THE FAMOUS AND VIRTUOUS NECKLACES.

Inall ages there have been pretenders to medical science, and it has been reserved to the present century to elevate the healing art into a real science, based on proper physiological facts, aided by the searching analyses of modern chemistry. The old alchemists had died out, yet they had some pretensions to learning, but the pharmacopœia at the commencement of the eighteenth century was in a deplorable condition. Surgery, for rough purposes, had existed since the earliest ages, because accidents would happen, then as now; and, moreover, there were wars, which necessitated the amputation of limbs, etc., but medicine, except in the knowledge of the virtue of herbs and simples, was in more than a primitive state. Anyone who chose, could dub himself Doctor, and, naturally, the privilege was largely taken advantage of.

The name of quack, or quacksalver, does not seem to have been much used before the seventeenth century, and its derivation has not been distinctly settled. In the ‘Antiquities of Egypt,’ etc., by William Osburn, junior, London, 1847, p. 94, he says: ‘The idea of a physician is frequently represented by a species of duck, the name of which is CHIN: theEgyptian word for physician was also CHINI.’ But neither Pierret, in his ‘Vocabulaire Hieroglyphique,’ nor Bunsen, in ‘Egypt’s Place in Universal History,’ endorse this statement. Still the Egyptian equivalent for cackling, or the noise of a goose, wasKa ka, and in CopticOuok, pronounced very much like quack.

The Germans also use the wordQuacksalber, and the DutchKwaksalver, a term which Bilderdijk, in his ‘Geslachtlijst der Naamwoorden,’ (derivation or gender of men’s names) says, ought more properly to beKwabsalver, fromKwab, a wen, andSalver, to anoint. Be this as it may, the English word quack certainly means an illegitimate medical practitioner, a pretender to medical science, whose pretensions are not warranted by his knowledge.

The seventeenth century was prolific in quacks—a notable example being John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester. Both Bishop Burnet and De Gramont agree that, during one of his banishments from Court, he lived in Tower Street (next door to the sign of the ‘Black Swan,’ at a goldsmith’s house), and there practised as a quack doctor, as one Alexander Bendo, newly arrived from Germany. There is a famous mountebank speech of his extant, copies of which exist not only in broad sheets, but in some of the jest-books of the seventeenth century, which, genuine or not, is very amusing. It is far too long to transcribe here, but perhaps I may be pardoned if I give a short extract.

‘The knowledge of these secrets I gathered in my travels abroad (where I have spent my time ever since I was fifteen years old to this, my nine and twentieth year) in France and Italy. Those that have travelled in Italy will tell you what a miracleof art does there assist nature in the preservation of beauty: how women of forty bear the same countenance with them of fifteen: ages are no way distinguished by faces; whereas, here in England, look a horse in the mouth and a woman in the face, you presently know both their ages to a year. I will, therefore, give you such remedies that, without destroying your complexion (as most of your paints and daubings do) shall render them perfectly fair; clearing and preserving them from all spots, freckles, heats, pimples, and marks of the small-pox, or any other accidental ones, so that the face be not seamed or scarred.

‘I will also cleanse and preserve yourteethwhite and round as pearls, fastening them that are loose: your gums shall be kept entire, as red as coral; your lips of the same colour, and soft as you could wish your lawful kisses.

‘I will likewise administer that which shall cure the worst of breaths, provided the lungs be not totally perished and imposthumated; as also certain and infallible remedies for those whose breaths are yet untainted; so that nothing but either a very long sickness, or old age itself, shall ever be able to spoil them.

‘I will, besides, (if it be desired)take awayfrom their fatness who have over much, andaddflesh to those that want it, without the least detriment to their constitutions.’

By his plausible manners and good address, he soon gathered round him a largeclientèleof servants, etc., for he told fortunes as well as cured diseases. These told their mistresses, and they too came to consult the wise man. Even the Court ladies cameincognitoto see him, andla belleJennings, sister to the famous Sarah, first Duchess of Marlborough, went, with the beautiful Miss Price, to have their fortunes told, disguised as orange-wenches, and in all probability their visit would never have been heard of, had they not met with a disagreeable adventure with a somewhat dissolute gentleman named Brounker, who was gentleman of the chamber to the Duke of York, and brother to Viscount Brounker, President of the Royal Society.

John Cotgrave87thus describes the quack of his time:

‘My name is Pulse-feel, a poor Doctor of Physick,That does wear three pile Velvet in his Hat,Has paid a quarter’s Rent of his house before-hand,And (simple as he stands here) was made Doctor beyond sea.I vow, as I am Right worshipful, the takingOf my Degree cost me twelve French Crowns, andThirty-five pounds of Butter in upperGermany.I can make your beauty and preserve it,Rectifie your body and maintaine it,Clarifie your blood, surfle88your cheeks, perfumeYour skin, tinct your hair, enliven your eye,Heighten your Appetite; and, as for Jellies,Dentifrizes, Dyets, Minerals, Fucusses,89Pomatums, Fumes, Italia Masks to sleep in,Either to moisten or dry the superficies,Paugh,GalenWas a Goose, andParacelsusa patchTo DoctorPulse-feel.’

Then there was that arch quack and empiric, SirKenelm Digby, with his ‘sympathetic powder,’ etc., and Dr. Saffold, originally a weaver, who distributed his handbills broadcast, advertising his ability to cure every disease under the sun.

Also in this century is a poem called ‘The Dispensary,’90by Sir Samuel Garth, who lived in Queen Anne’s time, which gives the following account of a quack and his surroundings:

‘So trulyHoroscopeits Virtues knows,To this bright Idol91’tis, alone, he bows;And fancies that a Thousand Pound suppliesThe want of twenty Thousand Qualities.Long has he been of that amphibious Fry,Bold to prescribe, and busie to apply.His Shop the gazing Vulgar’s Eyes employsWith foreign Trinkets, and domestick Toys.HereMummieslay, most reverently stale,And there, theTortoishung her Coat o’ Mail;Not far from some hugeShark’sdevouring Head,The flying Fish their finny Pinions spread.Aloft in rows large Poppy Heads were strung,And near, a scaly Alligator hung.In this place, Drugs in Musty heaps decay’d,In that, dry’d Bladders, and drawn Teeth were laid.An inner Room receives the numerous ShoalsOf such as pay to be reputed Fools.Globes stand by Globes, Volumns on Volumns lie,And Planitary Schemes amuse the eyeThe Sage, in Velvet Chair, here lolls at ease,To promise future Health for present Fees.Then, as fromTripod, solemn shams reveals,And what the Stars know nothing of, reveals.’

Medicine in the last century was very crude. Bleeding and purging were matters of course; but some of the remedies in the pharmacopœia were very curious. Happy the patient who knew not the composition of his dose. Take the following:92

‘Or sometimes a quarter of a pint of the following decoction may be drank alone four times a day:

‘Take a fresh viper, freed from the head, skin, and intestines, cut in pieces; candied eryngo root, sliced, two ounces. Boil them gently in three pints of water, to a pint and three-quarters, and to the strained liquor add simple and spiritous cinnamon waters, of each two ounces. Mix them together, to be taken as above directed.

‘The following viper broth (taken from the London Dispensatory) is a very nutritious and proper restorative food in this case, and seems to be one of the best preparations of the viper: for all the benefit that can be expected from that animal is by this means obtained:

‘Take a middle-sized viper, freed from head, skin, and intestines; and two pints of water. Boil them to a pint and a half; then remove the vessel from the fire; and when the liquor is grown cold, let the fat, which congeals upon the surface, if the viper was fresh, be taken off. Into this broth, whilst warm, put a pullet of a moderate size, drawn and freed from the skin, and all the fat, but with the flesh intire. Set the vessel on the fire again, that the liquor may boil;then remove it from the fire, take out the chicken, and immediately chop its flesh into little pieces: put these into the liquor again, set it over the fire, and as soon as it boils up, pour out the broth, first carefully taking off the scum.

‘Of this broth let the patient take half a pint every morning, at two of the clock in the afternoon, and at supper-time.’

In the same book, also (p. 97), we find the following remedy for cancer:

‘Dr. Heister, professor of physic and surgery in the university ofHelmstadtinGermany, with many others, greatly extols the virtue of millepedes, or wood-lice, in this case; and, perhaps, the best way of administering them is as follows:

‘Take of live wood-lice, one ounce; fine sugar, two drams; a little powder of nutmeg; and half a pint of alexeterial water. Let the wood-lice and sugar, with the nutmeg, be ground together in a marble mortar, then gradually add the water, which being well mixed, strain it with hard pressing. Two ounces of this expression are to be taken twice a day, shaking the vessel, so that no part of it may be lost.’

And it also seems that much virtue was attached to the great number of component parts in a medicine, as may be seen in the recipe forArquebusade Water93(from the same book, p. 101).

‘Take of comfrey leaves and root, sage, mugwort, bugloss, each four handfulls; betony, sanicle, ox-eye daisy, common daisy, greater figwort, plantane, agrimony, vervain, wormwood, fennel, each twohandfulls; St. John’s wort, long birthwort, orpine, veronica, lesser centaury, milfoil, tobacco, mouse-ear, mint, hyssop, each one handfull; wine twenty-four pounds. Having cut and bruised the herbs, pour on them the wine, and let them stand together, in digestion, in horse dung, or any other equivalent heat, for three days: afterwards distill in an alembic with a moderate fire.

‘This celebrated water has for some time been held in great esteem, in contusions, for resolving coagulated blood, discussing the tumors that arise on fractures and dislocations, for preventing the progress of gangrenes, and cleansing and healing ulcers and wounds, particularly gunshot wounds....’

Amongst the empyrical medicines, the following is much cried up by many people, as an infallible remedy:

‘Take two ounces of the worts that grow dangling to the hinder heels of a stone horse,94wash them in common water, then infuse them in white wine all night, and afterwards let them be dried, and reduced to powder. The dose is half a dram twice a day, in any proper vehicle. A dram of Venice soap given twice a day, either in pills, or dissolved in some proper liquor, is likewise said to cure a Cancer.’

In the early part of the eighteenth century, the regular physicians were very ignorant. Ward95thus describes them, and, although his language was coarse, he was a keen observer.

‘They rail mightily in their Writings against the ignorance ofQuacksandMountebanks, yet, for the sake ofLucre, they Licence all the Cozening Pretenders about Town, or they could not Practise;which shows it is by their Toleration that the People are Cheated out of their Lives and Money; and yet they think themselves so Honest, as to be no ways answerable for this Publick Injury; as if they could not kill People fast enough themselves, but must depute all the Knaves in the Town to be Death’s Journeymen. Thus do they License what they ought carefully to Suppress; and Practise themselves what they Blame and Condemn in others; And that the Town may not be deceived byApothecaries, they have made themselvesMedicine-Mongers,96under a pretence of serving the Publick with more faithful preparations; in order to perswade the World to a belief of which, they have publish’d Bills, where, in the trueQuack’sDialect, they tell you the Poor shall be supply’d for nothing; but whoever is so Needy as to make a Challenge of their promise empty-handed, will find, according to theMountebank’ssaying,No Money, No Cure. The disposal of their Medicines they leave to a Boy’s management, who scarce knowsMercurius DulcisfromWhite Sugar, orMint WaterfromAqua Fortis: So that People are likely to be well serv’d, or Prescriptions truly observed by such an Agent.’

If this was a faithful portrait of a physician in the commencement of the century, what must a charlatan have been? They sowed their hand-bills broadcast. Gay, in his ‘Trivia,’ book ii., says,

‘If the pale Walker pants with weak’ning Ills,His sickly Hand is stor’d with Friendly Bills:From hence he learns the seventh born97Doctor’s Fame,From hence he learns the cheapest Tailor’s name.’

So universal was this practice of advertising that, to quote Ward98once more, when talking of the Royal Exchange, he says,

‘The Wainscote was adorn’d with Quacks’ Bills, instead of Pictures; never an Emperick in the Town, but had his Name in a Lacquered Frame, containing a fair Invitation for a Fool and his Money to be soon parted.’

The newspapers teemed with quack advertisements. These, of course, we have; but we also have preserved to us a quantity of the ephemeral hand-bills, which, presumably, were kept on account of the intrinsic merits they possessed. They are a curious study. There was the ‘Oxford Doctor at the Fleet Prison, near Fleet Bridge, London,’ who would sell ten pills in a box for sixpence, warranted a cure for the ‘Scurvy,Dropsie, andColt-evil,’ would provide a remedy for ‘Headach,Sore Eyes,Toothach,Stomachach,Bleeding,Scorbutick Gums,Black,Yellow,foul Teeth,Cramp,Worms,Itch,Kibes,and Chilblains; the Price of each proper Specifick, Twopence. Teeth or stumps of Teeth, Drawn with Ease and Safety, Let Blood neatly, Issues or Setons Curiously made;For Two Pence each, and welcome. By the Doctor that puts forth this paper, you may be Taught Writing, Arithmetick, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, at reasonable Rates by the great,Or Two Pence each of them by the Week.’ Presumably, as he does not advertise it, hecould not teach manners at the same traditional price.

There was another who sold theElixir Stomachumwhich was sold at the various coffee-houses about town, and he complains thus: ‘☞ Garrowaye, the Apple-man at the Exchange, who had it of me, to sell, for five or six years, I have lately found out, is Counterfeiting it, and have removed mine from him; and what he now sells is a Counterfeit sort, and not the Right, as was formerly Sold there.’

There was a man, living in Blackfriars, who was so modest that he veiled his identity under the initials R.C., who, from two in the afternoon till night, ‘will give to all People a Secret how they may utterly destroyBuggswithout injury to their Goods, at reasonable rates; do as you are Taught, and if any be doubtful of the truth of it, they may have full satisfaction of them that have Experienced it.’

Here is a gentleman who gives a minute address. ‘In Petty France, Westminster, at a house with a black dore, and a Red Knocker, between the Sign of theRose and CrownandJacob’s Well, is aGermanwho hath a Powder which, with the blessing of God upon it, certainly cures the Stone, &c.... If any person of known Integrity will affirm that upon following their directions the cure is not perfected, they shall have their Money returned. Therefore be not unwilling to come for help, but suspend your Judgment till you have try’d, and then speak as you find.’

There is another, which may belong to the previous century—but it is so hard to tell, either by means of type or wood blocks—put forth by ‘Salvator Winter, anItalianof the City ofNaples, Aged 98 years, Yet, by the Blessing of God, finds himself in health, and as strong as anyone of Fifty, as to the Sensitivepart; Which first he attributes to God, and then to hisElixir Vitæ, which he always carries in his pocket adayes, and at Night under his pillow; And when he finds himself distemper’d, he taketh a Spoonful or two, according as need requireth.‘ It is needless to say that theElixirwas warranted to cure every evil under the sun, including such diverse maladies as catarrhs, sore eyes, hardness of hearing, toothache, sore throat, consumption, obstructions in the stomach, and worms. The net was arranged to catch every kind of fish. In fact, his business was so profitable that he had a successor, ‘Salvator Winter, Junior,’ who says thus: ‘My father, aged 98 years, yet enjoys his perfect health, which, next to the blessing of God, he attributes to theElixir Vitæhaving alway a bottle of it in his pocket, drinking a spoonful thereof four or five times a day; snuffing it very strongly up his Nostrils, and bathing his Temples; thus by prevention, he fortifies his vital Spirits.’

Nor did the sterner sex monopolise the profession of quackdom, for ‘At theBlew-BallinGrays-Inn Lane, nearHolborn Barrs, next Door to aTallow-Chandler, where you may see my Name upon a Board over the Door,livethElizabeth Maris,the True German Gentlewomanlately arrived.’ It seems that we were much indebted to Germany for our quacks, for ‘At theBootandSpatter dash,99next Door but One to theVine Tavern, inLong-Acre, nearDrury Lane, Liveth a German Dr. and Surgeon, Who by the blessing of GOD on his great Pains, Travels and Experience, hath had wonderful Success in the Cure of the Diseases following,’ &c. There was also ‘Cornelius à Tilbourg, Sworn Chirurgeon inOrdinaryto K.Charlesthe II., to our late Sovereign K.William, as also to Her present Majesty QueenAnn.’

A certainJohn Choke, whose motto was ‘Nothing without God,’ and was ‘an approved Physician; and farther, Priviledged by his Majesty,’ advertised ‘an Arcane which I had inGermany, from the Famous and most LearnedBaptista Van Helmont, of worthy Memory (whose Daughter I Wedded), and whose Prœscripts most Physicians follow.’

Curative and magical powers seem to have extended from seventh sons of seventh sons to women—for I find an advertisement, ‘At the Sign of theBlew-Ball, at the upper end ofLabour in vain-Street, nextShadwell-New-Market, Liveth a Seventh Daughter, who learn’d her Skill by one of the ablest Physicians inEngland(her uncle was one of K. Charles’s and K. James’s twelve Doctors), who resolves all manner of Questions, and interprets Dreams to admiration, and hath never fail’d (with God’s Blessing) what she took in hand.’ Also there was a book published late in the seventeenth century, called ‘TheWoman’s Prophecy, or the Rare and Wonderful DOCTRESS, foretelling a Thousand strange monstrous things that shall come to pass before New Year’s day next, or afterwards—. She likewise undertakes to cure the most desperate Diseases of the Female Sex, as theGlim’ring of the Gizzard, theQuavering of the Kidneys, theWambling Trot, &c.’ A man who lived at the ‘Three Compasses’ in Maiden Lane, also issued a hand bill that he would infallibly cure ‘several strange diseases, which (though as yet not known to the world) he will plainly demonstrate to any Ingenious Artist to be the greatest Causes of the most common Distempers incident to the Body of Man. The Namesof which take as follow: TheStrong Fives, theMarthambles, theMoon-Pall, theHockogrocle.’

Then there was a medicine which was administered to children even in my young days, ‘Daffy’sfamousElixir Salutis, prepared byKatharine Daffy. The finest now exposed to Sale, prepar’d from the best Druggs, according to Art, and the Original Receipt, which my Father, Mr.Thomas Daffy, late Rector ofRedmile, in the Valley ofBelvoir, having experienc’d the Virtues of it, imparted to his Kinsman, Mr.Anthony Daffy, who publish’d the same to the Benefit of the Community, and his own great Advantage. This very Original Receipt is now in my possession, left to me by my father aforesaid, under his own Hand. My own Brother, Mr.Daniel Daffy, formerly Apothecary inNottingham, made this ELIXIR from the same Receipt, and Sold it there during his Life. Those, who know me, will believe what I Declare; and those who do not, may be convinc’d that I am no Countefeit, by the Colour, Tast, Smell, and just Operation of myElixir.’ This was, however, disputed by one John Harrison—and the rivals of nearly two centuries ago, remind us forcibly of the claimants to the original recipe of Bond’s Marking Ink.

A man sold a useful medicine. ‘A most excellent Eye Water, which cures in a very short time all Distempers relating to the Eyes, from whatever Cause soever they proceed, even tho’ they have been of seven, eight, nine, or ten Years’ continuance.... This excellent Water effectually takes away all Rabies or Pimples in the face, or any Part of the Body; it also dissolves any small, or new-come Wensor Bunches under the Skin, so easily that it can hardly be perceived.’

One quack blossomed forth in verse, and thus describes himself: ‘InCripplegate Parish,inWhitecross Street,almost at the farther End, nearOld Street(turning in by the sign of theBlack Croe,inGoat Alley,straightforward down three steps, at the sign of theBlew Ball),liveth one of above Forty Years’ Experience, who with God’s Blessing performeth these cures following:

‘To all that please to come, he will and canCure most Diseases incident to Man.The Leprosie, the Cholic, and the Spleen,And most Diseases common to be seen.Although not cured by Quack Doctors’ proud,And yet their Name doth ring and range aloud,With Riches, and for Cures which others do,Which they could not perform, and this is true.This Doctor he performeth without doubt, }The Ileak Passion, Scurvy, and the gout, }Even to those the Hospitals turn out.’ }

Such ground as one did not cover, another did. Take, for instance, the following: ‘InSurry-Street, in theStrand, at the Corner House with a White-Balcony and Blue-Flower pots, liveth a Gentlewoman, who

‘Hath a most excellent Wash to beautifie the Face, which cures all Redness, Flushings, or Pimples. Takes off any Yellowness, Morpheu, Sunburn, or Spots on the Skin, and takes away Wrinckles and Driness, caused too often by Mercurial Poysonous Washes, rendring the worst of Faces fair and tender, and preserves ’em so. You may have from half a Crown to five Pound a Bottle. You may also have Night Masks, Forehead Pieces, incomparable whitepots,and Red Pomatum for the lips, which keeps them all the Year plump and smooth, and of a delicate natural colour. She has an admirable Paste to smooth and whiten the Hands, with a very good Tooth powder, which cleanses and whitens the Teeth. And a Water to wash the Mouth, which prevents the Scurvy in the Gums and cures where ’tis already come.

‘You may have a Plaster and Water which takes off Hair from any part of the Body, so that it shall never come again. She has also a most excellent Secret to prevent the Hair from falling, causing it to grow where it is wanting in any part of the Head. She also shapes the Eye-brows, making them perfectly beautiful, without any pain, and raises low Foreheads as high as you please. And colours Grey or Red Hair to a lovely Brown, which never decays, changes, or smoots the Linnen. She has excellent Cosmeticks to anoint the Face after theSmall Pox, which wears out any Scars, Marks, or Redness; and has great skill in all manner of sore Eyes.

‘She has a most excellent Dyet Drink which cures the worst of Consumptions, or any Impurity of the Blood: And an Antiscorbutick spirit, which, being taken one spoonful in the Morning, and another at Night, with moderate Exercise, cures theScurvy, tho’ never so far gone, and all broke out in Blotches: with many other Secrets in Physick, which you may be satisfied in when you speak with her.... She has an approved Remedy for Barrenness in Women.’

Very late in the preceding century (he died May 12, 1691), there was a most famous quack, Dr. Thomas Saffold, one of whose handbills I give as a curiosity:

‘Dear Friends, let your Disease be what God will,Pray to Him for a Cure—trySaffold’sSkill,Who may be such a healing InstrumentAs will Cure you to your own Heart’s Content.His Medicines are Cheap, and truly Good,Being full as safe as your daily Food.Saffold he can do what may be done, byEither Physick or true Astrology:His Best Pills, Rare Elixirs, and Powder,Do each Day Praise him Lowder and Lowder.Dear Country-men, I pray be you so Wise, }When Men Back-bite him, believe not their Lyes, }But go see him and believe your own Eyes; }Then he will say you are Honest and Kind,Try before you Judge, and Speak as you Find.

‘ByThomas Saffold, an Approved and Licensed Physician and Student in Astrology, who (through God’s Mercy), to do good, still liveth at theBlack Balland OldLilly’s Head, next Door to the Feather-Shops that are withinBlack-fryersGate-way, which is over againstLudgateChurch, just byLudgateinLondon. Of him the Poor, Sore, Sick, and Lame may have Advice for nothing, and proper Medicines for every particular Distemper, at reasonable Rates ready prepared, with plain Directions how to use them, to cure either Men, Women, or Children of any Disease or Diseases afflicting any Body, whether inward or outward, of what Name or Nature soever (if Curable); Also of this you may be sure, he hath Medicines to prevent as well as Cure.

‘Lastly, He doth with great certainty and privacy: Resolve all manner of Lawful Questions, according to the Rules of Christian Astrology, and more than Twenty One Years’ Experience.’

Talk of modern quacks—they are but second-rate to Saffold! HisPillulæ Londinenses, or London pills, were advertised that ‘not only the meaner sort of all Ages and each Sex, but people of Eminence, both for their Rank in the World and their parts, have found admirable success in taking these Pills.’

Thispanaceawas warranted to cure ‘Gout, Dropsy, Coma, Lethargy, Caries, Apoplexy, Palsy, Convulsions, Falling Sickness, Vertigo, Madness, Catarrhs, Headache, Scald, and Sore Heads, sore Eyes, Deafness, Toothache, sore Mouth, sore and swollen Throat, foul Stomach, bad Digestion, Vomiting, Pain at the Stomach, sour Belching, Colic, Twisting of the Guts, Looseness, Worms, all Obstructions of the Pancreas, of the Mesaraic Veins, of the passages of the Chyle, and of the Liver and Spleen, the Jaundice, Cachexy, Hypochondriac Melancholy, Agues, Itch, Boils, Rheumatism, Pains and Aches, Surfeits by Eating and Hard Drinking, or by Heats and Colds (as some call them).’

Then there comes a charming bit of candour almost sufficient to disarm the unwary: ‘They are also good in taking the Waters. I would not advise them by any means in the Bloody Flux, nor in continual Fevers, but they are good to purge after either of those Diseases is over, or to carry off the Humor aforehand. They must also be foreborn by Women with Child. Otherwise they are good for any Constitution, and in any Clime. They are Durable many years, and good at Sea as well as on Land.’

Thomas Saffold knew well the value of advertising, and scattered his very varied handbills broadcast. Presumably, like modern quacks, he made money.Of course he died, and his epitaph is as follows (he originally was a weaver):

‘Here lies the Corpse of Thomas Saffold,By Death, in spite of Physick, baffled;Who, leaving off his working loom,Did learned doctor soon become.To poetry he made pretence,Too plain to any man’s own sense;But he when living thought it sinTo hide his talent in napkin;Now Death does Doctor (poet) crowdWithin the limits of a shroud.’

There was a harmless remedy advertised, even though it was a fraud—and this was the loan, or sale, of necklaces to be worn by children in teething.

‘One of them being of no greater weight than a smallNutmeg, absolutely easing Children in BreedingTeethwithoutPain; thereby preventingFeavers,Ruptures,Convulsions,Rickets, and such attendant Distempers, to the Admiration of thousands of the City ofLondon, and Counties adjoining, who have experienced the same, to their great comfort and satisfaction of the Parents of the Children who have used them. Besides the Decrease in theBills of Mortality, apparent (within this Year and a half) of above one half of what formerly Dyed; and are now Exposed to sale for the Publick good, atfive shillingseachNecklace, &c.’

Then there was a far higher-priced necklace, but, as it also operated on adults, it was perhaps stronger and more efficacious. ‘A necklace that cures all sorts of fits in children, occasioned by Teeth or anyother Cause; as also Fits in Men and Women. To be had at Mr. Larance’s in Somerset Court, near Northumberland House in the Strand; price ten shillings for eight days, though the cure will be performed immediately.’ And there was the famous ‘Anodyne Necklace.’

In the preceding century there were some famous quacks, notably Sir Kenelm Digby, who, with his sympathetic powder, worked wonders, especially one instance, an account of which he read to a learned society at Montpellier. He recounted how a certain learned gentleman, named Howell, found two of his friends engaged in a duel with swords, how he rushed to part them, and catching hold of one of their blades, his hand was severely cut, the other antagonist cutting him severely on the back of his hand. Seeing the mischief they had done, they bound up his hand with his garter, and took him home. Mr. Howell was of such note that the King sent his own physician to him, but without avail; and there was expectation that the hand would mortify and have to be amputated. Here Sir Kenelm, who knew him, stepped in, and, being applied to by his friend to try his remedies, consented. Let him tell his own tale.

‘I asked him then for anything that had blood upon it; so he presently sent for his garter, wherewith his hand was first bound, and as I called for a basin of water, as if I would wash my hands, I took a handful of powder of vitriol, which I had in my study, and presently dissolved it. As soon as the bloody garter was brought me, I put it in the basin, observing, in the interim, what Mr. Howell did, who stood talking with a gentleman in a corner of my chamber, not regarding at all what I was doing. He startedsuddenly, as if he had found some strange alteration in himself. I asked him what he ailed.

‘“I know not what ails me; but I feel no more pain. Methinks that a pleasing kind of freshness, as it were a wet cold napkin, did spread over my hand, which hath taken away the inflammation that tormented me before.”

‘I replied, “Since, then, you feel already so much good of my medicament, I advise you to cast away all your plasters; only keep the wound clean, and in a moderate temper, betwixt heat and cold.”

‘This was presently reported to the Duke of Buckingham, and, a little after, to the King, who were both very curious to know the circumstances of the business; which was, that after dinner, I took the garter out of the water, and put it to dry before a great fire. It was scarce dry before Mr. Howell’s servant came running, and saying that his master felt as much burning as ever he had done, if not more; for the heat was such as if his hand were betwixt coals of fire. I answered that although that had happened at present, yet he should find ease in a short time; for I knew the reason of this new accident, and would provide accordingly; for his master should be free from that inflammation, it might be, before he could possibly return to him; but, in case he found no ease, I wished him to come presently back again; if not, he might forbear coming. Thereupon he went; and, at the instant, I did put the garter again into the water; thereupon he found his master without any pain at all. To be brief, there was no sense of pain afterwards; but within five or six days the wounds were cicatrized, and entirely healed.’

Faith worked wonders, and a credulous imagination formed an excellent foundation for healing. Take another instance in the same century—the case of Valentine Greatraks (who cured by the imposition of hands), who was nearly contemporary with Sir Kenelm. It would serve no good purpose to go minutely into his history: suffice it to say that he was an Irishman of good family, and, as a young man, served under Cromwell. After the disbandment of the army he was made Clerk of the Peace for the County of Cork, Registrar for Transplantation (ejection of Papists who would not go to church) and Justice of the Peace, so that we see he occupied a respectable position in society.

After Greatraks settled down in his civil capacity, he seems to have been a blameless member of society; but his religious convictions were extremely rabid, and strong on the Protestant side. Writing in 1668, he says: ‘About four years since I had an Impulse, or a strange perswasion, in my own mind (of which I am not able to give any rational account to another) which did very frequently suggest to me that there was bestowed on me the gift of curing the King’s Evil: which, for the extraordinariness of it, I thought fit to conceal for some time, but at length I communicated this to my Wife, and told her, That I did verily believe that God had given me the blessing of curing the King’s Evil; for, whether I were in private or publick, sleeping or waking, still I had the same Impulse; but her reply was to me, That she conceived this was a strange imagination: but, to prove the contrary, a few daies after there was oneWilliam MaherofSalterbridge, in the Parish ofLissmore, that brought his SonWilliam Maherto my house, desiringmy Wife to cure him, who was a person ready to afford her Charity to her Neighbours, according to her small skill in Chirurgery; on which my Wife told me there was one that had the King’s Evil very grievously in the Eyes, Cheek, and Throat; whereupon I told her that she should now see whether this were a bare fancy, or imagination, as she thought it, or the Dictates of God’s Spirit on my heart; and thereupon I laid my hands on the places affected, and prayed to God for Jesus’ sake to heal him, and then I bid the Parent two or three days afterwards to bring the Child to me again, which accordingly he did, and then I saw the Eye was almost quite whole, and the Node, which was almost as big as a Pullet’s Egg, was suppurated, and the throat strangely amended, and, to be brief (to God’s glory I speak it), within a month discharged itself quite, and was perfectly healed, and so continues, God be praised.’

This may be taken as a sample of his cures, albeit his first; and, although he excited the enmity of the licensed medical profession, he seems to have cured the Countess of Conway of an inveterate head-ache, which greatly enhanced his reputation. He died no one knows when, but some time early in the century.

And in our time, too, have been the quacks, the Zouave Jacob and Dr. Newton, who pretended to have the miraculous gift of healing by the imposition of hands, so that we can scarcely wonder that, in an age when the dissemination of accurate and scientific knowledge as the present is (imperfect though it be), a man like Valentine Greatraks was believed in as of almost divine authority at the period at which he lived. But it is a very curious thing that some men either imagine that they have, or feign tohave a miraculous gift of healing. Witness in our own day the ‘Peculiar People,’ who base their peculiar gift of healing on a text from the Epistle of St. James, chap. 5, v. 14—‘Is any sick among you? let him call upon the elders of the Church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord.’

So also theCatholic and Apostolic Church(Irvingites) teach this practice as a dogma, vide their catechism,100‘What are the benefits to be derived from this rite?’ ‘St. James teaches us again that the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up; and, if he have committed sins, they shall be forgiven him.’ After this, who can say that the age of faith is passed away?

With them, also, is a great function for the benediction of oil for anointing the sick; the rubric for which is as follows:101‘In the Celebration of the Holy Eucharist on a Week-day, immediately before the elements are brought up and placed on the Altar, the Elder or Elders present shall bring the vessel containing the oil to the Angel, who shall present it uncovered upon the Altar; and then kneeling down at the Altar, and the Elders kneeling down at the access to the Sanctuary, the Angel shall say thisPrayer of Benediction.’

Here follows a not very long prayer, in which the Almighty is intreated to impart to the oil the virtue which is dogmatically asserted that it possesses, in the catechism. The rubric then continues, ‘The oil which has been blessed shall remain on the Altar untilafter the Service, and shall then be delivered by the Angel to the senior Elder, that it may be reverently carried to the Sacristy, and there deposited in the proper place by the Angel.’

In the ‘Order for anointing the Sick’ (p. 602), the rubric says: ‘This rite shall be administered only to such as have, in time past, received the Holy Communion, or to whom it is intended presently to administer the Communion; also, only in such cases of sickness as are of a serious or dangerous character. In order to the receiving of the rite, opportunity should, if possible, be previously given to the sick person to make confession of his sins.

‘A table should be provided in the sick person’s room, with a clean cloth thereon, upon which may be placed the vessel of holy oil.... The Elder in charge shall be accompanied, when possible, by the other Elders, the Pastor, and the Deacon.’

A somewhat lengthy service follows, and in the middle is this rubric: ‘Then the Elders present shall anoint the sick person with the oil on the head or forehead, and, if the sick person request it, also on any part affected.’ And it winds up with the subjoined direction, ‘All the holy oil that shall remain after the anointing shall be forthwith consumed by Fire.’

I had intended to confine my subject entirely to English quacks, but the name of Mesmer is so allied to quackery in England that I must needs refer to him. He was born at Merseburg in Germany on May 23, 1733, and died at the same place March 5, 1815. He studied medicine, and took a doctor’s degree in 1766. He started his extraordinary theory in 1772 by publishing a tract entitled, ‘De PlanetariumInfluxu,’ in which he upheld that tides exist in the air as in the sea, and were similarly produced. He maintained that the sun and the moon acted upon an etherial fluid which penetrated everything, and this force he termedAnimal Magnetism. But there is every reason to believe that he was indebted for his discovery to a Jesuit father named Hel, who was professor of astronomy at Vienna. Hel used peculiarly made steel plates, which he applied to different portions of his patient’s body. Hel and Mesmer subsequently quarrelling about the prior discovery of each, the latter discontinued the use of the plates, and substituted his fingers. Then he found it was unnecessary to touch his patient, but that the same magnetic influence could be induced by waving his hands, and making what are calledmesmeric passesat a distance.

But the Viennese are a practical race, and his failures to cure, notably in one case, that of Mademoiselle Paradis (a singer), who was blind, caused charges of deceit to be brought against him, and he was told to leave Vienna at a day’s notice. He obeyed, and went to Paris, where he set up a superb establishment, fitted up most luxuriously. The novelty-loving Parisians soon visited him, and here, in a dimly lit room, with pseudo-scientific apparatus to excite the imagination, and a great deal of corporal manipulation, tending to the same purpose, to the accompaniment of soft music or singing, hysterical women went into convulsive fits, and laughed, sobbed, and shrieked, according to their different temperaments.

Having reached this stage, Mesmer made his appearance, clad in a gold embroidered robe of violet silk, holding in his hand a magnetic rod ofwondrous power. With slow and solemn steps he approached his patients, and the exceeding gravity of his deportment, added to their ignorance of what might be coming next, generally calmed and subdued those who were not insensible. Those who had lost their senses he awoke by stroking them, and tracing figures upon their bodies with his magnetic wand, and, on their recovery, they used to testify to the great good his treatment had done them.

A commission of scientific and medical men sat to make inquiry into ‘Animal Magnetism,’ and they reported adversely. He then endeavoured to get a pecuniary recognition of his services from the French Government, but this being declined, he retired to Spa, where, the bubble having been pricked, he lived for some time in comparative obscurity.

Mesmerism was introduced into England in the year 1788, by a Dr. De Mainauduc, who, on his arrival at Bristol, delivered lectures on ‘Animal Magnetism’; and, as his somewhat cautious biographer, Dr. George Winter, observes, he ‘was reported to have cured diseased persons,evenwithout the aid of medicines, and of his having the power of treating and curing diseased persons at a distance.’ He found many dupes, for the said authority remarks, ‘On looking over the lists of Students that had been, or then were under the Doctor’s tuition, it appeared that there was 1 Duke—1 Duchess—1 Marchioness—2 Countesses—1 Earl—1 Lord—3 Ladies—1 Bishop—5 Right Honourable Gentlemen and Ladies—2 Baronets—7 Members of Parliament—1 Clergyman—2 Physicians—7 Surgeons—exclusive of 92 Gentlemen and Ladies of respectability, in the whole 127.

‘Naturally fond of study, and my thirst after knowledgebeing insatiable, I also was allured to do myself the honour of adding my name to the list; and to investigate this very extraordinary Science: and, according to the general terms, I paid 25 Guineas to the Doctor, and 5 Guineas for the use of the Room; I also signed a bond for £10,000, and took an affidavit that I would not discover the secrets of the Scienceduring the Doctor’s natural life.’

So we see that this wonderful power had a market value of no mean consideration, and, indeed, an anonymous authority, who wrote on ‘Animal Magnetism,’ states that Dr. Mainauduc realised £100,000. So lucrative was its practice, that many pretenders sprung up, notable one Holloway who gave lectures at the rate of five guineas the course, besides Miss Prescott, Mrs. Pratt, Monsieur de Loutherbourg the painter, Mr. Parker, and Dr. Yeldal; but the chief of these quacks was Dr. Loutherbourg, who was assisted in his operations by his wife. A book about his wonderful cures was written by one of his believers, Mary Pratt, ‘A lover of the Lamb of God,’ in which he is described as‘A Gentleman of superior abilities, well known in the scientific and polite Assemblies for his brilliancy of talents as a Philosopher, and Painter: this Gentleman is no other than Mr. De Loutherbourg, who with his Lady, Mrs. De Loutherbourg, have been made by the Almighty power of the Lord Jehovah, proper Recipients to receive divine Manuductions, which heavenly and divine Influx coming from the RadixGod, his divine Majesty has most graciously condescended to bestow on them (his blessing) to diffuse healing toallwho have faith in the Lord as mediator, be they Deaf, Dumb, Lame, Halt, or Blind.’

That thousands flocked to these charlatans is undoubted, for Dr. George Winter (above quoted) says, ‘It was credibly reported that 3,000 persons have attended at one time, to get admission at Mr. Loutherbourg’s, at Hammersmith; and that some persons sold their tickets for from One, to Three Guineas each.’ And this is corroborated by crazy Mary Pratt. ‘Report says three Thousand People have waited for Tickets at a time. For my own part, the Croud was so immense that I could with difficulty gain the Door on Healing Days, and I suppose, upon conviction, Report spoke Truth.’ De Loutherbourg charged nothing for his cures, and Mary Pratt is extremely scandalized at those who, having received a ticket gratis, sold them from two to five guineas.

Many cases are given in her book of the cures effected by this benevolent couple; how the blind were made to see, the deaf to hear, the lame to walk, or the dumb to speak—nay, could even cast out devils—as the following testimonial will show.

‘The second case I shall mention is that of a woman possessed with Evil Spirits, her name Pennier, lives at No. 33 Ogle Street, Mary-le-bone, near Portland-Chapel; her husband lives with the French Ambassador: her case was too terrific to describe; her eyes and mouth distorted, she was like a Lunatic in every sense of the word; she used to say that it was not her voice that spoke, but the devil in her. In short, her case was most truly distressing, not only to her family, but the neighbourhood; she used to invite people in with apparent civility, then bite them, and scratch like a cat; nay, she would beg a pin of women, and then scratch them with it, &c., &c., &c.’

‘Mrs. De Loutherbourg, a lady of most exquisitesensibility and tenderness, administered to this Mrs. Pennier; she daily amended, and is now in her right mind, praising God, who has through his servant performed such an amazing cure, to the astonishment of hundreds who saw her and heard her.’

Mrs. De Loutherbourg’s system of cure was extremely simple, as this example will show: ‘Mrs. Hook, Stable Yard, St. James’s, has two daughters, born Deaf and Dumb. She waited on the Lady above mentioned, who looked on them with an eye of benignity, and healed them. (I heard both of them speak.)’

Her husband’s plan was rather more clumsy. He imposed hands. ‘A News-Carrier at Chelsea cured of an Abscess in his Side. Mr. De Loutherbourg held his hand on the Abscess half a minute, and it broke immediately.’

Perhaps these cures were not permanent, for ‘Mr. De Loutherbourg told me he had cured by the blessing of God, two Thousand since Christmas. But, as our Lord said, of the ten healed, one only returned to thank him; so many hundreds have acted, that have never returned to Mr. De Loutherbourg.’

One of the most impudent of these quacks was named Benjamin Douglas Perkins, whose father claimed to be the inventor of the metallic tractors, which were rods made either of a combination of copper, zinc, and gold, or of iron, silver, and platinum, and he explains, in the specification to his patent, that‘the point of the instrument thus formed, I apply to those parts of the body which are affected with diseases, and draw them off on the skin, to a distance from the complaint, and usually towards the extremities.’

He charged the moderate sum of five guineas a set for these precious instruments, and made a good thing out of them. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and, as a proof that his charlatanism was believed in, this benevolent society subscribed largely, and built for him thePerkinean Institution, an hospital where the poor could be treated on his system, free of cost.

He was an adept in the art of puffing, and his ‘Testimonials’ are quite equal to those of modern times. I will only cite two. ‘My little infant child wasscaldedwith hot tea on the forehead, about three and a half inches in length, and three-fourths of an inch in breadth, which raised a vesicle before I had time to apply anything to it. TheTractorswere solely used, and the whole redness disappeared. The Blister broke, &c.’

‘A lady fell from her horse, anddislocatedher ancle, which remained several hours before it was reduced, by which it became very muchswelled,inflamed, andpainful. Two or three applications of theTractorrelieved the pain, and in a day or two she walked the house, and had no further complaint.’

Then also was Dominicetti, who, in 1765, established a house in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, for medicated baths, but he hardly belongs to the magnetisers. Then there was Katterfelto, but he, too, hovers on the borderland of quackism—vide the following one of hundreds of advertisements.102

‘By particular Desire of many of the First Nobility.ThisPresent EveningandTo-Morrow,At lateCox’s Museum, Spring Gardens,

ASonof the late ColonelKatterfeltoof theDeath’s Head Hussars, belonging to the King of Prussia, is to exhibit the same variety of Performances as he did exhibit on Wednesday the 13th of March, before many Foreign Ministers, with great applause.

Mr. KatterfeltoHas had the honour in his travels to exhibit before the Empress of Russia, the Queen of Hungary, the Kings of Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, and Poland.

Mr. Katterfelto’sLectures are Philosophical, Mathematical, Optical, Magnetical, Electrical, Physical, Chymical, Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Hydrostatic, Styangraphic, Palenchic, and Caprimantic Art.

Mr. KatterfeltoWill deliver a different Lecture every night in the week, and show various uncommon experiments, and his apparatus are very numerous, and elegantly finished: all are on the newest construction, many of which are not to be equalled in Europe.

Mr. KatterfeltoWill, after his Philosophical Lecture, discover various arts by which many persons lose their fortunes by Dice, Cards, Billiards, and E.O. Tables, &c.’

He was a charlatanpur et simple, and to his other attractions he added a performing black cat,103‘but Colonel Katterfelto is very sorry that many persons will have it that he and his famousBlack CatwereDevilsbut such suspicion only arises through his various wonderful and uncommon performances: he only professes to be a moral and divine Philosopher, and he says, that all persons on earth live in darkness,if they are able, but won’t see that most enterprizing, extraordinary, astonishing, wonderful, and uncommon exhibition on the Solar Microscope. He will this day, and every day this week, show, from eight in the morning till five in the afternoon, his various new Occult Secrets, which have surprized the King and the whole Royal Family: and his evening lecture begins this, and every night, precisely at eight o’clock; but no person will be admitted after eight; and after his lecture he will exhibit many new deceptions. His Black Cat will also make her appearance this evening at No. 24, Piccadilly. His exhibition of the Solar Microscope has caused him lately very grand houses; also his wonderful Black Cat at night; many thousands could not receive admission lately for want of room, and Katterfelto expects to clear at least above £30,000, in a year’s time, through his Solar Microscope and surprizing Black Cat.’

He also invented a sort of lucifer-match.104‘Dr. Katterfelto will also, for2/6d.sell such a quantity of his new inventedAlarum, which is better than £20 worth of Phosphorus matches, and is better in a house or ship than £20,000, as many lives may be saved by it, and is more useful to the Nation than 30,000 Air Balloons. It will light 900 candles, pistols or cannons, and never misses. He also sells the very best Solid, Liquid, and Powder Phosphorus, Phosphorus Matches, Diamond Beetles, &c.’ Katterfelto died at Bedale, in Yorkshire, 25th of November, 1799.

There also lived Dr. Graham, who was not heard of before 1780, and he was an arch quack. About that year he took a mansion in the Royal Terrace, Adelphi, which he fitted up sumptuously. It wasinscribed ‘Templum Æsculapio Sacrum,’ and was called both the ‘Temple of Health,’ and the ‘Hymeneal Temple.’ Here, in air heavy with incense, he lectured on electricity and magnetism. He was a past master in the art of puffing, and published several books in glorification of himself. In one, called ‘Medical Transactionsat the Temple of Health in London, in the course of the years 1781 & 1782,’ he gives a wonderful list of cures worked by his ‘Electrical Æther, Nervous Æthereal Balsam, Imperial Pills, Liquid Amber, British Pills,’ and his ‘Bracing, or Restorative Balsam,’ which, in order to bring within the reach of ordinary people, he kindly consented to sell at half-price, namely, ‘that the bottles marked, and formerly sold at one guinea, maynowbe had at only half-a-guinea; the half-guinea bottles at five shillings and threepence; the five shilling at half-a-crown, and the two-and-sixpenny vials atonly one shilling and threepence.’

In this book, too, are some choice specimens of poetry, all laudatory of Dr. Graham, one of which is worth repeating, as a specimen—

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