The Project Gutenberg eBook ofElements of PhysiophilosophyThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Elements of PhysiophilosophyAuthor: Lorenz OkenTranslator: Alfred TulkRelease date: June 11, 2015 [eBook #49196]Most recently updated: October 24, 2024Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Les Galloway, Rachael Shultz,(Scholar), for the large tables, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by TheInternet Archive)*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOPHILOSOPHY ***
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Elements of PhysiophilosophyAuthor: Lorenz OkenTranslator: Alfred TulkRelease date: June 11, 2015 [eBook #49196]Most recently updated: October 24, 2024Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Les Galloway, Rachael Shultz,(Scholar), for the large tables, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by TheInternet Archive)
Title: Elements of Physiophilosophy
Author: Lorenz OkenTranslator: Alfred Tulk
Author: Lorenz Oken
Translator: Alfred Tulk
Release date: June 11, 2015 [eBook #49196]Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Les Galloway, Rachael Shultz,(Scholar), for the large tables, and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by TheInternet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOPHILOSOPHY ***
Transcriber's NotesObvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.Variations in hyphenation have been standardised, but other variations in spelling, accents and punctuation are as in the original.There are several very wide tables in the book (e.g. Table A is 16 columns/380 characters wide). These have been divided into blocks of 3 or 4 columns. The row alignment has been preserved and, where appropriate. the 1st column repeated for each block.Where the use of ditto (") has been intermittent in tables, it is been replaced by the word represented.The Errata and Corrigenda have been implemented, except for the final item:For the wordsevolutionandevolved,read passim in the Botanical and Zoological parts, perfectionandperfected,as the text may require.
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
Variations in hyphenation have been standardised, but other variations in spelling, accents and punctuation are as in the original.
There are several very wide tables in the book (e.g. Table A is 16 columns/380 characters wide). These have been divided into blocks of 3 or 4 columns. The row alignment has been preserved and, where appropriate. the 1st column repeated for each block.
Where the use of ditto (") has been intermittent in tables, it is been replaced by the word represented.
The Errata and Corrigenda have been implemented, except for the final item:
For the wordsevolutionandevolved,read passim in the Botanical and Zoological parts, perfectionandperfected,as the text may require.
For the wordsevolutionandevolved,read passim in the Botanical and Zoological parts, perfectionandperfected,as the text may require.
THE
RAY SOCIETY.
INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.
Portraitof a man
LONDON.
MDCCCXLVII.
BY
LORENZ OKEN, M.D.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ZÜRICH; &c. &c.
FROM THE GERMAN
BY
ALFRED TULK,
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND.
LONDON:PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.MDCCCXLVII.
C. AND J. ADLARD, PRINTERS,BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
"Of all truths relating to phenomena, the most valuable to us are those which relate to the order of their succession. On a knowledge of these is founded every reasonable anticipation of future facts, and whatever power we possess of influencing those facts to our advantage. Even the laws of geometry are chiefly of practical importance to us as being a portion of the premises from which the order of the succession of phenomena may be inferred."John Stuart Mill.
"Of all truths relating to phenomena, the most valuable to us are those which relate to the order of their succession. On a knowledge of these is founded every reasonable anticipation of future facts, and whatever power we possess of influencing those facts to our advantage. Even the laws of geometry are chiefly of practical importance to us as being a portion of the premises from which the order of the succession of phenomena may be inferred."
John Stuart Mill.
Begun in the autumn of the year 1845, without the cognizance, or at the suggestion of a single human being, the present Translation is due to the fact of its original having encountered a somewhat kindred spirit, and aroused therein the desire to render others participant, if possible, in the large amount of instruction it is so well calculated to afford. And now that the work is done, what remains for the labourer at second-hand to say by way of preamble to his newly-dressed wares? Had the book been printed within the pale of a philosophical or physico-theological sect, the Translator's final duty would have been clearly enough prescribed. Already bound to the profession of "particular tenets," his main object would be to indulge in a laudatory but servile abstract of his author's doctrines, or, if having set out with the expressed intention of illustrating their bearings upon the state of science past, present, and to come, he would become so drunk beforehand with the large and unbridled potation of his creed, as to surprise the casual reader by informing him that such an intention is useless, for the two stand in direct antithesis to each other. Examples of this mode of procedure are not wanting at the present day, whether at home or abroad. They are the produce of that spirit, which, rife enough in the Middle Ages, has been so graphically described by Professor Whewell under the title of the "Commentatorial," and "whose professed object is to explain, to enforce, to illustrate doctrines assumed to be true, but not to obtain additional truths or new generalizations." While from dealings of this character, as being utterly opposed to the sacred cause of Truth, I turn away with feelings of repugnance, to which the lessons of some personal experience have lent their aid, it is not my business, upon the otherhand, to enter the lists of controversy against those who, having neither the capacity, nor the desire of its cultivation, for the higher walks of science, delight to dismiss a work of the present kind with some idle anathema of mysticism or evasive outcry for more facts.
I refrain from essaying to give any condensed formula or outlineAof Professor Oken's Physio-philosophy: first, because its leading points have been already noted in his own prefaces to the German work and its translation; secondly, because the book will, I trust, best speak for itself to those who shall come with minds unprejudiced and duly prepared, each one in his particular department, to its study; and, lastly, because any such attempt would necessarily involve an amount of historical and critical details, which must be here superficially treated and so misplaced. Suffice it to observe, that the present work stands alone in Germany, as being the most practical application upon a systematic scale of the principles advanced by Schelling, more especially in the Mathesis and Ontology; for the concluding part or Biology stands almost "per se." As such it will form, apart from other and higher considerations, a readily available introduction to the writings upon similar subjects of Carus, Steffens, Hegel and others, and may induce further attempts to render, by translation or history, the English student familiar with much of what at present is known only by scattered fragments in journals, or through the medium of reviews. From what has been said, the reader will be at no loss to discern in what light the Translator humbly desires to be viewed in reference to the present work. He rests content with the confident hope that its pages will be, at least, found eminently suggestive, that new thoughts will be awakened by facts and their relations being here cast in a fresh mould, that shall stimulate others in the field of inquiry, and open paths hitherto untrod. In this he is but expressing the sentiments ofthe author himself, and acknowledging what the present time with its accumulating mass of knowledge presses upon us more and more—the necessity of work, wherein abstract science and experience, theory and facts shall advance together, the Ideal in part receiving and reflecting back with increased lustre the light which it has derived from the Real or outward semblance of things.
Meanwhile, it is with no small amount of diffidence and hesitation that the present Translation will quit my hands. Hemmed in by a rigid dialectic terminology upon all sides, I have had difficulties of no ordinary kind to contend with in adapting a language, composed of such varied elements as our own, to meet the requisites of general clearness and conciseness that form so prominent a feature of the German work. If errors and obscurities exist, the blame, it will be observed, attaches to myself, not to the distinguished author. Ill-health has conflicted much with the calmness and repose of mind so indispensable to an undertaking, at once novel in kind and character to the English reader; or otherwise, these (my last labours unto any extent as a Translator) might have been rendered more worthy of the Ray Society and the objects it has in view.
To those who have kindly afforded me assistance in the progress of the work, and to the latter body for undertaking it, I here return many grateful thanks. The Author himself in a letter to the Translator, dated Jan. 12, 1847, acknowledges the acceptance of his work by the Society in the following words:—"The intelligence of my Physio-philosophy having been deemed worthy of translation by so goodly and enlightened a Society, cannot be otherwise unto me than a source of delight."B
ALFRED TULK.
AFor this the reader may be referred to the 3d vol. of Prof. Blainville's Hist. des Sciences de l'Organisation; Par. 1845; or better still, to the sketch (preceded by a view of Schelling's philosophy), which is given by M. Saint-Agy in the Tome Complémentaire of Cuvier's Hist. des Sciences Naturelles, 1845. He there rightly observes of Oken's work, that "pendant les quarante dernières années il n'a presque paru en Allemagne d'ouvrages d'anatomie, de physiologie, de physique et de chimie auxquelles elle n'ait servi de base." For what a master-mind like Oken's is capable of creating, I would especially refer to his theory of the Cranial Homologies, which has been in our own country so beautifully carried out, modified, and proved by the extensive researches of Professor Owen.
AFor this the reader may be referred to the 3d vol. of Prof. Blainville's Hist. des Sciences de l'Organisation; Par. 1845; or better still, to the sketch (preceded by a view of Schelling's philosophy), which is given by M. Saint-Agy in the Tome Complémentaire of Cuvier's Hist. des Sciences Naturelles, 1845. He there rightly observes of Oken's work, that "pendant les quarante dernières années il n'a presque paru en Allemagne d'ouvrages d'anatomie, de physiologie, de physique et de chimie auxquelles elle n'ait servi de base." For what a master-mind like Oken's is capable of creating, I would especially refer to his theory of the Cranial Homologies, which has been in our own country so beautifully carried out, modified, and proved by the extensive researches of Professor Owen.
B"Die Nachricht dass meine Naturphilosophie von einer sociferigen und erleuchteten Gesellschaft der Uebersetzung für würdig erachtet worden ist, konnte nicht anders als mir Freude gewähren."
B"Die Nachricht dass meine Naturphilosophie von einer sociferigen und erleuchteten Gesellschaft der Uebersetzung für würdig erachtet worden ist, konnte nicht anders als mir Freude gewähren."
It is with no readiness or pleasure that I write introductions of any kind, and usually abstain from doing so, partly because they appear to me like a kind of apology or makeshift for the author, and partly because the contents of the book itself should indicate his status or position. With regard, however, to the history of the work, some few words are certainly requisite for its Translation.
I wrote the first Edition of 1810 in a kind of inspiration, and on that account it was not so well arranged as a systematic work ought to be. Now, although this may appear to have been amended in the second and third edition, yet still it was not possible for me to completely attain the object held in view. The book has therefore remained essentially the same as regards its fundamental principles, such as those concerning the formation of matter, the protoplasmic substance (Schleim-Substanz) and vesicular form of the organic mass, the signification and function of the organs, as also the principles of classification in Minerals, Plants and Animals, so that all this is consequently as old as the first edition. It is only the empirical arrangement into series of plants and animals, that has been modified from time to time in accordance with the scientific elevation of their several departments, or just as discoveries and anatomical investigations have increased and rendered some other position of the objects a matter of necessity. This susceptibility to change will of course be persistent in the future, although the principles themselves should continue wholly unchanged; ay, the very stability of the latter will tend the more to invite the naturalist to the pursuit of empirical inquiries, by determining beforehand in what direction he is to extend his point of view, and thus spare himself the trouble of blindly and laboriously groping about in the dense labyrinth of facts. Such a work therefore as the present can only approximate completion through the progress made in science, and each new edition will supply some defect of its predecessor in the distribution or parcelling out of things.
In the first edition the principle was raised of individual bodies being alone the object of Natural History, and that in the next place they are to be arranged according to the combination of their organs or component parts, and by no means after the division or mere form of a single organ; that, for example, a special organ or anatomical system lies as the basis of each Vegetable and Animal class, and that there must be therefore as many classes, and no more, as there are cardinal organs present upon which to found them. On that account it was absolutely necessary first of all to find out these cardinal organs, and determine their rank; and, in so doing, it was shown that organs and classes are at bottom of one kind, and that the development by stages or degrees of the embryo is the antetype of that of the classes; furthermore, that each class takes its starting-point from below, and consequently that the classes do not stand simply one above the other, but fall into a series of mutually parallel ranks. Now it is this which, along with the doctrine of the infusorio-vesicular form of the organic mass, and that touching the signification of parts, as to how e. g. the blossom is the repetition of the vegetable axis or trunk, the cephalic bones that of the vertebræ, the feet of the branchiæ, and the maxillæ in turn of the feet, appears to me the cardinal point attained in my Philosophy of Nature; more especially, because it was these very doctrines which were first of all, i. e. before all the others, comprehended and almost universally adopted. The inorganic matters and activities pass, however, parallel also to the anatomical formations and functions; and that this is the case too with the spiritual or psychical functions the philosophy of the future will probably be in the condition to point out.
The reader will not expect to find that the serial arrangement of Plants and Animals, with their parallelism, has been in every instance thoroughly attained. The present is but a sample of how we are to proceed in our desire of obtaining a Natural system. With such an attempt one has something to change every year, and I have in the present translation made some alterations in respect to the Mollusca and Fishes. In this sense then it is my wish that the book may be regarded, and accordingly received with its due amount of indulgence.
LORENZ OKEN.
The first principles of the present work I laid down in my small pamphlet entitledGrundriss der Naturphilosophie, der Theorie der Sinne und der darauf gegrundeten Classification der Thiere; Frankfurt bey Eichenberg, 1802, 8vo (out of print). I still abide by the position there taken, namely, that the Animal Classes are virtually nothing else than a representation of the sense-organs, and that they must be arranged in accordance with them. Thus, strictly speaking, there are only 5 Animal Classes:Dermatozoa, or the Invertebrata;Glossozoa, or the Fishes, as being those animals in whom a true tongue makes for the first time its appearance;Rhinozoa, or the Reptiles, wherein the nose opens for the first time into the mouth and inhales air;Otozoa, or the Birds, in which the ear for the first time opens externally;Ophthalmozoa, or the Thricozoa, in whom all the organs of sense are present and complete, the eyes being moveable and covered with two palpebræ or lids. But since all vegetative systems are subordinated to the tegument or general sense of feeling, the Dermatozoa divide into just as many or corresponding divisions, which, on account of the quantity of their contents, may be for the sake of convenience also termed classes. Thereby 9 classes of the inferior animals originate, but which, when taken together, have only the worth or value of a single class. So much by way of explaining the apparent want of uniformity in the system.
I first advanced the doctrine, that all organic beings originate from and consist ofvesiclesorcells, in my book upon Generation. (Die Zeugung.Frankfurt bey Wesche, 1805, 8vo.) These vesicles, when singly detached and regarded in their original process of production, are the infusorial mass, or the protoplasma (Ur-Schleim) from whence all larger organisms fashion themselves or are evolved. Their production is therefore nothing else than a regular agglomeration of Infusoria; not of course of species already elaborated or perfect, but of mucous vesicles or points in general, which first form themselves by their union or combination into particularspecies. This doctrine concerning the primo-constituent parts of the organic mass is now generally admitted or recognised, and I need not, therefore, add anything by way of apology for it or defence.
In mine and Kieser'sBeyträgen zur vergleichenden Zoologie, Anatomie und Physiologie; Frankfurt bey Wesche, 1806, 4to, I have shown that the intestines originate from the umbilical vesicle, and that this corresponds to the vitellus. It is trueFriedrich Wolfhad already discovered it in the chick, but his was only a single instance, and completely forgotten. I have also discovered it and without knowing anything about my being anticipated, since it was nowhere taught. But I have elevated this structure to the light of a general law, and it is that unto which I may fairly lay claim. In the same essay I have introduced into the Physiology the Corpora Wolfiana, or Primordial Kidneys, but, having failed to recognise their signification, any one who pleases may filch away the credit of their bare detection.
In my Essay:Ueber die Bedeutung der Schädelknochen, (Ein Programm beym Antritt der Professur an der Gesammt-Universität zu Jena; Jena gedruckt bey Göpfert, 1807, verlegt zu Frankfurt bey Wesche, 4to,) I have shown that the head is none other than a vertebral column, and that it consists of four vertebræ, which I have respectively named Auditory, Maxillary or Lingual, Ocular and Nasal vertebra; I have also pointed out that the maxillæ are nothing else but repetitions of arms and feet, the teeth being their nails; all this is carried out more circumstantially and in detail in theIsis, 1817, S. 1204; 1818, S. 510., 1823.litt. AnzeigenS. 353 und 441. This doctrine was at first scoffed at and repulsed; finally, when it began to force its way, several barefaced persons came forward, who would have made out if they could, that the discovery was achieved long ago. The reader will not omit to notice that the above essay appeared as my Antritts-Programm, or Inaugural discourse, upon being appointed Professor at Jena.
In my Essay entitledUeber das Universum als Fortsetzung des Sinnensystems; Jena bey Frommann, 1808, 4to, I showed that the Organism is none other than a combination of all the Universe's activities within a single individual body. This doctrine has led me to the conviction that World and Organism are one in kind, and do not stand merely in harmony with each other. From hence was developed my Mineral, Vegetable and Animal system, as also my philosophical Anatomy and Physiology.
In my Essay entitledErste Ideen zur Theorie des Lichts, der Finsterniss, der Farben und der Wärme; Jena bey Frommann, 1808, 4to, I pointed out, that the Light could be nothing but a polar tension of the æther, evoked by a central body in antagonism with the planets; and that the Heat were none other than the motion of this æther. This doctrine appears to be still in a state of fermentation.
In my Essay entitledGrundzeichnung des natürlichen Systems der Erze; Jena bey Frommann, 1809, 4to, I arranged the Ores for the first time,notaccording to the Metals, but agreeably to theircombinationswith Oxygen, Acids, and Sulphur, and thus intoOxyden,Halden,Glanzen, andGediegenen. This has imparted to the recent science of Mineralogy its present aspect or form.
In the first edition of myLehrbuch der Naturphilosophie, 1810 and 1811, I sought to bring these different doctrines into mutual connexion, and to show, forsooth, that the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal classes are not to be arbitrarily arranged in accordance with single or isolated characters, but to be based upon the cardinal organs or anatomical systems, from which a firmly established number of classes must of necessity result; moreover, that each of these classes commences or takes its starting-point from below, and consequently that all of them pass parallel to each other. This parallelism is now pretty generally adopted, at least in England and France, though with sundry modifications, which, from the principles being overlooked or neglected, are based at random, and are not therefore to be approved of. As in chemistry, where the combinations follow a definite numerical law, so also in Anatomy the organs, in Physiology the functions, and in Natural History the classes, families and even genera of Minerals, Plants and Animals, present a similar arithmetical ratio. The genera are indeed, on account of their great number and arbitrary erection to the rank whose title they bear, not to be circumscribed or limited in every case with due propriety, nor brought into their true scientific place in the system; it is nevertheless possible to render their parallelism with each other clear, and to prove that they by no means form a single ascending series. If once the genera of Minerals, Plants and Animals come to stand correctly opposite each other, a great advantage will accrue therefrom to the science of Materia Medica; for corresponding genera will act specifically upon each other.
These principles, which I have now carried out into detail, wereretained in thesecond, and have been also in thethirdor present edition of thePhysio-philosophy, the arrangement and serial disposition of the natural objects having, with my increase of knowledge and concomitant views of things, been amended, enlarged or diminished, as the case might require, especially in the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal systems. I am very well aware that there is many an object which does not stand in its right place; but where again is there a single system in which this is not still more strikingly the case? We have here dealt only with the restoration of the edifice, wherein, after years of long and oft-repeated attempts, the furniture may for the first time be properly distributed, without detriment to its general bearings or ground plan.
In myLehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, the Mineralogical and Zoological portions of which are out of print, but the Botanical still to be had (Weimar, Industrie-Comptoir, 1826), I have arranged for the first time the genera and species in accordance with the above principles, and stated everything of vital importance respecting these matters. This was the first attempt to frame a scientific Natural History, and one unto which I have remained true in my last work, theAllgemeine Naturgeschichte, the principles whereof I have sought to develop more distinctly and in detail in the work now before the reader.
Thus then have I prosecuted throughout a long series of years one kind of principle, and worked hard to perfectionate it upon all sides. Yet, notwithstanding my endeavour to amass the manifold stores of knowledge so requisite to an undertaking like this, I could not acquire within the vast circuit that appertains thereunto, many things which might be necessary unto a system extending into all matters of detail. This it is to be hoped the reader will acknowledge, and have forbearance for the errors, against which every one will stumble who has busied himself throughout life with a single branch of the natural sciences. Natural History is not a closed department of human knowledge, but presupposes numerous other sciences, such as Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and Physics, with even Medicine, Geography and History; so that one must be content with knowing only the main facts of the same, and relinquishing the Singular to its special science. The gaps and errors in Natural History can therefore be filled up or removed only by numerous writers and in the lapse of time.
PAGEConception of the ScienceDivision of the Science. Truth.1PART I. MATHESIS5Nothing,§ 31. Something,§ 50.A.PNEUMATOGENY13Primary Act,§ 55. Primary Consciousness,§ 59. God,§ 61a. Primary Rest,§ 71. b. Time,§ 72. Polarity,§ 76. Motion,§ 80. Man,§ 93. c. Space,§ 108. Point, Line, Surface, Globe, Rotation.B.HYLOGENY35a. Gravity,§ 148. Matter, Æther, Heavenly Bodies. b. Light,§ 182. c. Heat,§ 198. Fire.PART II. ONTOLOGY49A.COSMOGENYib.a. Rest, Centre,§ 209. Motion, Line, Planets,§ 215. c. Form,§ 231. Planetary System, Comets.B.STÖCHIOGENY59Condensation,§ 253. Simple matters, Elements. a. Air§ 282. b. Water,§ 294. c. Earth,§ 303.C.STÖCHIOLOGY68Functions of the Elements. 1. Functions of the Æther,§ 317a. Gravity,§ 320. b. Light,§ 321. Inflexion, Refraction, Reflexion, Colours,§ 354. Colours and Planets,§ 379. c. Heat,§ 385. 2. Function of the Air,§ 410. Electrism. 3. Function of the Water,§ 432. Solution. 4. Function of Earth,§ 438. Crystallization.D.KINGDOMS OF NATURE95Individuals,§ 463.FIRST KINGDOM—MINERALS96I.MINERALOGY,§ 474. Division,§ 490.a. Chemical Division103.b. Genetic Division. Classes106.Class I. Earth-EarthsEarths.II. Water-EarthsSalts.III. Air-EarthsInflammables.IV. Fire-EarthsOres.Table Ato face page120II.GEOLOGY121I.Form of the Planet,§ 546. Primary Valleys.II.Organs of the Planet,§ 570.A.Earths127a. Earth Formation—Primary Rocks,§ 573. Granite, Gneiss, Mica-schist, Lamination, Primary Limestone. b. Water-formation,§ 622. Transition-rocks, Sedimentary or Stratified Rocks, Stratified Limestone, Petrifactions or Fossil Remains. c. Air-formation—Trap-rocks,§ 681. d. Fire-formation—Volcanic Rocks,§ 690.B.Metallic Ores148a. Metallic Veins,§ 693. b. Production of Ore,§ 698. c. Poison,§ 755. d. Magnetism,§ 760. e. Earth-magnetism,§ 771.C.Inflammables166a. Sulphur,§ 801. b. Coal,§ 819.D.Salts170a. Salt-periods,§ 827. b. Chemism,§ 847.PART III. BIOLOGY178A.ORGANOSOPHYib.I.Organogeny.Galvanism,§ 867. Primary Organism,§ 882.Creation of the Organic184a. Elementary Body—Protoplasma or Primary Mucus,§ 898Change. b. Form—Globe,§ 926. Primary Vesicle,§ 933. Infusoria,§ 935. Theory of Generation,§ 943. c. Processes of the Organic. 1. Earth-process—Nutrition,§ 9642. Water-process—Digestion,§ 971. 3. Air-process—Respiration,§ 977. 4. Motion,§ 984.II.Organognosy197Division of the Organism,§ 933, into Planetary and Cosmic Organism. Processes of the Cosmic Organism,§ 1014. 1. Process of Gravity,§ 1021. 2. Process of Heat,§ 1024. 3. Process of Light,§ 1027SECOND KINGDOM—VEGETABLE KINGDOM204I.PHYTOGENY,§ 1038.A.Planetary Organs—Vegetable Trunk.206I.Tissues,§ 1055. 1. Water-organ—Cellular Tissue,§ 10562. Earth-organ—Vascular Tissue,§ 1062. 3. Air-organ—Tracheal Tissue,§ 1065.II.Anatomical Systems—Sheaths,§ 1075. 1. Tracheal System—Wood,§ 1077. Vascular System—Liber,§ 1080. 3. Cellular System—Bark,§ 1084.III.Organs—Members,§ 1086. 1. Water-organ—Root,§ 1090Earth-organ—Stalk,§ 1096. 3. Air-organ—Leaves,§ 1120.B.Æther-Organs—Thyrsus or Flower.2281. Floral Envelopes,§ 1187. Involucrum, Calyx, Corolla—Numerical Law,§ 1209. Coloration,§ 1241. Stamen-filaments,§ 1252—Anthers. 2. Pistil,§ 1276. Style. 3. Seed,§ 1301. 4. Fruit,§ 1335. Fruit of the Flowerless Plants,§ 1346.II.PHYTO-PHYSIOLOGY255IFunctions of the Trunk.1. Facts.A.Constituent Parts. a. Inorganic Bodies—Elements,§ 1364b. Organic Bodies,§ 1368.B.Preliminary Events2592. Processes262A.Cellular Processes,§ 1385. Absorption, Evaporation, Digestion.B.Vascular Processes,§ 1399. Conveyance of Sap, Mixture of Sap, Secretion.C.Tracheal Processes,§ 1411. Inspiration, Nutrition, Oxydation. Galvanic Process—Sap-motion,§ 1443.II.Functions of the Floral Organs2721. Function of the Corolla—Fecundation,§ 1454. Irritability.2. Function of the Ovarium,§ 1473. 3. Function of the Seed. Germination,§ 1476. Growth,§ 1481. Fall of the Leaf.III.PHYTOLOGY279Vegetable System, §§ 1508-1754.Table Bopposite to page316THIRD KINGDOM—ANIMAL KINGDOM318I.ZOOGENY318Anatomy.326I.Tissues3271. Point-tissue—Nervous mass,§ 1801. 2. Globe-tissue—Osseous mass,§ 1825. 3. Line-tissue—Muscular mass,§ 1835. 4. Vesicular tissue,§ 1846. Integument.II.Anatomical Systemsor Sheaths338A.Vegetative3391. Intestinal System,§ 1878. 2. Cutaneous System,§ 1909Branchiæ, Tracheæ. 3. Vascular System,§ 1926. 4. Sexual System,§ 1999.B.Animal Systems3561. Nervous System,§ 2018. Brain, Senses. 2. Osseous System,§ 2079. Vertebral Number,§ 2109. 3. Muscular System,§ 2118.III.Organs378A.Vegetative3781. Intestinal Organs,§ 2158. 2. Vascular Organs,§ 2194Branchiæ, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys. 3. Respiratory Organs,§ 2246. Coverings, Hairs. 4. Sexual Organs,§ 2285. Impregnation,§ 2315. Urinary Organs,§ 2337.B.Animal Organs4041. Osseous Organs—Limbs,§ 2370. 2. Muscular Organs,§ 23983. Nervous Organs,§ 2405—Senses. 1. Vascular Sense—Sense of Feeling,§ 2440. 2. Intestinal Sense—Taste,§ 2454. 3. Pulmonic Sense—Smell,§ 2468. 4. Osseo-Muscular Sense—Hearing,§ 2476. 5. Nervous Sense—Vision,§ 2488.II.PHYSIOLOGY423A.General Functions423B.Special Functions425I.Functions of the Tissues,§ 2539—Heat.II.Functions of the Systems.429A.Of the Vegetal Systems. 1. Digestion,§ 2571. Poisoning. 2. Respiration,§ 2639. 3. Circulation,§ 2655.B.Functions of the Animal Systems4421. Of the Osseous System,§ 2672. 2. Of the Muscular System,§ 2686. 3. Of the Nervous System,§ 2700. Mesmerism,§ 2721Sleep,§ 2736. Periodicity,§ 2761III.Functions of the Organs4551.Functions of the Encephalic or Brain-Animal456A.Organs of Motion.B.Organs of Sensation.4581. Sense of Feeling,§ 2786. Sense of Taste,§ 2821. Sense of Smell,§ 2835. Auditory Sense,§ 2849. Speech. Sense of Sight,§ 2902.2.Functions of the Sexual Animal477A.Vegetal Sexual Organs—Formation of Urine,§ 2934.B.Animal Sexual Organs.4801. Male Organs,§ 2946. 2. Female Parts,§ 2952. Mammæ. Development of the Fruit or Fœtus,§ 2981. Parallelism of the Fœtus with the Animal Classes,§ 3034. Periods of Life,§ 3502.III.ZOOLOGY494A.Division into Provinces.501B.Division into Circles.502C.Division into Classes.511First Province, Somatozoa (Rumpfthiere) Splanchnozoa;511including the three Circles of Intestinal, Vascular, and Respiratory Animals, or Protozoa, Conchozoa, and Ancyliozoa; with their contained Classesup to 568Metamorphosis of Insects,§ 3291. Parallelism,§ 3299Relationships,§ 3301.Second Province, Cephalozoa, (Kopfthiere);544including the two circles of Sarcose and Sense-Animals; with their contained Classesup to 568D.Division into Orders and Families.569Of those included within the Classes of the First Province or Splanchnozoa;with their Tabular Co-arrangementup to 614Of those comprised by the Classes of the Second Province or Sarcozoa; with their Tabular Co-arrangementup to 653IV.PSYCHOLOGY654A.Spiritual Functions of the Somato- or Dermatozoa654B.Spiritual Functions of the Cephalozoa658