NOTES.
Put gum shellac into a glass or earthen vessel (a wooden box coated inside with glue makes a very good vessel in which to dissolve shellac), and pour over it alcohol enough to cover the shellac; keep stirring it until no lumps remain. This will take from two to three hours, according to quantity. If left in a tin can the shellac becomes very dark. To clear it when dark add a little oxalic acid and stir until cleared.
Dissolve shellac in 90 per cent alcohol. Stir for two hours, though not continually; do not allow it to stand long enough for lumps to settle. After the shellac is dissolved the polish is ready for use.
Now take a piece of old soft woolen material, and form it into a ball about the size of an egg in a way to permit the lower side to remain smooth. On the latter pour about from one half to one thimbleful of the polish. Around the whole put a four-cornered piece of old linen about 10 × 13 inches, and fold it around the ball just as you have done with the woolen cloth but in such a way that you can hold it by the end of the goods. On the smooth side put a few drops of linseed oil, and then begin to polish the surface with a light and even pressure in a circular movement from one side to the other, forward and backward, until the entire surface receives a slight covering of polish. When the work becomes more difficult the ball requires moistening by a few drops of oil; at the same time put a few drops of oil on the plate, and the ball will move easily again. You must observe the work constantly. If everything is in order the plate as well as the ball will keep clean, but if the ball sticks to the plate and gets smeary then you will know that the polish is too thick and must be thinned with alcohol, which you are to put on the woolen cloth, previously removing the linen and putting it back on the other side; that is, turn the linen rag beforeputting it back on the ball. After having polished it sufficiently so that all the pores of the wood are filled and the surface has a nice gloss, put another soft linen rag around the ball, and moisten it with a few drops of alcohol; again polish as before until the flat surface has a high grade of smoothness and gloss and all the greasy appearance has disappeared. You must be very careful, however, to apply but a few drops of alcohol and to press these into the ball as well as possible; otherwise the strength of it may dissolve the polish in some places entirely. When at last the ball leaves but weak traces, then polish fast with strong strokes forward and backward until the ball is completely dry and the surface of the wood very glossy.
If you polish the finished surface once more after ten days the gloss will be nicer, as the surface gets harder with age.
If you want the polish to be colored use Curcuma for yellow, Sandal for red, and Spanish green for green. The color is to be put in a thin coat between two linen rags, over which should be put a woolen rag. While polishing some of the coloring will stick to the polish.
It is not to be expected that by working according to these directions you will learn how to polish perfectly, as there are always some unlooked-for difficulties, but generally you can tell what to do in any emergency.
How to dissolve and how to use.
Glue, which one workman finds all right and from which he obtains excellent results, may, in the hands of another workman, prove a failure from many causes, some of which may be that the glue is too thick, or it may have been chilled before the pieces were clamped together, or the glue is too thin. The workman has to know from experience just how thick the glue has to be for the work he has on hand. A hardwood piece of work requires a thinner glue than soft wood. The average consistency of glue should be about like that of thin syrup, and should be applied hot to the work. Sometimes in cold weatherthe glue “sets” quickly; then the pieces to be glued should be heated so that the glue may be kept soft. When the pieces are put together clamp them up quickly or rub them together, forcing out the surplus glue from the joint. When work is glued together it should stand from eight to twelve hours before being handled.
When the end grain of wood has to be glued, it should first be sized, that is, it should be given a coat of glue and let dry. This fills the pores of the wood so that when the joint is made it will hold.
There are two kinds of glue, animal and fish glue. Animal glue is made from the refuse of slaughter houses and tanneries, and the number of grades and colors are innumerable. Fish glue is made chiefly from the entrails and skin of fish, and is mostly in liquid form.
To prepare glue, put as much as is needed in the glue pot and cover over with cold water; then let it soak from six to ten hours, according to the quantity; after this place the glue pot in the water kettle or glue heater, and apply heat in any convenient way to the water, which in turn heats the glue. The use of the two vessels is to prevent the glue from burning.
Glue should always be used as freshly as possible, for then it holds better than when it is old.
It can be made to stand the weather by adding boiled linseed oil. Add the linseed oil to the glue slowly, stirring it all the time, the proportion of oil to glue being two ounces of oil to sixteen ounces of glue. Another method of preparing glue to stand the weather, is to use skimmed milk instead of water when preparing it.
Oilstones by their continuous use by students become hollow at the center and must be trued up so that plane irons and chisels can be sharpened properly on them. There are a number of methods that can be employed to accomplish this; any of them, if tried, will give good results:
1st Method. Take a piece of flagstone or any kind of stone that has aflat surface, and on it place sharp sand and wet it with water. Take the oilstone, and with a circular motion rub on the sand until a flat surface is obtained. The sand should be kept moist during the operation.
2nd Method. Take a flat board and on it place a sheet of number one and one half sand paper; moisten slightly and rub the oilstone on it until the desired results are obtained. Emery cloth is also good.
3rd Method. We have obtained the best and quickest results from this method, which is to have an iron plate finely corrugated and sprinkle No. 30 or No. 40 emery on it; rub the oilstone over the plate, sprinkling a little emery from time to time as the work advances. Use the emery dry. An oilstone in very poor condition can be trued up by this method in from three to five minutes.
A mixture to apply to a hard oilstone to make it “cut” when sharpening a plane-iron or a chisel, is to take glycerine one part and alcohol one part. This mixture will not become gummy, and an oilstone that is sometimes considered worthless while using common oils, will be found to give good satisfaction.
ToolsforSchools
Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co.209 Bowery, NEW YORK, since 1848.
Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co.209 Bowery, NEW YORK, since 1848.
Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co.
209 Bowery, NEW YORK, since 1848.
THE BRANDDISSTONON SAWS, ETC.
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Manufactured from our own make of Crucible Steel, carefully Forged and Hardened; correctly shaped Teeth. They are the most durable FILES on the market.
We manufacture the Largest Line of Saws in the world. Circular Saws, Band Saws, Crosscut Saws, Hand Saws, Back Saws, Gauges, Plumb & Levels, Screwdrivers, Try Squares, Saw-sets, etc.
HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc.,
KEYSTONE SAW, TOOL, STEEL AND FILE WORKS,PHILADELPHIA, PENN.
Construction Work
IN CARDBOARD AND PAPER, WITHOUTTHE USE OF TOOLS, WITH COURSE INWOODWORK for Fifth and Sixth Grades
By ROBERT M. SMITH
Supervisor of Manual Training, Chicago Public Schools.
A complete course in Manual Training for the first four grades. The work is definite, practical, simple, and connects the Kindergarten with the Grammar grades. The details are complete. The materials are inexpensive. This course is now being used in a number of the Chicago Public Schools.
THE ONLY PRACTICAL BOOK PUBLISHED COVERING THISWORK. ITS COMPLETENESS OF PLAN AND ILLUSTRATION... MAKES IT INVALUABLE ...
CLOTH, 42 FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS, 75 CENTS
A. FLANAGAN COMPANY, Publishers
266 Wabash Avenue, CHICAGO
No.1 MANUAL TRAINING BENCH
These benches are made of selected hard maple throughout, and are fitted with our No. 60 rapid-acting vise. They are shipped knocked down and any boy can set them up. They are extremely strong and rigid, and with our steel and iron vise make an outfit practically indestructible. We make benches only fitted with our vises, and can furnish any style desired, either single or double. Cabinetmakers’, carvers’ or special designs made to order. Our prices are but little, if any, higher than asked for cheaply made benches with wooden vises or cheap cast-iron vises. This is an excellent bench to have about the house, and is suitable for boys from 6 years old to men of 60. They are superior benches for manual training and have plenty of capacity for the work.
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SIX! SIX!BRIGHT NEWBOOKSIN THE MISTY REALM OF FABLEByEmma Robinson Kleckner“The book contains all that is best in Mythology, and what it presents is made the most of in the way it is told.”—Wm. Hawley Smith, Author and Lecturer.This book is admirably adapted as a Supplementary Header for fourth and fifth grades. Second Edition. Cloth. Eight full page illustrations. Many smaller ones. 160 pages, handsome cover, list 50 cents.TURNING POINTS IN TEACHINGByD. C. Murphy, Ph. D.Superintendent Training Department of Slippery Rock (Pa.)State Normal School.Dr. Murphy is a practical teacher; he knows the needs of teachers and has given them a book full of New Methods, Ideas, Anecdotes and Helps. Some of the chapters are: The First Day of School; Critical Moments in the School Room; Managing the Bad Boy; Managing the Bad Girl; Blue Monday. Cloth, 144 pages, 50 cents; paper, 25 cents.THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO MUSICByJ. N. WhybarkIn the Student’s Guide to Music we find just what its name indicates; all the necessary rudiments of music; talks on Voice Culture, Breathing and Theory; nearly 100 Exercises in Sight Singing for classes in unison; a Complete Dictionary of musical terms. Manila binding, 60 pages, 25 cents.NORTON’S PRACTICAL STUDIES IN GRAMMARTheory and Practice are combined; principles and definitions given from the outset, but with little formality; abundance of easy examples for illustrations; varied selections from standard literature for grammatical and literary study. Large type; several full page and half page illustrations. Cloth, 215 pages, price40cents. If the book is adopted the amount paid for the first copy will be refunded.MISS HAUCK’S NEW REPRODUCTIONSTORIES FOR PRIMARY GRADES150original and rewritten stories. They embrace all subjects, as Little Stories about Nature, Stories about Animals, Children, Flowers, Trees, Birds, Leaves, etc. Price 15¢.A NEW HELP IN UNITED STATES HISTORYByO. H Marsh, County Supt.,Mills County, Ia.This is not purposed as a patent method for teaching history, but is the result of long experience in the school room and in normal institutes. The Outlines are full, the Notes interesting, the Questions suggestive. Send25cents for a copy and if not fully up to expectations, return same.Are You in the Darkas to where certain articles in your work may be found? Write us forHelps in School Entertainments, General Work, School Blanks, Text Books, School Supplies, Pictures, Supplementary Reading, Etc.A. FLANAGAN CO. CHICAGO
SIX! SIX!BRIGHT NEWBOOKS
IN THE MISTY REALM OF FABLE
ByEmma Robinson Kleckner
“The book contains all that is best in Mythology, and what it presents is made the most of in the way it is told.”—Wm. Hawley Smith, Author and Lecturer.
This book is admirably adapted as a Supplementary Header for fourth and fifth grades. Second Edition. Cloth. Eight full page illustrations. Many smaller ones. 160 pages, handsome cover, list 50 cents.
TURNING POINTS IN TEACHING
ByD. C. Murphy, Ph. D.
Superintendent Training Department of Slippery Rock (Pa.)State Normal School.
Dr. Murphy is a practical teacher; he knows the needs of teachers and has given them a book full of New Methods, Ideas, Anecdotes and Helps. Some of the chapters are: The First Day of School; Critical Moments in the School Room; Managing the Bad Boy; Managing the Bad Girl; Blue Monday. Cloth, 144 pages, 50 cents; paper, 25 cents.
THE STUDENT’S GUIDE TO MUSIC
ByJ. N. Whybark
In the Student’s Guide to Music we find just what its name indicates; all the necessary rudiments of music; talks on Voice Culture, Breathing and Theory; nearly 100 Exercises in Sight Singing for classes in unison; a Complete Dictionary of musical terms. Manila binding, 60 pages, 25 cents.
NORTON’S PRACTICAL STUDIES IN GRAMMAR
Theory and Practice are combined; principles and definitions given from the outset, but with little formality; abundance of easy examples for illustrations; varied selections from standard literature for grammatical and literary study. Large type; several full page and half page illustrations. Cloth, 215 pages, price40cents. If the book is adopted the amount paid for the first copy will be refunded.
MISS HAUCK’S NEW REPRODUCTIONSTORIES FOR PRIMARY GRADES
150original and rewritten stories. They embrace all subjects, as Little Stories about Nature, Stories about Animals, Children, Flowers, Trees, Birds, Leaves, etc. Price 15¢.
A NEW HELP IN UNITED STATES HISTORY
ByO. H Marsh, County Supt.,Mills County, Ia.
This is not purposed as a patent method for teaching history, but is the result of long experience in the school room and in normal institutes. The Outlines are full, the Notes interesting, the Questions suggestive. Send25cents for a copy and if not fully up to expectations, return same.
Are You in the Darkas to where certain articles in your work may be found? Write us forHelps in School Entertainments, General Work, School Blanks, Text Books, School Supplies, Pictures, Supplementary Reading, Etc.
A. FLANAGAN CO. CHICAGO
THE NEW ARITHMETICSTHE NEW PRACTICAL ARITHMETICByA. W. Rich, Professor of Mathematicsin the Iowa State Normal School.This book is the result of practical work in the class room, and furnishes a complete course for all ordinary purposes.Among the Features of Special Note are:1. A set of tables and drills for mental work. These cover the essential operations of arithmetic and are designed to make the pupil proficient in the shortest time possible.2. A presentation of the necessary definitions, principles, and rules in compact form so as to indicate clearly the arithmetical elements and relations.3. A great number of model problem solutions. The scope, the varied character, and the helpfulness of these emphasize the thought side, and are of the highest value in developing the reasoning powers.4. A large variety of Drill Tables, Test Problems, and other means of testing the pupil’s power as well as giving him mastery over the subject.Cloth, 5 × 7½ inches. 222 pages. Price, 50 cents.THE NEW HIGHER ARITHMETICThe need of a good, practical, and suggestive higher text in arithmetic has long been felt. Not a book of catch problems, or a book filled with curious or obsolete matter is here presented; but a helpful, inspiring, useful text-book.A Special Feature May be Mentioned:The Model Solutionfound so valuable in the New Practical Arithmetic, has been carried forward in this work. To this has been added a feature known as “indicated work,” inventional in its nature, by which the pupil is taught to formulate his problems and to express them in clear and definite language.This work is regarded as of high value in enabling a pupil to determine promptly the conditions of a problem, and to see the end from the beginning and then proceed by logical steps from the beginning to the end.Cloth, 5 × 7½ inches. 320 pages. Price, 75 cents.A copy of both books for$1.00. If adopted or returned money will be refunded.Liberal Terms for Introduction and Exchange.A. FLANAGAN CO. CHICAGO
THE NEW ARITHMETICS
THE NEW PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC
ByA. W. Rich, Professor of Mathematicsin the Iowa State Normal School.
This book is the result of practical work in the class room, and furnishes a complete course for all ordinary purposes.
Among the Features of Special Note are:
1. A set of tables and drills for mental work. These cover the essential operations of arithmetic and are designed to make the pupil proficient in the shortest time possible.
2. A presentation of the necessary definitions, principles, and rules in compact form so as to indicate clearly the arithmetical elements and relations.
3. A great number of model problem solutions. The scope, the varied character, and the helpfulness of these emphasize the thought side, and are of the highest value in developing the reasoning powers.
4. A large variety of Drill Tables, Test Problems, and other means of testing the pupil’s power as well as giving him mastery over the subject.
Cloth, 5 × 7½ inches. 222 pages. Price, 50 cents.
THE NEW HIGHER ARITHMETIC
The need of a good, practical, and suggestive higher text in arithmetic has long been felt. Not a book of catch problems, or a book filled with curious or obsolete matter is here presented; but a helpful, inspiring, useful text-book.
A Special Feature May be Mentioned:
The Model Solutionfound so valuable in the New Practical Arithmetic, has been carried forward in this work. To this has been added a feature known as “indicated work,” inventional in its nature, by which the pupil is taught to formulate his problems and to express them in clear and definite language.
This work is regarded as of high value in enabling a pupil to determine promptly the conditions of a problem, and to see the end from the beginning and then proceed by logical steps from the beginning to the end.
Cloth, 5 × 7½ inches. 320 pages. Price, 75 cents.
A copy of both books for$1.00. If adopted or returned money will be refunded.
Liberal Terms for Introduction and Exchange.
A. FLANAGAN CO. CHICAGO
Transcriber’s Notes:The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
Transcriber’s Notes:
The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.