[357]Lacroix;Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 137, 138.
[358]Op. cit., p. 27.
[359]Roper’sLife of More, ed. Singer, p. 3.
[360]Cavendish:Life of Wolsey, ed. Singer, vol. I., p. 38.
[361]Household Book, p. 254.
[362]Liber Niger, p. 51.
[363]Household Bk., Earl of Northumberland, pp. 41, 47, 97, 254.
[364]Forewords, p. 13.
[365]Froude,Hist.V., pp. 39, 40.
[366]Coventry Leet Book, I., 101.
[367]Mrs. Green,Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, II., 18.
[368]Chantry Certif., E. S. R., II., 144.
[369]Mrs. Green,op. cit., II., 16.
[370]Carlisle:Grammar Schools, I., 117.
[371]Schools of Medieval England, p. 246.
[372]Sharpe,Wills, II., 484.
[373]Freemen of York, vol. I., pp. 1, 77, 98—Sur. Soc., No. 96, 1897.
[374]Meredith:Econ. Hist., p. 81.
[375]Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers(R. S.), p. 401.
[376]36, Ed., III., c. 8.
[377]Muniments of King’s College, Cambridge:Ed. Ch., p. 402.
[378]Op. cit., II., 157.
[379]Rot. Parl., II., p. 246.
[380]Ibid., V., p. 274.
[381]Abram:Social Life in England, Ch. 1.
[382]Green:Life in an Old English Town, p. 278.
[383]Abram:Social England, p. 13.
[384]Rot. Parl., III., 501.
[385]Ibid., III., 601-2, V., 113.
[386]Abram,op. cit., p. 30.
[387]Abram,op. cit., p. 96.
[388]Manners and Meals, p. 189.
[389]The subject of the origin and development of the English universities has been so fully treated by other writers, notably by Mr. Bass Mullinger and Dr. Hastings Rashdall, that it has only been dealt with here to the extent strictly necessary for the thesis with which we are concerned.
[390]Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic.
[391]Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy.
[392]Rashdall,Univ., I., p. 36.
[393]Ibid., p. 39.
[394]Ibid., p. 42.
[395]Rashdall,Univ., II., p. 60.
[396]Rashdall,Univ., I., p. 10.
[397]Ibid., p. 72.
[398]Oxford Historical Society: Collectanea, II., p. 153.
[399]Ibid., p. 105.
[400]Ibid., p. 156.
[401]Ibid., p. 159.
[402]Rob. de Monte, Chron.ed. Migne, Vol. CLX., p. 466.
[403]Gervasius Cantuar., Actus Pontificum Cant., ed. Stubbs, Vol. II., p. 384.
[404]Giraldus Cambrensis: ed. Brewer, Vol. I., pp. 72, 73.
[405]Mullinger, pp. 80, 81, Brodrick, p. 3, Laurie, p. 236.
[406]Materials for the Life of Becket, ed. Robertson, VII., p. 146.
[407]Rashdall,Univ., vol. II., p. 342.
[408]Munimenta Academica(R. S.), I., 2.
[409]See Rashdall,Univ., II., 419-421.
[410]Munimenta Academica: I., 39, 40.
[411]Rashdall,Univ., II., 424.
[412]Munimenta Academica(R. S.), I., 228, 229.
[413]Chron: Roger of Wendover(R. S.), II., p. 51.
[414]See alsoMunimenta Academica, pp. 1-4.
[415]Cal. Close Rolls, 15 Hen. III., p. 586;Ed. Ch., p. 149.
[416]Cooper:Annals of Cambridge, I., 56.
[417]Mullinger, 288, 290; Rashdall, II., 549, 550.
[418]Toulmin Smith:English Guilds, p. XIV.
[419]Dates from the eleventh century.
[420]English Guilds, p. lxxxi.
[421]Ibid., p. lxxxiii.
[422]Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, p. 106.
[423]Hartshorn:Study of Voluntary Associations in Europe, 1100-1700, p. 12.
[424]Ashley:Econ. Hist., I., p. 70.
[425]Gasquet:Précis des Institutions de l’Ancienne France, II., 233-243.
[426]Gross,Gild Merchant, p. 32. n. 1.
[427]Ibid., pp. 37seq.
[428]Ashley,Econ. Hist. I., p. 72.
[429]Ibid., p. 79.
[430]Ibid., p. 80.
[431]Ibid., p. 81.
[432]Bristol Little Red Book, fol. 82-3. Ed. by W. B. Bickley for the Corporation of Bristol.
[433]Toulmin Smith,op. cit., p. 280.
[434]T. Smith,op. cit., p. 198.
[435]Maldon Court Rolls, Dr. Andrew Clark inEssex Rev.XV., p. 146.
[436]Gild Certif., 57.
[437]Other instances are Prittlewell,Cal. of Pat.1476-85, p. 34; Thaxted,ibid., p. 227; Finchingley,Chantry Certif., XIX., 13; XX., 19; XXX., 17. The connection of a grammar school at Ipswich with the Corpus Christi Gild is shown by theIpswich Court Bk., Brit. Mus. Ad. MS., 30158 fol. 34; at Winchester with the Corpus Christi Gild, Brit. Mus. Ad. MS. 24435 fol. 153 b.; at Louth with St. Mary’s Gild, Church-wardens’ Accounts of the Parish Church, 1533 in R. W. Goulding’s Court Rolls of the Manor of Louth. The gild of the Blessed Mary founded a school at Wellingborough in 1392 (Pat. 16, R. II., pt. ii., m. 29, 30). See also p.161infra.; gilds and chantries are so closely connected that it is difficult to draw a definite line of demarcation in some cases.
[438]E. S. R., II., 283, 284.
[439]E. S. R., II., pp. 20-22.
[440]Toulmin Smith,English Gilds, p. 221.
[441]Ibid., pp. 203-205;E. S. R., 267-268.
[442]Hist. of Warwick Sch., p. 95.
[443]Coventry Leet Book, I., 101.
[444]Redstone,Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., N. S., XVI., p. 166.
[445]Hist. MS., Com. X., App. IV., 425;Ed. Ch., 439.
[446]Carlisle:Endowed Gr. Schs., I., 335.
[447]E. S. R., II., 180-184.
[448]P. C. C., 34 Luffenham, p. 269.
[449]Copy of will inDuchy of Lancaster Misc. Bks., 25 fol. 19.
[450]E. S. R., II., 144.
[451]E. S. R., II., 144.
[452]E.g.Douze Gild, Feste du Pin.
[453]Toulmin Smith:English Gilds, p. 115.
[454]Ibid., p. 155.
[455]Ibid., p. 160.
[456]Ibid., p. 226. For other instances see pp. 179, 194, 287, and Hartshorn,op. cit., p. 15.
[457]Cf. Page,Yorkshire Chantries, Surtees Society.
[458]See alsoLiber Vitaeof Durham, Surtees Society.
[459]E. S. R., I., 53.
[460]SeeV. C. H., Durham, I., p. 371.
[461]E. S. R., II., 60.
[462]Ibid., p. 65.
[463]Stat. of the Realm, IV., pt. I., p. 24.
[464]Eng. Schs. at Ref., p. 91.
[465]E. S. R., II., 56.
[466]Chant. Certif.XXI., No. 24, Trans. Bristol and Glouc. Archael. Soc. VI.
[467]Chantry Certif., No. 36. This chantry was founded by Letters Patent. (Pat. 27, Henry VI., pt. I, m. 27). Further Letters Patent were granted in 1451. (P. C. C. Luffenham, p. 278). The chantry patent does not say anything about the school. See alsoE. S. R., II., 146.
[468]Bk. III., Ch. 1.
[469]Paston Letters, V., 21.
[470]Work and Wages, p. 165.
[471]Paston Letters, IV., 237-44; Abram:Social Life in England, p. 189.
[472]E. S. R., II., p. 89.
[473]Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 60, 61.
[474]E. S. R., II., p. 286.
[475]E. S. R., p. 228.
[476]S. M. E., p. 177.
[477]E. S. R., II., p. 123.
[478]E. S. R., II., p. 297.
[479]E. S. R., II., p. 201.
[480]E. S. R., II., p. 160.
[481]E. S. R., II., p. 302.
[482]E. S. R., II., p. 89.
[483]E. S. R., II., p. 100.
[484]E. S. R., II., p. 297.
[485]E. S. R., II., p. 39.
[486]Cf. Leach,E. S. R., I., p. 91.
[487]E. S. R., I., pp. 91, 92.
[488]E. S. R., II., p. 31.
[489]E. S. R., II., p. 317.
[490]E. S. R., II., p. 34.
[491]E. S. R., II., p. 78.
[492]E. S. R., II., p. 317.
[493]E. S. R., II., p. 47.
[494]E. S. R., II., p. 15.
[495]E. S. R., II., p. 152.
[496]E. S. R., II., p. 258.
[497]E. S. R., II., p. 320.
[498]Wilkins,Concilia, III., p. 722;Ed. Ch., pp. 444-6.
[499]Wilkins,Concilia, IV., p. 3.
[500]Statutes of the Realm, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.
[501]Cf. Coulton:Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages. Leach: “Monasteries and Education” inCyclopaedia of Education.
[502]Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, I., p. 72.
[503]V. C. H., Hants., II., p. 251.
[504]V. C. H., Suffolk, II., p. 303.
[505]P. R. O., antiq. H., No. 8.
[506]Charter Roll, 2 Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27.
[507]V. C. H., Berks., II., p. 245.
[508]Rot. Chart., p. 7.
[509]V. C. H., Derbyshire, II., p. 209.
[510]V. C. H., Bedfordshire, II., p. 152.
[511]V. C. H., Lincs., II., p. 450.
[512]Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95 b. The list of schools in connection with monasteries does not profess to be exhaustive.
[513]V. C. H., Sussex, p. 413.
[514]Exch. K. R. Misc. Bks. (P. R. O.), fol. 21, 168, 178, 180.V. C. H., Wars, II., p. 319.
[515]SeeSomerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, III., p. 241.
[516]Chant. Certif., 42, No. 172.
[517]Sparrow Simpson,Registrum Statutorum, pt. VIII., ch. 6.
[518]Ed. Ch., p. xxxii.
[519]Reg. Whethamstede, (R. S.), II., 315, trans. Gibbs:Hist. Rec. of St. Albans.
[520]B. M. Landsdowne, MS., 375, seeV. C. H., Herts., II., p. 315.
[521]Surtees Society publication, p. 91.
[522]Op. cit., V., pp. 302-3.
[523]Hist. Mon. Glouc., III., p. 290.
[524]Lit. Cantuar(R. S. 85), II., p. 464.
[525]B. M. Add. Chart., 19641,V. C. H., Berks., p. 243.
[526]Journal of Educ., Jan. 1905.Ed. Ch., p. 306.
[527]S. M. E., p. 220.
[528]Ibid., p. 221.
[529]Ibid., p. 221.
[530]Early Yorkshire Schools, I., p. 31.
[531]Sharpe:Hist. and Antiq. Coventry, p. 154 n.
[532]Valor. Eccl. (R. C.), III., p. 51. Among the remaining almonry schools were those of Sherborne Abbey, Thornton, Ixworth, Norwich, Ely, Evesham, Furness, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Winchcombe, and Winchester.
[533]S. M. E., p. 218.
[534]Mon. Schs. in Mid. Ages.Contemp. Rev., June 1913. Appendix. As to the number of children in the almonry schools, we may note that there were only three boys at St. Swithun’s in 1381-2, five in 1400-1, eight in 1469-70, and none at all in 1484-5. Compotus Rolls ... of St. Swithun’s, 204 n. See also Abram:English Life and Manners, p. 207. Leach considers that the total number of boys educated in the almonry schools was 1,000.S. M. E., p. 230.
[535]Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., ed. Gairdner, Vol. XII., p. 405. Coulton, Monastic Schools,Contemp. Rev., June 1913.
[536]Dugd. Mon., II., p. 363.
[537]Ibid., II., p. 457.
[538]Ibid., IV., p. 69.
[539]Coulton,Mon. Sch., p. 7.
[540]V. C. H., Beds., I., p. 356.
[541]Social Life, p. 216. See alsoEarly Chanc. Proceed., 44/227.
[542]Downside Rev., Vol. X., p. 31,seq.
[543]The Old English Bible and other Essays, p. 227.
[544]Surtees Society, 107, ed. Canon Fowler, p. 91.
[545]Hist. Mon. Glouc., I., 53.
[546]Ibid.
[547]B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Register):Ed. Ch., p. 290.
[548]Ibid.
[549]Roger Prior’sReg., V., 261 b.
[550]“Non habeant ludimagistrum.”
[551]Visitations of Dioc. of Norwich(Camd. Soc.) 1888, ed. Jessop, pp. 137, 221.
[552]Brit. Mus. MSS., Arundel, f. 69,Ed. Ch., p. 445.
[553]Ibid.
[554]Worcester College, by C. H. Daniel and W. R. Barker, p. 3.
[555]Chron. Petroburgense(Camd. Soc., 1849), p. 31,Ed. Ch., p. 197.
[556]Worc. Epis. Reg. Giffard, fol. 206,Ed. Ch., p. 199.
[557]Worc. Ep. Reg. Giffard, f. 429,Ed. Ch., 198.
[558]Some Durham College Rolls(Oxon. Hist. Soc., 1896);Collectanea, III., 7.
[559]Rashdall,Univ., II., p. 498.
[560]Ibid., p. 499.
[561]Ibid., pp. 478-480.
[562]Hist. Mon. Glouc.(R. S.), I., 34.
[563]Op. cit., p. 26.
[564]V. C. H., Glouc., II., p. 341.
[565]Worcester Coll., p. 27.
[566]B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Reg.),Ed. Ch., p. 293.
[567]Brit. Mus. MS. Harl., 1498.Ed. Ch., p. 440.
[568]Ibid.
[569]Rashdall:Univ.II., p. 480.
[570]Ibid.
[571]Jessop:Coming of the Friars, p. 21.
[572]Ibid., p. 22.
[573]See Denifle:Constitutiones des Predeger—Ordene vom Jahre, 1228—in Archiv. fur Litt. und Kirchenges des Mittelalters, 1885, p. 194.
[574]Rashdall:Univ., vol. I., p. 348.
[575]Cyclopaedia of Educ., Art. Franciscans.
[576]Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., VIII., N. S. May, 1894.
[577]Little:Op. cit., p. 49.
[578]Acta Selecta Capitulorum Generalium Ord. Praed., ed. Martene and Durand, IV., pp. 1899-1900.
[579]Douais:Essai sur l’Organisation des Etudes dans l’Ordre des Frères Precheurs en Provence et Toulouse, p. 53. Little points out that “philosophy is generally equivalent to arts, and is sometimes applied to natural philosophy. So one may take ‘naturalium et artium’ as interpretative of ‘philosophie,’”op. cit., p. 50.
[580]Constitutiones antique ordinis Predicatorum, ed. Denifle, I., p. 202.
[581]Ibid., I., p. 201.
[582]Little:op. cit., p. 50.
[583]Denifle:op. cit., p. 222.
[584]Douais:op. cit., p. 3.
[585]Little:op. cit., p. 53.
[586]Douais:Op. cit., p. 58.
[587]Little:op. cit., p. 53.
[588]Op. cit., p. 54.
[589]Martene:op. cit., IV., p. 1900.
[590]Op. cit., p. 56.
[591]Denifle:op. cit., pp. 190-1.
[592]Stat. of the Realm, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.
[593]Bk. I., Ch. 1.
[594]Foundation deed, Winchester College in Hist.Winchester Coll., p. 66.
[595]Ibid.
[596]Ibid.
[597]Lyte:Hist. Univ. Oxford, p. 97.
[598]Rashdall,Univ., II., p. 656.
[599]Munimenta Academica, II., p. 684.
[600]Norwich Corporation Records. Session Book of 12th Hen. VIII.Norfolk Archaeol., IV., p. 342.
[601]Univ., II., p. 657.
[602]Quoted in Moberly’sLife of William of Wykeham, p. 108.
[603]Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 4.
[604]Cott. MSS. Titus, c. IX., f. 58;Ed. Ch., p. 110.
[605]Grandisson’s Register, II., p. 666.
[606]Durham Cathedral Muniments, Liber Elemosinarii, fol. 12 r.;Ed. Ch., p. 124.
[607]Sarum Church and Diocese(R. S.), p. 334.
[608]Stat. Coll. Oxon., I.;Ed. Ch., p. 171.
[609]Strictly speaking, Winchester and Eton were examples of the collegiate churches we are describing in the next chapter. In their turn, the collegiate churches of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were chantries on a large scale.
[610]Rot. Parl., V., 45.
[611]Ibid.
[612]Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439:Ed. Ch., p. 413.
[613]Ibid.
[614]Univ.II., p. 500.
[615]Winchester College, pp. 88, 89.
[616]Winchester School, p. 92.
[617]Ibid.
[618]Whiston:Cathedral Trusts, p. 12.
[619]S. M. E., p. 119.
[620]Univ., II., p. 656.
[621]Forewords, XXXI.-XXXVI.
[622]S. M. E., p. 206.
[623]Ibid., p. 207.
[624]Lebeuf:Histoire de la Ville et tout le Diocese de Paris, II., pp. 129, 130.
[625]Walsingham:Ypodigma Neustriae(R. S.), p. 141.
[626]Sarum Ch. and Dioc. (R. S.), p. 334.
[627]Or 1263,Univ., II., p. 481.
[628]Stat. Coll. Oxford, I.;Ed. Ch., p. 171.
[629]Univ., II., p. 482.
[630]Univ., II., p. 485.
[631]Wilkins,Concilia, I., pp. 3, 55seq.
[632]Statutes, cap. 40;Ed. Ch., p. 185.
[633]Pat. Roll, 9 Edw., I., m. 28;Ed. Ch., p. 224.
[634]Charter Roll, 13 Edw., I., m. 28;Ed. Ch., p. 226.
[635]Ibid.
[636]Ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel.
[637]Wharton:Anglia Sacra, I., p. 740.
[638]Mon., VI., p. 1473.
[639]Brit. Mus.Cott. MSS. Faustina, A., VI. f. 104, reprinted inEarly Yorkshire Schools, Vol. II., pp. 84-86;Registrum Parvum, f. 11, reprintedYorkshire Schools, pp. 86-88.
[640]Mon., VI., p. 1344.
[641]E. S. R., II., p. 40.
[642]E. S. R., II., p. 31.
[643]Mon., VI., p. 1346.
[644]E. S. R., II., p. 54.
[645]Mon., VI., p. 1459.
[646]S. M. E., p. 210.
[647]Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakefield, p. 72,Ed. Ch., pp. 330-334.
[648]Ibid.
[649]Ibid.
[650]Ibid.
[651]Pat. 16, Ric. II., p. 1, m. 24.
[652]Reg. principale D. Archiep. Cantuar, fol. 124 a, reprintedMon., VI., p. 1391.
[653]Mon., VI., p. 1393.
[654]Duchy of Lanc. Cert. of Colleges, No. 4, Chant. Certif. XX., 43.
[655]ReprintedMon., VI., pp. 1394-1395.
[656]S. M. E., p. 209.
[657]Mon., VI., p. 1375.
[658]Pat.5, Hen. VI., p. m. 19.
[659]S. M. E., p. 211.
[660]Mon., VI., p. 1401.
[661]Pat.12, Hen. IV.,pars unica, m. 20.
[662]Pat., 3, Hen. V., pt. I, m. 6, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1404-1411.
[663]Ibid., p. 1407.
[664]Mon., VI., p. 1415.
[665]MS. in bibl. Cotton, fol. 8, reprinted inMon., VI., pp. 1417-1423.
[666]See alsoChant. Certif., 45, No. 47.
[667]Mon., VI., p. 1411.
[668]Cf.E. S. R., II., pp. 153, 154, 155, 280; P. R. O., Aug. Off. Misc. Bks. 147.
[669]Pat.10, Hen. V., m. 3, reprintedMon., VI., pp. 1425-6.
[670]Cp.S. M. E., p. 254.
[671]Mon., VI., p. 716.
[672]Carlisle,Endowed Gr. Schools, II., p. 301.
[673]Mon., VI., p. 1430.
[674]S. M. E., p. 255.
[675]S. M. E., p. 256.
[676]Probably about 1470.
[677]Rot. Parl., V., p. 256; reprintedYorkshire Schools, II., pp. 89-91.
[678]E. S. R., II., p. 298.
[679]Mon., VI., pp. 1441-1443;Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 101-141.
[680]ReprintedYorkshire Schools, II., 109-130, from MS. at Sydney Sussex Coll., Camb.
[681]Ib., pp. 113, 114.
[682]Ib., p. 115.
[683]Ib., p. 116.
[684]Ib., p. 110.
[685]Ibid., p. 116.
[686]p. 210.
[687]Mon., VI., p. 766.
[688]S. M. E., p. 261.
[689]Pat., II., Ed. IV., p. 2., m. 15,Mon., VI., p. 725.
[690]Cf.S. M. E., p. 272.
[691]Canon Law of 1179 and 1215 did not initiate the custom.
[692]SeeBk. I., Ch. II.
[693]Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic.
[694]Geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.
[695]On the general subject, see Abelson,The Seven Liberal Arts, Parker, “The Seven Liberal Arts,”Eng. Hist. Rev., V., pp. 417-461, July 1890; Rashdall,Univ., I., pp. 33-37; West,Alcuinpp. 4-27.
[696]E. S. R., II., p. 56.
[697]E. S. R., II., p. 117.
[698]Bk. II., ch. II.
[699]Polycraticus, II., 28.
[700]Bk. II., ch. X.
[701]“Quum primum adolescens admodum, studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias.”
[702]Metal., I., 24.
[703]Illustrations of Medieval Thought, p. 121.
[704]Johannis Saresberiensis,Opera, ed. Giles, Vol. V., pp. 79, 80.
[705]Metal., II., 10; trans. by Poole.
[706]Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Albani., I., 72.
[707]Ed. Ch., p. 116.
[708]Life of Thomas à Beckett(R. S.), III., p. 3.
[709]Ibid., p. 14.
[710]For description see Drane:Christian Schools and Scholars, pp. 230-2; Foster Watson,Grammar Schools, pp. 32-37.
[711]Mem. of Southwell Minster, p. 205.
[712]Taylor:Medieval Mind, vol. II., p. 516.
[713]Bacon:Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, Rolls Series, p. lix.
[714]Ibid., p. 59.
[715]Ibid., p. 398.
[716]Opus Major, par. 1.
[717]See Brewer’s ed., p. 322,seq.
[718]Cf. Taylor,op. cit., vol. II., p. 527.
[719]Opus Tertium, Ch. XXIX., trans. by Taylor.
[720]Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, p. lix.
[721]Op. cit., p. lxii.
[722]Op. cit., p. lxxv.
[723]Op. cit., p. lxxv.
[724]Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, pp. 58, 59.
[725]Anstey:Munimenta Academica, I., p. 34.