154. For the meaning of ἀήρ in Homer, see Schmidt,Synonomik, § 35; and for its survival in Ionic prose, Hippokrates, Περὶ ἀέρων, ὑδάτων, τόπων, 15, ἀήρ τε πολὺς κατέχει τὴν χώρην ἀπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων. Plato is still conscious of the old meaning of the word; for he makes Timaios say ἀέρος (γένη) τὸ μὲν εὐαγέστατον ἐπίκλην αἰθὴρ καλούμενος, ὁ δὲ θολερώτατος ὁμίχλη καὶ σκότος (Tim.58 d). The view given in the text has been criticised by Tannery,“Une nouvelle hypothèse sur Anaximandre”(Arch.viii. pp. 443 sqq.), and I have slightly altered my expression of it to meet these criticisms. The point is of fundamental importance, as we shall see, for the interpretation of Pythagoreanism.
154. For the meaning of ἀήρ in Homer, see Schmidt,Synonomik, § 35; and for its survival in Ionic prose, Hippokrates, Περὶ ἀέρων, ὑδάτων, τόπων, 15, ἀήρ τε πολὺς κατέχει τὴν χώρην ἀπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων. Plato is still conscious of the old meaning of the word; for he makes Timaios say ἀέρος (γένη) τὸ μὲν εὐαγέστατον ἐπίκλην αἰθὴρ καλούμενος, ὁ δὲ θολερώτατος ὁμίχλη καὶ σκότος (Tim.58 d). The view given in the text has been criticised by Tannery,“Une nouvelle hypothèse sur Anaximandre”(Arch.viii. pp. 443 sqq.), and I have slightly altered my expression of it to meet these criticisms. The point is of fundamental importance, as we shall see, for the interpretation of Pythagoreanism.
155. Plut.de prim. frig.947 f (R. P. 27).
155. Plut.de prim. frig.947 f (R. P. 27).
156. Aet. i. 3, 4 (R. P. 24).
156. Aet. i. 3, 4 (R. P. 24).
157. See Chap. II.§ 53.
157. See Chap. II.§ 53.
158. The text is very corrupt here. I retain ἐκπεπυκνωμένος, because we are told above that winds are condensed air, and I adopt Zeller’s ἀραιῷ εἰσφέρηται (p. 246,n.554).
158. The text is very corrupt here. I retain ἐκπεπυκνωμένος, because we are told above that winds are condensed air, and I adopt Zeller’s ἀραιῷ εἰσφέρηται (p. 246,n.554).
159. The source of this is Poseidonios, who used Theophrastos.Dox.p. 231.
159. The source of this is Poseidonios, who used Theophrastos.Dox.p. 231.
160. Theodoret (iv. 16) speaks of those who believe in a revolution like that of a millstone, as contrasted with one like that of a wheel. Diels (Dox.p. 46) refers these similes to Anaximenes and Anaximander respectively. They come, of course, from Aetios (Appendix,§ 10), though they are given neither by Stobaios nor in thePlacita.
160. Theodoret (iv. 16) speaks of those who believe in a revolution like that of a millstone, as contrasted with one like that of a wheel. Diels (Dox.p. 46) refers these similes to Anaximenes and Anaximander respectively. They come, of course, from Aetios (Appendix,§ 10), though they are given neither by Stobaios nor in thePlacita.
161. Β, 1. 354 a 28 (R. P. 28 c).
161. Β, 1. 354 a 28 (R. P. 28 c).
162. We do not know how Anaximenes imagined the “crystalline” sky. It is probable that he used the word πάγος as Empedokles did. Cf. Chap. V.§ 112.
162. We do not know how Anaximenes imagined the “crystalline” sky. It is probable that he used the word πάγος as Empedokles did. Cf. Chap. V.§ 112.
163. See Tannery,Science hellène, p. 153. For the precisely similar bodies assumed by Anaxagoras, see below, Chap. VI.§ 135. See further Chap. VII.§ 151.
163. See Tannery,Science hellène, p. 153. For the precisely similar bodies assumed by Anaxagoras, see below, Chap. VI.§ 135. See further Chap. VII.§ 151.
164. Cic.de nat. D.i. 26 (R. P. 28 b). On what follows see Krische,Forschungen, pp. 52 sqq.
164. Cic.de nat. D.i. 26 (R. P. 28 b). On what follows see Krische,Forschungen, pp. 52 sqq.
165. Hipp.Ref.i. 7, 1 (R. P. 28).
165. Hipp.Ref.i. 7, 1 (R. P. 28).
166. Aug.de civ. D.viii. 2:“Anaximenes omnes rerum causas infinito aëri dedit: nec deos negavit aut tacuit; non tamen ab ipsis aërem factum, sed ipsos ex aëre ortos credidit”(R. P. 28 b).
166. Aug.de civ. D.viii. 2:“Anaximenes omnes rerum causas infinito aëri dedit: nec deos negavit aut tacuit; non tamen ab ipsis aërem factum, sed ipsos ex aëre ortos credidit”(R. P. 28 b).
167. Simpl.Phys.p. 1121, 12 (R. P. 28 a). The passage from thePlacitais of higher authority than this from Simplicius. Note, further, that it is only to Anaximenes, Herakleitos, and Diogenes that successive worlds are ascribed even here. With regard to Anaximander, Simplicius is quite clear. For the Stoic view of Herakleitos, see Chap. III.§ 78; and for Diogenes, Chap. X.§ 188. That Simplicius is following a Stoic authority is suggested by the words καὶ ὕστερον οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Στοᾶς. Cf. also Simpl.de Caelo, p. 202, 13.
167. Simpl.Phys.p. 1121, 12 (R. P. 28 a). The passage from thePlacitais of higher authority than this from Simplicius. Note, further, that it is only to Anaximenes, Herakleitos, and Diogenes that successive worlds are ascribed even here. With regard to Anaximander, Simplicius is quite clear. For the Stoic view of Herakleitos, see Chap. III.§ 78; and for Diogenes, Chap. X.§ 188. That Simplicius is following a Stoic authority is suggested by the words καὶ ὕστερον οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Στοᾶς. Cf. also Simpl.de Caelo, p. 202, 13.
168. In particular, the authority of Anaximenes was so great that both Leukippos and Demokritos adhered to his theory of a disc-like earth. Cf. Aet. iii. 10, 3-5 (Περὶ σχήματος γῆς), Ἀναξιμένης τραπεζοειδῆ (τὴν γῆν). Λεύκιππος τυμπανοειδῆ. Δημόκριτος δισκοειδῆ μὲν τῷ πλάτει, κοίλην δὲ τῷ μέσῳ. This, in spite of the fact that the spherical form of the earth was already a commonplace in circles affected by Pythagoreanism.
168. In particular, the authority of Anaximenes was so great that both Leukippos and Demokritos adhered to his theory of a disc-like earth. Cf. Aet. iii. 10, 3-5 (Περὶ σχήματος γῆς), Ἀναξιμένης τραπεζοειδῆ (τὴν γῆν). Λεύκιππος τυμπανοειδῆ. Δημόκριτος δισκοειδῆ μὲν τῷ πλάτει, κοίλην δὲ τῷ μέσῳ. This, in spite of the fact that the spherical form of the earth was already a commonplace in circles affected by Pythagoreanism.