The Project Gutenberg eBook ofEarly European HistoryThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Early European HistoryAuthor: Hutton WebsterRelease date: April 1, 2005 [eBook #7960]Most recently updated: December 31, 2020Language: EnglishCredits: Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Early European HistoryAuthor: Hutton WebsterRelease date: April 1, 2005 [eBook #7960]Most recently updated: December 31, 2020Language: EnglishCredits: Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
Title: Early European History
Author: Hutton Webster
Author: Hutton Webster
Release date: April 1, 2005 [eBook #7960]Most recently updated: December 31, 2020
Language: English
Credits: Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY ***
Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team.
"There is no part of history so generally useful as that which relates to the progress of the human mind, the gradual improvement of reason, the successive advances of science, the vicissitudes of learning and ignorance, which are the light and darkness of thinking beings, the extinction and resuscitation of arts, and the revolutions of the intellectual world." —SAMUEL JOHNSON,Rasselas.
This book aims to furnish a concise and connected account of human progress during ancient, medieval, and early modern times. It should meet the requirements of those high schools and preparatory schools where ancient history, as a separate discipline, is being supplanted by a more extended course introductory to the study of recent times and contemporary problems. Such a course was first outlined by the Regents of the University of the State of New York in theirSyllabus for Secondary Schools, issued in 1910.
Since the appearance of the Regents'Syllabusthe Committee of Five of the American Historical Association has made itsReport(1911), suggesting a rearrangement of the curriculum which would permit a year's work in English and Continental history. Still more recently the Committee on Social Studies of the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education, in itsReport(1916) to the National Education Association has definitely recommended the division of European history into two parts, of which the first should include ancient and Oriental civilization, English and Continental history to approximately the end of the seventeenth century, and the period of American exploration.
The first twelve chapters of the present work are based upon the author'sAncient History, published four years ago. In spite of many omissions, it has been possible to follow without essential modification the plan of the earlier volume. A number of new maps and illustrations have been added to these chapters.
The selection of collateral reading, always a difficult problem in the secondary school, is doubly difficult when so much ground must be covered in a single course. The author ventures, therefore, to call attention to hisReadings in Ancient History. Its purpose, in the words of the preface, is "to provide immature pupils with a variety of extended, unified, and interesting extracts on matters which a textbook treats with necessary, though none the less deplorable, condensation." A companion volume, entitledReadings in Medieval and Modern History, will be published shortly. References to both books are inserted in footnotes.
At the end of what has been a long and engrossing task, it becomes a pleasant duty to acknowledge the help which has been received from teachers in school and college. Various chapters, either in manuscript or in the proofs, have been read by Professor James M. Leake of Bryn Mawr College; Professor J. C. Hildt of Smith College; Very Rev. Patrick J. Healy, Professor of Church History in the Catholic University of America; Professor E. F. Humphrey of Trinity College; Dr. James Sullivan, Director of the Division of Archives and History, State Dept. of Education of New York; Constantine E. McGuire, Assistant Secretary General, International High Commission, Washington; Miss Margaret E. McGill, of the Newton (Mass.) High School; and Miss Mabel Chesley, of the Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. The author would also express appreciation of the labors of the cartographers, artists, and printers, to whose accuracy and skill every page of the book bears witness.
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, February, 1917
[Illustration: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL GEMS.1 Steatite from Crete, two lions with forefeet on a pedestal, abovea sun2 Sardonyx from Elis, a goddess holding up a goat by the horns3 Rock crystal a bearded Triton4 Carnelian, a youth playing a trigonon5 Chalcedony from Athens, a Bacchante6 Sard, a woman reading a manuscript roll, before her a lyre7 Carnelian, Theseus8 Chalcedony, portrait head, Hellenistic Age9 Aquamarine, portrait of Julia daughter of the emperor Titus10 Chalcedony, portrait head, Hellenistic Age11 Carnelian, bust portrait of the Roman emperor Decius12 Beryl, portrait of Julia Domna wife of the emperor SeptimiusSeverus13 Sapphire, head of the Madonna14 Carnelian, the judgment of Paris, Renaissance work15 Rock crystal, Madonna with Jesus and St. Joseph, probably NormanSicilian work]
1. The Study of History 2. Prehistoric Peoples 3. Domestication of Animals and Plants 4. Writing and the Alphabet 5. Primitive Science and Art 6. Historic Peoples
7. Physical Asia8. Babylonia and Egypt9. The Babylonians and the Egyptians10. The Phoenicians and the Hebrews11. The Assyrians12. The World Empire of Persia
13. Social Classes 14. Economic Conditions 15. Commerce and Trade Routes 16. Law and Morality 17. Religion 18. Literature and Art 19. Science and Education
20. Physical Europe 21. Greece and the Aegean 22. The Aegean Age (to about 1100 B.C.) 23. The Homeric Age (about 1100-750 B.C.) 24. Early Greek Religion 25. Religious Institutions—Oracles and Games 26. The Greek City-State 27. The Growth of Sparta (to 500 B.C.) 28. The Growth of Athens (to 500 B.C.) 29. Colonial Expansion of Greece (about 750-500 B.C.) 30. Bonds of Union among the Greeks
31. The Perils of Hellas 32. Expeditions of Darius against Greece 33. Xerxes and the Great Persian War 34. Athens under Themistocles, Aristides, and Cimon 35. Athens under Pericles 36. The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. 37. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 404-362 B.C. 38. Decline of the City-State
39. Philip and the Rise of Macedonia 40. Demosthenes and the End of Greek Freedom 41. Alexander the Great 42. Conquest of Persia and the Far East, 334-323 B.C. 43. The Work of Alexander 44. Hellenistic Kingdoms and Cities 45. The Hellenistic Age 46. The Graeco-Oriental World
47. Italy and Sicily 48. The Peoples of Italy 49. The Romans 50. Early Roman Society 51. Roman Religion 52. The Roman City State 53. Expansion of Rome over Italy, 509 (?)-264 B.C. 54. Italy under Roman Rule 55. The Roman Army
56. The Rivals Rome and Carthage, 264-218 B.C.57. Hannibal and the Great Punic War, 218-201 B.C.58. Roman Supremacy in the West and in the East, 201-133 B.C.59. The Mediterranean World under Roman Rule60. The Gracchi61. Marius and Sulla62. Pompey and Caesar63. The Work of Caesar64. Antony and Octavian65. The End of an Epoch
IX. THE EARLY EMPIRE: THE WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE, 31 B.C.-l80 A.D.
66. Augustus, 31 B.C.-l4 A.D. 67. The Successors of Augustus, 14-96 A.D. 68. The "Good Emperors," 96-180 A.D. 69. The Provinces of the Roman Empire 70. The Roman Law and the Latin Language 71. The Municipalities of the Roman Empire 72. Economic and Social Conditions in the First and Second Centuries 73. The Graeco-Roman World
74. The "Soldier Emperors," 180-284 A.D. 75. The "Absolute Emperors," 284-395 A.D. 76. Economic and Social Conditions in the Third and Fourth Centuries 77. The Preparation for Christianity 78. Rise and Spread of Christianity 79. The Persecutions 80. Triumph of Christianity 81. Christian Influence on Society
82. Germany and the Germans 83. Breaking of the Danube Barrier 84. Breaking of the Rhine Barrier 85. Inroads of the Huns 86. End of the Roman Empire in the West, 476 A.D. 87. Germanic Influence on Society
88. The Classical City89. Education and the Condition of Children90. Marriage and the Position of Women91. The Home and Private Life92. Amusements93. Slavery94. Greek Literature95. Greek Philosophy96. Roman Literature97. Greek Architecture98. Greek Sculpture99. Roman Architecture and Sculpture100. Artistic Athens101. Artistic Rome
102. The Ostrogoths in Italy, 488-553 A.D. 103. The Lombards in Italy, 568-774 A.D. 104. The Franks under Clovis and His Successors 105. The Franks under Charles Martel and Pepin the Short 106. The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814 A.D. 107. Charlemagne and the Revival of the Roman Empire, 800 A.D. 108. Disruption of Charlemagne's Empire, 814-870 A.D. 109. Germany under Saxon Kings, 919-973 A.D. 110. Otto the Great and the Restoration of the Roman Empire, 962 A.D. 111. The Anglo-Saxons in Britain, 449-839 A.D. 112. Christianity in the British Isles 113. The Fusion of Germans and Romans
114. The Roman Empire in the East 115. The Reign of Justinian, 527-565 A.D. 116. The Empire and its Asiatic Foes 117. The Empire and its Foes in Europe 118. Byzantine Civilization 119. Constantinople
120. Development of the Christian Church 121. Eastern Christianity 122. Western Christianity: Rise of the Papacy 123. Growth of the Papacy 124. Monasticism 125. Life and Work of the Monks 126. Spread of Christianity over Europe 127. Separation of Eastern and Western Christianity 128. The Greek Church 129. The Roman Church
130. Arabia and the Arabs 131. Mohammed: Prophet and Statesman, 622-632 A.D. 132. Islam and the Koran 133. Expansion of Islam in Asia and Egypt 134. Expansion of Islam in North Africa and Spain 135. The Caliphate and its Disruption, 632-1058 A.D. 136. Arabian Civilization 137. The Influence of Islam
138. Scandinavia and the Northmen 139. The Viking Age 140. Scandinavian Heathenism 141. The Northmen in the West 142. The Northmen in the East 143. Normandy and the Normans 144. Conquest of England by the Danes; Alfred the Great 145. Norman Conquest of England; William the Conqueror 146. Results of the Norman Conquest 147. Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily 148. The Normans in European History
149. Rise of Feudalism150. Feudalism as a System of Local Government151. Feudal Justice152. Feudal Warfare153. The Castle and Life of the Nobles154. Knighthood and Chivalry155. Feudalism as a System of Local Industry156. The Village and Life of the Peasants157. Serfdom158. Decline of Feudalism
159. Characteristics of the Medieval Church 160. Church Doctrine and Worship 161. Church Jurisdiction 162. The Secular Clergy 163. The Regular Clergy 164. The Friars 165. Power of the Papacy 166. Popes and Emperors, 962-1122 A.D. 167. Popes and Emperors, 1122-1273 A.D. 168. Significance of the Medieval Church
169. Causes of the Crusades 170. First Crusade, 1095-1099 A.D. 171. Crusaders' States in Syria 172. Second Crusade, 1147-1149 A.D., and Third Crusade, 1189-1192 A.D. 173. Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1202-1261 A.D. 174. Results of the Crusades
175. The Mongols176. Conquests of the Mongols, 1206-1405 A.D.177. The Mongols in China and India178. The Mongols in Eastern Europe179. The Ottoman Turks and their Conquests, 1227-1453 A.D.180. The Ottoman Turks in Southeastern Europe
181. Growth of the Nations182. England under William the Conqueror, 1066-1087 A.D., the NormanKingship183. England under Henry II, 1154-1189 A.D., Royal Justice and theCommon Law184. The Great Charter, 1215 A.D.185. Parliament during the Thirteenth Century186. Expansion of England under Edward I, 1272-1307 A.D.187. Unification of France, 987-1328 A.D.188. The Hundred Years' War between England and France, 1337-1453 A.D.189. The Unification of Spain (to 1492 A.D.)190. Austria and the Swiss Confederation, 1273-1499 A.D.191. Expansion of Germany
192. Growth of the Cities 193. City Life 194. Civic Industry—the Guilds 195. Trade and Commerce 196. Money and Banking 197. Italian Cities 198. German Cities, the Hanseatic League 199. The Cities of Flanders
200. Formation of National Languages 201. Development of National Literatures 202. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture, the Cathedrals 203. Education, the Universities 204. Scholasticism 205. Science and Magic 206. Popular Superstitions 207. Popular Amusements and Festivals 208. Manners and Customs
209. Meaning of the Renaissance 210. Revival of Learning in Italy 211. Paper and Printing 212. Revival of Art in Italy 213. Revival of Learning and Art beyond Italy 214. The Renaissance in Literature 215. The Renaissance in Education 216. The Scientific Renaissance 217. The Economic Renaissance
218. Medieval Geography219. Aids to Exploration220. To the Indies Eastward—Prince Henry and Da Gama221. The Portuguese Colonial Empire222. To the Indies Westward: Columbus and Magellan223. The Indians224. Spanish Explorations and Conquests in America225. The Spanish Colonial Empire226. French and English Explorations in America227. The Old World and the New
228. Decline of the Papacy 229. Heresies and Heretics 230. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation in Germany, 1517-1522 A.D. 231. Charles V and the Spread of the German Reformation, 1519-1556 A.D. 232. The Reformation in Switzerland: Zwingli and Calvin 233. The English Reformation, 1533-1558 A.D. 234. The Protestant Sects 235. The Catholic Counter Reformation 236. Spain under Philip II, 1556-1598 A.D. 237. Revolt of the Netherlands 238. England under Elizabeth, 1558-1603 A.D. 239. The Huguenot Wars in France 240. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 A.D.
241. The Divine Right of Kings 242. The Absolutism of Louis XIV, 1661-1715 A.D. 243. France under Louis XIV 244. The Wars of Louis XIV 245. The Absolutism of the Stuarts, 1603-1642 A.D. 246. Oliver Cromwell and the Civil War, 1642-1649 A.D. 247. The Commonwealth and the Protectorate, 1649-1660 A.D. 248. The Restoration and the "Glorious Revolution," 1660-1689 A.D. 249. England in the Seventeenth Century
APPENDIX—Table of Events and Dates
Disk of Phaestus.A Papyrus Manuscript.A Prehistoric Egyptian Grave.A Hatchet of the Early Stone Age.Arrowheads of the Later Stone Age.Early Roman Bar Money.Various Signs of Symbolic Picture Writing.Mexican Rebus.Chinese Picture Writing and Later Conventional Characters.Cretan Writing.Egyptian and Babylonian Writing.The Moabite Stone (Louvre, Paris).Head of a Girl (Musée S. Germain, Paris).Sketch of Mammoth on a Tusk found in a Cave in France.Bison painted on the Wall of a Cave.Cave Bear drawn on a Pebble.Wild Horse on the Wall of a Cave in Spain.A Dolmen.Carved Menhir.Race Portraiture of the Egyptians.The Great Wall of China.Philae.Top of Monument containing the Code of Hammurabi (British Museum,London).Khufu (Cheops), Builder of the Great Pyramid.Menephtah, the supposed Pharaoh of the Exodus.Head of Mummy of Rameses II (Museum of Gizeh).The Great Pyramid.The Great Sphinx.A Phoenician War Galley.An Assyrian.An Assyrian Relief (British Museum, London).The Ishtar Gate, Babylon.The Tomb of Cyrus the Great.Darius with his Attendants.Rock Sepulchers of the Persian Kings.A Royal Name in Hieroglyphics (Rosetta Stone).An Egyptian Court Scene.Plowing and Sowing in Ancient Egypt.Transport of an Assyrian Colossus.Egyptian weighing Cow Gold.Babylonian Contract Tablet.An Egyptian Scarab.Amenhotep IV.Mummy and Cover of Coffin (U.S. National Museum, Washington).The Judgment of the Dead.The Deluge Tablet (British Museum, London).An Egyptian Temple (Restored).An Egyptian Wooden Statue (Museum of Gizeh).An Assyrian Palace (Restored).An Assyrian Winged Human headed Bull.An Assyrian Hunting Scene (British Museum, London).A Babylonian Map of the World.An Egyptian Scribe (Louvre, Paris).Excavations at Nippur.Excavations at Troy.Lions' Gate, Mycenae.Silver Fragment from Mycenae (National Museum, Athens).A Cretan Girl (Museum of Candia, Crete).Aegean Snake Goddess (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).A Cretan Cupbearer (Museum of Candia, Crete).The François Vase (Archaeological Museum, Florence).Consulting the Oracle at Delphi.The Discus Thrower (Lancelotti Palace, Rome).Athlete using the Strigil (Vatican Gallery, Rome)."Temple of Neptune," Paestum.Croesus on the Pyre.Persian Archers (Louvre, Paris).Gravestone of Aristion (National Museum, Athens).Greek Soldiers in Arms.The Mound at Marathon.A Themistocles Ostrakon (British Museum, London).An Athenian Trireme (Reconstruction)."Theseum".Pericles (British Museum, London).An Athenian Inscription.The "Mourning Athena" (Acropolis Museum, Athens).A Silver Coin of Syracuse.Philip II.Demosthenes (Vatican Museum, Rome).Alexander (Glyptothek, Munich).The Alexander Mosaic (Naples Museum).A Greek Cameo (Museum, Vienna).The Dying Gaul (Capitoline Museum, Rome).A Graeco-Etruscan Chariot (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York).An Etruscan Arch.Characters of the Etruscan Alphabet.An Early Roman Coin.A Roman Farmer's Calendar.Cinerary Urns in Terra Cotta (Vatican Museum, Rome).A Vestal Virgin.Suovetaurilia (Louvre, Paris).An Etruscan Augur.Coop with Sacred Chickens.Curule Chair and Fasces.The Appian Way.A Roman Legionary.A Roman Standard Bearer (Bonn Museum).Column of Duilius (Restored).A Carthaginian or Roman Helmet (British Museum, London).A Testudo.Storming a City (Reconstruction).Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Spada Palace, Rome).Marcus Tullius Cicero (Vatican Museum, Rome).Gaius Julius Caesar (British Museum, London).A Roman Coin with the Head of Julius Caesar.Augustus (Vatican Museum, Rome).Monumentum Ancyranum.Pompeii.Nerva (Vatican Museum, Rome).Column of Trajan.The Pantheon.The Tomb of Hadrian.Marcus Aurelius in his Triumphal Car (Palace of the Conservatori, Rome).Wall of Hadrian in Britain.Roman Baths, at Bath, England.A Roman Freight Ship.A Roman Villa.A Roman Temple.The Amphitheater at Arles.A Megalith at BaalbecThe Wall of RomeA Mithraic MonumentModern Jerusalem and the Mount of OlivesMadonna and ChildChrist the Good Shepherd (Imperial Museum, Constantinople)Interior of the CatacombsThe LabarumArch of ConstantineRunic AlphabetA Page of the Gothic Gospels (Reduced)An Athenian School (Royal Museum, Berlin)A Roman School SceneYouth reading a Papyrus RollHouse of the Vettii at Pompeii (Restored)Atrium of a Pompeian HousePompeian Floor MosaicPeristyle of a Pompeian HouseA Greek BanquetA Roman LitterTheater of Dionysus, AthensA Dancing GirlThe Circus Maximus (Restoration)GladiatorsA Slave's CollarSophocles (Lateran Museum, Rome)Socrates (Vatican Museum, Rome)Corner of a Doric FaçadeCorner of an Ionic FaçadeCorinthian CapitalComposite CapitalTuscan CapitalInterior View of the Ulpian Basilica (Restoration)A Roman AqueductThe Colosseum (Exterior)The Colosseum (Interior)A Roman CameoTomb of Theodoric at RavennaCharlemagne (Lateran Museum Rome)The Iron Crown of LombardyCathedral at Aix la ChapelleRing Seal of Otto the GreatAnglo Saxon Drinking HornSt. Martin's Church, CanterburyCanterbury CathedralA Mosaic of JustinianThe Three Existing Monuments of the Hippodrome, ConstantinopleReligious MusicThe Nestorian MonumentPapal ArmsSt. Daniel the Stylite on his ColumnAbbey of Saint Germain des Prés, ParisA Monk CopyistMeccaA Letter of MohammedA Passage from the KoranNaval Battle showing Use of "Greek Fire"Interior of the Mosque of CordovaCapitals and Arabesques from the AlhambraSwedish Rock CarvingA Runic StoneA Viking ShipNorse Metal Work (Museum, Copenhagen)Alfred the GreatAlfred's Jewel (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford)A Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry (Museum of Bayeux, Normandy)Trial by CombatMounted KnightPierrefondsChâteau Gaillard (Restored)King and JesterFalconryFarm Work in the Fourteenth CenturyPilgrims to CanterburyA Bishop ordaining a PriestSt. Francis blessing the BirdsThe Spiritual and the Temporal PowerHenry IV, Countess Matilda, and Gregory VIIContest between Crusaders and Moslems"Mosque of Omar," JerusalemEffigy of a Knight TemplarRichard I in PrisonHut-Wagon of the Mongols (Reconstruction)Tomb of Timur at SamarkandMohammed IIThe "White Tower"A Passage from Domesday BookWindsor CastleExtract from the Great CharterCoronation Chair, Westminster AbbeyA Queen Eleanor CrossRoyal Arms of Edward IIIEnglish ArcherWalls of CarcassonneA Scene in RothenburgHouse of the Butchers' Guild, Hildesheim, GermanyBaptistery, Cathedral, and "Leaning Tower" of PisaVenice and the Grand CanalBelfry of BrugesTown Hall of Louvain, BelgiumGeoffrey ChaucerRoland at RoncesvallesCross Section of Amiens CathedralGargoyles on the Cathedral of Notre Dame, ParisView of New College, OxfordTower of Magdalen College, OxfordRoger BaconMagician rescued from the DevilThe Witches' SabbathChess Pieces of CharlemagneBear BaitingMummersA Miracle Play at Coventry, EnglandManor House in Shropshire, EnglandInterior of an English Manor HouseCostumes of Ladies during the Later Middle AgesDante AlighieriPetrarchAn Early Printing PressFacsimile of Part of Caxton's "Aeneid" (Reduced)Desiderius Erasmus (Louvre, Paris)CervantesWilliam ShakespeareShakespeare's Birthplace, Stratford-on-AvonRichard IIGeographical MonstersAn AstrolabeVasco da GamaChristopher Columbus (Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid)IsabellaShip of 1492 A.D.The Name "America"Ferdinand MagellanAztec Sacrificial KnifeAztec Sacrificial StoneCabot Memorial TowerJohn WycliffeMartin LutherCharles VJohn CalvinHenry VIIIRuins of Melrose AbbeyChained BibleSt. Ignatius LoyolaPhilip IIThe EscorialWilliam the SilentElizabethCrown of Elizabeth's ReignLondon Bridge in the Time of ElizabethThe Spanish Armada in the English ChannelCardinal Richelieu (Louvre, Paris.)Gustavus AdolphusCardinal MazarinLouis XIVVersaillesMedal of Louis XIVMarlboroughGold Coin of James IA Puritan FamilyCharles IExecution of the Earl of StraffordOliver CromwellInterior of Westminster HallGreat Seal of England under the Commonwealth (Reduced)Boys' SportsSilver Crown of Charles IIA London BellmanCoach and Sedan ChairDeath Mask of Sir Isaac Newton
Distribution of Semitic and Indo-European Peoples.Physical Map of Asia.Egyptian Empire (about 1450 B.C.)Canaan as divided among the Tribes.Solomon's Kingdom.Assyrian Empire (about 660 B.C.)Lydia, Media, Babylonia, and Egypt (about 550 B.C.)Persian Empire at its Greatest Extent (about 500 B.C.)Ancient Trade RoutesPhnician and Greek Colonies.Physical Map of Europe.Ancient Greece and the Aegean.Aegean Civilization.Greek Conquests and Migrations.The World according to Homer, 900 B.C.Greece at the Opening of the Persian Wars, 490 B.C.Vicinity of Athens.Greece at the Opening of the Peloponnesian War.Route of the Ten Thousand.Empire of Alexander the Great (about 323 B.C.)Kingdoms of Alexander's Successors (about 200 B.C.)The World according to Eratosthenes, 200 B.C.The World according to Ptolemy, 150 A.D.Ancient Italy and Sicily.Vicinity of Rome.Expansion of Roman Dominions in Italy, 509-264 B.C.Colonies and Military Roads in Italy.Expansion of Roman Dominions, 264-133 B.C.Expansion of Roman Dominions, 133-31 B.C.Expansion of Roman Dominions, 31 B.C.-180 A.D.Plan of Jerusalem and its Environs.Roman Britain.Roman Empire (about 395 A.D.)Palestine.Growth of Christianity to the End of the Fourth Century.Germanic Migrations to 476 A.D.Europe at the Deposition of Romulus Augustulus, 476 A.D.Plan of the Ulpian BasilicaPlan of Ancient AthensPlan of the ParthenonPlan of Ancient RomeEurope at the Death of Theodoric, 526 A.D.Europe at the Death of Justinian, 565 A.D.Growth of the Frankish Dominions, 481-768 A.D.Europe in the Age of Charlemagne, 800 A.D.The Frankish Dominions as divided by the Treaties of Verdun(843 A.D.) and Mersen (870 A.D.)Europe in the Age of Otto the Great, 972 A.D.Anglo-Saxon BritainPeoples of Europe at the Beginning of the Tenth CenturyThe Roman Empire in the East during the Tenth and Eleventh CenturiesVicinity of ConstantinoplePlan of ConstantinoplePlan of Kirkstall Abbey, YorkshireGrowth of Christianity from the Fifth to the Fifteenth CenturyExpansion of IslamDiscoveries of the Northmen in the WestEngland under Alfred the GreatDominions of William the ConquerorPlan of Château GaillardPlan of Hitchin Manor, HertfordshireGermany and Italy during the Interregnum, 1254-1273 A.D.Mediterranean Lands after the Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 A.D.The Mongol EmpireRussia at the End of the Middle AgesEmpire of the Ottoman Turks at the Fall of Constantinople, 1453 A.D.Dominions of the Plantagenets in England and FranceScotland in the Thirteenth CenturyUnification of France during the Middle AgesUnification of Spain during the Middle AgesGrowth of the Hapsburg PossessionsThe Swiss Confederation, 1291-1513 A.D.German Expansion Eastward during the Middle AgesTrade Routes between Northern and Southern Europe in theThirteenth and Fourteenth CenturiesMedieval Trade RoutesPlan of Salisbury Cathedral, EnglandThe World according to Cosmas Indicopleustes, 535 A.D.The Hereford Map, 1280 A.D.Behaim's GlobePortuguese and Spanish Colonial Empires in the Sixteenth CenturyThe West IndiesAn Early Map of the New World (1540 A.D.)The Great Schism, 1378-1417 A.D.Europe at the Beginning of the Reformation, 1519 A.D.Extent of the Reformation, 1524-1572 A.D.The Netherlands in the Sixteenth CenturyWestern Europe in the Time of ElizabethEurope at the End of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 A.D.Acquisitions of Louis XIV and Louis XVEurope after the Peace of Utrecht, 1713 A.D.England and Wales—The Civil Wars of the Seventeenth CenturyIreland in the Sixteenth Century
Ancient and Medieval GemsStonehengeThe Rosetta Stone (British Museum, London)The Vaphio Gold Cups (National Museum, Athens)Greek Gods and Goddesses: Zeus, Hera, Apollo, AphroditeAphrodite of Melos (Louvre, Paris)Hermes and Dionysus (Museum of Olympia)Sarcophagus from Sidon (Imperial Ottoman Museum, Constantinople)Laocoön and his Children (Vatican Museum, Rome)Victory of Samothrace (Louvre, Paris)Oriental, Greek, and Roman CoinsA Scene in SicilyBay of Naples and VesuviusRelief on the Arch of TitusThe ParthenonViews of Pediment and Frieze of ParthenonAcropolis of Athens (Restoration)Acropolis of Athens from the SouthwestRoman Forum and Surrounding Buildings (Restored)Roman Forum at the Present TimeSancta Sophia, ConstantinopleFountain of Lions in the AlhambraThe Taj Mahal, AgraCampanile and Doge's Palace, VeniceIlluminated ManuscriptReims CathedralCologne CathedralInterior of King's College Chapel, CambridgeGhiberti's Bronze Doors at FlorenceSt. Peter's, RomeItalian Paintings of the RenaissanceFlemish, Spanish, and Dutch Paintings of the Renaissance
All serious students of history should have access to theAmerican Historical Review(N. Y., 1895 to date, quarterly, $4.00 a year). This journal, the organ of the American Historical Association, contains articles by scholars, critical reviews of all important works, and notes and news. TheHistory Teacher's Magazineis edited under the supervision of a committee of the American Historical Association (Philadelphia, 1909 to date, monthly, $2.00 a year). Every well-equipped school library should contain the files of theNational Geographic Magazine(Washington, 1890 to date, monthly, $2.00 a year) and ofArt and Archeology(Washington, 1914 to date, monthly, $3.00 a year). These two periodicals make a special feature of illustrations.
Useful books for the teacher's library include H. E. Bourne,The Teaching of History and Civics in the Elementary and the Secondary School(N. Y., 1902, Longmans, Green, and Co., $1.50), Henry Johnson,The Teaching of History(N. Y., 1915, Macmillan, $1.40), H. B. George,Historical Evidence(N.Y., 1909, Oxford University Press, American Branch, 75 cents), Frederic Harrison,The Meaning of History and Other Historical Pieces(New ed., N.Y., 1900, Macmillan, $1.75), J. H. Robinson,The New History(N. Y., 1912, Macmillan, $1.50), and H. B. George,The Relations of History and Geography(4th ed., N. Y., 1910, Oxford University Press, American Branch, $1.10). The following reports are indispensable:
The Study of History in Schools. Report to the American Historical Association by the Committee of Seven (N. Y., 1899, Macmillan, 50 cents).
The Study of History in Secondary Schools. Report to the American Historical Association by a Committee of Five (N. Y., 1911, Macmillan, 25 cents).
Historical Sources in Schools.Report to the New England History Teachers' Association by a Select Committee (N. Y., 1902, Macmillan, out of print).
A History Syllabus for Secondary Schools. Report by a Special Committee of the New England History Teachers' Association (N. Y., 1904, Heath, $1.32).
A Bibliography of History for Schools and Libraries.Published under the auspices of the Association of History Teachers of the Middle States and Maryland (2d ed., N. Y., 1915, Longmans, Green, and Co., 60 cents).
The most useful dictionaries of classical antiquities are H. B. Walters,A Classical Dictionary(N. Y., 1916, Putnam, $6.50) and H. T. Peck,Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities(N. Y., 1897, American Book Co., $6.00). Cambridge University, England, has publishedA Companion to Greek Studies, edited by L. Whibley (2d ed., N. Y., 1906, Putnam, $6.00), andA Companion to Latin Studies, edited by J. E. Sandys (N. Y., 1911, Putnam, $6.00). These two volumes treat every phase of ancient life in separate essays by distinguished scholars. For chronology, genealogies, lists of sovereigns, and other data the most valuable works are Arthur Hassall,European History, 476-1910(new ed., N. Y., 1910, Macmillan, $2.25), G. P. Putnam,Tabular Views of Universal History(new ed., N. Y., 1915, Putnam, $2.50), and Karl J. Ploetz,A Handbook of Universal History, translated by W. H. Tillinghast (Boston, 1915, Houghton Mifflin Co., $3.00).
TheIllustrated Topics for Ancient History, arranged by D. C. Knowlton (Philadelphia, McKinley Publishing Co., 65 cents), contain much valuable material in the shape of a syllabus, source quotations, outline maps, pictures, and other aids. The following syllabi have been prepared for collegiate instruction:
Botsford, G. W.A Syllabus of Roman History(N. Y., 1915, Macmillan, 50 cents).
Munro, D. C., and SELLERY, G. C.A Syllabus of Medieval History, 395- 1500(N. Y., 1913, Longmans, Green, and Co., $1.00).
Richardson, O. H.Syllabus of Continental European History from the Fall of Rome to 1870(Boston, 1904, Ginn, boards, 75 cents).
Stephenson, Andrew.Syllabus of Lectures on European History(TerreHaute, Ind., 1897, Inland Publishing Co., $1.50).
Thompson, J. W.Reference Studies in Medieval History(2d ed., Chicago, 1914, University of Chicago Press, $1.25). A rich collection of classified references.
An admirable collection of maps for school use is W. R. Shepherd,Historical Atlas(N. Y., 1911, Holt, $2.50), with about two hundred and fifty maps covering the historical field. The latest and one of the best of the classical atlases isMurray's Small Classical Atlas, edited by G. B. Grundy (N. Y., 1904, Oxford University Press, American Branch, $1.35). A special feature of this work is the adoption of the system of colored contours to indicate configuration. TheAtlas of Ancient and Classical Geographyin "Everyman's Library" (N. Y., 1910, Dutton, 35 cents) might well be purchased by every student. Other valuable works are E. W. Dow,Atlas of European History(N. Y., 1907, Holt, $1.50) and Ramsay Muir,A New School Atlas of Modern History(N. Y., 1911, Holt, $1.25). Much use can be made of the inexpensive and handyLiterary and Historical Atlas of Europeby J. G. Bartholomew in "Everyman's Library" (N. Y., 1910, Dutton, 35 cents).
Kiepert'sNew Wall Maps of Ancient History(Chicago, Rand, McNally, and Co.) and Johnston'sClassical Series(Chicago, A. J. Nystrom and Co.) may be obtained singly, mounted on common rollers, or by sets in a case with spring rollers. The text is in Latin. The Spruner-BretschneiderHistorical Mapsare ten in number, size 62 x 52 inches, and cover the period from A.D. 350 to 1815. The text is in German (Chicago, Nystrom, each $6.00; Rand, McNally, and Co., each $6.50). Johnston'sMaps of English and European Historyare sixteen in number, size 40 x 30 inches, and include four maps of ancient history (Chicago, Nystrom, each $2.50). A new series ofEuropean History Maps, thirty-nine in number, size 44 x 32 inches, has been prepared for the study of ancient history by Professors J. H. Breasted and C. F. Huth, and for medieval and modern history by Professor S. B. Harding (Chicago, Denoyer-Geppert Co., complete set with tripod stand, $52.00; in two spring roller cases, $73.00). These maps may also be had separately. The maps in this admirable series omit all irrelevant detail, present place names in the modern English form, and in choice of subject matter emphasize the American viewpoint. The school should also possess good physical wall maps such as the Sydow-Habenicht or the Kiepert series, both to be obtained from Rand, McNally, and Co. The text is in German. Phillips'sModel Test Mapsand Johnston'sNew Series of Physical Wall Mapsare obtainable from A. J. Nystrom and Co. The only large charts available are those prepared by MacCoun for hisHistorical Geography Charts of Europe. The two sections, "Ancient and Classical" and "Medieval and Modern," are sold separately (N. Y., Silver, Burdett, and Co., $15.00). A helpful series ofBlackboard Outline Mapsis issued by J. L. Engle, Beaver, Penn. These are wall maps, printed with paint on blackboard cloth, for use with an ordinary crayon. Such maps are also sold by the Denoyer-Geppert Co., Chicago.
The "Studies" following each chapter of this book include various exercises for which small outline maps are required. Such maps are sold by D. C. Heath and Co., Boston, New York, Chicago. Useful atlases of outline maps are also to be had of the McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Atkinson, Mentzer and Grover, Chicago, W. B. Harison, New York City, and of other publishers.
The best photographs of ancient works of art must usually be obtained from the foreign publishers in Naples, Florence, Rome, Munich, Paris, Athens, and London, or from their American agents. Such photographs, in the usual size, 8 x 10 inches, sell, unmounted, at from 6 to 8 francs a dozen. All dealers in lantern slides issue descriptive catalogues of a great variety of archaeological subjects. In addition to photographs and lantern slides, a collection of stereoscopic views is very helpful in giving vividness and interest to instruction in ancient history. An admirable series of photographs for the stereoscope, including Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Italy, is issued by Underwood and Underwood, New York City. The same firm supplies convenient maps and handbooks for use in this connection. The Keystone stereographs, prepared by the Keystone View Company, Meadville, Penn., may also be cordially recommended. The architecture, costumes, amusements, and occupations of the Middle Ages in England are shown inLongmans' Historical Illustrations(six portfolios, each containing twelve plates in black-and-white, Longmans, Green, and Co., 90 cents, each portfolio). The same firm issuesLongmans' Historical Wall Pictures, consisting of twelve colored pictures from original paintings illustrating English history (each picture, separately, 80 cents; in a portfolio, $10.50). Other notable collections are Lehmann'sGeographical Pictures, Historical Pictures, andTypes of Nations, and Cybulski'sHistorical Pictures(Chicago, Denoyer-Geppert Co.; each picture separately mounted on rollers, $1.35 to $2.25). The New England History Teachers' Association publishes a series ofAuthentic Pictures for Class Room Use, size 5 x 8 inches, price 3 cents each. TheCatalogue of the Collection of Historical Material at Simmons College, prepared by the New England History Teachers' Association (2d ed., Boston, 1912, Houghton Mifflin Co., 25 cents), contains an extensive list of pictures, slides, models, and other aids to history teaching. Among the more useful collections in book form of photographic reproductions and drawings are the following:
Fechneimer, Hedwig.Die Plastik der Ägypter(2d. ed., Berlin, 1914, B.Cassirer, 12 marks). 156 plates of Egyptian sculpture.
Fougères, Gustvae.La vie publique et privée des Grecs et des Romains(2d ed., Paris, 1900, Hachette, 15 francs). An album of 85 pictures.
Furtwängler, Adolf.Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture(N. Y., Scribner, $15.00).
Hekler, Anton.Greek and Roman Portraits(N. Y., 1913, Putnam, $7.50). 311 plates, with comment and bibliography.
Hill, G. F.Illustrations of School Classics(N. Y., 1903, Macmillan, $2.50).
Muzik, H., and Perschinka, F.Kunst und Leben im Altertum(Vienna, 1909,F. Tempsky; Leipzig, G. Freytag, 4.40 marks).
Osborne, Duffield.Engraved Gems(N. Y., 1913, Holt, $6.00).
Parmentier, A.Album historique(Paris, 1894-1905, Colin, 4 vols., each 15 francs). Illustrations covering the medieval and modern periods, with descriptive text in French.
Rheinhard, Hermann.Album des klassischen Altertums(Stuttgart, 1882,Hoffman, 18 marks). 72 pictures in colors.
Rouse, W. H. D.Atlas of Classical Portraits.Greek Section, Roman Section (London, 1898, Dent, 2 vols., each 1_s_. 6_d_.). Small, half-tone engravings, accompanied by brief biographies.
Schreiber, Theodor.Atlas of Classical Antiquities(N. Y., 1895,Macmillan, $6.50).
To vitalize the study of geography and history there is nothing better than the reading of modern books of travel. Among these may be mentioned:
Allinson, F. G. and Allinson, Anne C. E.Greek Lands and Letters(Boston, 1909, Houghton Mifflin Co., $2.50). An entertaining work of mingled history and geography.
Barrows, S. J.The Isles and Shrines of Greece(Boston, 1898, Little,Brown, and Co., $2.00).
Clark, F. E.The Holy Land of Asia Minor(N. Y., 1914, Scribner, $1.00).Popular sketches.
Dunning, H. W.To-day on the Nile(N. Y., 1905, Pott, $2.50).
———To-day in Palestine(N. Y., 1907, Pott, $2.50).
Dwight, H. G.Constantinople, Old and New(N. Y., 1915, Scribner, $5.00).
Edwards, Amelia B.A Thousand Miles up the Nile(2d ed., N. Y., 1888,Dutton, $2.50).
Forman, H. J.The Ideal Italian Tour(Boston, 1911, Houghton MifflinCo., $1.50). A brief and attractive volume covering all Italy.
Hay, John.Castilian Days(Boston, 1871, Houghton Mifflin Co., $1.25).
Hutton, Edward,Rome(N. Y., 1909, Macmillan, $2.00).
Jackson, A. V. W.Persia, Past and Present(N. Y., 1906, Macmillan, $4.00).
Lucas, E. V.A Wanderer in Florence(N. Y., 1912, Macmillan, $1.75).
Manatt, J. I.Aegean Days(Boston, 1913, Houghton Mifflin Co., $3.00).Describes the most important islands of the Aegean.
Marden, P. S.Greece and the Aegean Islands(Boston, 1907, HoughtonMifflin Co., $3.00).
Paton, W. A.Picturesque Sicily(2d ed., N. Y., 1902, Harper, $2.50).
Richardson, R. B.Vacation Days in Greece(N. Y., 1903, Scribner, $2.00).
Warner, C. D.In the Levant(N. Y., 1876, Harper, $2.00).
The following works of historical fiction comprise only a selection from a very large number of books suitable for supplementary reading. For extended bibliographies see E. A. Baker,A Guide to Historical Fiction(new ed., N. Y., 1914, Macmillan, $6.00) and Jonathan Nield,A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales(3d ed., N. Y., 1904, Putnam, $1.75). An excellent list of historical stories, especially designed for children, will be found in theBibliography of History for Schools and Libraries, parts viii-ix.
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward.The Last Days of Pompeii(Boston, 1834, Little,Brown, and Co., $1.25).
Champney, Elizabeth W.The Romance of Imperial Rome(N. Y., 1910,Putnam, $3.50).
Church, A. J.Roman Life in the Days of Cicero(N. Y., 1883, Macmillan, 50 cents).
———Stories of Charlemagne and the Twelve Peers of France(N. Y., 1902, Macmillan, $1.75).
Cox, G. W.Tales of Ancient Greece(Chicago, 1868, McClurg, $1.00).
Dahn, Felix,Felicitas(Chicago, 1883, McClurg, 75 cents). Rome, 476A.D.
Doyle, A. C.The White Company(Boston, 1890, Caldwell, 75 cents). TheEnglish in France and Castile, 1366-1367 A.D.
Ebers, Georg,Uarda(N. Y., 1877, Appleton, 2 vols., $1.50). Egypt, fourteenth century B.C.
Eliot, George.Romola(N. Y., 1863, Dutton, 35 cents). Florence andSavonarola in the latter part of the fifteenth century.
Fénelon, François.Adventures of Telemachus, translated by Dr.Hawkesworth (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., $2.25).
Hale, E. E.In His Name(Boston, 1873, Little, Brown, and Co., $1.00).The Waldenses about 1179 A.D.
Hardy, A. S.Passe Rose(Boston, 1889, Houghton Mifflin Co., $1.25).Franks and Saxons of Charlemagne's time.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel.The Scarlet Letter(N. Y., 1850, Dutton, 35 cents). Massachusetts in the seventeenth century.
Henty, G. A.The Young Carthaginian(N. Y., 1886, Scribner, $1.50).Second Punic War.
Hugo, Victor.Notre Dame(N. Y. 1831, Dutton, 35 cents). Paris, late fifteenth century.
Irving, Washington.The Alhambra(N. Y., 1832, Putnam, $1.00). Sketches of the Moors and Spaniards.
Jacobs, Joseph (editor).The Most Delectable History of Reynard the Fox(N. Y., 1895, Macmillan, $1.50).
Kingsley, Charles S.Hypatia(N. Y., 1853, Macmillan, $1.25).Alexandria, 391 A.D.
———Westward Ho!(N. Y., 1855, Button, 35 Cents). Voyages of Elizabethan seamen and the struggle with Spain.
Kipling, Rudyard.Puck of Pooks Hill(N. Y., 1906, Doubleday, Page, andCo., $1.50). Roman occupation of Britain.
Lang, Andrew.The Monk of Fife(N. Y., 1895, Longmans, Green, and Co., $1.25). The Maid of Orleans and the Hundred Years' War.
Lane, E. W. (translator).The Arabian Nights' Entertainments(2d ed., N.Y., 1859, Macmillan, 35 cents).
London, Jack.Before Adam(N. Y., 1907, Macmillan, $1.50). Prehistoric life.
Manzoni, Alessandro.The Betrothed(N. Y., 1825, Macmillan, 2 vols., 70 cents). Milan under Spanish rule, 1628-1630 A.D.
Mason, Eugene (translator).Aucassin and Nicolette and other MedievalRomances, and Legends(N. Y., 1910, Dutton, 35 cents).
Newman, J. H.Callista(N. Y., 1856, Longmans, Green, and Co., $1.25).Persecution of Christians in North Africa, 250 A.D.
Reade, Charles.The Cloister and the Hearth(N. Y., 1861, Dutton, 35 cents). Eve of the Reformation.
Scheffel, J. Von.Ekkehard, translated by Helena Easson (N. Y., 1857,Dutton, 35 cents). Germany in the tenth century.
Scott, (Sir) Walter.The Talisman(N. Y., 1825, Dutton, 35 cents). Reign of Richard I, 1193 A.D.
——— Ivanhoe (N. Y., Heath, 50 cents). Richard I, 1194 A.D.
Sienkiewicz, Henryk.Quo Vadis?(Boston, 1896, Little, Brown, and Co., $2.00). Reign of Nero.
Stevenson, R. L.The Black Arrow(N. Y., 1888, Scribner, $1.00). War of the Roses.
"Twain, Mark."A Connecticut Yankee at the Court of King Arthur(N. Y., 1889, Harper, $1.75).
Wallace, Lew.Ben-Hur; a Tale of the Christ(N. Y., 1880, Harper, $1.50).
Waterloo, Stanley.The Story of Ab(2d ed., N. Y., 1905, Doubleday,Page, and Co., $1.50). Prehistoric life.
It is unnecessary to emphasize the value, as collateral reading, of historical poems and plays. To the brief list which follows should be added the material in Katharine Lee Bates and Katharine Coman,English History told by English Poets(N. Y., 1902, Macmillan, 60 cents).
Browning, Robert.Echetlos and Pheidippides.
Burns, Robert.The Battle of Bannockburn.
Byron (Lord).Song of Saul before His Last Battle, The Destruction of Sennacherib, Belshazzar's Feast, Prometheus,"Greece" (The Corsair, canto iii, lines 1-54), "Modern Greece" (Childe Harold, canto ii, stanzas 85-91), "The Death of Greece" (The Giaour, lines 68-141), "The Isles of Greece" (Don Juan, canto in), and "The Colosseum" (Childe Harold, canto iv, stanzas 140-145).
Clough, A. H.Columbus.
Coleridge, S. T.Kubla Khan.
Domett, Alfred.A Christmas Hymn
Drayton, Michael.The Battle of Agincourt.
Dryden, John.Alexander's Feast.
Jonson, Ben.Hymn to Diana.
Keats, John.Ode on a Grecian Urn.
Kingsley, Charles.Andromeda and The Red King.
Landor, W. S.Orpheus and Eurydice.
Longfellow, H. W. "The Saga of King Olaf" (Tales of a Wayside Inn) andThe Skeleton in Armor.
Lowell, J. R.RhoecusandThe Shepherd of King Admetus.
Macaulay, T. B.Lays of Ancient Rome("Horatius," "Virginia," "The Battle of Lake Regillus," and "The Prophecy of Capys"),The Armada, andThe Battle of Ivry.
Miller, Joaquin.Columbus.
Milton, John.Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity.
Praed, W. M.Arminius.
Rossetti, D. G.The White Ship.
Schiller, Friedrich.The Maid of Orleans, William Tell, Maria Stuart, andWallenstein.
Scott, (Sir) Walter. "Flodden Field" (Marmion, canto vi, stanzas 19-27, 33-35).
Shakespeare, William.Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra,King John, Richard the Second, Henry the Fourth,parts i and ii,Henrythe Fifth, Henry the Sixth, parts i, ii, and iii,Richard the Third,Henry the Eighth, andThe Merchant of Venice.
Shelley, P. B.To the Nile, Ozymandias, Hymn of Apollo, Arethusa, andSong of Proserpine.
Tennyson, Alfred.Ulysses, Oenone, The Death of Oenone, Demeter andPersephone, The Lotus-Eaters, Boadicea, St. Telemachus, St. SimeonStylites, Sir Galahad, andThe Revenge: a Ballad of the Fleet.
Thackeray, W. M.King Canute.
Wordsworth, William.Laodamia.
Full information regarding the best translations of the sources of ancient, medieval, and modern history is to be found in one of the Reports previously cited—Historical Sources in Schools, parts ii-iv. The use of the following collections of extracts from the sources will go far toward remedying the lack of library facilities.
Botsford, G. W., and Botsford, Lillie S.Source Book of Ancient History(N. Y., 1912, Macmillan, $1.30).
Davis, W. S.Readings in Ancient History(Boston, 1912, Allyn and Bacon, 2 vols., $2.00).
Duncalf, Frederic, and Krey, A. C.Parallel Source Problems in MedievalHistory(N. Y., 1912, Harper, $1.10).
Fling, F. M.A Source Book of Greek History(N. Y., 1907, Heath, $1.12).
Munro, D. C.A Source Book of Roman History(N. Y., 1904, Heath, $1.12).
Ogg, F. A.A Source Book of Medieval History(N. Y., 1907, American BookCo., $1.50).
Robinson, J. H.Readings in European History(Abridged ed., Boston, 1906, Ginn, $1.50).
Thallon, Ida C.Readings in Greek History(Boston, 1914, Ginn, $2.00).
Thatcher, O. J., and McNeal, E. H.A Source Book for Medieval History(N. Y., 1905, Scribner, $1.85).
Webster, Hutton.Readings in Ancient History(N. Y., 1913, Heath, $1.12).
———Readings in Medieval and Modern History(N. Y., 1917, Heath, $1.12).
Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History(N. Y., 1894-1899, Longmans, Green, and Co., 6 vols., each $1.50).
Most of the books in the following list are inexpensive, easily procured, and well adapted in style and choice of topics to the needs of immature pupils. A few more elaborate and costly volumes, especially valuable for their illustrations, are indicated by an asterisk (*). For detailed bibliographies, often accompanied by critical estimates, see C. K. Adams,A Manual of Historical Literature(3d ed., N. Y., 1889, Harper, $2.50), and theBibliography of History for Schools and Libraries, parts iii-v.
Carlyle, Thomas.On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History(N.Y., 1840, Dutton, 35 cents).
Creasy, E. S.The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World from Marathon toWaterloo(N. Y., 1854, Dutton, 35 cents).
Gibbins, H. De B.The History of Commerce in Europe(26. ed., N. Y., 1897, Macmillan, 90 cents).
Herbertson, A. J., and Herbertson, F. D.Man and His Work(3d ed., N. Y., 1914, Macmillan, 60 cents). An introduction to the study of human geography.
Jacobs, Joseph.The Story of Geographical Discovery(N. Y., 1898,Appleton, 35 cents).
Jenks, Edward.A History of Politics(N. Y., 1900, Dutton, 35 cents). A very illuminating essay.
Keane, John.The Evolution of Geography(London, 1899, Stanford, 6s.).Helpfully illustrated.
Myres, J. L.The Dawn of History(N. Y., 1912, Holt, 50 cents).
Pattison, R. P. B.Leading Figures in European History(N. Y., 1912,Macmillan, $1.60). Biographical sketches of European statesmen fromCharlemagne to Bismarck.
Reinach, Salomon.Apollo; an Illustrated Manual of the History of Art throughout the Ages, translated by Florence Simmonds (last ed., N. Y., 1914, Scribner, $1.50). The best brief work on the subject.
Seignobos, Charles.History of Ancient Civilization, edited by J. A.James (N. Y., 1906, Scribner, $1.25).
———History of Medieval and of Modern Civilization, edited by J. A. James (N. Y., 1907, Scribner, $1.25).
Clodd, Edward.The Story of Primitive Man(N Y., 1895, Appleton, 35 cents). Generally accurate and always interesting.
———The Childhood of the World(2d ed., N. Y., 1914, Macmillan, $1.25).
Elliott, G. F. S.Prehistoric Man and His Story(Philadelphia, 1915,Lippincott, $2.00).
Holbrook, Florence.Cave, Mound, and Lake Dwellers(N. Y., 1911, Heath, 44 cents).
Mason, O. T,Woman's Share in Primitive Culture(N. Y., 1900, D. Appleton, $1.75). The only work on the subject; by a competent anthropologist.
* Osborn, H. F.Men of the Old Stone Age(N. Y., 1915 Scribners, $5.00).An authoritative, interesting, and amply illustrated work.
* Spearing, H. G.The Childhood of Art(N. Y., 1913, Putnam, $6.00).Deals with primitive and Greek art; richly illustrated.
Starr, Frederick.Some First Steps in Human Progress(Chautauqua, N. Y., 1895, Chautauqua Press, $1.00). A popular introduction to anthropology.
Tylor, (Sir) E. B.Anthropology(N. Y., 1881, Appleton, $2.00). Incorporates the results of the author's extensive studies and still remains the best introduction to the entire field.
Baikie, James.The Story of the Pharaohs(N. Y., 1908, Macmillan, $2.00). A popular work; well illustrated.
* Ball, C. J.Light from the East(London, 1899, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 15s.). An account of Oriental archaeology, with special reference to the Old Testament.
Banks, E. G.The Bible and the Spade(N. Y., 1913, Association Press, $1.00). A popular presentation of Oriental archaeology.
* Breasted, J. H.A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest(2d ed., N. Y., 1909, Scribner, $5.00). The standard work on Egyptian history.
Clay, A. T.Light on the East from Babel(4th ed., Philadelphia, 1915,Sunday School Times Co., $2.00).
* Erman, Asolf.Life in Ancient Egypt(N. Y., 1894, Macmillan, $6.00).
* Handcock, P. S. P.Mesopotamian Archaeology(N. Y. 1912, Putnam, $3.50).
Hogarth, D. G.The Ancient East(N. Y., 1915, Holt, 50 cents). "HomeUniversity Library."
* Jastrow, Morris, Jr.The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria(Philadelphia, 1915, Lippincott, $6.00). A finely illustrated work by a great scholar.
Macalister, R. A. S.A History of Civilization in Palestine(N. Y., 1912, Putnam, 35 cents). "Cambridge Manuals."
Maspero, (Sir) Gaston.Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria(N.Y., 1892,Appleton, $1.50). Fascinating and authoritative.
Ragozin, Zénaïde A.Earliest Peoples(N. Y., 1899, Harison, 60 cents). A well-written, fully-illustrated account of prehistoric man and the beginnings of history in Babylonia.
———Early Egypt(N. Y., 1900, Harison, 60 cents).
Abbott, Evelyn.Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens(N. Y., 1891,Putnam, $1.50). "Heroes of the Nations."
Baikie, James.The Sea-Kings of Crete(2d ed., N. Y., 1912, Macmillan, $1.75). A clear and vivid summary of Cretan archaeology.
Blümner, Hugo.The Home Life of the Ancient Greeks, translated by AliceZimmern (3d ed., N. Y., 1910, Funk and Wagnalls Co., $2.00).
Bulley, Margaret H.Ancient and Medieval Art(N. Y., 1914, Macmillan, $1.75). An elementary treatment, particularly designed for schools.
Church, A. J., and Gilman, Arthur.The Story of Carthage(N. Y., 1886,Putnam, $1.50). "Story of the Nations"
Davis, W. S.The Influence of Wealth in Imperial Rome(N. Y., 1910,Macmillan, $2.00). An interesting treatment of an important theme.
———A Day in Old Athens(Boston, 1914, Allyn and Bacon, $1.00).
———An Outline History of the Roman Empire(N. Y., 1909, Macmillan, 65 cents). Covers the period 44 B.C.-378 A.D.
* Dennie, John.Rome of To-day and Yesterday; the Pagan City(5th ed.,N. Y., 1909, Putnam, $3.50).
Fowler, W. W.Rome(N. Y., 1912, Holt, 50 cents).
———The City-State of the Greeks and Romans(N. Y., 1893, Macmillan, $1.00). The only constitutional history of the classical peoples intelligible to elementary students.
———Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero(N. Y., 1909, Macmillan, 50 cents). In every way admirable.
———Julius Caesar and the Foundation of the Roman Imperial System(2d ed., N. Y., 1897, Putnam, $1.50). "Heroes of the Nations."
* Gardner, E. A.Ancient Athens(N. Y., 1902, Macmillan, $3.50).
Gayley, C. M.The Classic Myths in English Literature and in Art(2d ed., Boston, 1911, Ginn, $1.60). Of special importance for the illustrations.
Goodyear, W. H.Roman and Medieval Art(2d ed., N. Y., 1897, Macmillan, $1.00).
Grant, A. J.Greece in the Age of Pericles(N. Y., 1893, Scribner, $1.25).
Gulick, C. B.The Life of the Ancient Greeks(N. Y., 1902, Appleton, $1.40).
* Hall, H. R.Aegean Archeology(N. Y., 1915, Putnam, $3.75). A well- written and well-illustrated volume.