1662. That the Scabiosæ and Valerianeæ are directly related to the Syngenesia is likewise indicated by their roots. Unto these succeed in point of structure the Campanulaceæ and the Cucurbitaceæ, which have frequently, too, napiform or turnip-shaped roots.
1663. The number of the Syngenesia is so great that they fill up all the orders of the trunk. In accordance with their whole structure they are obviously the lowest, the stalk being for the most part herbaceous and placed within a circle of radical leaves, but being itself provided with few, imperfect, and scarcely ever pinnate leaves; they have moreover numerous stunted blossoms that are connate with the single or solitary seed, and crowded together, like spadices, grass-spikes, or the fungal pilei, upon a carpoclinium or receptacle.
1664. They are a repetition of the fungi and grasses; of the former in their fleshy root and inflorescence, of the latter likewise in the inflorescence and in the spathoidal root-leaves; above all, in the single large seed, confluent with the ovarium and calyx. The principle of their division must, where it is possible, and for obvious reasons, be drawn from the organs of the trunk.
1665. First order.Radicariæ parenchymatosæ.—Syngenesia, having radical leaves and uniform florets, tubular or wholly stunted ligular florets—CichoraceæandThistles.
1666. Second order.P. vaginatæ.—Syngenesia, with opposite leaves and different kinds of florets, such asradiated, partly lingual and partly tubular corollæ—Sunflowers,Silphieæ.
1667. Third order.R. axonales.—Syngenesia, with alternate leaves and diversified florets—Anthemideæ,Senecionidæ,Astereæ.
1668. Fourth order.R. florales.—Here the ovarium is no longer dense and confluent with the calyx, and it begins to become trilocular—Scabiosæ,Valerianeæ, andCampanulæ.
1669. Fifth order.R. fructuariæ.—Here a perfect fruit is developed, which is connate with the calyx—Asarideæ,Passifloreæ, andCucurbitaceæ. They have apple-like 3-5 ry fruits, and many of them have napiform roots, e. g. the Gichtrüben. They divide into sixteen families. (Vid. Tab. B.)
CLASS VIII.
Stalk-plants.
1670. Plants with a predominating development of stalk, leaves narrow, mostly opposite, quaternary corollæ upon the calyx, ovarium multilocular, and containing few seeds.
1671. Here everything, both root and leaf, must be stalk-like in character; the stalk is therefore woody, the root fibrous, the foliage twig-like or narrow, like needles.
1672. This structure is chiefly found in theHeathsandStellatæ. The stalk is mostly woody; the foliage either aciculiform or leathery in texture, and never pinnated. The leaves are either arranged in whorls or opposite, a position which indicates a lower grade of development. Moreover, they are related to the plants of the preceding class; they are eitherEpigynousorPerigynous. The corolla and ovarium follow the opposite position of the leaves; the former being quadripartite, the latter bi-and quaternary. Most of them grow in hot countries upon dry ground, and their virtues reside in the stalk, e. g. the Peruvian bark.
1673. The Stellatæ or Rubiaceæ are without doubt the lowest, because they are epigynous and have a quadri-petalous corolla, with a binary and frequently only follicular ovarium.
1674. First order.Cauliariæ parenchymatosæ.TheStellatæproper along with theCoffeaceæ, all of them being two-seeded.
1675. Second order.C. vaginatæ.The Rubiaceæ with bilocular many-seeded capsules—RondeletiæandCinchoneæ.
1676. Third order.C. axonales.Rubiaceæwith fruits—Guettardidæ,Hameliæ,Gardeniæ.
1677. Fourth order.C. florales.Quadripetalar Perigynæ, with similar capsules or berries—Epacrideæ,Vacciniaceæ,Ericaceæ.
1678. Fifth order,C. fructuariæ.Quaternary Perigynes with fruits—Myrobalaneæ,Olacineæ,DiospyroideæandSapoteæ. (For the arrangement of their families vid. Tab. B.)
CLASS IX.
Leaf-plants.
1679. Herbs having broad leaves, quinary hypogynous corollæ, and bilocular capsule. Here the whole stem has become leaf; all the parts are soft; they areherbsin the propermost sense of the word.
1680. Here belong thehypogynousMonopetalæ:Primulaceæ,Personatæ,Solaneæ,Gentianeæ,Asclepiadæ,Cariceæ,Asperifoliæ,Sambuceæ. The roots are fibrous; the stalk herbaceous, being wholly covered, and that indeed with large leaves; calyx and corolla quinquepartite, frequently bilabiate; the germen a bilocular membranous capsule, which seldom becomes fleshy, and contains few seeds. It is these plants which serve chiefly as food for cattle, and whose whole trunk is officinally known under the name ofherbage; relations which express the leafy character.
1681. First order,Foliariæ parenchymatosæ. Herbs with bilocular capsules, in which there are many seeds placed upon a median cone. The capsule dehisces, while both carpels separate from each other—Primulaceæ,Scrophulariæ,Solaneæ.
1682. Second order,F. vaginatæ. For the most part herbaceous, their many-seeded carpels springing open at the dorsal suture—Orobanchaceæ,Rhinanthaceæ, andBignoniaceæ.
1683. Third order,F. axonales. Regular quinary corollæ with seeds borne upon the margins of the two carpellar valves—Gentianaceæ,Asclepiadaceæ,Jasmineæ.
1684. Fourth order,F. florales. Few seeds in one capsule; the pistil becomes nut-like or trilocular—Labiatæ,Polemoniaceæ,Convolvulaceæ.
1685. Fifth order,F. fructuariæ. Herbs and shrubs with fruits; as nuts, plums and berries. For their sixteen families (vid. Tab. B.)
B. BLOSSOM-PLANTS.
1686. Flowers polypetalous.
SECOND CIRCLE.
Flower-plants.
1687. Calyx, corolla, stamina and ovarium perfectly separated from each other—Pedunculate corollæ,StielblumenorHypogynes. The blossom must be here developed in the most perfect manner; i. e. all its parts must be complete and separated from each other. This is the case only in the hypogynous Polypetalæ.
1688. The lowest organized kinds must, from being a repetition of them, remind us of the grasses and Syngenesia. They are therefore polycarpellar or multi-ovarial.—Ranunculaceæ,Malvaceæ,Magnoliaceæ.
1689. Unto these are allied those plants whose ovaria consist of several carpels, but that are connate with each other, and mutually separate for the first time withtheir maturation or decay, as in theRutaceæ,Polygaleæ,Malvaceæ,Aurantiacæ,Platanaceæ,Malpighieæ,Sapindeæ.
1690. The highest are characterized by coalition of the carpels into a single ovarium with stunted dissepiments, and by corollæ that are well developed and distinguished for colour, delicacy, and magnitude—Carnations,Violets,Cistaceæ,Siliquosæ,Poppies,Gamboge-trees.
CLASS X.
Seed-plants.
1691. Plants having a preponderance of seed, that draws after it all the floral parts.
1692. The ovaria have become seed-like, have separated from each other, and inclose for the most part only a single seed.
1693. As in the grasses and Syngenesia many flowers are collected into a spike or upon a receptacle, so here are many carpels in a single corolla—Ranunculaceæ,Geraniaceæ,Tiliaceæ,Malvaceæ,Magnoliaceæ.
1694. The stamina are usually of indefinite number, and mostly connate.
1695. All forms of stalks are here met with; such as herbs, bushes, shrubs, and trees. All forms also of leaves; spathose leaves, petiolated leaves, simple and divided, yet rarely pinnated.
1696. The component parts are usually mucilage, as in the roots of the Syngenesia.
1697. They divide into two great groups, into the quinary and sexanary. Since among the quinary, herbaceous stalks with nodes and spathe-leaves, but capsules only, occur; they must be arranged in the lowest rank. The sexanary bear fruits.
1698. First order,Seminariæ parenchymatosæ. Herbs with nodes and spathose leaves, together with numerous, mostly one-seeded, carpels, attached in an irregular manner to a median columella—RanunculaceæandGeraniaceæ.
1699. Second order,S. vaginatæ.Trees having many-seeded carpels, coalesced like the style,Theaceæ,Tiliaceæ,Elæocarpaceæ.
1700. Third order,S. axonales.Bushes and shrubs with free, mostly simple, leaves, ovaria, mostly one-seeded, and arranged in a circle around the mediate axis or columella; anthers bilocular—Hermanniaceæ,Dombeyaceæ,Sterculiaceæ, andBüttneriaceæ.
1701. Fourth order,S. florales.For the most part trees, having frequently divided leaves and similar ovaria, yet mostly many-seeded and connate—MalvaceæandBombaceæ.
1702. Fifth order,S. fructuariæ.Corollæ mostly sexanary, ovaria in a circle without a columella—Magnoliaceæ,Menispermaceæ,Dilleniaceæ,Anonaceæ. They divide into sixteen families. (Vid. Tab. B.)
CLASS XI.
Ovarium-plants.
1703. Hypogynous Polypetalæ with perfect multilocular ovarium—Polygaleæ,Melieæ,Aurantiaceæ,Platanaceæ,Malpighieæ,Sapindeæ.
1704. While in the preceding class the number of the carpels was usually indeterminate; it is here limited to three and five. In the one, they usually stood around a middle columella or axis, in the other, they form a true capsule with perfect partition-walls or septa, and a single style. The number of the seeds is moderate, i. e. there are more than one, but they are easily counted. They are therefore of mediate size, having no kernels, as is the case in the nuts, but also no granules, as in the berries or poppy capsules. In the preceding class the fruits were rare; here they occur frequently in the upper orders. The number of the floral parts is, throughout the present class, five, that of the stamina five or ten, and they areseldom coalesced; the stalk also passes through all the stages of development from that of the herb through the shrub into the tree. The leaves are seldom spathe-like, but frequently coriaceous and aciculate, as in their predecessors theHeaths; many are pinnated.
1705. First order,Capsulariæ parenchymatosæ—Rutaceæ. Herbs and shrubs frequently provided with aciculate and coriaceous leaves; corollæ regular with ten stamina; ovarium consisting of five carpels, which separate when ripe, and contain few seeds—Rutaceæ,Diosmaceæ.
1706. Second order,C. vaginatæ.Shrubs and trees with similar corollæ and ovaria, which are nevertheless frequently separated and fleshy—Quassiaceæ,Ochnaceæ.
1707. Third order,C. axonales.Mostly shrubs and trees with irregular corollæ and bilocular ovarium—Polygalaceæ,Vochysieæ,Pittosporeæ.
1708. Fourth order,C. florales.Trees with a woody or berry-like ovarium, having several cells—Cedreleæ,Melieæ,Aurantiaceæ.
1709. Fifth order,C. fructuariæ.Trees; flowers quinary, ovarium mostly ternary, becoming a winged or fleshy fruit. (Their sixteen families probably pursue the order indicated at Tab. B.)
CLASS XII.
Corolla-plants.
1710. Corollæ stipaceous, having free stamina; ovaria with stunted septa, and numerous marginal seeds—Carnations,Violets,Cistaceæ,Siliquosæ,Papaveraceæ,Guttiferæ.
1711. The stalk passes through all the stages of formation, from the nodose herb unto the shrub and tree. The leaves occur likewise under all forms, modes, division, and arrangement. The plants of this class are found in all climates, and yield etherial or volatile and fatty oil with resins. They divide first of all into quinary and quaternary; the former being mostly herbs witha hollow capsule; the latter herbs, shrubs, and trees, with siliquæ or berries.
1712. Their strength or virtue resides in the flower, which, is therefore of large size, beautifully coloured, sweet-scented, is frequently appreciated and adopted as an ornament. On the contrary, the ovarium and seed are stunted. The former is a siliqua or hollow capsule, which therefore supports the numerous smaller seeds on the septum.
1713. First order,Corollariæ parenchymatosæ. Nodose herbs with spathose leaves, quinary corollæ, and ten stamina; many seeds upon a columellar or median placenta situated within a hollow capsule—Portulaceæ,Carnations.
1714. Second order,C. vaginatæ. Herbs, shrubs, and trees, with similar but mostly multi-staminal corollæ, and seeds on the capsular septa—Droseraceæ,Hypericineæ,Violaceæ,Cistaceæ, andBixeæ.
1715. Third order,C. axonales. Herbs with quaternary corollæ and a siliqua—Siliquosæ.
1716. Fourth order,C. florales. Bushes and shrubs with quaternary corollæ and numerous stamina; ovarium a siliqua or multi-valvular hollow capsule—Capparidæ,Berberideæ,Papaveraceæ.
1717. Fifth order,C. fructuariæ. Trees with quaternary and quinary corollæ, numerous stamina, and a fruit—Guttiferæ. They divide into the usual sixteen families. (Vid. Tab. B.)
THIRD CIRCLE.
Fruit-plants—Apetalæ, Perigynes.
1718. Stunted calycine corollæ, with nuts, plums, berries, or apples.
1719. They are perigynous Polypetalæ, and include the Apetalæ and Diclines.
1720. The nut consists of a large seed, connate with the woody ovarium, and frequently with the calyx.
1721. The plum is a legumen, between the coats ofwhich fleshy matter has accumulated, and whose internal tunic or endocarp has become woody. The berry is a many-seeded hollow capsule, which, as well as the calyx, has become soft and succulent.
1722. The apple is an ovarium surrounded by a fleshy calyx.
CLASS XIII.
Nut-plants—Apetalæ, Diclines.
1723. Ovarium woody, and inclosing only one seed. Here belong the Apetalous and Diclinous Exogens.
1724. These plants repeat the fungi, grasses and Syngenesia, and have therefore imperfect corollæ, the calyx of which has alone remained, and usually closely surrounds the nut.
1725. The stalk is indeed usually woody; yet is still found to be also herbaceous and nodose with spathiform leaves. The leaves are simple, frequently needle-shaped or else arrested. The principal ingredients are starch, as in the Gramineæ and Syngenesia.
1726. The inflorescence is mostly amentaceous, as in the Agarics, Grasses and Syngenesia.
1727. They divide into androgynous and diœcious plants.
1728. First order,Nucariæ parenchymatosæ. Hermaphrodite herbs with nodes and spathose leaves, calyx green, superior, and quinquepartite with five opposite stamina; nut mostly triangular and utricular.
1729. Second order,N. vaginatæ. Form of vegetation pretty nearly as in preceding order, but the calyx is corolla-like, and the stamina mostly alternate—Phytolacceæ,Illecebreæ.
1730. Third order,N. axonales. Hermaphrodite, calyx corolla-like, superior and wholly quaternary; herbs and shrubs bearing nuts and plums—Nyctagineæ,Daphneæ, andSantalaceæ.
1731. Fourth order,N. florales. Trees, calyx corolla-like but inferior; capsules, plums and berries—Proteaceæ.
1732. Fifth order,N. fructuariæ. Diclines; herbs, shrubs and trees without corollæ, but with nuts or plums. (Their sixteen families stand in the order exhibited at Tab. B.)
CLASS XIV.
Plum-plants—Papilionaceæ.
1733. Polypetalous calycine corollæ, with a drupe or its fundamental form, the legumen. Here belong the papilionaceous plants, Rhamnaceæ and Terebinthaceæ.
1734. The stalk is frequently herbaceous with nodes; but mostly fruticose and arborescent.
1735. The leaves here attain their highest development, and are mostly pinnated, sometimes endowed with the power of independent motion.
1736. The corollæ are mostly irregular, quinary, arranged like pinnate leaves, with ten, rarely more, connate and free stamina.
1737. The ovarium is a single carpel, owing to the four others being arrested; it is usually compressed and bivalved, with few seeds; it is a legumen, frequently converted into a fleshy fruit.
1738. The Papilionaceæ are so rich in number that they include all the orders of the trunk, and even transcend or exceed its limits; their allied families are the Rhamnaceæ and Terebinthaceæ with fleshy fruits.
1739. First order,Drupariæ parenchymatosæ. Papilionaceæ with herbaceous, nodose stalk and pinnated leaves; corolla-petals and single stamen free; seed-lobes thin—Hedysareæ,Astragaleæ,Glycineæ.
1740. Second order,D. vaginatæ. Herbs and shrubs with ternary or tendrilless leaves; the corolla-petals or stamina frequently confluent—Trifoliaceæ,Genisteæ,Galegeæ.
1741. Third order,D. axonales. Bushes, shrubs, or trees, frequently training with pinnate leaves and tendrils; calyx large, seed-lobes thick—Vicieæ,Beans,Dalbergiæ.
1742. Fourth order,D. florales. Shrubs and trees, with tolerably regular flowers and separated stamina; legumens with frequently transverse septa, embryo straight—Geoffroyæ,Swartzieæ,Detarium,Mimosæ, andCassiæ.
1743. Fifth order,D. fructuariæ. Regular flowers with separate stamina and multilocular plums—Stackhouseæ,Empetreæ,Celastrineæ,Rhamneæ, andTerebintheæ. (For their sixteen families vid. Tab. B.)
CLASS XV.
Berry-plants—Umbelliferæ, &c.
1744. Ovarial and calycine corolla with a single perfectly soft fruit or berry, on which are five corolla-petals, with a moderate number of stamina. This fruit is wholly edible, and has only one or two styles; stalk and leaves pass through all the stages of formation.
1745. They divide first of all into two groups, having few or many stamina; of these the fruit of one is dry, of the other fleshy. The dry fruits are also perfectly edible, as the Caraway-seeds.
1746. First order,Baccariæ parenchymatosæ. Epigynous; nodose herbs with two seeds in the calyx; only five stamina—Umbellatæ.
1747. Second order,B. vaginatæ. Mostly shrubs with quinary corollæ and bi-or quinquelocular berries—Mistletoes,Elders,Araliaceæ,Vines.
1748. Third order,B. axonales. Bushes and shrubs with quaternary corollæ, only one style and one multilocular many-seeded capsule—Epilobeæ,Salicariæ.
1749. Fourth order,B. florales. Mostly shrubs with quinary corollæ and manifold stamina; capsule or berry multilocular—Melastomaceæ.
1750. Fifth order,B. fructuariæ. Trees with many, frequently fasciculated, stamina; fruit multilocular and many-seeded—Myrtaceæ. These plants likewise divide into sixteen families. (Vid. Tab. B.)
CLASS XVI.
Apple-plants—Rosaceæ.
1751. The fruit is an apple, i. e. several carpels, containing but few seeds, adhere in one calyx, upon which there are five corolla-petals, with four to six times as many stamina. Herbs, shrubs, and trees with different kinds of leaves are here met with; the corollæ are mostly small and perigynous, the style separated, and thus polycarpal. Perigynous Polycarpæ. They grow, dispersed over the whole earth, in dry situations; several of them yield edible fruits, and are pretty generally cultivated.
1752. The apples are without doubt the most perfect fruit, as well in reference to their structure as their chemical ingredients. The apple consists of all the parts of the blossom: seed, capsule, and fleshy calyx, and is besides polycarpellar, i. e. composed of separate carpels. Its edible substance or flesh is not simply a sweet-meat, but a true aliment, which admits of being eaten after it has been kept fresh for a year, of being dried, exported, or cooked as a kitchen vegetable; in cases of exigency too it occurs in such abundance that the whole human race might live upon it, which cannot be said of any other fruit. The apple quenches at the same time the thirst, and thus supplies also the place of drink. All the other fruits are either a dainty relish only against thirst, or a simple amylaceous medium of nutrition. However, most of the plants belonging to this class produce only dry capsules and calyces.
1753. They divide into two groups, having few or many stamina.
First order,Pomariæ parenchymatosæ. Herbs with few stamina and five or more carpels, as theCrassulaceæandMesembryanthemaceæ.
Second order,P. vaginatæ. Shrubs with few stamina, only two to three carpels and few seeds.—Tamaricaceæ,Bruniaceæ.
VEGETABLE SYSTEMTable B
FIRST PROVINCE.HISTOPHYTA—ACOTYLEDONES.CLASS I.CLASS II.CLASS III.Cellulares.Vasculares.TrachealesORGANS.Fungi.Mosses.Ferns.Ord.I.Parenchyma.Roste.Schleim-Moose.Wasser-Farren.F. 1.Cells.Entophyta.Diatomaceæ.Marsileaceæ.2.Ducts.Epiphyta.Nostochineæ.Pilulariæ.3.Tracheæ.Tuberculariæ.Batrachospermeæ.Equisetaceæ.O. II.Sheaths.Schimmel.Wasserfäden.Kugelfarren.F. 4.Bark.Mucorini.Confervaceæ.Lycopodiaceæ.5.Liber.Mucedines.Ulvaceæ.Ophioglosseæ.6.Wood.Byssaceæ.Leptomiteæ.Danæaceæ.O. III. .Axis.Balgpilze.Fuci.Ringfarren.F. 7.Root.Trichodermaceæ.Cerameæ.Parkereæ.8.Stalk.Trichiaceæ.Floridæ.Cyatheæ.9.Leaves.Lycopodineæ.Fucoideæ.Polypodiaceæ.O. IV.Blossom.Kernpilze.Lichens.Fluvialen.F. 10.Seed.Cytisporeæ.Coniothalameæ.Naiadeæ.11.Ovarium.Phacidiaceæ.Gasterothalameæ.Podostemeæ.12.Corolla.Sphæriaceæ.Hymenothalameæ.Ceratophylleæ.O. V.Fruit.Fleischpilze.Mosses.Nadelholz.F. 13.Nut.Tremellini.Marchantiaceæ.Abieteæ.14.Plum.Cupulati.Ricciaceæ.Taxaceæ.15.Berry.Clavati.Jungermanniaceæ.Cupresseæ.16.Apple.Pileati.Bryaceæ.Cycadeæ.SECOND PROVINCE.THECOPHYTA—MONOCOTYLEDONES.CLASS IV.CLASS V.CLASS VI.ORGANS.CorticalesLiber-plants.Wood-plants.Gramineæ.Liliaceæ.Palmaceæ.Ord.I.Parenchyma.Spiked Grasses.Staub-Orchiden.Rohrkolben.F. 1.Cells.Secale.Neottiæ.Cynomoria.2.Ducts.Phleum.Arethuseæ.Typhaceæ.3.Tracheæ.Festuca.Ophrydeæ.Aroideæ.O. II.Sheaths.Panicled Grasses.Granular Orchideæ.Piperaceæ.F. 4.Bark.Bulrushes.Malaxides.Saurureæ.5.Liber.Milium.Epidendra.Piperaceæ.6.Wood.Arundinaceæ.Vanillæ.Pandanac.O. III.Axis.Reed-Grasses.Aromatic plants.Sassaparillæ.F. 7.Root.Sedges.Amomeæ.Dioscoreæ.8.Stalk.Junceæ.Canneæ.Smilaceæ.9.Leaves.Ruscus.Musaceæ.Parideæ.O. IV.Blossom.Juncineæ.Schwerdel.Asparagoidæ.F. 10.Seed.Restiaceæ.Hæmodoraceæ.Asparagoidæ.11.Ovarium.Serpeæ.Irideæ.Convallariæ.12.Corolla.Commelyneæ.Narcissi.Bromeliæ.O. V.Fruit.Seeroseæ.Liliaceæ.Palms.F. 13.Nut.Alismaceæ.Colchicaceæ.Calamariæ.14.Plum.Hydrocharideæ.Asphodeleæ.Cocoeæ.15.Berry.Hydropeltideæ.Alliaceæ.Phœniceæ.16.Apple.Nymphæacæ.Tulipaceæ.Borasseæ.
THIRD PROVINCE.ARTHROPHYTA—DICOTYLEDONES.Circle I.Stem-plants—Monopetalæ.CLASS VII.CLASS VIII.CLASS IX.Root-plants.Stalk-plants.Leaf-plants.Epigynæ.Perigynæ.Hypogynæ.Root-leaved.Stellatæ.Personatæ.Cichoraceæ.Galiaceæ.Primulaceæ.Carduraceæ.Spermacocidæ.Scrophulariæ.Mutisiæ.Coffeaceæ.Solanaceæ.Opposite-leaved.Cinchonaceæ.Bignoniaceæ.Eupatorium?Hedyotidæ.Orobancheæ.Helianthus.Rondeletiæ.Rhinantheæ.Silphieæ.Cinchoneæ.Bignoniæ.Alternifoliar.Hameliaceæ.Contortæ.Senecionidæ.Guettardidæ.Gentianeæ.Astereæ.Hameliæ.Asclepiadeæ.Vernoniæ.Gardeniæ.Jasmineæ.Aggregatæ.Ericaceæ.Tetraspermeæ.Scabiosæ.Epacrideæ.Labiatæ.Lobeliæ.Myrtilli.Polemoniaceæ.Campanulæ.Heaths.Convolvulaceæ.Sicuonoidæ.Diospyraceæ.Pyrenaceæ.Asaridæ.Myrobalaneæ.Asperifoliæ.Loaseæ.Olacineæ.Verbenaceæ.Passifloreæ.Diospyros.Sambuceæ.Cucurbitaceæ.Sapotæ.Myrsineæ.THIRD PROVINCE.ARTHROPHYTA—DICOTYLEDONES.Circle II.Flower-plants—Hypogynous Polypetalæ.CLASS X.CLASS XI.CLASS XII.Seed-plants.Ovarium-plants.Corolla-plants.Polycarpæ.Capsuliferæ.Siliquosæ.Ranunculaceæ.Rutaceæ.Caryophyllaceæ.Ranunculi.Ruteæ.Portulaceæ.Helleboreæ.Diosmeæ.Spergula.Geraniaceæ.Zygophylleæ.Carnations.Tiliaceæ.Ochnaceæ.Violaceæ.Theaceæ.Xanthoxyleæ.Droseraceæ.Lime-trees.Ochneæ.Violets.Elæocarpeæ.Quassieæ.Cistaceæ.Sterculiaceæ.Polygalaceæ.Cruciferæ.Hermanneæ.Polygaleæ.Radishes.Dombeyaceæ.Vochysieæ.Cresses.Sterculeæ.Pittosporeæ.Cabbages.Malvaceæ.Meliaceæ.Papaveraceæ.Malveæ.Cedreleæ.Capers.Hibisceæ.Melieæ.Berberideæ.Bombaceæ.Aurantiaceæ.Poppies.Magnoliaceæ.Malpighiaceæ.Guttiferæ.Magnolieæ.Platanaceæ.Dipterocarpeæ.Menispermeæ.Malpighieæ.Calophylleæ.Dilleneæ.Hippocrateæ.Marcgraviaceæ.Anoneæ.Sapindeæ.Garcinieæ.
THIRD PROVINCE.ARTHROPHYTA—DICOTYLEDONES.Circle III.Fruit-plants—Apetalæandperigynous PolypetalæCLASS XIIICLASS XIVCLASS XVCLASS XVINut-plantsPlum-plantsBerry-plantsApple-plantsNucariæ.Drupaceæ.Baccariæ.Pomaceæ.Oleraceæ.Astragalaceæ.Umbellatæ.Sempervivæ.Sclerantheæ.Hedysareæ.Saniculidæ.Galacineæ.Atriplices.Astragaleæ.Carrots.Crassulaceæ.Amaranths.Glycineæ.Caraways.Mesembryanthemeæ.Polygonaceæ.Trifoliaceæ.Caprifoliaceæ.Tamariscineæ.Plantains.Trifolieæ.Mistletoes.Tamarisks.Phytolacceæ.Genisteæ.Sambuceæ.Buniaceæ.Illecebreæ.Galegeæ.Vines.Hamamelideæ.Thymelaceæ.Phaseolaceæ.Lythraceæ.Saxifrageæ.Nyctagineæ.Vetches.Trapeæ.Saxifrages.Daphnoideæ.Dalbergieæ.Epilobeæ.Cunoniaceæ.Santalaceæ.Sophoreæ.Salicariæ.Lilacs.Lauraceæ.Mimosaceæ.Melastomaceæ.Rosaceæ.Proteaceæ.Detarieæ.Rhexieæ.Potentillæ.Aquilarineæ.Mimoseæ.Melastomeæ.Neuradeæ.Laurels.Cassieæ.Grossularieæ.Sanguisorbeæ.Diclinisten.Terebinthaceæ.Myrtaceæ.Fruit-trees.Amentaceæ.Empetreæ.Lecythideæ.Pomegranates.Nettles.Celastrineæ.Barringtonieæ.Plums.Artocarpeæ.Rhamneæ.Leptospermeæ.Medlars.Euphorbicæ.Terebiatheæ.Myrteæ.Apples.
Third order,P. axonales. Herbs, shrubs, and trees, with similar blossoms, but many seeds.—Saxifrageæ,Cunoniaceæ,HortensiæandLilacs.
Fourth order,P. florales. Herbs and shrubs, with many stamina and follicles.—Rosaceæ.
Fifth order,P. fructuariæ. Trees with multistaminal-corollæ and fleshy fruits.—Monimieæ,Pomegranates,Plums,Medlars,Apples. (For their sixteen families vid. Tab. B.)
1754. In order to prove that each class of vegetables commences from below, and that all ascend in a parallel series beside each other, it is requisite only to place them in a tabular form. Further details upon this subject are to be found in my earlier works upon Natural History. The adjoining Table may here suffice. I place the families according to my "Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte," although I am very well aware that all do not stand in the right place. That indeed no one will expect.