the one you need. This process is very experimental. I've found that I have better results converting from an obscure format to a standard and common format like GIF or TIFF before converting to a proprietary target format. This is even true if the software says it reads the obscure format directly. STEP 6. Printing on a laser printer or other equipment If a graphic is not solely intended for display on a (color) monitor, like a slide presentation, it must be printed out. And there it is. Your picture in print. <Chapter 8> What to Do When You Only Have E-mail The very first thing to do is to get information on getting a better Internet connection! But barring that, there are many reasons that you might need to know workarounds that only require E-mail: you might be stuck somewhere (like work) where there is no Internet access, or you could be borrowing access from a friend. Since Internetworking is about communicating with others, in many ways this is the most important chapter in this course. <a href="index.html" style="float:left;">Back to Index</a><a href="APPENDIX_B.__USING_A_MODEM.html" style="display:block; text-align:center; width:100%;">Next</a> </div> </body> </html>