BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTEA complete bibliography concerned with the first century of Anglo-American affairs (1496-1596) would more than fill the present volume. But really informatory books about the sea-dogs proper are very few indeed, while good books of any kind are none too common.Taking this first century as a whole, the general reader cannot do better than look up the third volume of Justin Winsor'sNarrative and Critical History of America(1884) and the first volume of Avery'sHistory of the United States and its People(1904). Both give elaborate references to documents and books, but neither professes to be at all expert in naval or nautical matters, and a good deal has been written since.THE CABOTS. Cabot literature is full of conjecture and controversy. G.P. Winship'sCabot Bibliography(1900) is a good guide to all but recent works. Nicholls'Remarkable Life of Sebastian Cabot(1869) shows more zeal than discretion. Harrisse'sJohn Cabot and his son Sebastian(1896) arranges the documents in scholarly order but draws conclusions betraying a wonderful ignorance of the coast. On the whole, Dr. S.E. Dawson's very careful monographs in theTransactions of the Royal Society of Canada(1894, 1896, 1897) are the happiest blend of scholarship and local knowledge. Neither the Cabots nor their crews appear to have written a word about their adventures and discoveries. Consequently the shifting threads of hearsay evidence soon became inextricably tangled. Biggar'sPrecursors of Cartieris an able and accurate work.ELIZABETH. Turning to the patriot queen who had to steer England through so many storms and tortuous channels, we could find no better short guide to her political career than Beesley's volume about her in 'Twelve English Statesmen.' But the best all-round biography isQueen Elizabethby Mandell Creighton, who also wrote an excellent epitome, calledThe Age of Elizabeth, for the 'Epochs of Modern History.'Shakespeare's England, published in 1916 by the Oxford University Press, is quite encyclopaedic in its range.LIFE AFLOAT. The general evolution of wooden sailing craft may be traced out in Part I of Sir George Holmes's convenient little treatise onAncient and Modern Ships. There is no nautical dictionary devoted to Elizabethan times. But a good deal can be picked up from the two handy modern glossaries of Dana and Admiral Smyth, the first being an American author, the second a British one. Smyth'sSailor's Word Bookhas no alternative title. But Dana'sSeaman's Friendis known in England under the name ofThe Seaman's Manual. Technicalities change so much more slowly afloat than ashore that even the ultra-modern editions of Paasch's magnificent polyglot dictionary,From Keel to Truck, still contain many nautical terms which will help the reader out of some of his difficulties.The life of the sea-dogs, gentlemen-adventurers, and merchant-adventurers should be studied in Hakluyt's collection ofPrincipal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries; though many of his original authors were landsmen while a few were civilians as well. This Elizabethan Odyssey, the great prose epic of the English race, was first published in a single solemn folio the year after the Armada—1589. In the nineteenth century the Hakluyt Society reprinted and edited theseNavigationsand many similar works, though not without employing some editors who had no knowledge of the Navy or the sea. In 1893 E.J. Payne brought out a much handier edition of theVoyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to Americawhich gives the very parts of Hakluyt we want for our present purpose, and gives them with a running accompaniment of pithy introductions and apposite footnotes. Nearly all historians are both landsmen and civilians whose sins of omission and commission are generally at their worst in naval and nautical affairs. But James Anthony Froude, whatever his other faults may be, did know something of life afloat, and hisEnglish Seamen in the Sixteenth Century, despite its ultra-Protestant tone, is well worth reading.HAWKINS.The Hawkins Voyages, published by the Hakluyt Society, give the best collection of original accounts. They deal with three generations of this famous family and are prefaced by a good introduction.A Sea-Dog of Devon, by R.A.J. Walling (1907) is the best recent biography of Sir John Hawkins.DRAKE. Politics, policy, trade, and colonization were all dependent on sea power; and just as the English Navy was by far the most important factor in solving the momentous New-World problems of that awakening age, so Drake was by far the most important factor in the English Navy.The Worlde Encompassed by Sir Francis DrakeandSir Francis Drake his Voyage, 1595, are two of the volumes edited by the Hakluyt Society. But these contemporary accounts of his famous fights and voyages do not bring out the supreme significance of his influence as an admiral, more especially in connection with the Spanish Armada. It must always be a matter of keen, though unavailing, regret that Admiral Mahan, the great American expositor of sea power, began with the seventeenth, not the sixteenth, century. But what Mahan left undone was afterwards done to admiration by Julian Corbett, Lecturer in History to the (British) Naval War College, whoseDrake and the Tudor Navy(1912) is absolutely indispensable to any one who wishes to understand how England won her footing in America despite all that Spain could do to stop her. Corbett'sDrake(1890) in the 'English Men of Action' series is an excellent epitome. But the larger book is very much the better. Many illuminative documents onThe Defeat of the Spanish Armadawere edited in 1894 by Corbett's predecessor, Sir John Laughton. The only other work that need be consulted is the first volume ofThe Royal Navy: a History, edited by Sir William Laird Clowes (1897). This is not so good an authority as Corbett; but it contains many details which help to round the story out, besides a wealth of illustration.RALEIGH. Gilbert, Cavendish, Raleigh, and the other gentlemen-adventurers, were soldiers, not sailors; and if they had gone afloat two centuries later they would have fought at the head of marines, not of blue-jackets; so their lives belong to a different kind of biography from that concerned with Hawkins, Frobisher. and Drake. Edwards'sLife of Sir Walter Raleigh(1868) contains all the most interesting letters and is a competent work of its own kind. Oldys' edition of Raleigh'sWorksstill holds the field though its eight volumes were published so long ago as 1829. Raleigh'sDiscovery of Guianais the favorite for reprinting. The Hakluyt Society has produced an elaborate edition (1847) while a very cheap and handy one has been published in Cassell's National Library. W.G. Gosling'sLife of Sir Humphry Gilbert(1911) is the best recent work of its kind.The likeliest of all the Hakluyt Society's volumes, so far as its title is concerned, is one which has hardly any direct bearing on the subject of our book. Yet the reader who is disappointed by the text ofDivers Voyages to Americabecause it is not devoted to Elizabethan sea-dogs will be richly rewarded by the notes on pages 116-141. These quaint bits of information and advice were intended for quite another purpose, But their transcriber's faith in their wider applicability is fully justified. Here is the exact original heading under which they first appeared:Notes in Writing besides More Privie by Mouth that were given by a Gentleman, Anno 1580, to M. Arthure Pette and to M. Charles Jackman, sent by the Marchants of the Muscovie Companie for the discouerie of the northeast strayte, not all together vnfit for some other enterprises of discouerie hereafter to bee taken in hande.See also inThe Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Ed. the articles onHenry VIII,Elizabeth,Drake,Raleigh, etc.IndexAlva, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 98 et seq.Amadas, in America (1584), 151, 210America; an obstacle to the circumnavigation of the world, 11;—as a reputed source of gold and silver, 65Angel, The, ship, 86Anton, Señor Juan de, 133Antonio, Don, pretender to the throne of Portugal, 164; and the English at Lisbon, 194Antwerp, 98, 99, 100Armada, 145, 150, 153, 156, 164, 165, 172, 191, 214Aviles, Don Pedro Menendez de, 86Azores, 150, 169, 194Baber, Sultan in the Moluccas, 141Bacon, Francis, Lord, 62, 210Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama (1513), 19Barlow, in America (1584), 151, 210Baskerville, Sir Thomas, 224, 227 et seq.Bazan, Don Alonzo de, 197, 200Bible, authorized version of, 49, 216'Bond of Association,' 152 Brazil, voyage of Hawkins to, 33-4Bristol, Cabot settles in, 3Burleigh, Lord, 87, 119, 144, 156, 162, 167, 206Cabot, John, transfers allegiance from Genoa to Venice (1476), 1;—Cabottággio, 2;—reaches Cape Breton (1497), 7;—returns to Bristol, 7;—receives a present of £10 from Henry VII, 8;—disappears at sea (1498),8-9, 14;—believes America the eastern limit of the Old World, 11;—bibliography, 241Cabot, Sebastian, second son of John, 9;—takes command of expedition to America, 9;—leaves men to explore Newfoundland, 9;—coasts Greenland, 12;—explores Atlantic Coast, 12;—enters service of Ferdinand of Spain as Captain of the Sea,' 15;—Charles V makes him 'Chief Pilot and Examiner of Pilots,' 15;—determines longitude of Moluccas, 15;—voyage to South America, 15;—makes a map of the world, 15;—leaves Spain for England(1548), 16;—receives pension from Edward VI, 16;—feasts at Gravesend with theSerchthrift, 16-17;—Governor of Muscovy Company, 16, 31;—sailing of theSerchthrift, 32;—bibliography, 241Cadiz, 165 et seq.California, 137, 138, 212Canaries, 157, 226Cape Breton, Cabot reaches (1497), 7Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama sails around, 18Cape St. Vincent, Drake plans to capture, 167Caribs, 80, 158Carleill, 154, 156, 157, 160Cartagena, 88, 108 et seq., 156, 159Cartier, Jacques, second voyage (1535), 12;—discovers St. Lawrence, 71Cathay, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11;—Sir Hugh Willoughby tries to find Northeast passage to, 30Cavendish, Thomas, 212Cecil, Sir Robert, 206Charles V of Spain, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22-25;—his dominions, 23;—feud with France, 23-24;—hostile to England, 29;—Spanish dominion, 71;—father of Don John of Austria, 117Chesapeake Bay, 220Cockeram, Martin, 34Coligny, Admiral, 207Columbus, Christopher, citizen of Genoa, 1-2;—visit to Iceland, 3;—fame eclipses that of the Cabots, 13;—reasons for his significance, 13;—400th anniversary of his discovery, 14;—replica of theSanta Maria, 235Complaynt of Scotland, The, 42Cordial Advice, 40Corunna, 178, 192Cosa, Juan de la, makes first dated (1500) map of America, 14Croatoan Island, 213 et seq.Crowndale, Drake's birthplace, 95Cumberland, Earl of, 197Cuttyhunk Island, 216Dare, Virginia, 215Delight, The, ship, 209De Soto, 19, 81Doughty, Thomas, 116, 120, 123 et seq., 127Dragon, The, ship, 101Drake, Sir Francis, born the same year as modern sea-power (1545), 28;—on theMinion, 92;—Son of Edmund Drake, 95;—boyhood, 96 et seq.;—as lieutenant, on escort to wool-fleet, 100;—marries Mary Newman, 100;—sails on Nombre de Dios expedition, 101 et seq.;—Drake and Nombre de Dios, 104;—sees the Pacific, 110;—attacks a Spanish treasure train, 111 et seq.;—returns to England (1573), 114;—goes to Ireland, 115;—recalled for consultation, 118;—audience with the Queen, 119;—plans to raid the Pacific, 119;—sails ostensibly for Egypt, 120;—hisFamous Voyage(1577), 121;—has trouble with Doughty, 124;—whom he puts to death, 125;—winters in Patagonia, 125;—overcomes disaffection of his men, 126;—sails through Straits of Magellan, 128;—enters Pacific, 128;—takes theGrand Captain of the South, 129;—scours the Pacific taking prizes, 130;—at Lima, 130;—pursues Spanish treasure ship, 131;—captures Don Juan de Anton, 133;—sails north, 137;—considered a god by the Indians, 138 et seq.;—arrives at Moluccas, 141;—lays foundation of English diplomacy in Eastern seas, 142;—Golden Hindaground, 142;—uncertainty at home as to his fate, 144;—arrives at Plymouth, 145;—knighted by Elizabeth, 148;—plans a raid on New Spain, 151;—prepares for Indies voyage of 1585, 153;—calls at Vigo, 155;—plans a—raid on New Spain, 156;—captures Santiago and San Domingo, 157;—takes Cartagena, 159;—calls at Roanoke, 162;—arrives at Plymouth, (1580), 162;—expedition to Cadiz, 165;—arrests Borough, 167;—conquers Sagres Castle, 167;—takes Spanish treasure ship, 169;—defeats the Armada, 172-191;—undertakes Lisbon expedition (1589), 192;—his achievement, 201;—in disfavor, 223;—in unhappy combination with Hawkins, 224;—West Indies voyage, 225;—seizes La Hacha, Santa Marta, and Nombre de Dios, 227;—his last days, 228;—his death, 229;—bibliography, 243-4Drake, Edmund, 95Drake, Jack, 121, 132Drake's Bay, 138East India Company, 63, 171, 215Edward VI, 29, 50Elizabeth, the England of, 48 et seq.;—early life, 50;—and Mary, 51;—and Anne of Cleves, 51;—ascends the throne, 52;—difficulty of her position, 53;—and finance, 55;—her court, 68;—her love of luxury, 68-69;—commandeers Spanish gold, 99;—deposed by Pope, 100;—tortuous Spanish policy, 117;—consults Drake, 119;—receives Drake on his return, 146;—banquets on theGolden Hind, 148;—knights Drake, 148;—Babington Plot again, 163;—beheads Mary Queen of Scots, 165;—the Armada, 176 et seq.;—the Lisbon expedition, 192;—dies, 216;—bibliography, 242Elizabeth, The, ship, 121Essex, Earl of, 116, 118Field of the Cloth of Gold, 234Fleming, Captain, 179, 190Fletcher, Chaplain, 125, 128, 143Fletcher of Rye, discovers the art of tacking, 26;—as a shipwright, 233Florida, 81, 82, 162Francis I, of France, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22, 24, 71Frobisher, Martin, 120, 154, 160, 220Fuller, Thomas, author ofThe Worthies of England, 101, 237Gamboa, Don Pedro Sarmiento de, 135Genoa, the home of Cabot and Columbus, 2George Noble, The, ship, 198Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 208-210Gilbert, Raleigh, 219God Save the King!95Golden Hind, The, ship, 121, 127, 129, 132 et seq., 136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 154, 179Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 217Gosnold, Bartholomew, 216Grand Captain of the South, The, ship, 129Gravelines, battle at, 32, 190Great Harry, The, ship, 234Grenville, Sir Richard, 195 et seq., 220Gresham, Sir Thomas, 60Hakluyt's Voyages, 33Hakluyt Society, 242 et seq.Harriot, Thomas, 212Harrison's description of England, 69-70Hatton, Sir Christopher, 127, 146Hawkins, Sir John, son of William Hawkins, 34;—enters slave trade with New Spain (1562), 74;—takes 300 slaves at Sierra—Leona, 75;—second expedition (1564), 75;—issues sailing orders, 76;—John Sparke's account, 77;—at Teneriffe, 77;—meets Peter de Ponte, 78;—Arbol Santo tree, 78;—takes many Sapies, 79;—at Sambula, 79;—island of the Cannibals, 80;—makes for Florida, 80;—finds French settlement, 82 et seq.;—sells theTiger, 85;—sails north to Newfoundland, 85;—arrives at Padstow, Cornwall (1565), 85;—a favorite at court, 85;—watched by Spain, 86;—sets out on third voyage (1567), 86;—begins the sea-dog fighting with Spain, 86;—Drake joins the expedition, 86;—disasters, 87;—crosses from Africa to West Indies, 88;—clashes with Spaniards at Rio de la Hacha, 88;—at Cartagena, 89;—at St. John de Ulua, 89;—fight with the Spaniards, 90 et seq.;—parted from Drake in a storm, 93;—leaves part of his men ashore, 93;—voyage ends in disaster, 94;—strikes another blow at Spain (1595), 223;—unhappily combined with Drake, 224;—sails for New Spain 226;—dies, 226;—bibliography, 243Hawkins, Sir Richard, grandson of William Hawkins, 35Hawkins, William, story of, in HakluytVoyages, 33 et seq.;—father of Sir John Hawkins, 34;—grandfather of Sir Richard Hawkins, 35,—and of the second William Hawkins, 35Hawkins, William, the Second, grandson of William Hawkins, 35Henry IV of France, 223Henry VII, Cabot enters service of, 3;—refuses to patronize Columbus, 4;—gives patent to the Cabots, 4-6Henry VIII, the monarch of the sea, 20;—establishes a modern fleet and the office of the Admiralty, 21;—a patron of sailors, 22;—menaced by Scotland, France, and Spain, 25;—defies the Pope, 25;—defies Francis I, 26;—birth of modern sea-power (1545), 28;—and the voyage of Hawkins, 33-34;—as a patron of the Navy, 232 et seq.Henry Grace à Dieu, The, ship, 234Honduras, 156, 228Hore, his voyage to America, 33 et seq.Hortop, Job, 94Howard of Effingham, Lord, 31, 176, 189, 197Hudson Strait, Sebastian Cabot misses, 12India, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11Ingram, David, 94Inquisition, Spanish, 29, 73Ireland, 147, 191Jackman, 122James I of England, 216, 218Jefferys, Thomas, 66Jesus, The, ship, seeJesus of LubeckJesus of Lubeck, The, ship, 75, 76, 86, 89, 91 et seq.Judith, The, ship, 86, 92 et seq., 98Knollys, 154La Dragontea, by Lope de Vega, 157La Hacha, 156, 227Lane, Ralph, 162, 196, 212La Rochelle, 100Laudonnière, René de, 82 et seq.Leicester, Earl, of, 146, 164, 176Lepanto, 117, 185Lima, 130, 135, 144Lines of Torres Vedras, 194Lisbon, 144, 168, 192, 223 et seq.Lloyd's, 59-61London merchants, 144, 140, 171, 218Lope de Vega, 157Madrid, 86, 172Magellan, Strait of, 120, 127, 128Manoa, 221, 222Map, Juan de la Cosa's earliest—dated (1500) map of America,—14; of world by Sebastian—Cabot (1544), 15; of America—by Thomas Jefferys, 66Marigold, The, ship, 121, 126, 128, 129Martin, Don, 134, 153Mary, Queen of Scots, 31, 50—et seq., 117, 121, 149, 152,—163, 164, 216Matthew, The, ship, 7Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 175Mendoza, 119Menendez, 115, 150Middleton, Captain, 197Minion, The, ship, 86, 91 et seq.Monopoly, 58, 66Moone, Tom, 129, 154, 161Mosquito, Lopez de, 141Mountains of Bright Stones, 86, 221, 222Muscovy Company, 16, 31Navigation, encouraged by Henry—VIII, 21, 25, 27; art of tacking—discovered, 26; birth of modern—sea-power, 28; sea-songs, 37—et seq.; nautical terms, 42 et seq.;—Pette and Jackman's—advice to traders, 122-123—ftn.; Francisco de Zarate's—account of Drake'sGolden—Hind, 136-137; appendix; note—on Tudor shipping, 231-239;—bibliography, 242New Albion, 136, 140Newfoundland fisheries, Bacon on, 62New France, 72, 205Nombre de Dios, 101 et seq., 12O, 135, 156, 227Norreys, Sir John, 176, 193Northwest Passage, 120, 137Oxenham, John, 105, 109, 116, 144Pacific Ocean, taken possession—of by Balboa (1513), 18;—Drake enters, 128 et seq.Panama, 19, 103, 108, 120, 132, 135, 156, 227Parma, 172 et seq., 189Pascha, The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 114Pedro de Valdes, Don, 188Pelican, The, ship, 121, 127Philip of Spain, marries Queen—Mary, 31; protests against—Drake's actions, 87; plans to—seize Scilly Isles, 115; soldiers—sack Antwerp, 116; seizes—Portugal, 144; prepares a—fleet, 150; Paris plot with—Mary, 150; seizes English—merchant fleet, 152; duped—by Hawkins, 153; his credit—low, 163; resumes mobilization,—172; prepares the Armada,—174 et seq.Philippines, Vasco da Gama reaches, 19;—Drake sails to, 141Pines, Isle of, 103Plymouth, 96, 98, 114, 145, 162, 178-180, 217, 225Plymouth Company, 218Pole ofPlimmouth, The, ship, 33Ponte, Peter de, 78Popham, George, 219Porto Rico, 225, 226Potosi, 28, 73, 95, 130Primrose, The, ship, 152Pring, Martin, 217Puerto Bello. 229Purchas, Samuel, 203Ralegh, City of, in Virginia, 213Raleigh, The, ship, 209Raleigh, Sir Walter, 195, 205-222;—bibliography, 244-245Ranse, 103, 108Revenge, The, ship, 188, 192-204Ribaut, Jean, 82Roanoke Island, 162, 210 et seq.Sagres Castle, 167St. Augustine, 86, 162San Domingo, 156, 157, 161San Felipe, The, ship, 197 et seq.San Francisco, 137, 138San Juan de Ulua, 89, 98, 99, 153Santa Anna, The, ship, 212Santa Cruz, 150, 172 et seq.Santa Marta, 156, 227Scilly Isles, 114, 115, 153Serchthrift, The, ship, 16-17, 32Shipping, note on Tudor, 231-239Sidney, Sir Philip, 155, 164, 195Slave Trade, 74 et seq.Solomon, The, ship, 76Somerset, 29-30, 53, 96Southampton, Earl of, 217Spain, rights of discovery, 6;—Spanish Inquisition, 29, 73;—breach with England, 72;—Spanish gold in London, 73;—Spaniards in Florida, 81-82;—the 'Spanish Fury' of 1576, 116;—Drake clips the wings of Spain, 149-171;—Drake and the Spanish Armada, 172-191;—Lisbon expedition, 192 et seq.;—the last fight of theRevenge, 197 et seq.Sparke, John, his account of Sir John Hawkins's Voyage to Florida, 77 et seq.Spitfire, The, ship, 132Squirrel, The, ship, 210Swallow, The, ship, 86Swan, The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 121, 129Teneriffe, 77-78Ternate, Island of, 141, 142Têtu, Capt., 112 et seq.Throgmorton, Elizabeth, 220Tiger, The, ship, 60, 85, 154Torres Vedras, Lines of, 194Vasco da Gama finds sea route to India (1498), 18Venice, importance in trade, 2;—Cabot becomes a citizen of, 2Venta Cruz, 111Vera Cruz, 89Verrazano, 71Virginia, 62, 151. 196, 205, 210, 219Walsingham, Sir Francis, 118, 146West Indies, 84, 157, 201, 208, 219, 225 et seq.Westward Ho!Kingsley's, 105Weymouth, George, 218White, John, 212 et seq.William and John, The, ship, 86William of Orange, 152, 207.Willoughby, Sir Hugh, tries to find Northwest Passage, 30;—dies in Lapland, 30Woolwich, 153, 238Worthies of England, The, by Thomas Fuller, 101, 237Zarate, Don Francisco de, 136
A complete bibliography concerned with the first century of Anglo-American affairs (1496-1596) would more than fill the present volume. But really informatory books about the sea-dogs proper are very few indeed, while good books of any kind are none too common.
Taking this first century as a whole, the general reader cannot do better than look up the third volume of Justin Winsor'sNarrative and Critical History of America(1884) and the first volume of Avery'sHistory of the United States and its People(1904). Both give elaborate references to documents and books, but neither professes to be at all expert in naval or nautical matters, and a good deal has been written since.
THE CABOTS. Cabot literature is full of conjecture and controversy. G.P. Winship'sCabot Bibliography(1900) is a good guide to all but recent works. Nicholls'Remarkable Life of Sebastian Cabot(1869) shows more zeal than discretion. Harrisse'sJohn Cabot and his son Sebastian(1896) arranges the documents in scholarly order but draws conclusions betraying a wonderful ignorance of the coast. On the whole, Dr. S.E. Dawson's very careful monographs in theTransactions of the Royal Society of Canada(1894, 1896, 1897) are the happiest blend of scholarship and local knowledge. Neither the Cabots nor their crews appear to have written a word about their adventures and discoveries. Consequently the shifting threads of hearsay evidence soon became inextricably tangled. Biggar'sPrecursors of Cartieris an able and accurate work.
ELIZABETH. Turning to the patriot queen who had to steer England through so many storms and tortuous channels, we could find no better short guide to her political career than Beesley's volume about her in 'Twelve English Statesmen.' But the best all-round biography isQueen Elizabethby Mandell Creighton, who also wrote an excellent epitome, calledThe Age of Elizabeth, for the 'Epochs of Modern History.'Shakespeare's England, published in 1916 by the Oxford University Press, is quite encyclopaedic in its range.
LIFE AFLOAT. The general evolution of wooden sailing craft may be traced out in Part I of Sir George Holmes's convenient little treatise onAncient and Modern Ships. There is no nautical dictionary devoted to Elizabethan times. But a good deal can be picked up from the two handy modern glossaries of Dana and Admiral Smyth, the first being an American author, the second a British one. Smyth'sSailor's Word Bookhas no alternative title. But Dana'sSeaman's Friendis known in England under the name ofThe Seaman's Manual. Technicalities change so much more slowly afloat than ashore that even the ultra-modern editions of Paasch's magnificent polyglot dictionary,From Keel to Truck, still contain many nautical terms which will help the reader out of some of his difficulties.
The life of the sea-dogs, gentlemen-adventurers, and merchant-adventurers should be studied in Hakluyt's collection ofPrincipal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries; though many of his original authors were landsmen while a few were civilians as well. This Elizabethan Odyssey, the great prose epic of the English race, was first published in a single solemn folio the year after the Armada—1589. In the nineteenth century the Hakluyt Society reprinted and edited theseNavigationsand many similar works, though not without employing some editors who had no knowledge of the Navy or the sea. In 1893 E.J. Payne brought out a much handier edition of theVoyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to Americawhich gives the very parts of Hakluyt we want for our present purpose, and gives them with a running accompaniment of pithy introductions and apposite footnotes. Nearly all historians are both landsmen and civilians whose sins of omission and commission are generally at their worst in naval and nautical affairs. But James Anthony Froude, whatever his other faults may be, did know something of life afloat, and hisEnglish Seamen in the Sixteenth Century, despite its ultra-Protestant tone, is well worth reading.
HAWKINS.The Hawkins Voyages, published by the Hakluyt Society, give the best collection of original accounts. They deal with three generations of this famous family and are prefaced by a good introduction.A Sea-Dog of Devon, by R.A.J. Walling (1907) is the best recent biography of Sir John Hawkins.
DRAKE. Politics, policy, trade, and colonization were all dependent on sea power; and just as the English Navy was by far the most important factor in solving the momentous New-World problems of that awakening age, so Drake was by far the most important factor in the English Navy.The Worlde Encompassed by Sir Francis DrakeandSir Francis Drake his Voyage, 1595, are two of the volumes edited by the Hakluyt Society. But these contemporary accounts of his famous fights and voyages do not bring out the supreme significance of his influence as an admiral, more especially in connection with the Spanish Armada. It must always be a matter of keen, though unavailing, regret that Admiral Mahan, the great American expositor of sea power, began with the seventeenth, not the sixteenth, century. But what Mahan left undone was afterwards done to admiration by Julian Corbett, Lecturer in History to the (British) Naval War College, whoseDrake and the Tudor Navy(1912) is absolutely indispensable to any one who wishes to understand how England won her footing in America despite all that Spain could do to stop her. Corbett'sDrake(1890) in the 'English Men of Action' series is an excellent epitome. But the larger book is very much the better. Many illuminative documents onThe Defeat of the Spanish Armadawere edited in 1894 by Corbett's predecessor, Sir John Laughton. The only other work that need be consulted is the first volume ofThe Royal Navy: a History, edited by Sir William Laird Clowes (1897). This is not so good an authority as Corbett; but it contains many details which help to round the story out, besides a wealth of illustration.
RALEIGH. Gilbert, Cavendish, Raleigh, and the other gentlemen-adventurers, were soldiers, not sailors; and if they had gone afloat two centuries later they would have fought at the head of marines, not of blue-jackets; so their lives belong to a different kind of biography from that concerned with Hawkins, Frobisher. and Drake. Edwards'sLife of Sir Walter Raleigh(1868) contains all the most interesting letters and is a competent work of its own kind. Oldys' edition of Raleigh'sWorksstill holds the field though its eight volumes were published so long ago as 1829. Raleigh'sDiscovery of Guianais the favorite for reprinting. The Hakluyt Society has produced an elaborate edition (1847) while a very cheap and handy one has been published in Cassell's National Library. W.G. Gosling'sLife of Sir Humphry Gilbert(1911) is the best recent work of its kind.
The likeliest of all the Hakluyt Society's volumes, so far as its title is concerned, is one which has hardly any direct bearing on the subject of our book. Yet the reader who is disappointed by the text ofDivers Voyages to Americabecause it is not devoted to Elizabethan sea-dogs will be richly rewarded by the notes on pages 116-141. These quaint bits of information and advice were intended for quite another purpose, But their transcriber's faith in their wider applicability is fully justified. Here is the exact original heading under which they first appeared:Notes in Writing besides More Privie by Mouth that were given by a Gentleman, Anno 1580, to M. Arthure Pette and to M. Charles Jackman, sent by the Marchants of the Muscovie Companie for the discouerie of the northeast strayte, not all together vnfit for some other enterprises of discouerie hereafter to bee taken in hande.
See also inThe Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Ed. the articles onHenry VIII,Elizabeth,Drake,Raleigh, etc.
Alva, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 98 et seq.
Amadas, in America (1584), 151, 210
America; an obstacle to the circumnavigation of the world, 11;—as a reputed source of gold and silver, 65
Angel, The, ship, 86
Anton, Señor Juan de, 133
Antonio, Don, pretender to the throne of Portugal, 164; and the English at Lisbon, 194
Antwerp, 98, 99, 100
Armada, 145, 150, 153, 156, 164, 165, 172, 191, 214
Aviles, Don Pedro Menendez de, 86
Azores, 150, 169, 194
Baber, Sultan in the Moluccas, 141
Bacon, Francis, Lord, 62, 210
Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama (1513), 19
Barlow, in America (1584), 151, 210
Baskerville, Sir Thomas, 224, 227 et seq.
Bazan, Don Alonzo de, 197, 200
Bible, authorized version of, 49, 216
'Bond of Association,' 152 Brazil, voyage of Hawkins to, 33-4
Bristol, Cabot settles in, 3
Burleigh, Lord, 87, 119, 144, 156, 162, 167, 206
Cabot, John, transfers allegiance from Genoa to Venice (1476), 1;—Cabottággio, 2;—reaches Cape Breton (1497), 7;—returns to Bristol, 7;—receives a present of £10 from Henry VII, 8;—disappears at sea (1498),8-9, 14;—believes America the eastern limit of the Old World, 11;—bibliography, 241
Cabot, Sebastian, second son of John, 9;—takes command of expedition to America, 9;—leaves men to explore Newfoundland, 9;—coasts Greenland, 12;—explores Atlantic Coast, 12;—enters service of Ferdinand of Spain as Captain of the Sea,' 15;—Charles V makes him 'Chief Pilot and Examiner of Pilots,' 15;—determines longitude of Moluccas, 15;—voyage to South America, 15;—makes a map of the world, 15;—leaves Spain for England(1548), 16;—receives pension from Edward VI, 16;—feasts at Gravesend with theSerchthrift, 16-17;—Governor of Muscovy Company, 16, 31;—sailing of theSerchthrift, 32;—bibliography, 241
Cadiz, 165 et seq.
California, 137, 138, 212
Canaries, 157, 226
Cape Breton, Cabot reaches (1497), 7
Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama sails around, 18
Cape St. Vincent, Drake plans to capture, 167
Caribs, 80, 158
Carleill, 154, 156, 157, 160
Cartagena, 88, 108 et seq., 156, 159
Cartier, Jacques, second voyage (1535), 12;—discovers St. Lawrence, 71
Cathay, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11;—Sir Hugh Willoughby tries to find Northeast passage to, 30
Cavendish, Thomas, 212
Cecil, Sir Robert, 206
Charles V of Spain, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22-25;—his dominions, 23;—feud with France, 23-24;—hostile to England, 29;—Spanish dominion, 71;—father of Don John of Austria, 117
Chesapeake Bay, 220
Cockeram, Martin, 34
Coligny, Admiral, 207
Columbus, Christopher, citizen of Genoa, 1-2;—visit to Iceland, 3;—fame eclipses that of the Cabots, 13;—reasons for his significance, 13;—400th anniversary of his discovery, 14;—replica of theSanta Maria, 235
Complaynt of Scotland, The, 42
Cordial Advice, 40
Corunna, 178, 192
Cosa, Juan de la, makes first dated (1500) map of America, 14
Croatoan Island, 213 et seq.
Crowndale, Drake's birthplace, 95
Cumberland, Earl of, 197
Cuttyhunk Island, 216
Dare, Virginia, 215
Delight, The, ship, 209
De Soto, 19, 81
Doughty, Thomas, 116, 120, 123 et seq., 127
Dragon, The, ship, 101
Drake, Sir Francis, born the same year as modern sea-power (1545), 28;—on theMinion, 92;—Son of Edmund Drake, 95;—boyhood, 96 et seq.;—as lieutenant, on escort to wool-fleet, 100;—marries Mary Newman, 100;—sails on Nombre de Dios expedition, 101 et seq.;—Drake and Nombre de Dios, 104;—sees the Pacific, 110;—attacks a Spanish treasure train, 111 et seq.;—returns to England (1573), 114;—goes to Ireland, 115;—recalled for consultation, 118;—audience with the Queen, 119;—plans to raid the Pacific, 119;—sails ostensibly for Egypt, 120;—hisFamous Voyage(1577), 121;—has trouble with Doughty, 124;—whom he puts to death, 125;—winters in Patagonia, 125;—overcomes disaffection of his men, 126;—sails through Straits of Magellan, 128;—enters Pacific, 128;—takes theGrand Captain of the South, 129;—scours the Pacific taking prizes, 130;—at Lima, 130;—pursues Spanish treasure ship, 131;—captures Don Juan de Anton, 133;—sails north, 137;—considered a god by the Indians, 138 et seq.;—arrives at Moluccas, 141;—lays foundation of English diplomacy in Eastern seas, 142;—Golden Hindaground, 142;—uncertainty at home as to his fate, 144;—arrives at Plymouth, 145;—knighted by Elizabeth, 148;—plans a raid on New Spain, 151;—prepares for Indies voyage of 1585, 153;—calls at Vigo, 155;—plans a—raid on New Spain, 156;—captures Santiago and San Domingo, 157;—takes Cartagena, 159;—calls at Roanoke, 162;—arrives at Plymouth, (1580), 162;—expedition to Cadiz, 165;—arrests Borough, 167;—conquers Sagres Castle, 167;—takes Spanish treasure ship, 169;—defeats the Armada, 172-191;—undertakes Lisbon expedition (1589), 192;—his achievement, 201;—in disfavor, 223;—in unhappy combination with Hawkins, 224;—West Indies voyage, 225;—seizes La Hacha, Santa Marta, and Nombre de Dios, 227;—his last days, 228;—his death, 229;—bibliography, 243-4
Drake, Edmund, 95
Drake, Jack, 121, 132
Drake's Bay, 138
East India Company, 63, 171, 215
Edward VI, 29, 50
Elizabeth, the England of, 48 et seq.;—early life, 50;—and Mary, 51;—and Anne of Cleves, 51;—ascends the throne, 52;—difficulty of her position, 53;—and finance, 55;—her court, 68;—her love of luxury, 68-69;—commandeers Spanish gold, 99;—deposed by Pope, 100;—tortuous Spanish policy, 117;—consults Drake, 119;—receives Drake on his return, 146;—banquets on theGolden Hind, 148;—knights Drake, 148;—Babington Plot again, 163;—beheads Mary Queen of Scots, 165;—the Armada, 176 et seq.;—the Lisbon expedition, 192;—dies, 216;—bibliography, 242
Elizabeth, The, ship, 121
Essex, Earl of, 116, 118
Field of the Cloth of Gold, 234
Fleming, Captain, 179, 190
Fletcher, Chaplain, 125, 128, 143
Fletcher of Rye, discovers the art of tacking, 26;—as a shipwright, 233
Florida, 81, 82, 162
Francis I, of France, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22, 24, 71
Frobisher, Martin, 120, 154, 160, 220
Fuller, Thomas, author ofThe Worthies of England, 101, 237
Gamboa, Don Pedro Sarmiento de, 135
Genoa, the home of Cabot and Columbus, 2
George Noble, The, ship, 198
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 208-210
Gilbert, Raleigh, 219
God Save the King!95
Golden Hind, The, ship, 121, 127, 129, 132 et seq., 136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 154, 179
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 217
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 216
Grand Captain of the South, The, ship, 129
Gravelines, battle at, 32, 190
Great Harry, The, ship, 234
Grenville, Sir Richard, 195 et seq., 220
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 60
Hakluyt's Voyages, 33
Hakluyt Society, 242 et seq.
Harriot, Thomas, 212
Harrison's description of England, 69-70
Hatton, Sir Christopher, 127, 146
Hawkins, Sir John, son of William Hawkins, 34;—enters slave trade with New Spain (1562), 74;—takes 300 slaves at Sierra—Leona, 75;—second expedition (1564), 75;—issues sailing orders, 76;—John Sparke's account, 77;—at Teneriffe, 77;—meets Peter de Ponte, 78;—Arbol Santo tree, 78;—takes many Sapies, 79;—at Sambula, 79;—island of the Cannibals, 80;—makes for Florida, 80;—finds French settlement, 82 et seq.;—sells theTiger, 85;—sails north to Newfoundland, 85;—arrives at Padstow, Cornwall (1565), 85;—a favorite at court, 85;—watched by Spain, 86;—sets out on third voyage (1567), 86;—begins the sea-dog fighting with Spain, 86;—Drake joins the expedition, 86;—disasters, 87;—crosses from Africa to West Indies, 88;—clashes with Spaniards at Rio de la Hacha, 88;—at Cartagena, 89;—at St. John de Ulua, 89;—fight with the Spaniards, 90 et seq.;—parted from Drake in a storm, 93;—leaves part of his men ashore, 93;—voyage ends in disaster, 94;—strikes another blow at Spain (1595), 223;—unhappily combined with Drake, 224;—sails for New Spain 226;—dies, 226;—bibliography, 243
Hawkins, Sir Richard, grandson of William Hawkins, 35
Hawkins, William, story of, in HakluytVoyages, 33 et seq.;—father of Sir John Hawkins, 34;—grandfather of Sir Richard Hawkins, 35,—and of the second William Hawkins, 35
Hawkins, William, the Second, grandson of William Hawkins, 35
Henry IV of France, 223
Henry VII, Cabot enters service of, 3;—refuses to patronize Columbus, 4;—gives patent to the Cabots, 4-6
Henry VIII, the monarch of the sea, 20;—establishes a modern fleet and the office of the Admiralty, 21;—a patron of sailors, 22;—menaced by Scotland, France, and Spain, 25;—defies the Pope, 25;—defies Francis I, 26;—birth of modern sea-power (1545), 28;—and the voyage of Hawkins, 33-34;—as a patron of the Navy, 232 et seq.
Henry Grace à Dieu, The, ship, 234
Honduras, 156, 228
Hore, his voyage to America, 33 et seq.
Hortop, Job, 94
Howard of Effingham, Lord, 31, 176, 189, 197
Hudson Strait, Sebastian Cabot misses, 12
India, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11
Ingram, David, 94
Inquisition, Spanish, 29, 73
Ireland, 147, 191
Jackman, 122
James I of England, 216, 218
Jefferys, Thomas, 66
Jesus, The, ship, seeJesus of Lubeck
Jesus of Lubeck, The, ship, 75, 76, 86, 89, 91 et seq.
Judith, The, ship, 86, 92 et seq., 98
Knollys, 154
La Dragontea, by Lope de Vega, 157
La Hacha, 156, 227
Lane, Ralph, 162, 196, 212
La Rochelle, 100
Laudonnière, René de, 82 et seq.
Leicester, Earl, of, 146, 164, 176
Lepanto, 117, 185
Lima, 130, 135, 144
Lines of Torres Vedras, 194
Lisbon, 144, 168, 192, 223 et seq.
Lloyd's, 59-61
London merchants, 144, 140, 171, 218
Lope de Vega, 157
Madrid, 86, 172
Magellan, Strait of, 120, 127, 128
Manoa, 221, 222
Map, Juan de la Cosa's earliest—dated (1500) map of America,—14; of world by Sebastian—Cabot (1544), 15; of America—by Thomas Jefferys, 66
Marigold, The, ship, 121, 126, 128, 129
Martin, Don, 134, 153
Mary, Queen of Scots, 31, 50—et seq., 117, 121, 149, 152,—163, 164, 216
Matthew, The, ship, 7
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 175
Mendoza, 119
Menendez, 115, 150
Middleton, Captain, 197
Minion, The, ship, 86, 91 et seq.
Monopoly, 58, 66
Moone, Tom, 129, 154, 161
Mosquito, Lopez de, 141
Mountains of Bright Stones, 86, 221, 222
Muscovy Company, 16, 31
Navigation, encouraged by Henry—VIII, 21, 25, 27; art of tacking—discovered, 26; birth of modern—sea-power, 28; sea-songs, 37—et seq.; nautical terms, 42 et seq.;—Pette and Jackman's—advice to traders, 122-123—ftn.; Francisco de Zarate's—account of Drake'sGolden—Hind, 136-137; appendix; note—on Tudor shipping, 231-239;—bibliography, 242
New Albion, 136, 140
Newfoundland fisheries, Bacon on, 62
New France, 72, 205
Nombre de Dios, 101 et seq., 12O, 135, 156, 227
Norreys, Sir John, 176, 193
Northwest Passage, 120, 137
Oxenham, John, 105, 109, 116, 144
Pacific Ocean, taken possession—of by Balboa (1513), 18;—Drake enters, 128 et seq.
Panama, 19, 103, 108, 120, 132, 135, 156, 227
Parma, 172 et seq., 189
Pascha, The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 114
Pedro de Valdes, Don, 188
Pelican, The, ship, 121, 127
Philip of Spain, marries Queen—Mary, 31; protests against—Drake's actions, 87; plans to—seize Scilly Isles, 115; soldiers—sack Antwerp, 116; seizes—Portugal, 144; prepares a—fleet, 150; Paris plot with—Mary, 150; seizes English—merchant fleet, 152; duped—by Hawkins, 153; his credit—low, 163; resumes mobilization,—172; prepares the Armada,—174 et seq.
Philippines, Vasco da Gama reaches, 19;—Drake sails to, 141
Pines, Isle of, 103
Plymouth, 96, 98, 114, 145, 162, 178-180, 217, 225
Plymouth Company, 218
Pole ofPlimmouth, The, ship, 33
Ponte, Peter de, 78
Popham, George, 219
Porto Rico, 225, 226
Potosi, 28, 73, 95, 130
Primrose, The, ship, 152
Pring, Martin, 217
Puerto Bello. 229
Purchas, Samuel, 203
Ralegh, City of, in Virginia, 213
Raleigh, The, ship, 209
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 195, 205-222;—bibliography, 244-245
Ranse, 103, 108
Revenge, The, ship, 188, 192-204
Ribaut, Jean, 82
Roanoke Island, 162, 210 et seq.
Sagres Castle, 167
St. Augustine, 86, 162
San Domingo, 156, 157, 161
San Felipe, The, ship, 197 et seq.
San Francisco, 137, 138
San Juan de Ulua, 89, 98, 99, 153
Santa Anna, The, ship, 212
Santa Cruz, 150, 172 et seq.
Santa Marta, 156, 227
Scilly Isles, 114, 115, 153
Serchthrift, The, ship, 16-17, 32
Shipping, note on Tudor, 231-239
Sidney, Sir Philip, 155, 164, 195
Slave Trade, 74 et seq.
Solomon, The, ship, 76
Somerset, 29-30, 53, 96
Southampton, Earl of, 217
Spain, rights of discovery, 6;—Spanish Inquisition, 29, 73;—breach with England, 72;—Spanish gold in London, 73;—Spaniards in Florida, 81-82;—the 'Spanish Fury' of 1576, 116;—Drake clips the wings of Spain, 149-171;—Drake and the Spanish Armada, 172-191;—Lisbon expedition, 192 et seq.;—the last fight of theRevenge, 197 et seq.
Sparke, John, his account of Sir John Hawkins's Voyage to Florida, 77 et seq.
Spitfire, The, ship, 132
Squirrel, The, ship, 210
Swallow, The, ship, 86
Swan, The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 121, 129
Teneriffe, 77-78
Ternate, Island of, 141, 142
Têtu, Capt., 112 et seq.
Throgmorton, Elizabeth, 220
Tiger, The, ship, 60, 85, 154
Torres Vedras, Lines of, 194
Vasco da Gama finds sea route to India (1498), 18
Venice, importance in trade, 2;—Cabot becomes a citizen of, 2
Venta Cruz, 111
Vera Cruz, 89
Verrazano, 71
Virginia, 62, 151. 196, 205, 210, 219
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 118, 146
West Indies, 84, 157, 201, 208, 219, 225 et seq.
Westward Ho!Kingsley's, 105
Weymouth, George, 218
White, John, 212 et seq.
William and John, The, ship, 86
William of Orange, 152, 207.
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, tries to find Northwest Passage, 30;—dies in Lapland, 30
Woolwich, 153, 238
Worthies of England, The, by Thomas Fuller, 101, 237
Zarate, Don Francisco de, 136