3065. Zoology is Zoogeny divided and self-substantially represented. What in Zoogeny was the organ of a single indivisible animal here becomes the organ of a separated animal, or becomes a self-substantial animal.
3066. The self-substantial animals are only parts of the Great animal, which is the Animal Kingdom.
3067. The animal kingdom is onlyoneanimal, i. e. the representation of animality with all its organs, each of which is a whole for itself.
3068. A single animal originates, if a single organ frees itself from the general animal body, and yet exercises the essential animal functions.
3069. The animal kingdom is only a dismemberment of the highest animal, i. e. ofMan.
3070. Animals become nobler in rank, the greater the number of organs which are collectively liberated or severed from the Grand animal, and which enter into combination. An animal, which e. g. lived only as intestine, would be, doubtless, inferior to one which with the intestine were to combine a skin; and that animal again must be regarded as higher than the latter, which should present, in addition to these organs, vessels, liver, branchiæ, tracheæ, and lastly bones, &c.
3071. Animals are gradually perfected, entirely like the single animal body, by adding organ unto organ. The animal kingdom is developed through the multiplication of the organs.
3072. Each animal ranks therefore above the other; two of them never stand upon an equal plane or level. Animals are distinguished by their position of stages or degrees from each other, by the number of theirdifferentorgans, but not by the division of a single organ.
3073. The animal system cannot be arbitrarily disposed according to this or that organ, just as it maychance to meet the eye; but only in accordance with the rigid prescripts of the animal body's genesis.
3074. The animal body separates into two series of organs, which, corresponding with, pursue a proximal course in relation to, each other; into the Anatomical systems and the Sensorial organs, unto which the sexual parts appertain.
3075. The number of the sensorial organs is 5, and they thus stand according to their genetic development one above the other:
Tactile sense or Skin.Gustatory sense or Tongue.Olfactory sense or Nose.Auditory sense or Ear.Optical sense or Eye.
3076. In animals, which are characterized by the sense of feeling or touch, the other sensorial organs must be either still wanting, or if present but imperfectly conditioned, i. e. not constituted like those of man, who is the type, pattern, or paragon for every formation.
3077. Their sensations are limited to those of general touch or feeling, and of those derived through the medium of the other senses we meet with but feeble manifestations.
3078. Their body itself will only be a tegumentary body, with the organs subordinated to the integument, namely, theviscera. They are therefore devoid of a true tongue, of a nose, and of ears and eyes consummated after the fashion of these organs in man; they are devoid of an osseous, muscular, and myelonal (spinal chord) system, and therefore of the nose "in toto," as being the anterior extremity of the myelon.
3079. Such are what have been called the Invertebrate animals, which are consequently, in accordance with their physiological signification, Splanchnic orTegumentary animals.
3080. The tongue exhibits for the first time in Fishes a resemblance to the human structure, while their nose, ears, and eyes have not yet attained the latter grade ofperfection. To the nose are wanting the posterior nasal foramina, to the ears the external auditory meatus, to the eyes the palpebræ and power of motion.
3081. In the Reptiles the nose opens for the first time into the mouth, and serves for the thorough passage of air. It is thus developed as in Man, while to the ears the external auditory meatus and cochlea are wanting, the eyes being barely endowed with lids and motion.
3082. In Birds, for the first time, the external auditory meatus, as well as the cochlea, is exhibited in its perfection, while the eyes are scarcely gifted with motion, and have only the inferior lid perfect; the tongue and nose, with the limbs also, have again become retrograde in character.
3083. For the first time, in the Mammalia, the eyes are moveable and covered with two perfect lids, without the other organs of sense having suffered degradation through this completion of the eyes.
3084. Thus in respect to the Senses there are only 5 animal divisions of equal value or worth. They should properly be called classes; but, as the lowest division, from comprising within itself the viscera or the vegetative systems, is very rich in contents; were we to call these divisions classes, many inequalities in rank, and hence also in the number of the orders and families, would originate—
1. DermatozoaInvertebrata.2. GlossozoaPisces.3. RhinozoaReptilia.4. OtozoaAves.5. OphthalmozoaMammalia.
3085. Now, with the sense of feeling, or the integument, the sexual system is associated or conjoined, and that indeed as the first or lowest development of the tegumentary system. Nevertheless, the sexual system divides into two groups, into the sexual organs, which are impressed with a true sensorial signification, and into their product, or the sexual juices, and the ovum or fœtus. With these two divisions the development of the integument proceeds "pari passu."
In the ovum the tegument and its contents are not as yet separated. Both consist of a transparent mucous or gelatinous mass, as is exemplified by the vitellus and albumen; such is the case also in the Infusoria, Polyps, and Acalephæ or Sea-nettles.
In the sexual organs, however, both parts separate into membranous capsules or cysts, and glandular contents, as in the roe or ovary; milt or testes; kidneys, with furthermore the oviduct, penis, and urinary cyst. The latter are sentient membranes. Such is the case in the Bivalve Mollusca, and Snails.
In the next place the tegument becomes, for the first time, a self-substantial organ of sensation by appearing as an envelope of the body; the vesical form is then repeated, and by this means the annular character originates as a series of cysts arranged one behind the other; it is thus a veritable skin, from which, finally, the members sprout forth, as in Worms and Insects.
The Dermatozoa will accordingly range in three stages.
1. Blasto- or Oozoa.2. Sexual animals.3. Cutaneous "
An annulated tegument, cutis or true skin, appears for the first time in theWorms, with here and there lateral filaments and tentacula. True feet and antennæ appear in theCrustaceaorCrabs. Lastly, feet and wings in theInsectaorFlies.
3086. The external sexual parts, especially the male, first make their appearance, and that indeed with a very striking amount of development, in the Snails, and in like manner the body of the Bivalve Mollusca or Mussels has become almost a complete mass of ova or roe. In the Cuttle-fishes the first traces or rudiments of urinary organs appear. The animals which belong to this group are accordingly theConchozoaor Shell-animals.
3087. Animals, which are directly resolvable into sexual fluids, or that represent parts of the ovum, are the gelatinous Infusoria, Polyps, and Acalephæ. Unto this category belong theProtozoaorMucus-animals.
3088. The complete subdivision of animals, according to the organs of sense, would consequently stand thus:
I.DermatozoaInvertebrata.1. OozoaProtozoa.2. Glandular animalsConchozoa.3. Cutaneous "Ancyliozoa.II.GlossozoaPisces.III.RhinozoaReptilia.IV.OtozoaAves.V.OphthalmozoaThricozoa.
3089. Unto these organs of sense the anatomical, or internal parts, are subordinated, and range parallel to them in a striking manner. The following is their order of succession in accordance with that of their origin:
1. Intestinal system.2. Vascular "3. Respiratory "4. Osseous "5. Muscular "6. Nervous "
3090. That the vegetative systems are correctly arranged after this manner, is proved chiefly by their order of development in the animal series.
3091. The animals, occupying the lowest grade, are nothing but an intestine, which is in many instances scarcely separated or distinct from the tegument; they are devoid of vessels and branchiæ, and are barely provided with self-substantial ovisacs. Their body consists of one or two concentric cysts of an homogeneous and transparent substance—Intestinal animals, Protozoa.
3092. When the intestine is freed from the mass of the body, both then obtain the form and substance of tegumental cysts, whereof the external being only an intestinal tunic, thus represents the peritoneum. They are now, however, united by means of a vascular system, which is again surrounded by a cyst, and thus by a pleura. Their body consists of three concentric cysts; intestine, peritoneum, and pleura. It contains too a liver and self-substantial sexual parts—Vascular animals, Conchozoa.
If these cysts be repeated in the direction of the axis, the tegument becomes an annulated skin. An annulose animal is a multiplied cystic animal. Associated with this character, the respiratory organs are gradually evolved to form vascular plexuses, branchiæ, feet, tracheæ, and wings, while the sexual parts are for the most part separated—Ancyliozoa, Respiratory animals.
3093. The osseous system first appears in the Fishes, along with imperfect, mostly tendonless, and only white muscles, as also a myelon that is only developed into a stunted encephalon, in which the brain-organs of the Thricozoon are in great part wanting.
3094. Typical, or true muscles, provided with tendons, and of a red colour, are first exhibited in the Reptilia.
3095. A complete nervous system, pretty similar to that of the Thricozoa or Pilose animals, having a cerebrum and cerebellum, with similarly distributed and delicate nerves, is first displayed in Birds.
3096. According to the anatomical systems there are, therefore, six divisions of animals:
A.Splanchnozoa.1. Intestinal animalsProtozoa.2. Vascular "Conchozoa.3. Respiratory "Ancyliozoa.B.Sarcozoa.4. Osseous animalsPisces.5. Muscular "Reptilia.6. Nervose "Aves.
3097. The Pilose animals first originate through completion and combination of all the organs of sense. They areÆstheticorSensorialanimals.
3098. The arrangement of animals, according to the organs of sense, coincides consequently with that derived from the anatomical systems, and each animal division is therefore determined by two principal organs, by a vegetative and an animal. Every animal is at once a vegetable and animal body, the inferior kinds being partly so, but the highest or the Pilose animals entirely so, or inevery respect, i. e. in them are found all the anatomical systems, and all the sexual and sensorial organs.
3099. The signification of animals is accordingly as follows:
I.Anatomical Systems.II.Organs of Sense.A.Vegetative Systems.A.Tegumental Sense.1. Intestinal animals.1. OozoaProtozoa.2. Vascular "2. Glandular animalsConchozoa.3. Respiratory "3. Cutaneous "Ancyliozoa.B.Animal Systems.B.Cephalic Senses.4. Osseous animals.4. GlossozoaPisces.5. Muscular "5. RhinozoaReptilia.6. Nervose "6. OtozoaAves.7. Sensorial "7. OphthalmozoaThricozoa.
The ovum divides into vitellus, and albumen, along with the calcareous shell, and into germ or envelopes; the intestine into pharynx or stomach, bowels and absorbent vessels, thus:
1. Gastric animalsVitelline animalsInfusoria.2. Intestinal "Albuminous "Polyps.3. Absorbent "Involucral "Acalephæ.
The sexual parts divide into female, male, and urinary organs; the vessels into veins, arteries, and hearts, thus:
1. Ovarial animalsVenous animalsMussels.2. Orchitic "Arterial "Snails.3. Renal "Cardiac "Kracken.
The annulated tegument divides into papillæ, feet, and wings; the respiratory organs into tegumental network or rete, into branchiæ and tracheæ, thus:
1. Papillary animalsReticular animalsWorms.2. Pedal "BranchialCrabs.3. Alary "TrachealFlies.
When parallelized with the organs of plants, the following remarkable relationships between them are rendered apparent:
1.CellsStomachVitellusInfusoria.2.BarkIntestineAlbumenPolyps.3.RootAbsorbentsEnvelopesAcalephæ.4.DuctsVeinsOvaryMussels.5.LiberArteriesTestesSnails.6.StalkHeartsKidneysKracken.7.TracheæRetiaPapillæWorms.8.WoodBranchiæFeetCrabs.9.FoliageLungsWingsFlies.10.SeedsBonesTongueFishes.11.PistilMusclesNoseReptiles.12.CorollaNervesEarsBirds.13.FruitSensesEyesThricozoa.
3100. The animal body divides first of all into the vegetative and animal. There will therefore be animals in which the former, and others in which the latter, systems predominate. The kingdom consequently separates into a vegetative and into an animal province. The vegetative parts are all tegumental developments, and thus the creatures in whom they prevail areSplanchnicorVisceral animals, but the animal parts are developments of the flesh, and constitute theSarcose animals.
First Province. Splanchnozoa.
3101. Unto the Splanchnic or Tegumental animals are wanting bones, muscles with the nerves belonging to them, and thus the neural axis or encephalon; they are consequently devoid of bone, muscle, and brain, being in a wordasarcoseorfleshlessanimals.
The tegument is, however, the general organ of sensation or feeling; they are thusSensitive animals.
3102. In them, developments only of the sense of feeling can occur, such as sensitive papillæ, tentacula, feet, and wings. All the remaining organs of sense can only be exhibited as rudiments of a very feeble or stunted character. They do not possess a true tongue, nose, ears, and eyes, i. e. constructed after the type of these organs in Man. The eyes only, from their being the sense of the animal system proper, can assume a definite kind of development.
3103. But, these organs of sense are the sensorialorgans of the head, or rather are the head itself; the Tegumental animals are therefore devoid of a true head. They only possess such an one, in so far as it is determined by the tegument and nervous sense, by the mouth and the eyes.
These animals are what have been calledInvertebrata, a name which is, however, defective, from its indicating the absence of one part only or of a single animal system, while the wordfleshcomprehends bones, muscles, and nervous mass; they areasarcose animals. But even this last appellation is not correct, because it is negative. Their positive system, or that under which they actually exist, is the tegument; so that the name of Dermatozoa or Sensitive animals, is the only proper one.
As the tegument includes the viscera and forms therefore the trunk alone, they may thus also be designatedTrunk-animals.
Second Province. Sarcozoa.
3104. As in the animal body, bones, muscles, and encephalic system are suddenly associated with the tegumental system; so also does a second series of animals, having these systems, suddenly originate. Now, as the first formation of the osseous system is the vertebra, so all these animals have, as is generally understood, a vertebral column, and are on that account indeed Vertebrata; but, they are much more than this, and hence the title is of too limited a character. Besides there are among them animals, in which only the chorda dorsalis is present, without the ring of the vertebral body being formed around it.
Along with the animal systems the head is for the first time developed with its organs of sense—Cephalic animals.
These animals have consequently, in addition to the general sense of feeling, a true tongue, nose, ears, and eyes—Cephalæsthetic animals.
3105. Animal Circles are representations of entire anatomical systems as self-substantial bodies.
3106. Now, the vegetative body divides into three principal systems, into the Intestinal, Vascular, and Respiratory system, with their functions, or the digestive, nutritive, and respiratory processes. There are therefore Intestinal, Vascular, and Respiratory animals.
Circle I. Intestinal Animals.
3107. The intestinal system is the first form of body, or that from which the other systems have not yet separated. The body of these animals consists therefore of the homogeneous primary mass—the animal protoplasma, mucus or slime—Mucus-animals.
Now, the protoplasma is a hollow globule. The intestinal system is therefore nothing else than the original cystic form. Thus, there areCystic animalslike the Infusoria.
Again, cysts can increase in no other way, than by dividing into their like, or engendering cysts within themselves. The first kind of increase or multiplication of species is thus fissiparous, or produced by division.
The newly-engendered cysts are to be compared with the vitellus, and when they have attained perfection, to the ovum. They are therefore Oozoa orOvum-animals.
In these animals consequently there are no separated sexual parts, namely, in addition to the vitelli, neither testes nor renal organs, or at least only obscure indications of them. In these Cystic animals the lowest feeling only, that of thesexorgeneral sensation, can occur.
The Oozoa or Cystic animals, when compared with the plants, are the first flower that has been set free, or in other words, a flower which no longer stands polarwise upon a stem, because it is not developed in the differencing air, but in the indifferent water. It may be said that nature, having brought matters as far as the development of the sexual parts, then quits or passes out of the vegetable world; while these parts, or even the entire plant, requiring now no longer the stem and root, become a root themselves, and in behalf of this enter the water.
Animals, which have the form of flowers, are round or radiiform. There areRadiataor Radiated animals.
3108. TheseAnthoidalor Flower-like animals are Infusoria, Polyps, Acalephæ; being single or double concentric cysts.
3109. We may regard the Flower-animals as the fundamental mass of the sexual parts, which has attained unto free motion. They are sex throughout, or nothing but sex; it cannot therefore be said that they possess sexual parts like the plants, but that they are sexual parts. They are sexual parts that swim.
3110. Formerly, most of these Anthoidal animals were actually taken for real plants, on account of their floral and ramular form, and even their very substance; so slightly withdrawn are they from the vegetable kingdom. The whole difference between the two is effected by the water. Could we transpose them into the air, they would then become real plants.
3111. Now, as the vegetable flower is not a mere sexual system, but is also stock or trunk; so also is the animal flower at once an organ of digestion, respiration, and nutrition. The lowest condition of these organs is, however, only one of absorption, evaporation, and rigidification; these processes will therefore be present also, though only upon the lower stage—they are Intestinal animals; for in a simple intestine the same processes could occur, only within each other, whereas they are mutually dissevered or set apart in intestine, lung, and capillary system or parenchyma.
3112. The sexual parts are themselves viscera, or the viscera themselves are sexual parts, just as the fungus is at one and the same time root and seed-capsule. The sexual parts themselves absorb, respire, and nourish.
The floral sac is not therefore a mere sexual sac, but also an absorbent sac; upon a somewhat higher grade it is even a digestive sac, the sac-wall itself being a respiratory and nutritive paries or wall.
The sexual function has at once become an ingestive function, tending unto nutrition, or the deglutition of the food is itself an act of copulation.
The sexual capsule in these animal flowers can as well be termed stomach as uterus, and its wall ovary as well as branchia.
3113. As being of a sentient, mucous nature, they are point-substance or nervous mass. The tentacula are higher organized stamina, and thus occur as cilia, surrounding the oral aperture or mouth, as in the Infusoria. These palpi or feelers are, from being organs of ingestion, both male penes as well as digits or tongues, as in the Polyps. Their structure is still wholly tubular, while their elongation appears to be for the most part effected by injection with water—they are absorbents, as in the Acalephæ. The Oozoon brings forth young in the same cavity, in which it digests and by which it respires, and impregnates itself with the same filaments, whereby it seizes, swallows, and tastes its food.
In the bottom of the cavity of the Germ-animals, granules develop, which are born or escape through the floral opening—pharynx, and again become similar beings. In others the granules also sprout forth attached to the walls of the cavity, remain there some time united with the parent animal, and thus completely represent the mode of propagation in plants by means of gemmules or buds. Among the Polyps and Acalephæ it is well known that the ova issue from apertures near the mouth; while in the Actiniæ this is stated to take place from the stomach. The ovaria are, as is well known, situated between the stomach and parietes of the body.
3114. The intestinal animals are an entire animal organism, but only in the chaotic condition. They are the fundamental tissue, the cellular system of the animal, and the higher animals are only separated cells.
3115. The propagation is in every respect similar to that of plants. Now, as the seeds are the whole plant upon a small scale, so is the granule or ovum the entire animal; it is liberated through the pharynx and continues to grow merely by increasing in size. But if the young animal protrude through the tegument, that is a true gemmiparous propagation.
3116. Those Oozoa, which like plants can develop buds, consist of several animals, and may be cut in pieces like plants; when each piece becomes again an entire animal.
3117. The Oozoa represent those products of nature which are prior or antecedent to the animal world; namely, first of all plants, and further still the inorganic kingdom also, or the earth, since they have originated in the water and can be as well developed from the stones as the Lichens. There are therefore Lithozoa or Stone-animals, and Phytozoa or Plant-animals, among the Oozoa.
3118. Would we compare these animals with the parts in plants, they then represent their cell-development, or cells, bark and root. They are themselves either vesicles, as the Infusoria, or barks, as the Corallines, or a root-like fascicle of tubes, as the Acalephæ.
3119. In the animals, however, the cells have become stomach, the bark intestine, the root absorbents. The Oozoa represent therefore the aggregate of the intestinal system, the primary mass of the animal body.
Their whole body is a digestive body, or parenchyma, traversed in many species in all directions by tubes or absorbents, as in the Acalephæ.
As yet no nervous filament, nor any muscular fibre, &c. has been separated from their mass, as in like manner a tegument has barely been freed or separated from the intestine. These animals are nerveless and sine-tegumental, precisely because they are wholly made up of nervous mass and tegument.
Circle II. Vascular Animals.
3120. In the next place the digestive separates completely from the tegumental function, and each constitutes a function for itself, but which now being separated from its fellow could no longer subsist. Between the two therefore is formed the nutritive function in thevascular system.
Now, the vascular system of the self-substantial intestine is the liver. This organ will therefore for the first time make its appearance in this animal circle—Hepatic animals. Upon a higher stage, salivary glands are also developed on the intestine, and will here likewise begin for the first time to appear—Salivary animals, Snails.
3121. Through the separation of the viscera from the remaining substance, this must necessarily remain behind as a hollow cyst or tegument investing the former. The true free tegumental formation is therefore by no means accidental, but is necessarily bestowed with the viscera in the course of animal development. This tegument isperitoneum. There are animals which are invariably bicystic, but consisting of concentric cysts—abdomens.
Around the ventral integument, however, the vascular system also forms its tunic; this is the branchial membrane or operculum—pleura, mantle. There are tri-cystic animals—intestine, abdomen, and thorax disposed concentrically around each other—Mussels. Their body is therefore not articulated, but its parts are still inserted within each other.
The Vascular animals are consequently multiplied Protozoa; or Mucus-animals of the second power—Ovum2.
The sense of feeling ascends upon its second stage, when its organ, having been freed from the mass of the body, surrounds the viscera as a self-substantial tegument. The feeling is then no longer one of a merely general character, but is a definite perception of external objects, a passive power of feeling.
3122. True muscles could not as yet originate in this skin, and that for obvious reasons, although fibres are present; for the former are to be brought under the signification of arterial fibres.
3123. Cilia, when furnished with fibres by whose agency they are rendered moveable and susceptible of inversion, are calledtentacula, which here occur under every variety of form.
3124. Would we compare the Vascular animals with the plants, they must then represent their ducts, liber, and stalk. The heart is the stalk, the arteries liber, the veins tubes or ducts. These animals have assumed also upon the whole the cauline or cylindrical form—Cauline animals.
3125. From their having obtained in addition to theintestine only the vascular system, they are still governed by the water, and live therefore for the greatest part in this element. They have the first mode of respiration and thus an aqueo-respiratory process—possess branchiæ but not tracheal tubes.
3126. The sexual parts, which in the Germ-animals were still coalesced for the most part with the body, here become self-substantial through the separation of the teguments, make their appearance as a repetition of the digestive system under the condition of a free or separate system, and are evolved into true ovaria and even male parts—Sexual, Glandular animals.
3127. The first step towards the evolution of male parts is, however, only half achieved. Only one testis originates, while the other remains behind as ovarium—AndrogynousorBisexual animals.
3128. These animals, which are characterized by the vascular system, and by the first self-substantial or external sexual parts, which indicate organs of sense, are theConchozoa, such as the Mussels, Snails, and Kracken.
Circle III. Respiratory Animals.
3129. When once the intestinal and vascular system, through perfection of their individual parts, such as the liver and branchia, and through separation of the sexual parts, are completed; then the individualization of the tegument steps into view, and it becomes an independentrespiratory system.
3130. Through the increased process of oxydation the tegument hardens and is converted intohorn. All induration, however, only takes place in opposition to soft places. The tegument therefore separates into hard and soft rings—Annulate animals.
3131. The annulate tegument is a tracheal tube wholly converted into a body. To distinguish it from the general tegument it may be called the cutis orskin—Cutaneous animals. The annular tegument may be regarded as a series of cysts placed one behind the other. TheAnnulate animals are therefore multiplied Malacozoa; Mucus-animals of the third power—Ovum3.
The respiratory organs, being in their lowest condition, will not as yet be freed from the tegument; the vessels simply form a network or projecting filaments and lamellæ—reticular branchiæ; as in theWorms. The tentacular organs, from being yet soft and thus scarcely moveable, are still very imperfect. Upon the lowest stage the tegument orskinsimply feels; in the next place papillæ, and finally filaments, originate, especially about the mouth—Cutaneous,PapillaryandFilamentary animals.
3132. If the tegument, as being the original branchial membrane, is converted into horn; then the branchiæ cannot continue as retia, but must elongate above the tegument into filaments, ramules or lamellæ.
With this, these elongated branchiæ separate into two organs, one part of them becoming indurated in like manner with the general tegument, and supporting the other as gill. Horny branchial filaments, which contain vessels, nerves, and fibres, are calledfeet—Pedal animals.
3133. The limbs or members of these animals are simply hollow tegument, hollow hair, and are therefore thoroughly different from the bones or the animal system.
The tegument thus hardens around the soft parts and the viscera. A horny coat of mail originates, and thus we have horny or mailed animals, in opposition to the Malaco-or Conchozoa.
3134. Beneath the horn, however, there must still be soft skin, and this becomes fibrous by the strong oxydation which it undergoes. Fibrous fascicles are attached to the coat of mail and to the hollow limbs, and are consequently within the tubes.
3135. These fibrous bundles are not flesh, but a fibre-drawntegument, so that there are also no true muscles. They must on that account too be numberless.
3136. The articulations or joints are external not internal; they thus consist of tegumental tubes, not of bones, abutting against each other, and are not surrounded by flesh. Hence, like all the preceding groupsthey also are devoid of flesh—asarcose animals like all the preceding ones.
3137. In the branchiæ, however, it is only the cauline portions which become horny, while their ramules continue to perform the respiratory function. The branchiæ therefore are appended to the extremity or roots of the feet; or rather these latter form the branchial arches.
Annulate animals, having true or hornified and likewise annulated feet, are called Crustacea orCrabs.
Thus, in these animals the sense of feeling obtains special and moveable organs; they areTactile animals.
Tactile organs are prolongations of tegument moved by muscular fibres, which in some degree adapt themselves by pressure unto the forms of objects, or have the power of seizing and retaining them—such as feet, antennæ, maxillæ, palpi.
3138. But if the tegument be entirely converted into horn, and the respiratory vessels have in this way disappeared within it, then the internal respiratory organs are formed by inversion of that part of the tegument which is between the rings, and through these openings the air penetrates to the internal parts—stigmata, tracheæ.
3139. The tracheæ can first of all originate when the respiratory process has attained its highest development, or, in other words, when the creature breathes air.
3140. Lastly, in the air-breathing Ancyliozoa even the external branchial lamellæ harden and are converted intowings—Pterozoa,InsectsorFlies.
The wings of Insects do not correspond to the wings of birds; they are not feet, but pedal appendages orbranchiæ, and thus are no new or unknown organ.
Circle IV. Sarcose Animals.
3141. The second animal province may be regarded as the fourth stage in the self-substantial development of the anatomical systems, although, properly speaking, it ranks as regards its value or worth upon a level with the three former circles, and resolves itself directly into three stages, which accord with its three systems. But sincethese stages are at the same time also classes; they should, for uniformity's sake, retain the latter name.
3142. The animal kingdom accordingly divides intofourgreat districts or circles.
Circle I.Intestinal Animals,Oozoa—Protozoa.II.Vascular"Sexual animals—Conchozoa.III.Respiratory"Cutaneous " —Ancyliozoa.IV.Sarcose"; Cephalic " —Vertebrata.
3143. The animal Classes may be designated as the self-substantial representation of a stage in the development of an anatomical system or of the inferior organ of sense, and in the Sarcose animals of these systems themselves or of the cephalic senses.
3144. There are then as many classes as there are stages of development or systems. Thus the intestinal system separates into pharynx or stomach, intestine and absorbents.
3145. The vascular system into veins, arteries, and hearts.
3146. The respiratory system into branchial membrane or skin, into branchiæ, and into lungs or tracheæ, i. e. air-tubes. Taken in a strict sense, such divisions do not constitute classes, as has been already remarked.
3147. It is only the animal systems, which do not divide into several functions, but remaining upon a level with each other, are simply repeated in the higher organs of sense.
First Province. Splanchnozoa, Dermatozoa.
FIRST CIRCLE. INTESTINAL ANIMALS, OOZOA.
3148. The intestinal animals are nothing but depressed cysts. They rank therefore upon the lowest stage of development, and consist of mucus or granular nervous mass—Protozoa, Gelatinose animals.
3149. It is an established fact that, with animals as well as plants, the first function consists in imbibition or absorption, and the body must consequently be anabsorbent cyst or a pharynx, which nevertheless takes up the food in the same way that the tegumental lymphatic vessels absorb. We can therefore style these animals pharyngeal or gastric, although the name is not perfectly correct—Infusoria. Then the intestine associates with the pharynx or stomach, so that they are Intestinal animals—PolypsorCorals.
Lastly the intestine sends out absorbents, and then the animal consists of pharynx or stomach, intestine and absorbents; such may be termed an Absorbent animal—Acalephæ.
The Intestinal animals therefore divide according to the developmental stages into three Classes.
Class 1. Gastric, Vitelline Animals.
3150. The lowest animals commence with the water, which has scarcely become mucus; they are nothing but drops, vesicles, which swim about independently—ProtozoaorPrimitive animals.
3151. The Protozoa correspond to the vitellus or the male semen, which is nothing but vitellus in a state of solution. They are the animal semen of the planet, the animal dissolved. Animal generation cannot take a deeper commencement or origin. The stone, which is decomposed into carbon mixed with water, can become nothing less than a point. They are the animal germinal powder. The fungus is a tissue of vesicles, which dissolves directly into seeds—fungus-powder or dust. Thus, they are ovaria or testes which have dissolved into seed, fluid testes—Vitelline, Seminal animals.
3152. The vitellus or semen is point-or nerve-mass dissolved. The Vitelline animals are sentient or nerve-points, which have combined all other processes in this identical mass. The divided point-mass ranks, however, in the signification of vesicular or cellular tissue. These animals are nervose cells.
3153. Nerve-cells must originate in every water, because every water is in a state of tension with the earth and the air; thus, dissolves the former and absorbsthe latter. The water itself is a digesting and respiring mucus.
3154. The nerve-cells have an internal cavity, from the surface becoming oxydized and consequently converting itself into a denser layer, or into tegument. This, however, can only take place at the expense of the internal mass, as being that alone which abuts against the external parietes and becomes rigid.
3155. As the animal life is not simply a single act of rigidification, but a repetition of the same, alternating with solution, so must the Protozoon again replace the mucus-granules which have been disposed of from its interior; it must eat.
3156. It is a matter of indifference for the philosophy, whether the reception of food is effected by one or several mouths. There are Acalephæ and even Intestinal worms (Entozoa), which absorb by several mouths, almost like plants.
3157. But in the animal the mouth or mouths is or are definite organic openings, not merely interspaces or pores as in the plants; for they rank in the signification of the blossoms, or of composite parts.
3158. It can be therefore said that every animal hath a mouth or mouths, and consequently a stomach or stomachs.
3159. Their motions consist in abbreviations or straitenings of the cyst. Indications can scarcely be present of the secretions of higher organs, such as the intestine, vessel, branchiæ, liver, and such like parts.
3160. On the contrary, developments of the tegument and nerves may occur, the former as cilia which serve also as organs of motion and as branchiæ, the latter as ocular points or rudimental eyes; for both are none other than nervose tegument. The mouth of these animals is still passive, and subordinated to the water. It is surrounded only by cilia, which by the vortices produced by their movements in the water, impel or draw the latter into the mouth and with it the food. Such animals are calledInfusoria.
3161. As the Infusoria are the seed or vitellus itself, so also are they the very ovum, and require no special sexual parts for propagation. They absorb, and are so nourished, and if there is a sufficient quantity of the mass to admit again of its division into several points, they thus divide. A magnified Infusorial animalcule has become, as it were, an ovarium or a testis, which then produces seed by dissolving itself into the latter. They are a constant conflict of the organ and its product, of the Solid and Fluid, a vitelline and orchitic process.
Class 2. Intestinal, Albuminous Animals.
3162. With the separation of the cyst into an internal and external layer, or into intestine and tegument, the animal must necessarily ascend a stage higher, since it now contains two systems different from each other, and is consequently a double Infusorium.
3163. The form of theIntestinal animalspasses gradually from that of the globe into the tube—Tubular animals.
3164. They are tubular nerves surrounded by a tegument.
The cilia also are perfected and lengthen into filaments, which no longer perform simply vortical movements, but now actually seize and convey the food self-substantially into the mouth. Such animals are calledPolyps. Their multiplication takes place no longer by division or fissure, but by ova and shoots, or ramification.
The oviducts or egg-tubes lie between the intestine and tegument, and open upon the margin of the mouth between the tentacula. In many instances the ovisacs, or cysts, hang also freely from other parts of the body, as in the Sertulariæ.
The sprouts or offshoots detach themselves from the parent and become independent animals; but they frequently continue to stand as ramules upon the maternal animal, though they nourish themselves independently of the latter.
3165. If the process of oxydation be augmented, then, the tube's external wall indurates, becomes coriaceous, and, lastly, ceratoid or horn-like in texture. The nerve-tubes or the animal proper can now swim no longer, since one kind only of motion is left it, namely, to protrude itself out of, and then retract itself within, the tube. It consequently falls to the ground, and while the external mucus hardens, it clings to the former; such are the Sessile or fixed Polyps.
3166. Sessile Polyps having coriaceous or horny tubes are calledPlant-animals, Zoophyta, Phytozoa.
3167. The adherent, dried and dead external tegument of the Polyp is calledstem. Such a ramified stem completely resembles a plant.
3168. These woody or herbaceous stems are not rooted in the earth, but have the power of adhering firmly to every substance, to stone, glass, shells, and such like bodies. They do not therefore draw in nourishment through any root.
3169. The ramification is often wholly plant-like in character, resembling that of a shrub with separate ramules, which even assume too the form of leaves, and the animal tubes that of flowers.
But frequently the ramules grow together also by their extremities, giving rise to a trellis-work, the production of which in plants is impossible. The soft animalcules, which come in contact, cleave unto each other, and grow together like wounded parts in the Sarcose animals.
3170. Upon the surface of the ramules or the leaves are apertures, out of which the mucous substance protrudes the radiated mouth. But these mouths are frequently, especially in the Cystic corallines, of two different modes of formation. The one kind are cysts without filaments, and contain ova, which are developed and fall out. The others have filaments, which move and do not produce ova. The former look like seed-capsules, the latter like flowers with stamina, while the entire trunk resembles a monœcious plant.
3171. With increased oxydation calcareous earth isdeposited in the external tegument or rind, and the stem is converted into stone—Lithozoa, Lithophyta,Corals.
This calcareous earth contains the most general acid, or the carbonic, and thus oxygen combined with the inorganic carbon, while the bones contain phosphoric acid, oxydized gelatine.
3172. As the calcareous earth is, properly speaking, only a granular deposit in the tegument, like it is in the cartilages of the higher animals; so is it not to be regarded as a free worm-tube, but as the body itself. Meanwhile it forms a tube open above, from which the mouth of the animal projects.
3173. As the animal ramifies, so also do the stony tubes increase, and there originates a phytoidal or plant-like stem, but one consisting of a stony mass.
3174. Thus the Coral is the earth-animal, and indicates the globular or osseous mass under its first grade of formation in the animal kingdom.
But there are also Polyps, whose stem only originates through saccular inversion of the upper portion of the animal's body; yet this is only distinct in the soft stems. In most of the species, where a separate intestine is to be found, it is probably only the upper part of the body which is so inverted. Meanwhile there are some, whose intestine forms a circle by returning upon itself, and opens into an anus.
3175. If then the Infusoria are the vitellus or seed of the animal kingdom; in like manner the Corals are its ova. The carbonate of lime is the shell surrounding the albumen, while the animal or intestine is the vitellus—Albumen-animals.
3176. Nature forms these living ova, when she takes vitellus and albumen out of the sea-slime, invests them with a shell derived from the earth, and hatches them, after they have been vivified by sun and air.
Class 3. Absorbent, Involucral Animals.
3177. Did the former animals remain in the condition of ova, from want of a perfect vascular system;they are next developed, so soon as vessels appear and form a vascular plexus, into fœtal involucra or envelopes. These animals are vitellus with the vascular membrane.
3178. The Absorbent animals are no longer simple vesicles, but large cysts or capsules like the developmental envelopes of the fœtus, along with a choroid plexus—Involucral, Fœtal-animals.
This choroid plexus does not, however, consist of arteries and veins; but is only a ramification of the intestine, so that the vessels are of a lacteal character—Absorbent animals.
3179. In these animals there is no longer any egg-shell, but everything has been taken up into the galvanic circle; the shell has itself become organic and life-imbued. Their substance is still mucous or albuminous; they are still vitellus, though converted into a vascular tissue.
3180. They therefore cling firmly nowhere; but swim about freely, like brain-masses converted into radiated cysts.
3181. Free Mucus-animals, traversed by vascular plexuses, areAcalephæ.
3182. There are Acalephæ which are simply air-sacs, like the air-sacs of ova, to which hang ramified vessels as absorbent tubes—Cystic, Tubular Acalephæ.
Others represent hemispheres with numerous absorbent tubes, which concur in the middle of the animal to form a kind of stomach, from which again other tubes pass towards the border, in order to elongate into tentacula. Thus the absorbent vessels have become motor and sensitive organs.
Besides this, many have around the mouth four large lobes, which must be viewed as the antetypes of the sentient lobes of the Bivalve Mollusca.
Lastly, others have a true mouth, which leads to a similar gastric cavity, out of which the same vessels emerge and ramify. Both kinds are called Hutquallen or Acalephæ.
There are yet others having the same structure, butoviform, with respiratory lamellæ upon the absorbent tubes, Rippenquallen or Beroes.
3183. An Acalephan is a brood-egg, which swims freely about without a shell.
3184. The vessels are quaternary in their distribution, and form a cross, like the involucral vessels of the chick.
3185. In these animals the ova first begin to be detached and agglomerated together in definite situations so as to constitute ovaria. The number here is also four.
They lie usually within four cavities surrounding the stomach, and into these wide apertures situated near to the mouth lead; they are at the same time regarded as respiratory cavities.
In other species vesicles, wherein seminal animalcules are developed, occupy the same situation. Here therefore is recognised for the first time a separated sex.
In the Röhrenquallen or Physaliæ the ovisacs mostly depend externally in the form of bells.
Besides this we find in the Acalephæ all sorts of laminæ, which are probably organs of respiration.
It is not known what is the meaning of the air-sacs and of what the air consists.
Most of the species emit light like globes of fire, just as many Infusoria do also. It is probably a phosphorescence given out by the mucus when passing over into a state of decomposition.
Very many have also the stinging property of the nettle; but, whether the cause of this is chemical or mechanical, is not yet exactly known.
SECOND CIRCLE. VASCULAR, SEXUAL ANIMALS.
3186. So far, or in the ascending scale up to the Acalephæ, the animal is only viscus with an absorbent canal, which is at the same time a canal of evacuation, without a distinct intestine being set apart for that purpose; such is the general rule.
3187. After the Acalephæ the formation undergoes a change; the distinction between the exterior and interior is prominently displayed, and the internal wall becomesfreed as a separate and perfect intestine along with a mouth and anus; the external wall appears as a free tegument. But, seeing that two concentric and separated cysts could not subsist without combination by means of the nutritive system or the vessels; a perfect vascular system is formed, divided into veins, arteries, and hearts.
The tegument, wherein the vessels become self-substantial, is the branchial membrane. There is therefore placed around the intestinal body a vascular body also, or branchial membrane, which is consequently pleura or mantle (pallium), as in the Mussels. The body of the intestine consists of intestine and peritoneum; that of the vessels of branchiæ and pleura or mantle.
These animals are hence bisystemic, being both Intestinal and Vascular animals; but, since the vascular system is a new addition, it is thus characteristic of the circle, and its members must be therefore calledVascular animals. With the vascular system, however, all its further developments have been bestowed; thus especially the complication of the vessels with the intestinal ramifications or, in other words, the liver—Hepatic animals. The salivary glands also are a similar complication, and in this series therefore they make their appearance.
Lastly, the renal glands are such a kind of vascular organ, or branchiæ of the sexual parts; they also begin to be astir in this series.
With the separation of the systems into separate teguments or membranes, the sexual parts also separate. The ovarium becomes an independent organ furnished with its own excretory ducts; the male parts are individualized to form veritable testes furnished with excretory ducts, or even with a penis. Still this is all effected only by degrees, or as yet within the confines of this circle.
These animals divide according to the viscera into Venous, Arterial, and Cardiac animals; according to the sexual parts, into Ovarial, Orchitic, and Renal animals.
Class 4. Venous, Ovarial Animals.
3188. With the protrusion into view of the vascular system, the veins are chiefly developed along with their principal organ, the liver, as being the bond of union between the circulation and the intestine.
3189. The animals, which first bring to bear in addition to the intestine a liver, are the Bivalve Mollusca.
3190. With the veins arteries also originate, but with a preponderance of venosity or the venous character. The blood is lymphatic, colourless.
3191. The cardinal venous organ or the liver evokes also into existence a corresponding organ of respiration, namely, free branchiæ with the tegumental form—branchial laminæ or leaves.
3192. In the middle between the branchial laminæ and the liver, the heart is evolved; this organ comprising always a ventricle with an auricle, but consisting of a venous, membranous tissue almost devoid of fibres.
3193. The first heart is in other respects arteriose; it receives the blood from the branchiæ and transmits it to the liver as well as to the remaining parts of the body, from which it proceeds directly to the branchiæ without entering any venous or right heart.
3194. In these animals, as is well known, four branchial leaves lie externally on the belly, which includes the intestine with a large liver, and hangs together with the branchiæ as a separate purse within the mantle.
3195. In the Mussel a structure originates for the first time, which can be compared with a thoracic or pectoral cavity. What covers the branchiæ, must stand in the signification of the thorax or chest. The pallium or mantle of the Mussels is pleura.
3196. Their shells are branchial opercula (as in the Fishes). They are secretions from the mantle, and everywhere accompany the branchiæ.
3197. The locket or hinge of the shell-valves corresponds to the rachis or spina dorsi, as is especially distinct in the Teredines or "ship-worms."
The shells of Bivalve Mollusca are a calcareo-thoracic box, open in front, inverted behind, and moveable like ribs.
3198. The two sphincter or occlusor muscles signify shoulder and haunch.
3199. These animals begin for the first time to exhibit bilaterality or symmetry, because in them there is stirring the idea of the osseous formation. From the branchiæ being situated symmetrically upon both sides, the cardiac chambers are also symmetrical.
3200. The pectoral tunic (mantle) usually elongates at the anal extremity into two tubes, respiratory tubes, through which the water is drawn in and thrust out or expelled. Such is the case in the highest Worms or Holothuriæ, only there the respiratory tube leads into the body itself. A similar arrangement is found in the Echini. Many aquatic larvæ from all kinds of Insects or out of different classes breathe through anal tubes. All these animals consequently repeat the Mussels, and this formation admits of being followed out up to Man, where it is left as allantois and primordial kidneys. The thorax of the Mussel thus opens by the anus. But, since the thorax is that which is here preponderating and is nearly the whole animal, so does the anus open into the posterior respiratory tube.
3201. The Mussel can be regarded as an animal consisting of three cysts or sacs inclosed within each other, namely, of intestine, around this the ventral pouch, and around this again the thoracic sac or mantle. If, moreover, the shells be regarded as a cyst, the animal then consists of four sacs. The heart and branchiæ lie within the thoracic cavity; intestine, liver, and ovarium within the abdominal or ventral cavity. The Mussel is thus a doubled Acalephan.
What is termed foot in the Bivalve Mollusca is nothing else than the abdominal tegument dilated in front to form a muscular ridge.
3202. The Mussels are embryos, in whom the liver originates, and whose chorion acquires a placenta. Then again, as the embryo is nearly all liver, and hangs surrounded by a watery fluid within the widely-expanded chorion and amnion, so does the abdominal pouch hang within the pallial cavity, or in the wide, water-full chest.
3203. In the abdomen there is still only the ovarium, and that indeed very large. There are properly two ovaria, each of which, according to my observations (vid. Göttinger Gelehrte Anzeigen, 1806. Stück 148), opens laterally under the shoulder-muscle and gives exit to the ova, which then enter within or between the branchial fringes, in order to be there developed.
3204. Here the respiratory organs are still at the same time a kind of uterus. The ova may be oxydized therein, like the embryo is in the uterus. These branchiæ are probably still to be compared with, or designated as, sexual branchiæ.
3205. In the back of the shoulder these animals have a highly vascular organ with two excretory passages, which open near to the orifices of the oviducts. I formerly regarded it as a kidney, but, according to more recent observations, it should be a testis. In the anterior part of the foot there is frequently situated a gland which ejects a gelatinoid moisture, which hardens into glutinous filaments—the byssus or beard. It is probably a memento of the tentacula of the Acalephæ. There is besides also an organ in the feet of many Bivalve Mollusca, which occasionally squirts a watery juice out to a great distance. I have occasionally found this organ in our Teichmuschel. Its signification is probably the same as that of the preceding organ.
3206. The organization of the Bivalve Mollusc can be thus most distinctly described; it is an abdomen, wherein is an intestine with mouth and anus, a liver and a double ovarium; upon the sides of this abdomen are situated the branchiæ in the form of four laminæ; around the branchiæ and the abdomen is the pleura or mantle, which is always open posteriorly.
3207. The mouth is placed directly at the anterior extremity of the abdomen, is devoid of neck and head, as also salivary glands; it is consequently not a truemouth, but only a pharyngeal aperture. Thereupon, however, are situated four sensitive lobes, which are in structure exactly like the branchiæ—cephalic or pharyngeal branchiæ. They are the further formations of the four arms of the Acalephæ.
3208. The Mussel has a perfect splanchno-neural system with ganglia and a pharyngeal ring, which probably corresponds to the nerves that sweep around it.
3209. The Mussel has no other organ of sense than that of the passive sense of feeling, the tegument. It cannot once move its sensitive lobes voluntarily; it has no lips.
3210. The abdomen only elongates in most of them to form a moveable, variously constructed foot orkeel, which cannot, however, creep but only push. The progression of the Bivalve Mollusca is backwards, as in the Acalephæ. In the Snails the ventral surface first becomes a creepingsole.
3211. The Mussels repeat the Infusoria; are Infusoria with a bivalve calcareous testa or shell.
Class 5. Arterial, Orchitic Animals.
3212. In the preceding class of Bivalve Mollusca, it is in truth the abdominal viscera only, such as the intestine, liver and ovarium, which have been perfected; and then the veins and arteries with a membranous heart. The cephalic organs, eyes, maxillæ, salivary glands, and even moveable lips with tentacula, are wanting, as well as the muscular heart. Lastly, the arterial sexual system or a self-substantial testis and the penis were absent.
Now, Mollusca, which have eyes, maxillæ, a muscular heart and a ventral sole or foot, with salivary glands and a penis, are Gasteropoda orSnails.
3213. The Snails possess salivary glands, a trace of the tongue and of maxillæ, moveable lips and tentacula, with thus an approximation to the head, unto which the eyes are rarely wanting—Salivary animals.
3214. With the development of the head or rather ofits inferior organs of sense, the antagonism makes its appearance also in the ovarium. A half of the ovarium is converted into the testis.
The Snail is therefore a Mollusc, which is female upon one side, male upon the other.
3215. The androgynous or bisexual animal is, as a general rule, asymmetrical.
3216. The mantle also or the branchial cavity obeys this want of symmetry. The branchiæ of one side dwindle down; those of the other turn with the mantle towards the head, and the respiratory aperture occurs upon the back.
3217. With the one-sided evolution of the mantle, one shell also is only developed, while the other is stunted or placed under arrest. The Snail's shell is one of the Bivalve Mollusc's shells, its operculum is the other. This last is stony, horny, and finally is entirely wanting.
It is remarkable that the right shell has been pretty generally perfected, while the left dwindles down into the operculum; all the Snail's openings are therefore upon the right side, such as the anus, with the orifices for the escape of the ova and semen.
Male animals are situated on the right side, female on the left; or where the right side was predominating, there originated the male sex, where the left, the female.
3218. As the orifice of the mantle and the shell is properly the aperture of the branchial foramina; so can it be said, that the Snail were a Mussel, which does not simply extend the foot, but also the mouth or head to the branchial opening; it is a Mussel reversed.