APPENDIX

To his amazement, he sawfootprints.The carriage rolled away from theporte-cochère.HisHistory of English Literature.The wreck of thePolar Star.

107. The Hyphen.—The hyphen is used as follows:—

1. Between the parts of some compound words,son-in-law,simple-hearted,vice-president. With regard to many words, usage varies. The tendency is to omit the hyphen and write the words as one,e.g.football,horsecar. According to some authorities, compound numerals and fractions retain the hyphen,e.g.twenty-nine,one hundred and thirty-first,two-thirds.

2. To separate two vowels which are not pronouncedtogether,e.g.pre-eminent,co-operation. The diæresis is frequently used for the same purpose,e.g.preëminent.

3. To mark the division of a word at the end of a line. Usage varies as to the way in which many words shall be divided. The subject can be best studied by noticing the practice of good printers. The pupil may bear in mind, however, (a) that he should not divide words of only one syllable; (b) that he should be guided by pronunciation; (c) that syllables should begin, if possible, with a consonant. For example,photog-raphy,Napo-leon,litera-ture.

Exercise 152.—Make up three illustrations each of proper uses of the question mark, the exclamation point, parentheses, brackets, the dash, the apostrophe, double quotation marks, single quotation marks, italics, the hyphen.

108. Capitals.—The pronounIand the interjectionOare written with capital letters. Capital letters are used at the beginning of words as follows:—

1. The first word of a sentence, a line of poetry, and a direct quotation.

"Making his rustic reed of songA weapon in the war with wrong."His last words were: "Mother is coming.""Run," he said, "there is still time."

"Making his rustic reed of songA weapon in the war with wrong."

His last words were: "Mother is coming."

"Run," he said, "there is still time."

2. Names and titles of the Deity and personal pronouns referring to Him,e.g.the Almighty,the Holy Spirit,I pray that He will aid me.

3. Proper nouns and adjectives, including names of streets, the months, the days, races, sects, parties, nations, and parts of the country. For example,JohnSmith,Broadway,New York City,February,Sunday,Christmas,Indian,Episcopalian,Democrat,English,the South. Notice thatnegroandgypsyare not begun with capital letters.

Personal titles, whenever they are equivalent to proper nouns. In compound titles, each part begins with a capital.

The President and the Governor of Rhode Island are here.The Attorney-General of the United States.

4. The first word in the title of a book, article, or composition and every noun and adjective in the title, but not other words. When a verb or adverb is an important or prominent word in the title, it may also be begun with a capital.

The Spy; a Tale of the Neutral Ground.Under the Red Robe.Sketches, New and Old.Teaching Requires Knowledge and Skill.

5. Personified nouns, and names of great events or bodies of men.

"While sallow Autumn fills thy lap with leaves."It was a cold day in autumn.[5]At the beginning of the Revolutionary War.While the Legislature is sitting.Exercise 153.—I. Construct sentences containing in all twenty words that should begin with capital letters.

"While sallow Autumn fills thy lap with leaves."It was a cold day in autumn.[5]At the beginning of the Revolutionary War.While the Legislature is sitting.

Exercise 153.—I. Construct sentences containing in all twenty words that should begin with capital letters.

II. Which words in the following sentences should begin with capitals? Why?

1. He added, with a look of curiosity, "you must be a stranger." 2. "I like," said he, "to lie down upon the grass." 3. In 1827 he entered the senate, serving there until the president appointed him secretary of state. 4. At length I reached fourth street. 5. It was easter morning. 6. He has always voted the republican ticket. 7. There are more negroes in the south than in the west. 8. No one imagined that he would make a good emperor. 9. The king died on tuesday. 10. I shall see you this summer.

Exercise 154.(Review).—Insert in the following sentences the proper marks of punctuation:—

1. It was a dull dark gloomy day. 2. He was a rosy faced smiling and cheerful young gentleman. 3. Some of us were disappointed others overjoyed. 4. A pretty little white dog came running up to me. 5. Samuel the youngest of the three was by far the tallest. 6. My letters have brought no response consequently I have ceased writing. 7. Well Philip I am glad to see you again. 8. With hearty thanks for your kindness to me a stranger I am my dear sir your obedient servant John Smith. 9. Now Wegg said Mr. Boffin hugging his stick closer I want to make an offer to you. 10. The champion moving onward ascended the platform.

11. At the flourish of clarions and trumpets they started out at full galop. 12. The lake greatly to my surprise seemed as far off as before. 13. Terrible as was his anger he still spoke calmly. 14. To make a long story short I could never find a trace of him again. 15. His expressions too were frequently incorrect. 16. After the fourth encounter however there was a considerable pause. 17. However strong you may be you must not waste your strength. 18. My friend who is called Sir Roger came at once to seeme. 19. The person who comes last must start first. 20. He that read loudest was to have a half-penny.

21. None was so dissatisfied as Cedric who regarded the whole scene with scorn. 22. The message which I wished to send is simply this. 23. I will never do not interrupt me I will never consent to such a plan. 24. As often as he came and he came very often he stood long at the gate before entering. 25. Though they dwelt in such a solitude these people were not lonely. 26. If you insist I will speak frankly.

27. At ten o'clock the great war chief with his treacherous followers reached the fort and the gateway was thronged with their savage faces. 28. Some were crested with hawk eagle or raven plumes others had shaved their heads leaving only the fluttering scalp-lock on the crown while others again wore their long black hair flowing loosely at their backs or wildly hanging about their brows like a lion's mane. 29. Their bold yet crafty features their cheeks besmeared with ocher and vermilion white lead and soot their keen deep-set eyes gleaming in their sockets like those of rattlesnakes gave them an aspect grim uncouth and horrible. 30. For the most part they were tall strong men and all had a gait and bearing of peculiar stateliness.

109. List of Common Abbreviations.—The following is a list of common abbreviations, particularly those of foreign words or phrases. Abbreviations of names of states and other very familiar abbreviations are omitted.

A.B.orB.A.(Latin,Artium Baccalaureus), Bachelor of Arts.A.D.(Latin,anno domini), in the year of our Lord.A.M.orM.A.(Latin,Artium Magister), Master of Arts.a.m.(Latin,ante meridiem), before noon.anon., anonymous.B.C., before Christ.Bp., Bishop.Capt., Captain.cf.(Latin,confer), compare.C.O.D., collect on delivery.Col., Colonel.cor. sec., corresponding secretary.D.D., Doctor of Divinity.e.g.(Latin,exempli gratia), for example.Esq., Esquire.etc.(Latin,et cetera), and so forth.F.orFahr., Fahrenheit (thermometer).F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal Society.Gov., Governor.H.R.H., His Royal Highness.Hon., Honorable.ibid.(Latin,ibidem, "in the same place"), a term used in footnotes, in reference to a book just mentioned.i.e.(Latin,id est), that is.inst.(Latin,mense instante), the present month.jr.orjun., junior.Lieut., Lieutenant.LL.D., Doctor of Laws.M.(Latin,meridies), noon.M.(French,Monsieur), Mr.Maj., Major.M.C., Member of Congress.M.D.(Latin,Medicinæ Doctor), Doctor of Medicine.Mlle.(French,Mademoiselle), Miss.MM.(French,Messieurs), used as the plural ofM.Mme.(French,Madame), Mrs.MS., manuscript.MSS., manuscripts.N.B.(Latin,nota bene), mark well.p., page.per cent.(Latin,per centum), by the hundred.p.m.(Latin,post meridiem), after noon.pp., pages.Prof., Professor.pro tem.(Latin,pro tempore), for the time being.prox.(Latin,proximo), next month.P.S.(Latin,post scriptum), postscript.Q.E.D.(Latin,quod erat demonstrandum), which was to be proved.Rev., Reverend.R.R., Railroad.Rt. Rev., Right Reverend.sr.orsen., senior.Supt., Superintendent.ult.(Latin,ultimo), last month.U.S.A., United States army.U.S.M., United States mail.U.S.N., United States navy.vid.(Latin,vide), see.viz.(Latin,videlicet), to wit, namely.

I. For dropping or retaining the finale.

1. Words ending ine, preceded by a consonant, usually dropeon taking a suffix beginning with a vowel.

movemovingbelievebelievingconceiveconceivingreceivereceivingachieveachieving

2. Words ending inuedropeon taking a suffix.

arguearguingfatiguefatiguingException: vague, vaguely, vagueness.

3. Words ending ineretaineon taking a suffix beginning with a consonant.

movemovementlargelargelyhoarsehoarsenesspeacepeacefulsensesenselesswholewholesomeremorseremorselessadvertiseadvertisement

4. Words ending inceorgeretaineon addingable,ably, orous.

changechangeablecouragecourageousnoticenoticeableoutrageoutrageous

II. For doubling the final consonant.

1. Words of one syllable (and words of more than one syllable if accented on the last syllable), ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the first consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

thinthinnerforgotforgottenslapslappingtrottrottingacquitacquittingbeginbeginner

2. When the accent is thrown back upon another syllable, after the derivative is formed, the final consonant is not doubled.

referreferencepreferpreference

3. When preceded by two vowels, the final consonant is not doubled.

toiltoilingkeepkeeper

III. For finaly.

1. Words ending iny, preceded by a consonant, retainybefore a suffix beginning withi; on taking a suffix beginning with any other letter,yis in most cases changed toi.

crycryinglazylazinessflyflyingdutydutiabletrytryinghappyhappiness

2. Words ending iny, preceded by a vowel, retainybefore a suffix.

buybuyinggraygraynessplayplayingstaystayingjoyjoyfulobeyobeying

Article I.Name.—This club shall be known as the ......

Article II.Object.—Its object shall be the ......

Article III.Officers.—Its officers shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary, and a treasurer. There shall also be ...... committees of ...... each. These officers and committees shall be elected by the club at each annual meeting, as provided for in the by-laws.

Article IV.Meetings.—The club shall hold an annual business meeting on ......, and a regular meeting every ...... None but members shall be present, except as provided in the by-laws. ...... members shall constitute a quorum. Special meetings may be called by the president upon the written application of ...... members.

Article V.Membership.—......

Article VI.Dues.—The [annual] dues shall be ...... payable on ......

Article I.Duties of Officers.—Section 1.President and vice-president.—The President shall preside at meetings of the club and shall ...... The vice-president shall preside at meetings in the absence of the president and shall ......

Sect. 2.The Secretary.—The secretary shall keep a correct record of all meetings and shall ......

Sect. 3.The Treasurer.—The treasurer shall receive and pay out all money, subject to the order of the club, and shall keep a correct account in detail of all receipts and expenditures, and shall render a report in writing at the annual meeting.

Sect. 4.Standing Committees.—The duties of the committees shall be as specified below ......

Article II.Election of Members.—......

Article III.Visitors.—......

Article IV.Programme of Meetings.—......

Article V.Amendments.—This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the club by a two-thirds vote of the members present, provided that written notice of the intended change has been given at the previous meeting.

(The numerals refer to pages.)

Advertisements,135.Appeals,133.Argument, general principle of,214;the introduction,215;the reasons,217;the outline,220;the plea,221;other forms of,221.Autobiography,140.Biography,142.Clause, defined,4;dependent or subordinate,4;independent or principal,5.Condensation,67;method in,71.Description, observation necessary in,155;general scientific description,158;specific scientific,162;use of technical terms in,163;literary description,164;of people,169;longer description,172;description of conditions,174;by contrast,176;of events,177;picture making of scenes of action,179;description of travel,182;descriptions of an hour,185.Diary, value of,106;contents of,107;imaginary diaries,109;class diaries,109.Expansion,78;purpose of,79.Exposition, general principles of,199;explanation of a material process,201;of games,204;of abstract ideas,208;by example and comparison,208;by repetition,210;by contrast,211;by a figure of speech,211.Figures of speech,59.History,144.Invitations, formal,122.Letters, various kinds of,112;friendly,113;of social intercourse,119;formal invitations,122;telegrams,123;business letters,125.Metaphor,59.Narration, essentials of a good narrative,137;autobiography,140;biography,142;history,144;plain reporting of facts,150;conversation,152;travel,182;historical stories,188;fictitious stories,191;the beginning of a narrative,193;the ending,196;the body,197.Notices,130.Oral composition,102.Outlines,92,98,220.Paragraph, defined and described,29;beginning of or topic sentence,30;unity in,35;body of,37;too many paragraphs,41;end of paragraph or summary sentence,42;arrangement in a whole composition,96.Paraphrase,80,84.Petitions,134.Phrase, defined,4.Pronunciation,104.Punctuation,246.Quotations, how punctuated,44,259.Secretarial work,225.Sentence, distinguished from phrase and clause,4;simple, complex, and compound,7;variety in the use of sentences,14,19;length of,14;periodic,17;loose,18;bad,21,22,23,25;"comma" sentence,22;with and without unity,23;formless,25.Simile,59.Slang,63.Spelling,62.Synonyms,53.Telegrams,123.Travel,182.Unity, in sentences,23;in paragraphs,35;in whole compositions,97.Versification,234.Vocabulary, size and character of English,50;increasing one's vocabulary,50.Whole composition,88;outline of,92,98,220;arrangement of paragraphs in,96;essentials of,97;how to plan a,98.Words,49;vocabulary,50;synonyms,53;choice of words,55;accuracy in the use of,58;errors in the use of,62.

Addison, Joseph, The Spectator,209,212.Ames, Azel, How the Pilgrims Came to Plymouth,144.Baldwin, James, A Story of the Golden Age,30.Bryant, William C., To the Fringed Gentian,158.Buckley, Arabella, Fairyland of Science,70.Burroughs, John, Locusts and Wild Honey,156;Squirrels and Other Fur-bearing Animals,192.Cooper, James Fenimore, The Pilot,71.Dickens, Charles, A Child's History of England,69,75,177,188;David Copperfield,167,169,186.Franklin, Benjamin, Autobiography,43.Garland, Hamlin, Main-traveled Roads,174.Gregory, Lady, Through Portugal,182.Hardy, Thomas, Far from the Madding Crowd,179.Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Mosses from an Old Manse,83.Hughes, Thomas, Tom Brown's Schooldays,63.Irving, Washington, Rip Van Winkle,43;Astoria,81,82;Life of Columbus,83;Stratford-on-Avon (The Sketch-Book),88.Kane, Elisha E., Arctic Explorations,70.Leavitt, R. G., Outlines of Botany,158.Lockyer, J. N., Astronomy,92.Long, William J., Ways of Wood Folk,31.Longfellow, Henry W., The Courtship of Miles Standish,82;The Bridge of Cloud,83;Walter Von der Vogelweid,85.Lowell, James R., The Vision of Sir Launfal,84.Main, E., Cities and Sights of Spain,204.Merriam, Florence A., Birds through an Opera Glass,160,162.Motley, J. L., Correspondence,170.Nicolay, Helen, The Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln,32.Parkman, Francis, The Conspiracy of Pontiac,180.Prescott, William H., The Conquest of Mexico,82.Sheridan, Richard B., The Rivals,58.Thoreau, Henry D., Excursions,165.Whittier, John G., The Barefoot Boy,84.Yonge, Charlotte M., A Book of Golden Deeds,93.

Printed in the United States of America.

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