DYNASTY XI. (THEBAN).
1. Antef I. Seshes-Hor-ap-mâa-Ra Antuf-Âa, prince of Thebes.2. Neb-hotep Mentu-hotep I.3. Uah-ankh [Ter(?)-] seshes-ap-mâa-Ra Antef-Âa II., his son.4. Seshes-herher-mâa-Ra-Antef III., his brother.5. Neter-nefer Neb-taui-Ra Mentu-hotep II.6. Nub-kheper-Ra Antauf, more than 50 years.7. Neb-khru-Ra Mentu-hotep III., more than 46 years.8. A'a'h, a queen.9. Antef V., her son.10. S-ânkh-ka-Ra I.
According to Lauth, the Turin Papyrus makes the sum of the Eleventh dynasty 243 years, Neb-khru-Ra reigning 51 years.
DYNASTY XII. (THEBAN).
1. Amon-em-hat I. S-hotep-ab-Ra, alone 20 years.With Usertesen I., 10 years.2. Usertesen I. Kheper-ka-Ra, alone 32 years.With Amon-em-hat II., 3 years.3. Amon-em-hat II. Nub-kau-Ra, alone 29 years.With Usertesen II., 6 years.4. Usertesen II. Khâ-kheper-Ra, 19 years.5. Usertesen III. Khâ-kau-Ra, 38 years.6. Amon-em-hat III. Mâat-en-Ra, 43 years.7. Amon-em-hat IV. Mâa-khru-Ra, 9 years, 3 months, 27 days.8. Sebek-nefru-Ra, a, queen, 3 years, 10 months, 24 days.
The Turin Papyrus makes the sum of the Twelfth dynasty 213 years, 1 month, 17 days.
DYNASTIES XIII. (THEBAN)AND XIV. (XOITE).
According to the Turin Papyrus:
1. Sebek-hotep I. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra,son of Sebek-nefru-Ra,1 year, 3 months, 24 days.2. Sekhem-ka-Ra, 6 years.3. Ra Amon-em-hat V.4. S-hotep-ab-Ra II.5. Aufni, 2 years.G. S-ânkh-ab-Ra Ameni AntufAmon-em-hat VI., 1 year.7. S-men-ka-Ra.8. S-hotep-ab-Ra III.9. S-ânkh-ka-Ra II.10, 11. Names lost.12. Nezem-ab-Ra.13. Ra Sebek-hotep II.14. Ren-seneb.15. Autu-ab-Ra I. Hor.16. Sezef-ka-Ra.17. Sekhem-khu-taui-Ra II.Sebek-hotep III.18. User-en-Ra.19. S-menkh-ka-Ra Mer-menfiu.20. ... ka-Ra.21. S-user-set-Ra.22. Sokhem-uaz-taui-Ka Sebek-hotep IV.23. Khâ-seshesh-Ra Nefer-hotep,son of Ra-ânkh-f.24. Si-Hathor-Ra.25. Khâ-nefer-Ra Sebek-hotop V.26. [Khâ-ka-Ra].27. [Khâ-ânkh-Ra Sebek-hotep VI.]28. Khâ-hotep-Ra Sebek-hotepVII., 4 years, 8 months, 29 days.29. Uab-Ra Âa-ab, 10 years, 8 months, 29 days.30. Mer-nefer-Ea Ai, 23 (or 13) years, 8 months, 18 days.31. Mer-hotep-Ra Ana, 2 years, 2 months, 9 days.32. S-ânkh-en-s-uaztu-Ra, 3 years, 2 months.33. Mer-sekhem-Ra Andu, 3 years, 1 month.34. S-uaz-ka-Ra Ur, 5 years, ... months, 8 days.35. Anemen ... Ra.36-46. Names lost.47. Mer-kheper-Ra.48. Mer-kau-Ra Sebek-hotep VIII.49-53. Names lost.54. ... mes-Ra.55. ... mât-Ra Aba.56. Nefer-uben-Ra I.57. ... ka-Ra.58. S-uaz-en-Ra.59-60. Names lost.61. Nehasi-Ra.62. Khâ-khru-Ra.63. Neb-f-autu-Ra, 2 years, 5 months, 15 days.64. S-heb-Ra, 3 years.65. Mor-zefa-Ra, 3 years.66. S-uaz-ka-Ra, 1 year.67. Neb-zofa-Ra, 1 year.68. Uben-Ra I.69-70. Names lost.71. [Neb-] zefa-Ra II., 4 years.72. [Nefer-] uben-Ea II.73. Autu-ab-Ra II.74. Her-ab-Ra.75. Neb-sen-Ra.76-79. Names lost.80. S-kheper-en-Ra.81. Dad-khru-Ra.82. S-ânkh-ka-Ra III.83. Nefer-tum-Ra.84. Sekhem-...-Ra.85. Ka-...-Ra.86. Nefer-ab-Ra.87. A...ka-Ra.88. Khâ-...-Ra, 2 years.89. Nez-ka-...-Ra.90. S-men-...-Ra.91-111. Names lost.112. Sekhem-...-Ra.113. Sekhem-...-Ra.114. Sekhem-us...-Ra.115. Sesen-...-Ra.116. Neb-ati-uzu-Ra.117. Neb-aten-uzu-Ra.118. S-men-ka-Ra.119. S-user-...-Ra.120. Khâ-sekhem-[hent]-Ra.
About thirty-seven more names are illegible.
DYNASTIES XV., XVI. ANDXVII. (HYKSOS).
According to Josephus, quoted from Mauetho:—
1. Salatis, 13 years.2. Beon or Bnôn, 44 years.3. Apakhnas or Pakhnan, 36 years, 7 months.4. Apôphis, 61 years.5. Iannas or Annas, 50 years, 1 month.6. Assis, 49 years, 2 months....Ya'qob-hal (Jacob-el)....Khian (Iannas) S-user-Set-en-Ra....Apopi I. Aa-user-Ra (reigned more than 33 years)....Apopi III. Ra-âa-kenen.
A dynasty of Theban princes was contemporary with the Seventeenth Hyksos dynasty, the last four of whom were independent:
Skenen-Ra Taa I. (revolted against Apopi III.).Skenen-Ra Taa II. Aa.Skenen-Ra Taa III. Ken.Uaz-kheper-Ra Ka-mes and wife Aah-hotep.
DYNASTY XVIII. (THEBAN).
1. Neb-pehuti-Ra Aahmes I. (Amosis), more than 20 years.2. Ser-ka-Ra Amon-hotep I., his son (Amenophis I,), 20 years, 7 months.3. Aa-kheper-ka-Ra Dehuti Dehuti-mes I., his son, and queenAmen-sit.4. Aa-kheper-en-Ra Dehuti-mes II., his son (more than 9years), and wife (and sister) Hatshepsu II. Mâ-ka-Ra (daughter of Hatshepsu I.).5. Khnum-Amon Hatshepsu II. Mâ-ka-Ra, more than 16 years.6. Ra-men-kheper Dehuti-mes(Thothmes) III., her half-brother,57 years, 11months, 1 day (B.C. 1503,March 20, to 1449 February14, according to Dr. Mahler'sastronomical determination).7. Aa-khepru-Ra Amon-hotep II., his son, more than 5 years.8. Men-khepru-Ra Dehuti-mes IV., his son, more than 7 years.9. Neb-mâ-Ra Amon-hotep III., his son (more than 35 years),and wife Teie.10. Neter-khepru-Ra Amon-hotep IV. Khu-n-Aten, hisson, more than 17 years.11. Ankh-khepru-Ra and wife Meri-Aten.12. Tut-ânkh-Amon Khepru-neb-Ra and wife Ankh-nes-Amon.13. Aten-Ra-nefer-nefru—mer-Aten.14. Ai Kheper-khepru-ar-mâ-Ra, more than 4 years.15. Hor-em-hib (Armais) Mi-Amon Ser-khepru-ka, more than 3 years.
DYNASTY XIX. (THEBAN).
1. Men-pehuti-Ra Ramessu I.(Ramesses), more than 2 years.2. Men-mâ-Ra Seti I. (Sethos)Mer-en-Ptah I., more than 27 years.3. User-mâ-Ra (Osymandyas)Sotep-en-Ra Ramessu II.(Ramses) Mi-Amon (theSesostris of the Greeks), B.C.1348-1281 (according to Dr.Mahler).4. Mer-en-Ptah II. (Ammenephthes)Hotep-hi-ma Ba-n-Ra Mi-Amon.5. User-khepru-Ra Seti II. Mer-en-Ptah III.6. Amon-messu Hik-An Mer-kha-Ra Sotep-en-Ra.7. Khu-n-Ra Sotop-en-Ra Mer-en-Ptah IV. Si-Ptah and wife Ta-user.
DYNASTY XX. (THEBAN).
1. Set-nekht Merer Mi-Amon (recovered the kingdom from the CanaaniteArisu).2. Ramessu III. Hik-an, more than 32 years.3. Ramessu IV. Hik-Mâ Mi-Amon, more than 11 years.4. Ramessu V. User-mâ-s-kheper-en-Ra Mi-Amon, more than 4 years.5. Ramessu VI. Neb-mâ-Ra Mi-Amon Amon-hir-kho-pesh-ef (called Meri-Tumin northern Egypt).6. Ramessu VII. At-Amon User-mâ-Ra Mi-Amon.7. Ramessu VIII. Set-hir-kho-pesh-ef Mi-Amon User-mâ-Ra Khu-n-Amon.8. Ramessu IX. Si-Ptah S-khâ-n-Ra Mi-Amon, 19 years.9. Ramessu X. Nefer-ka-Ra Mi-Amon Sotep-en-Ra, more than 10 years.10. Ramessu XI. Amon-hir-kho-pesh-ef Kheper-mâ-Ra Sotep-en-Ra.11. Ramessu XII. Men-mâ-Ra Mi-Amon Sotep-en-Ptah Khâ-m-uas, more than 27years.
DYNASTY XXI. (TANITE).
1. Nes-Bindidi (Smendes) Mi-Amon.2. P-seb-khâ-n I. (Psusennes I.) Mi-Amon Aa-kheper-Ra Sotep-en-Amon.3. [Nefer-ka-Ra] (Nephelkheres).4. Amon-em-apt (Amenophthis).5. ... (Osokhor).6. Pinezem (?) (Psinakhes).7. Hor-P-seb-khâ-n II. (Psusennes II.).
Contemporary with the Twenty-first dynasty was anillegitimate dynasty of high-priests at Thebes:—
(1.) Hir-Hor Si-Amon.(2.) Piankhi.(3.) Pinezem I.(4.) Pinezem II. with title of "king."(5.) Men-kheper-Ra and wife Isis-em-kheb.(6.) Pinezem III.
DYNASTY XXII.
(BUBASTITE).
1. Shashanq I. (Shishak) Mi-Amon Hez-kheper-Ra Sotep-en-Ra, son ofNemart, captain of the Libyan mercenaries, more than 21 years.2. Usarkon I. Mi-Amon Sek-hem-kheper-Ra.3. Takelet I. Mi-Amon Si-Isis User-mâ-Ra Sotep-en-Amon, more than 23years.4. Usarkon II. Mi-Amon Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra, more than 23 years.5. Shashanq II. Mi-Amon Sek-hem-kheper-Ra.6. Takelet II. Mi-Amon Si-Isis Hez-kheper-Ra, more than 15 years.7. Shashanq III. Mi-Amon Si-Bast User-mâ-Ra, 52 years.8. Pimai Mi-Amon User-mâ-Ra Sotep-en-Amon.9. Shashanq IV. Aa-kheper-Ra, more than 37 years.
DYNASTY XXIII.
1. S-hir-ab-Ra Petu-si-Bast.2. Usarkon III. Mi-Amon Aa-kheper-Ra Sotep-en-Amon.3. P-si-Mut User-Ra Sotep-en-Ptah.
Interregnum.
Egypt is divided between several princes, including Tef-nekht, father of Bak-en-ran-ef. It is overrun by Piankhi the Ethiopian, while Usarkon III. reigns at Bubastis. The son and successor of Piankhi was Mi-Amon-Nut.
DYNASTY XXIV. (SAITE).
Bak-en-ran-ef (Bokkhoris) Uah-ka-Ra, more than 16 years.
DYNASTY XXV.
(ETHIOPIAN).
1. Shabaka (Sabako) Nefer-ka-Ra, son of Kashet, 12 years.2. Shabatoka (Sebikhos) Dad-ka-Ra.3. Taharka (Tirhakah) Nefer-Tum-khu-Ra, 26 years.
Interregnum.
Egypt is conquered by the Assyrian king Esar-haddon, and divided into 20 satrapies, B.C. 672-660. Taharka and his successor Urdamanu (Rud-Amon), or Tan-damanu (Tuant-Amon), make vain attempts to recover it. Finally, Psamtik, son of Niku (Necho), satrap of Sais, shakes off the foreign yoke.
DYNASTY XXVI. (SAITE).
DYNASTY XXVII. (PERSIAN)
DYNASTY XXVIII. (SAITE).
DYNASTY XXIX.
(MENDESIAN).
1. Nef-âa-rut I. Ba-n-Ra Mi-neteru, more than 4 years.2. Hakori Khnum-mâ-Râ Sotep-en-Ptah, 13 years.3. P-si-Mut User-Ptah-sotep-en-Ra, 1 year.4. Hor-neb-kha, 1 year.5. Nef-âa-rut II., 1 year.
DYNASTY XXX.
(SEBENNYTE).
1. Nekht-Hor-hib Ra-snezem-ab Sotep-en-Anhur, son of Nef-âa-rut I., 19years.2. Zihu (Teos), 1 year.3. Nekht-neb-ef (Nektanebo) Kheper-ka-Ra, 18 years.
Egypt reconquered by the Persians, B.C. 349.
En-sag-saganna, king of Kengi.
Lugal-zaggisi, king of Erech, founds an empire in western Asia cir. B.C. 5000 (?).
KINGS OF LAGAS,cir. B.C. 4000.
Ur-duggina.Lugal-suggur, vassal of Me-sa, king of Kis.Gursar.Nini-khaldu, his son.Ur-Nina, his son.Akur-gal, his son.E-annatum, his son.En-annadu I., his brother, high-priest.Entemena, his nephew, high-priest.En-annadu II., high-priest.
Lugal-usum-gal, vassal of Sargon of Akkad.
KINGS OF KIS.
Me-sa.Enne-Ugun.Alusarsid.Lugal-khassi.
DYNASTY OF AGADE (AKKAD).
Sargon or Sargani-sar-ali, B.C. 3800.Naram-Sin, his son, B.C. 3750.Bingani-sar-ali, his son.Queen Ellat-Gula (?).
FIRST DYNASTY OF UR.
Lugal-kigub-nidudu.Lugal-kisal-si, his son.
SECOND DYNASTY OF UR.
Ur-Bau, cir. B.C. 2700; his step-son, Nammakhani, high-priest of Lagas.Dungi I., his son; Gudea and his son, Ur-Nin-girsu, vassal high-priestsof Lagas.
DYNASTY OF ERECH.
Sin-gamil.Sin-gasid.
DYNASTY OF ISIN.
Isbi-girra.Libit-Istar.Pur-Sin I.Ur-Ninip.Isme-Dagan.En-annatum, his son, vassal of Gungunum of Ur.
THIRD DYNASTY OF UR.
Gungunum. Dungi II. (reigns at least 41 years).Pur-Sin II. (reigns at least 12 years).Gimil-Sin (reigns at least 9 years).Inê-Sin (probably followed by Sumu-abi).
FIRST DYNASTY OF BABYLON, B.C. 2478.
Sumu-abi or Samu-abi, 14 (or 15) years.12Sumu-la-ilu, his son, 36 (or 35) years.Zabium or Zabu, his son, 14 years.Abil-Sin, his son, 18 years.Sin-muballidh, his son, 20 (or 30) years.
Babylonia conquered by the Elamites; Kudur-Laghghamar (Chedor-laomer) king of Elam is suzerain, while Eri-Aku (Arioch) governs southern Babylonia and makes Larsa his capital.
Khammurabi or Ammurapi, the Amraphel of Genesis, 43 (or 55) years (B.C.2376-2333).He defeats the Elamites, restores Sin-idinnam to Larsa, and reunitesBabylonia.Samsu-iluna, his son, 38 (or 35) years.Abesukh (Abishua) or Ebisum, 25 years.Ammi-ditana, his son, 25 years.Ammi-zadok, his son, 21 years.Samsu-ditana, his son, 31 years.
DYNASTY OF SISKU, B.C. 2174.
Anman, 60 years.Ki-annibi, 56 years.Damki-ilisu, 26 years.Iskipal, 15 years.Sussi, 24 years.Gulkisar, 55 years.Kirgal-daramas, 50 years.Â-dara-kalamma, 28 years.E-kur-ul-anna, 26 years.Melamma-kurkurra, 8 years.Ea-ga ... 20 years.
THE DYNASTY OF THE KASSITES, B.C. 1806.13
Gandis, 16 years.Agum-si, 22 years.Agu-yasi, 22 years.Ussi, his son, 9 years.Adumetas.Tazzigurumas.Agum-kak-rime, his son.
Eight unknown kings.Kara-indas.Kadasman-Bel (correspondedwith the Egyptian king Amenophis III.)Kuri-galzu I.Burna-huryas, his son.Kuri-galzu II., his son.14Kara-khardas.Kadasman-kharbe I., his son.
The throne usurped by Nazi-bugas.Kuri-galzu III., son of Kadas-man-kharbe, 35 (?) years.Nazi-Maruttas, his son, 26 years, B.C. 1378.Kadasman-Turgu, his son, 17 years.Kadasman-buryas, 14 years.Kudur-Bel, 6 years.Sagarkti-buryas, his son, 13 years (800 years before Nabonidos).Bibeyasu, 8 years.Bel-sum-iddin, 1-1/2 year.Kadasman-kharbe II., 1-1/2 year.Rimmon-sum-uzur, 30 years (includingthe 7 years duringwhich the Assyrian king Tig-lath-Birheld Babylon).Meli-sipak, 15 years.Merodach-baladan I., his son, 13 years.Zamama-sum-iddin, 1 year.Bel-sum-iddin, 3 years.
THE DYNASTY OF ISIN, B.C. 1229.Merodach- ... 18 years.Four unknown kings.Nebuchadrezzar I.Bel-nadin-pal.Merodach-nadin-akhi, 22 years.15Merodach- ... 1-1/2 year.
The throne usurped by Rimmon-baladan.Merodach-sapik-zer-mati, 12 years.Nabu-nadin, 8 years.
THE DYNASTY OF THE SEA-COAST, B.C. 1096.Simbar-sipak, 18 years.Ea-mukin-zeri, 5 months.Kassu-nadin-akhi, 3 years.
THE DYNASTY OF BIT-BAZI, B.C. 1075.
Ê-Ulmas-sakin-sumi, 17 years.Bir-kudur-uzur I., 3 years.Silanim-Sukamuna, 3 months.
THE DYNASTY OF ELAM, B.C. 1055.
An ..., an Elamite, 6 years.
THE SECOND DYNASTY OF BABYLON, B.C. 1049.
Nebo-kin abli, 36 years.Bir-kudur-uzur II. (?), 8 months, 12 days.Probably four names missing.
Probably two names missing.
THE DYNASTY OF SAPÊ.
Footnote 12:(return)The first date is that of a chronological tablet compiled in the reign of Ammi-zadok; the second that of the Dynastic Tablet compiled probably in the reign of Nabonidos. In the latter the reigns of illegitimate kings, Pungun-ilu, Immerum, and Eri-Aku, seem to be included in those of the legitimate rulers of the dynasty. Immerum, the son of Lilium, was a contemporary of Sumu-la-ilu, and perhaps, like Nur-Rimmon and Sin-idinnam in the time of Sin-muballidh and Khammurabi, was vassal king of Larsa in southern Babylonia.
The first date is that of a chronological tablet compiled in the reign of Ammi-zadok; the second that of the Dynastic Tablet compiled probably in the reign of Nabonidos. In the latter the reigns of illegitimate kings, Pungun-ilu, Immerum, and Eri-Aku, seem to be included in those of the legitimate rulers of the dynasty. Immerum, the son of Lilium, was a contemporary of Sumu-la-ilu, and perhaps, like Nur-Rimmon and Sin-idinnam in the time of Sin-muballidh and Khammurabi, was vassal king of Larsa in southern Babylonia.
Footnote 13:(return)The date is probably from 15 to 20 years too high.
The date is probably from 15 to 20 years too high.
Footnote 14:(return)The position of this Kuri-galzu is not certain. One of the Kuri-galzus calls himself "son of Burna-buryas," but since Nabonidos states that a Burna-buryas reigned 700 years after Khammurabi, it is possible that among the eight (or in this ease nine) unknown Kassite kings there was a Burna-buryas I., B.C. 1640, whose son was Kuri-galzu I.
The position of this Kuri-galzu is not certain. One of the Kuri-galzus calls himself "son of Burna-buryas," but since Nabonidos states that a Burna-buryas reigned 700 years after Khammurabi, it is possible that among the eight (or in this ease nine) unknown Kassite kings there was a Burna-buryas I., B.C. 1640, whose son was Kuri-galzu I.
Footnote 15:(return)As Sennacherib makes Merodach-nadin-akhi defeat the Assyrians in B.C. 1107, while the Dynastic Tablet places the death of the Babylonian king in B.C. 1118, there must be a chronological error in the latter.
As Sennacherib makes Merodach-nadin-akhi defeat the Assyrians in B.C. 1107, while the Dynastic Tablet places the death of the Babylonian king in B.C. 1118, there must be a chronological error in the latter.
Sargon asserts that he was preceded by 330 Assyrian kings, among the earlier of them being Adasi and his son Bel-bani.
HIGH-PRIESTS OF ASSUR.
KINGS OF ASSYRIA.
Footnote 16:(return)A contemporary of the Babylonian king Zamama-sum-iddin. If this is the last king but one of the Kassite dynasty, and not rather one of the unknown kings of the dynasty of Isin, the date of Assurdan I. will have to be pushed about 40 years further back.
A contemporary of the Babylonian king Zamama-sum-iddin. If this is the last king but one of the Kassite dynasty, and not rather one of the unknown kings of the dynasty of Isin, the date of Assurdan I. will have to be pushed about 40 years further back.
Footnote 17:(return)A contemporary of the Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar I.
A contemporary of the Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar I.
JUDAH.
ISRAEL.
I. "To the king my lord thus speaks Ehed-Tob thy servant: At the feet of the king my lord seven times seven I prostrate myself. What have I done against the king my lord? They have slandered me before the king my lord, saying: Ebed-Tob has revolted from the king his lord. Behold, neither my father nor my mother have exalted me in this place; the arm of the Mighty King has made me enter the house of my father. Why should I have committed a sin against the king my lord? By the life of the king, I say to the Commissioner of the king my lord: Why dost thou love the Khabiri (Confederates) and hate the (loyal) governors? And yet continually are they slandering me before the king my lord, because I say that the provinces of the king my lord are being destroyed. Continually are they slandering me to the king my lord. But let the king my lord consider, since the king my lord has established the garrisons which have taken the fortresses ... may the king send help to his country. [May he send troops] to his country! The cities of the king my lord are lost which Elimelech is destroying, even all the country of the king; so let the king my lord send help to his country. I say: I will go down to the king my lord, and shall I not see the tears of the king my lord? but the enemy are strong against me, and I have not been able to go down to the king mylord. So let the king incline towards my face and despatch a garrison to me, and I will go down and see the tears of the king my lord. Since by the life of the king, when the Commissioner departed, I say: The provinces of the king are being destroyed, (yet) thou dost not listen to me. All the governors are destroyed, no governor remains to the king my lord. May the king turn his face to the men and send the troops of the king my lord. No provinces remain unto the king; the Khabiri have wasted all the provinces of the king. If troops come this year, the provinces of the king my lord will be preserved; but if no troops come, the provinces of the king my lord will be destroyed.—To the Secretary of the king my lord, Ebed-Tob thy servant: make a clear report of my words to the king my lord that all the provinces of the king my lord are being destroyed."
II. "To the king my lord, my Sun-god, thus speaks Ebed-Tob thy servant: At the feet of the king my lord seven times seven I prostrate myself. Behold, the king my lord has established his name at the rising of the sun and the setting of the sun. They have uttered slanders against me. Behold, I am not a governor, a dependent of the king my lord. Behold, I am the king's friend, and I pay tribute to the king, even I. Neither my father nor my mother, but the arm of the Mighty King has established me in the house of my father. [When the governor of the king my lord] came to me, I gave him 13 prisoners (?) and 10 slaves. Sûta (Seti) the Commissioner of the king came to me; I gave 21 slavewomen and 20 male prisoners into the hands of Sûta as a present for the king my lord. May the king give counsel to his country! The country of the king is being destroyed, all of it. Hostilities are being carried on against me. Behold, the mountains of Seir (see Josh, xv. 10) as far as Gath-Carmel have united against all the other governors and are at war with myself. If one looks, shall not one see the tears of the king my lord because warhas been made upon me? While there were ships in the midst of the sea the arm of the Mighty King possessed Naharaim and Babylonia, but now the Khabiri possess the cities of the king (of Egypt). Not a single governor remains (among them) to the king my lord; all are destroyed. Behold, Turbazu has been slain in the gate of the city of Zilû (Zelah), and the king does nothing. Behold, Zimrida of Lachish has been thrown to the ground by (his) servants and murdered. Yaptikh-Addu (Jephthah-Hadad) has been slain in the gate of the city of Zilû, and the king does nothing.... Let the king [my lord] send help [to his country], let the king turn his face [to his servants]. Let him despatch troops to the country [of Jerusalem]. [Behold], if no troops come this year, all the provinces of the king my lord will be utterly destroyed. They do not tell to the face of the king my lord that the country of the king my lord is destroyed and all the governors are destroyed. If no troops come this year, let the king send a Commissioner, and let him come to me with allies, and we will die with the king our lord.—To the Secretary of the king my lord, Ebed-Tob thy servant: At thy feet [I prostrate myself]. Make a clear report of these my words to the king my lord that thy faithful servant am I."
III. "To the king my lord thus speaks Ebed-Tob thy servant: at the feet of my lord the king seven times seven I prostrate myself. Behold, has not Malchiel revolted to the sons of Labai and the sons of Arzai to demand the country of the king for themselves? As for the governor who does this deed, why does not the king question him? Behold, Malchiel and Tagi (the father-in-law of Malchiel) are they who have done this, since they have taken the city of Rubutê (Rabbah, Josh. xv. 60).... There is no royal garrison. May the king live for ever! Verily Pûru (Pa-Hor) has gone down to him; he has left me and is in the city of Gaza. But let the king remember him and send fifty men as a garrison to defend the country. All thecountry of the king has revolted. Send Yikhbil-Khamu, and let him consider the country of the king. To the Secretary of the king, Ebed-Tob thy servant: make a clear report of my words to the king: 'Abundant good fortune be unto thee! I am thy servant.'"
IV. "To the king my lord thus speaks Ebed-Tob thy servant: at the feet of the king my lord seven times seven I prostrate myself. [Behold the deed] which Malchiel and Suardatum have done against the country of the king my lord, hiring (?) the forces of the cities of Gezer, of Gath, and of Keilah, and occupying the country of the city of Rubutê (Rabbah). The country of the king has gone over to the Khabiri. And now at this moment the city of the mountain of Jerusalem (Uru-salim), whose name is Bit-Bir (the temple of the god Bir), the city of the king, is separated from the locality of the men of Keilah. Let the king listen to Ebed-Tob thy servant, and let him despatch troops that I may restore the country of the king to the king. But if no troops arrive, the country of the king is gone over to the Khabiri. This is the deed of Suardatum and Malchiel. But may the king send help to his country."
V.The commencement is lost.—"And now as to the city of Jerusalem, if this country belongs to the king, why is it that Gaza is made the seat of the garrison for the king? Behold, the country of the city of Gath-Carmel has fallen away to Tagi and the men of Gath. He is in Bit-Sâni, and we have effected that they should give Labai and the country of the Bedâwin (Suta) to the Khabiri. Malchiel has sent to Tagi and takes his sons as servants. He has granted all their requests to the men of Keilah, and we have delivered the city of Jerusalem. The garrison whom thou sentest by the hand of Khapi (Apis), the son of Miyaria (Meri-Ra) Hadad-el has taken and has established in his house in Gaza."
VI. "To the king my lord thus speaks Ebed-Tob thy servant: at the feet of the king my lord seven times seven Iprostrate myself. [Let the king listen to] the words [of his servant which] have been conveyed to [him].... Let the king know that all the provinces have united in hostility against me, and let the king send help to his country. Behold, the country of the cities of Gezer, of Askalon and of Lachish have given them food, oil, and whatever they wanted; so let the king send help to the troops and despatch troops against the men who have committed sin against the king my lord. If troops come this year, then there will remain both provinces and governors to the king my lord; but if no troops arrive, there will remain no provinces or governors to the king my lord. Behold, this country of the city of Jerusalem neither my father nor my mother has given to me; the arm of the Mighty King gave it to me, even to me. Behold, this is the deed of Malchiel and the deed of the sons of Labai, who have given the country of the king to the Khabiri. Behold, O king my lord, be just towards me as regards the Babylonians; let the king ask the Commissioners whether they have acted violently (?). But they have taken upon themselves a very grievous sin. They have taken their goods and ... let the king ask (them); they had abundance of food, abundance of oil and abundance of clothes, until Pauru the Commissioner of the king came up to the country of the city of Jerusalem, and Adai revolted, together with the garrison and the dependents upon the king. Let the king know that (Pauru) said to me: Adai has revolted from me, do not leave the city. This [year] send me a garrison and a royal Commissioner. Let thy favour be towards me. I have sent to the king my lord 5000 prisoners and ... tribute-bearers. The caravans of the king have been robbed in the field of Ajalon. Let the king my lord know that I am not able to send a caravan to the king my lord according to thy instructions. Behold, the king has established his name in the country of Jerusalem for ever, and he cannot forsake the territory of the city of Jerusalem.—To the Secretary of the king my lord, Ebed-Tobthy servant. At thy feet I fall: I am thy servant. Make a clear report of my words to the king my lord, that I am the vassal of the king. Abundance of good fortune to thee!—And thou hast performed deeds I cannot enumerate against the men of the land of Cush. ... bana is not slain. There are Babylonians in my house. Let the king my lord ask in regard to them..."
"To the king my lord, my gods, my Sun-god, thus speaks Suwardata thy servant, the dust of thy feet: at the feet of the king my lord, my gods, my Sun-god, seven times seven I prostrate myself. The king my lord directed me to make war in the city of Keilah; I made war; it is (now) at peace with me; my city is restored to me. Why does Ebed-Tob send to the men of Keilah, saying: 'Take silver and march after me'? And the king my lord knows that Ebed-Tob has taken my city out of my hand. Again let the king my lord inquire whether I have taken a man, or an ox, or an ass from him or his jurisdiction. Again Labai is the conspirator who had taken our cities, and now Labai has taken Ebed-Tob, and they have taken our cities. And the king knows. To his servant let him grant power, for I did not know they had done anything until the king had sent an account of it to his servant."
"To the king my lord and my Sun-god thus (speaks) Labai thy servant and the dust of thy feet: at the feet of the king my lord and my Sun-god, seven times seven I prostrate myself. I have heard the words which the king has sent to me, and here am I, and the king apportions hiscountry unto me. Behold, I am a faithful servant of the king, and I have not sinned, and I have not offended, and I do not withhold my tribute, and I do not refuse the requests of the Commissioner that is set over me. Behold, they have slandered me, and the king my lord will not be hard on my offence. Again it is an offence in me that I have entered the city of Gezer and ordered the city to assemble, saying, 'The king has taken my property and the property of Malchiel.' How could I know what Malchiel has done against me? Again the king has written to Bin-Sumya; he does not know that Bin-Sumya has marched along with the Bedâwin, and lo, I have delivered him into the hand of Adda-dan. Again, if the king sends for my wife, how shall I withhold her; and if the king writes to myself, 'Plunge an iron sword in thy heart and die,' how shall I not perform the commandment of the king?"
1. I am Mesha the son of Chemosh-melech, king of Moab, the Dibonite.
2. My father reigned over Moab thirty years, and I reigned
3. after my father. I made this monument to (the god) Chemosh at Korkhah, as a monument
4. of salvation, for he saved me from all invaders, and let me see my desire upon all my enemies. Omri
5. was king of Israel, and he oppressed Moab many days, for Chemosh was angry with his
6. land. His son followed him, and he also said: I will oppress Moab. In my days [Chemosh] said:
7. I will see my desire on him and his house, and Israel shall surely perish for ever. Omri took the land of
8. Medeba (Numb. xxi. 30), and [Israel] dwelt in it during his days and half the days of his son, altogether forty years. But there dwelt in it
9. Chemosh in my days. I built Baal-Meon (Josh. xiii. 17) and made therein the reservoirs; I built
10. Kirjathain (Numb, xxxii. 37). The men of Gad dwelt in the land of Ataroth (Numb, xxxii. 3) from of old, and the king of Israel built there
11. (the town) of Ataroth; but I made war against the town and took it. And I slew all the [people]
12. of the town, for the pleasure of Chemosh and Moab. Itook from thence the Ariel (champion) of (the god) Doda and tore
13. him before Chemosh in Kerioth (Jer. xlviii. 24). And I placed therein the men of Sharon and the men
14. of Me-khereth. And Chemosh said unto me: Go, seize Nebo upon Israel; and
15. I went in the night and fought against it from the break of dawn till noon; and I took
16. it, and slew all (therein), 7000 men, [boys], women, [girls],
17. and female slaves, and devoted them to Ashtor-Chemosh. And I took from it the Ariels of Yahveh, and tore them before Chemosh. And the king of Israel had built
18. Jahaz (Isa. xv. 4), and dwelt in it, whilst he waged war against me, (but) Chemosh drove him out before me. And
19. I brought from Moab 200 men, all chiefs, and carried them to Jahaz, which I took
20. to add to it Dibon. I built Korkhah, the wall of the forests and the wall
21. of the citadel: I built its gates and I built its towers. And
22. I built the temple of Moloch, and I made sluices of the water-ditches in the middle
23. of the town. And there was no cistern in the middle of the town of Korkhah, and I said to all the people: Make for
24. yourselves every man a cistern in his house. And I dug the canals for Korkhah by means of the prisoners
25. of Israel. I built Aroer and I made the road in [the province of] the Arnon. [And]
26. I built Beth-Bamoth, for it was destroyed. I built Bezer (Deut. iv. 43), for [it was] in ruins.
27. [And all the chiefs] of Dibou were fifty, for all Dibon was subject (to me); and I placed
28. 100 [chiefs] in the towns which I added to the land. I built
29. Beth-Medeba (Numb. xxi. 30), and Beth-diblathain (Jer. xlviii. 22), and Beth-baal-meon, and transported thereto the ...
30. [and the shepherds] of the flocks of the land. And at Horonaim (Isa. xv. 5) there dwelt...
31. ... And Chemosh said unto me: Go down, make war upon Horonaim. I went down [and made war]
32. [and took the city]; and Chemosh dwelt in it in my days. I went up from thence ...
33. ... And I ...
In the year 21, in the month of Tybi, on the 21st day of the month, in the reign of King Ramessu Mi-Amun, the dispenser of life eternally and for ever, the worshipper of the divinities Amun-Ra (of Thebes), Hor-em-khu (of Heliopolis), Ptah (of Memphis), Mut the lady of the Asher Lake (at Karnak), and Khonsu the peace-loving, there took place a public sitting on the throne of Horus among the living, resembling his father, Hor-em-khu in eternity, in eternity, evermore.
On that day the king was in the city of Ramses, presenting his peace-offerings to his father Amun-Ra and to the gods Hor-em-khu-Tum, the lord of Heliopolis (On), and to Amun of Ramessu Mi-Amun, to Ptah of Ramessu Mi-Amun, and to Sutekh, the strong, the son of Nut the goddess of heaven, that they might grant to him many thirty years' jubilee feasts, and innumerable happy years, and the subjection of all peoples under his feet for ever.
Then came forward the ambassador of the king and the governor [of his house, by name ..., and presented the ambassadors] of the great king of the Hittites, Khata-sir, who were sent to Pharaoh to propose friendship with the king Ramessu Mi-Amun, the dispenser of life, eternally and for ever, just as his father, the Sun-god [dispenses it] each day.
This is the copy of the contents of the silver tablet which the great king of the Hittites, Khata-sir, had caused to be made, and which was presented to the Pharaoh by the hand of his ambassador Tar-tisubu and his ambassador Rames, to propose friendship to the king Ramessu Mi-Amun, the bull among the princes, who places his boundary-marks where it pleases him in all lands.
The treaty which had been proposed by the great king of the Hittites, Khata-sir, the powerful, the son of Mar-sir, the great king of the Hittites, the powerful, the grandson of Sapalili, the great king of the Hittites, the powerful, on the silver tablet, to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, the powerful—this was a good treaty for friendship and concord, which assured peace [and established concord] for a longer period than was previously the case for a long time. For it was the agreement of the great prince of Egypt in common with the great king of the Hittites that the god should not allow enmity to exist between them, on the basis of a treaty.
To wit, in the times of Mutal, the great king of the Hittites, my brother, he was at war with [Meneptah Seti I.] the great prince of Egypt.
But now, from this very day forward, Khata-sir, the great king of the Hittites, shall look upon this treaty so that the agreement may remain which the Sun-god Ra has made, which the god Sutekh has made, for the people of Egypt and for the people of the Hittites, that there should be no enmity between them for evermore.
And these are the contents:—
Khata-sir, the great king of the Hittites, is in covenant with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, from this very day forward, that there may subsist a good friendship and a good understanding between them for evermore.
He shall be my ally; he shall be my friend. I will be his ally; I will be his friend, for ever.
To wit: in the time of Mutal, the great king of the Hittites,his brother Khata-sir, after his murder, placed himself on the throne of his father as the great king of the Hittites I strove for friendship with Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, and it is [my wish] that the friendship and the concord may be better than the friendship and the concord which before existed, and which was broken.
I declare: I, the great king of the Hittites, will hold together with [Ramessu Mi-Amun] the great prince of Egypt, in good friendship and good concord. The sons of the sons of the great king of the Hittites will hold together and be friends with the sons of the sons of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.
In virtue of our treaty for concord, and in virtue of our agreement [for friendship, let the people] of Egypt [be bound in friendship] with the people of the Hittites. Let a like friendship and a like concord subsist in such measure for ever.
Never let enmity rise between them. Never let the great king of the Hittites invade the land of Egypt, if anything has been plundered from it (i.e. the land of the Hittites). Never let Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, overstep the boundary [of the land of the Hittites], if anything shall have been plundered from [the land of Egypt].
The just treaty which existed in the times of Sapalili, the great king of the Hittites, likewise the just treaty which existed in the times of Mutal, the great king of the Hittites, my brother, that will I keep.
Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, declares that he will keep it. [We have come to an understanding about it] with one another at the same time from this day forward, and we will fulfil it, and will act in a righteous manner.
If another shall come as an enemy to the lands of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, then let him send an embassy to the great king of the Hittites to this effect: "Come and make me stronger than him." Then shall thegreat king of the Hittites [assemble his warriors], and the king of the Hittites [shall come] and smite his enemies. But if it should not be the wish of the great king of the Hittites to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his chariots that they may smite his enemies. Otherwise [he would incur] the wrath of Ramessu Mi-Amun [the great prince of Egypt. And if Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, should banish for a crime] subjects from his country, and they should commit further crime against him, then shall the king of the Hittites come forward to kill them. The great king of the Hittites shall act in common with [the great prince of Egypt].
[If another should come as an enemy to the lands of the great king of the Hittites, then shall he send an embassy to the great prince of Egypt with the request that] he would come in great power to kill his enemies; and if it be the intention of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (himself) to come, he shall [smite the enemies of the great king of the Hittites. If it is not the intention of the great prince of Egypt to march out in person, then he shall send his warriors and his two-] horse chariots, while he sends back the answer to the people of the Hittites.
If any subjects of the great king of the Hittites have offended him, then Ramessu Mi-Amun [the great prince of Egypt, shall not receive them in his land, but shall advance to kill them] ... the oath with the wish to say, I will go ... until ... Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, living for ever ... that he may be given for them (?) to the lord, and that Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, may speak according to his agreement for evermore ...
[If servants shall flee away] out of the territories of Ramessu Mi-Amun [the great prince of Egypt, to betake themselves to] the great king of the Hittites, the great king of the Hittites shall not receive them, but the great king of the Hittites shall give them up to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt [that they may be punished].
If servants of Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, leave his country and betake themselves to the land of the Hittites, to make themselves servants of another, they shall not remain in the land of the Hittites [but shall be given up] to Ramessu Mi-Amuu, the great prince of Egypt.
If, on the other hand, there should flee away [servants of the great king of the Hittites, in order to betake themselves to] Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt [in order to stay in Egypt], then those who have come from the land of the Hittites in order to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, shall not be [received] by Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, (but) the great prince of Egypt, Ramessu Mi-Amun, [shall deliver them up to the great king of the Hittites].
[And if there shall leave the land of the Hittites persons] of skilled mind, so that they come to the land of Egypt to make themselves servants of another, then Ramessu Mi-Amun shall not allow them to settle, he shall deliver them up to the great king of the Hittites.
When this [treaty] shall be known [by the inhabitants of the land of Egypt and of the land of the Hittites, then shall they not offend against it, for all that stands written upon] the silver tablet, these are words which will have been approved by the company of the gods, among the male deities and among the female deities, among those namely of the land of the Hittites, and by the company of the gods, among the male deities and among the female deities, among those namely of the land of Egypt. They are witnesses for me [to the validity] of these words.
This is the catalogue of the gods of the land of the Hittites:—
[Sutekh of the city of] Tump (Tennib). Sutekh of the land of the Hittites. Sutekh of the city of Arnema. Sutekh of the city of Zaranda,Sutekh of the city of Pairaka. Sutekh of the city of Khisasap. Sutekh of the city of Sarsu. Sutekh of the city of Aleppo. Sutekh of the city of ... [Sutekh of the city of ...] Sutekh of the city of Sarpina. Astartha of the land of the Hittites. The god of the land of Zaiath-Khirri. The god of the land of Ka ... The god of the land of Kher ... The goddess of the city of Akh ... [The goddess of the city of ... ] and of the land of A ... ua. The goddess of the land of Zaina. The god of the land of ... nath ... er.
[Sutekh of the city of] Tump (Tennib). Sutekh of the land of the Hittites. Sutekh of the city of Arnema. Sutekh of the city of Zaranda,Sutekh of the city of Pairaka. Sutekh of the city of Khisasap. Sutekh of the city of Sarsu. Sutekh of the city of Aleppo. Sutekh of the city of ... [Sutekh of the city of ...] Sutekh of the city of Sarpina. Astartha of the land of the Hittites. The god of the land of Zaiath-Khirri. The god of the land of Ka ... The god of the land of Kher ... The goddess of the city of Akh ... [The goddess of the city of ... ] and of the land of A ... ua. The goddess of the land of Zaina. The god of the land of ... nath ... er.
[I have invoked these male and these] female [deities of the land of the Hittites; these are the gods] of the land, as [witnesses to] my oath. [With them have been associated the male and the female deities] of the mountains and of the rivers of the land of the Hittites, the gods of the land of Kazawadana (Cappadocia), Amun, Ra, Sutekh, and the male and female deities of the land of Egypt, of the earth, of the sea, of the winds, and of the storms.
With regard to the commandment which the silver tablet contains for the people of the Hittites and for the people of Egypt, he who shall not observe it shall be given over [to the vengeance] of the company of the gods of the Hittites, and shall be given over [to the vengeance of the] company of the gods of Egypt, [he] and his house and his servants.
But he who shall observe these commandments which the silver tablet contains, whether he be of the people of the Hittites or [of the people of the Egyptians], because he has not neglected them, the company of the gods of the land of the Hittites, and the company of the gods of the land of Egypt shall secure his reward and preserve life [for him] andhis servants, and those who are with him and with his servants.
If there flee away [one] of the inhabitants [from the land of Egypt], or two, or three, and they betake themselves to the great king of the Hittites, the great king of the Hittites shall take them and send them back to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt.
Now with regard to the inhabitant of the land of Egypt who is delivered up to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great prince of Egypt, his fault shall not be avenged upon him, his house shall not be taken away, nor his wife nor his children. He shall not be put to death, neither shall he be mutilated in his eyes, nor in his ears, nor in his mouth, nor on the soles of his feet, so that thus no crime shall be brought forward against him.
In the same way shall it be done if inhabitants of the land of the Hittites take to flight, be it one alone or two or three, to betake themselves to Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great king of Egypt; Ramessu Mi-Amun, the great king of Egypt, shall cause them to be seized, and they shall be delivered up to the great prince of the Hittites.
With regard to him who is delivered up, his crime shall not be brought forward against him. His house shall not be destroyed, nor his wife, nor his children; he shall not be put to death, he shall not be mutilated in his eyes, nor in his ears, nor on his mouth, nor on the soles of his feet, nor shall any accusation be brought forward against him.
That which is in the middle of this silver tablet and on its front side is a likeness of the god Sutekh embracing the great prince of the Hittites, surrounded by an inscription to this effect: "The seal of the god Sutekh the sovereign of heaven," and "The seal of the writing made by Khata-sir, the great and powerful prince of the Hittites, the son of Mar-sir, the great and powerful prince of the Hittites." That which is in the middle of the frame is the seal of Sutekh the sovereign of heaven.That which is on the other side (of the tablet) is the likeness of the god of the Hittites embracing the great princess of the Hittites, surrounded by an inscription to the following effect: "The seal of the Sun-god of the city of Iranna, the lord of the earth," and "The seal of Puu-khipa, the great princess of the land of the Hittites, the daughter of the land of Qazawadana, the [servant of the goddess Iskhara of] Iranna, the regent of the earth; the servant of the goddess." That which is in the middle of the frame is the seal of the Sun-god of Iranna, the lord of all the earth.