NOTES.

NOTES.[1]See the treatise ofAnders Retziuson: ›The Origin and Development of Anatomy in the Scandinavian North›, which he delivered as an address on the occasion of his leaving the presidency of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on April 9th, 1845. See alsoGustaf Retzius: Preface to ›Emanuel Swedenborg’s Scientific Works›, edit. by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907, p. V.,et seqq., andAlfred H. Stroh, M. A.: ›Some testimonies concerningSwedenborg, the Scientist›, Stockholm 1909, p. 10.[2]In an address before the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences at Stockholm in connection with a reference toSwedenborg’s work: ›De Cerebro›, which had just appeared in the English translation byDr. Rudolf Tafel; SeeGustaf Retzius: Op. cit. p. VI. andAlfred H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 11.[3]See an address ofMax Neuburgerconcerning ›Swedenborg’s Beziehungen zur Gehirnphysiologie›, delivered before the ›Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte›, Hamburg, 1901.[4]See the article byC. G. SantessonconcerningSwedenborgin ›Nordisk Tidskrift›, 1904, No. 5.[5]See an address ofGustaf Retziusas president of the ›Versammlung der Anatomischen Gesellschaft›, Heidelberg, 1903; and also his preface to the edition ofEmanuel Swedenborg’s Scientific Works, which the Royal Academy of Sciences began to publish in 1907; and the references by the same author toSwedenborg’s statements concerning the anatomy and physiology of the brain in the Croonian lecture delivered by him in London, in the year 1908.[6]See the address ofJ. J. Berzeliusat the meeting of Scandinavian Natural Scientists in 1842 concerning: ›The rise of the Scandinavian shore above the level of the surrounding ocean› etc., quoted fromAlfred H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 6.[7]See the address ofA. E. Nordenskiöldbefore the Royal Academy of Sciences on March 26th, 1888, quoted fromA. H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 6.[8]SeeA. G. Nathorst’s introduction to the edition ofSwedenborg’s Scientific Works of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907.[9]See ›Vierteljahrschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft›, Part 14, 1879, quoted fromA. H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 8.[10]SeeS. Arrhenius’ introduction to the edition ofSwedenborg’s Scientific Works of the R. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. II., 1908.[11]SeeGustaf Retzius: Preface to ›E. Swedenborg’s Scientific Works›, edit. by the R. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907, p. V.et seqq.[12]Emanuel Swedenborgwas born at Stockholm, January 29th, 1688; matriculated at the University of Uppsala and ›Västmanlands-Dala-nation›, 1699; Diss. cum consensu Fac. Philos. publico examini submissa, Upsaliæ, 1. Junii, 1709; appointed assessor extraordinary in the Royal College of Mines, 1716; ordinary assessor in the same College, 1724; retired from the assessorship, 1747; died in London, March 29th, 1772. His name wasSwedberguntil the year 1719, when he was ennobled and his name changed toSwedenborg.[13]Epistola Eman: Swedbergii ad Ericum Benzelium, Londini, Oct., 1710. SeeEmanuel Swedenborg: Opera quædam aut inedita aut obsoleta de rebus naturalibus, nunc edita sub auspiciis Regiæ Academiæ Scientiarum Suecicæ, I. Geologica et Epistolæ, Edit.Alfred H. Stroh, Holmiæ, 1907, p. 206et seqq.[14]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., London, April, 1711, see Op. cit. p. 208et seqq.[15]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., London, Augusti, 1712, see Op. cit. p. 218et seqq.[16]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., Paris, Augusti, 1713, see Op. cit. p. 222et seqq.[17]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., Rostock, September, 1714, see. Op. cit. p. 224et seqq.[18]Suggestions for a Flying Machine byEmanuel Swedenborg, translated from the original Swedish byHugo Lj. OdhnerandCarl Th. Odhner, published by the Swedenborg Scientific Association, Philadelphia, Pa., 1910.[19]Dædalus Hyperboreus, Eller Några Nya Mathematiska och Physicaliska Försök och Anmerckningar: Som Wälborne Herr Assessor Polhammar och Andre Sinrike i Swerige Hafwa giordt Och Nu tijd efter annan til almen nytta lemna. Printed in Uppsala (and Skara), 1716-1718. Preface byEm. Svedberg, Stockholm, Dec. 23rd, 1715.[20]›Förslag til wart Mynts och Måls Indelning, så at Rekningen kan lettas och alt Bråk afskaffas›. Stockholm, Kongl. Boktryckeriet, 1719, 8 pp. 4:o. SeeAlfred H. StrohandGreta Ekelöf: Chronological list of the works of Emanuel Swedenborg, dedicated to the Swedenborg Society by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Uppsala and Stockholm, 1910, pp. 17 and 19.[21]Eman. Swedbergs Assess. i Kongl. Bergz Coll. Försök At finna Östra och Westra Lengden igen igenom Månan, Som Til the Lärdas ompröfwande framstelles. Upsala, 1718. SeeAlfr. H. StrohandG. Ekelöf: Op. cit. p. 17. See also the letters of Eman. Swedberg ad Ericum Benzelium in the Swedenborg edition of the Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I.[22]SeeE. Liljedahl: ›Swedenborg›, Stockholm, 1908; andHj. Holmquist: ›Från Swedenborgs ungdom och första stora verksamhetsperiod›, Bibelforskaren, 1909, No. 3.[23]See alsoAlfr. H. StrohandG. Ekelöf: Chronological list of the works of E. Swedenborg, pp. 15 and 16. The titles of the three pamphlets are in English: ›On the way to improve commerce and manufactures›, ›Memorial on the institution of saltboileries in Sweden›, ›On the utility and necessity of instituting an observatory in Sweden›.[24]›Om Watnens Högd och Förra Werldens starcka Ebb och Flod, Bewjs utur Swergie›. (Stockholm, 1719; see also Acta Literaria Sueciæ Upsaliæ publ. 1720, pp. 5-11). Reprinted in the edition of Swedenborg’s Scientific works, publ. by the R. S. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., pp. 1-27.[25]See concerning this the above-named work byHj. Holmquist, in which he says p. 223 concerningSwedenborg’s method of research: ›Swedenborghimself indicates the scientific method which he followed: first, the collecting of as many experiments and investigations as possible, afterwards the working over of these according to the laws of geometry, and lastly, speculation, hypotheses: ’as long as proofs are lacking, principles may not be accepted and hypotheses defended, as they then deserve better the name of fantasies than of principles’. ’Experientia, geometria et facultas ratiocinandi’, experience, geometry and reason, were the foundations ofSwedenborg’s work both within the world of nature and that of spirit.›[26]See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, Vol. I., No. 360, where Swedenborg mentions Parts IV., V., VI. of the Œc. R. A.[27]Œc. R. A. Vol. III., ›De Fibra›, translated into English by Rev. Prof.Alfred Actonin ›New Philosophy›.[28]See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 71-75, 76-82, 112; III. No. 59, etc.[29]See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 100, 101, 191; ›Quod sensationes externae non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et medullarium sunt principia›; and 113, 130, 140, 141, etc. See also ›The Brain› No. 98.[30]As observed in Quain’s ›Elements of Anatomy›, Tenth edition, edit. byE. A. SchäferandG. D. Thane, Vol. III., Part. I, p. 39: ›The term medulla oblongata, as employed byWillisandVieussens, and by those who directly followed them, included the crura cerebri and pons Varolii, as well as that part to which byHallerfirst, and by most subsequent writers, this term has been restricted.›[31]See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 83-85, 91, 93, 95, 114, 140: ›Proinde cum totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae istius substantiae;› and 144, 146: ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat & usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit;› 157 and 191-194-95, 202 etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 399.[32]So, for example, in Œc. R. A. Vol. II., No. 100: ... ›quod Cortex sit principalis totius Cerebri substantia; in ipso termino primo Fibrarum et ultimo Arteriarum sita; See also Œc. R. A. Vol. II., 111-116, 133, 134, 138, 152, 197, 290, etc., or, for example, Œc. R. A. III., No. 127, fin., and No. 404, where we read as follows: ›Ex anatome Cerebri id constat, quod Cerebrum, seu substantia ejus corticalis, quae proprie cerebrum audit, sitSensorium commune, nam quinque organa suos sensus externos ad corticem ut ad suum sensorium commune et unicum internum referunt. Cerebrum corticale etiam estMotorium commune voluntarium, quicquid enim agendum est mediantibus nervis et musculis, id praevia voluntate a cerebro determinandum est.›[33]Œc. R. A. II., 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae — — — merenturOrgana Sensuum interiorumet Cerebellula nuncupari, nam media substantia medullari et sanguine ab Organis externis alluentes modos et tactus recipiunt, et ad judicem animam referunt.› See also Œc. R. A. 191, 192, Œc. R. A. II., 195: — — ›Substantiae Corticales totidem sunt Cerebellula, — —; singula enim sensorium est in particulari, quale est Cerebrum in communi.›[34]Œc. R. A. II., 193: ›Haec minime effectum consequerentur, — — — nisipartes substantiae Corticalis inter se, atque in gradus et series sint divisae, in quales sunt modificationum causae: seu nisi series substantiarum corticalium sint uti series sensationum; nisi sphaerularum Corticis perfectissima sit varietas harmonica, ita ut nulla earum, praeter qua essentialia et attributa, alteri sit simillima.› For the same see also ›Regnum Animale›, VII., chap. XX; Œc. R. A. II., No. 307: ›Ex lustratione ipsius Cerebri apparet, quodsubstantiae corticales ita Sapienter sunt ordinatae, ut cuilibet sensationi externae ad amussim correspondeant; namdictae substantiae, ut unitates glomatim in quendam numerum coalescunt, ethi glomulitanquam novae unitatesin congeriesadhuc majores, et hae in maximam, quae est ipsum Cerebrum:singulae partitionesdiscriminatae sunt per rimas, sulcos et anfractus, et consertae per vasa et productiones meningeas, sic ut quasi sint numeri unitatum in analogiae formam redacti, prorsus ut decet sensorium commune, quodrecepturum sit omnem speciem sensationis externae, distinctim suum visum, distinctim auditum, gustum et olfactum. Œc. R. A. II., chap. XX.[35]Œc. R. A. II., No. 192, ›Ex anatome Cerebri in ipsius oculi luce est, quodradii visualesmedio nervo opticoinfluant in thalamos nervorum opticorum, et abinde per collectas e toto Cerebro, perque Fornicis basin transmissas, et thalamis superinstratas fibras, quaquaversum incorticemdiffundantur.›[36]Œc. R. A. II., No. 192. — — ›quodsubtiles tactus membranae Olfactoriaecavitates labyrintheas narium investientis, et inde oriundae subtiles contremiscentiae aut modificationes per laminam cribrosam et processus mammillaresin Corpora striata, aut in medullam totius centri ovalis enitentes non desinant nisi in peripheriam fibrarum, seuin ambitum corticalem;› See also II., 38-42, where the processus mamillaris is supposed to mediate a reflex action from the sense of smell upon the muscles of breathing.[37]Œc. R. A. II., No. 101: — — ›totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae illius substantiae (corticis)›; II., 140, 153, etc.[38]Œc. R. A. II., No. 146, ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (Sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat, et usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit›; see also II., 135, 147, 150, 156: ›Ex his ... fluit consequens de singulis Cerebellulis ..., quod vitiato uno aut pluribus ... contagium se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate extendat.› And III., 59, 127, at the end, and 197.[39]Œc. R. A. II., No. 147: ›Sphaerulae illum sortitae sunt in Cerebro ordinem et situm, utsingulae aut plures simul, aut omnes in communiqueant systolen suam et diastolen perficere›. Œc. R. A. II., No. 156: ›Quare ita compaginatum est Cerebrum, ut totum queat alterna vertigine auferri, utque solum ejus medietas aut semiglobi Haemisphaerium; aut solum plures aut una circumgyratio; aut utmodo hujus glomus, minor congeries, aut pars.› The same in ›The Brain›, No. 104 c.[40]Œc. R. A. I., No. 505: ›Ergo inquirendum venit,qui tori corticei his aut illis musculis in Corpore correspondent; quod fieri non potest nisiper experientiam in vivis Animalibus; per punctiones, sectiones et compressionesplurium, perque inde in Corporis musculis redundantes effectus.›[41]Œc. R. A. II. Nos. 151, 157: › — — — licetipsa fibra Cerebri non agat motricem in musculis, agit tamen in utraque illa Medulla, quarum fibras ad sic non aliter agendum disponit, uti ab Anatomia Cerebri tam humani, quam animalium brutorum, imo insectorum, clare colligitur: idque ob rationem, utCerebri Voluntarium abeat in spontaneum et naturale mediis Medullis, ne toties in particulares profundas motiones auferatur,quoties actio semel incepta ex consueto continuanda sit; id ejus sublimiorum officiorum administrationem toties alias interturbaret, et in Homine analyses rationales, quae quietiorem Cerebri statum poscunt: quareut primum actio voluntaria poscit seriem agendorum continuam, Cerebrum annuet et consentiet, tum et actionis actualitatem producet: Sicejusestcausa principalis, Medullis autem incineratis injuncta secundaria.› See also I., No. 574:—›origo secundariavel causa intermediaactionum Voluntariarum in Spontaneas abeuntiumsitin Medulla Spinali et oblongata.›[42]Œc. R. A. II., No. 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae ex eadem ratione merenturOrgana Sensuum interiorum, et Cerebellula nuncupari›. See also II., No. 191, etc.[43]Œc. R. A. II., No. 159: ›Id jam extra omnem dubitationis aleam ponimus, quodsubstantia corticalissitdeterminans, licet non omnium primum, actionum Corporis, quia determinans est fibrarum, et fibrae musculorum, a quibus actio›. — — — II., No. 160: ›Sed haesubstantiae corticaleslicet sunt determinantes actionum sui Corporis, respective tamen suntmodo subdeterminantes et mediantes, quibus respondent subdeterminantes in Corpore, quae sunt fibrae motrices.› See also II., No. 204.[44]Œc. R. A. II., No. 277: ›— — — dicere quodAnima sit supra mentem intellectualem, — — —› See also II., No. 280. II., No. 160: ›Per illas (substantias corticales) etenim determinatur in actum voluntas, cujus principium altius est rimandum. — — —requiritur visaltior, sublimior, principalior, et universalior,in qua sit principium voluntatis, qua his mediis determinatur in actum. Proinde est fluidum spirituosum, in quo estvita, et proinde anima.›[45]Œc. R. A. II., 285: ›Ex his jam sequitur, quodAnima sit, quae intelligit, cogitat, judicat, vult, desiderat, imaginatur, cupit, reminiscitur, videt, audit, gustat, odorat, sentit, loquitur, agit, — — —.› See also II., 287.[46]Œc. R. A. II., No. 160, 161: ›Et haec denique concludit, quod sitanima, quae huic fluido (spirituoso) inest, cujus est determinare in actum.› II., 165. II., 303: ›Ipsum Fluidum Spirituosum est substantia eminenter organica suae Animae; uti Oculus est organum visus, Auris auditus, Lingua gustus, Cerebrum perceptionis omnium›; etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 7.[47]See for example Œc. R. A. II., No. 246: — — — ›sic etiam quod hoc Fluidum sit Spiritus et Anima sui Corporis›. — — — Œc. R. A. III., No. 317: ›Anima est purissima essentia animalis, caelestis et spiritualis, quae fibram simplicem excitat et simul sanguinem tam candidum quam rubrum ingreditur.›[48]See also Œc. R. A. II., No. 348: ›Ex his jam praemissis usque ad fidem intellectus demonstrari potest, quodFluidum Spirituosum humanumimmunissimum sit ab omni injuria contingentium in regione sublunari; nec exstinguibile, sedimmortale, tametsi non per se,post casum sui Corporis. Quod exsolutum a vinculis et laqueis terrestrium in omnem sui Corporis formam coaliturum sit et victurum vitam omni imaginatione puriorem. Tum quod nulla sit actiuncula ex consulto, et nulla vocula ex consensu, in vita ejus corporea, edita, quae non affulgente luce sapientiae, inhaerenter designatae, tunc ante ejus conscientiae judicium, distincte compariturae sint›.[49]Œc. R. A. II., No. 303: ›usque eodem recidit, sive memoratum fluidum dicimus Spiritum aut Animam, sive ejus facultatemsibi repraesentandi universum et intuendi fines, nam unum non concipi potest, quia non datur sine altero.›[50]J. J. Garth Wilkinsonhas published Part I. in an English translation in 1843, and Parts II. and III. in 1844, London.[50 b]›Regnum Animale›, Pars quarta: ›De Sensibus›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, London, 1848; transl. into English byEnoch S. Pricein ›New Philosophy›; ›R. A.›, Pars septima: ›De Anima›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, Tübingen and London, 1849; transl. into English byFrank Sewall, New York, 1887 and 1900.[51]The words enclosed in parentheses have been added by the author of this paper to make the meaning more clear, and are unmistakeably inferred from the connection.[52]As ProfessorG. Retziusalso says in his ›Croonian lecture›, delivered in London, 1908: ›The theses cited [especially those concerning the localization of the motor centres in the cerebral cortex] are drawn up with such precision bySwedenborgthat they cannot possibly be based on divination only, but must rest upon a real grasp of natural phenomena as well as on actual experiments and dissecting work›.[53]See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559et seqq.; also 571 and 572, andR. Vieussens: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124, etc.[54]See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559et seqq., as alsoR. Vieussens: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124,et seqq.[55]SeeBoerhaave: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugduni Batavor. 1720, No. 415: ›Ergo musculi voluntarii nervos habent ultimo oriundos a cerebro. Illi vero, qui spontaneis, vitalibusque motibus serviunt, a cerebello nervos accipiunt.›[56]SeeTh. Willis: ›Cerebri Anatome›, Amsterdam, 1667, pp. 73-74: ›Cerebrum motuum et conceptuum omnium origo et fons. Sensus et motus, item passiones et instinctus mere naturales, licet a Cerebro quadantenus dependent, tamen proprie in Medulla oblongata et Cerebello aut perficiunter aut ab iis procedunt.[57]See Œc. R. A. III., No. 404, etc.: ›Medulla oblongata — — — sensorium et motorium commune tam Cerebri quam Cerebelli, sed secundarium et instrumentale superius. Medulla spinalis similiter — — — sensorium et motorium commune, sed secundarium et instrumentale inferius.›[58]Œc. R. A., III., No. 133: ›Substantia — — — corticalis est ipsum Cerebrum seu Sensorium — — — commune›; No. 404, etc.[59]SeeR. Descartes: ›Tractatus de homine›, Lugd. Bat. 1662, pp. 77, 81, 82; 32, 67 etc.: 72, 79 etc.[60]SeeH. Boerhaave: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugd. Bat. 1720, p. 253: ›Sensorium commune est pars cerebri, — — —, adeoque, ut apparet, medulla cerebri in capite;› andBoerhaave: ›Praelectiones academicae, (published byHaller), Göttingen, 1743, p. 451: ›Haec ergo sedes animae non est in pineali glandula, utiCartesiusvoluit,—neque est in medulla spinali, neque est in cerebello, verumin fornicata medulla circumstante cavitatem ventriculorum cerebri.›[61]SeeCasp.etThom. Bartholin: ›Instit. anatom.›, 1641, p. 265: ›Putamus enim in Cerebro proprie dicto, vel cortice servari spiritum animalem pro sensu, in medulla vero tota tam quoad caput quam quoad caudam, reservari spiritum pro motu.›[62]SeeThomas Willis: ›Cerebri Anatome., 1667, pp. 76, 77: ›Etenim existimare fas est, spiritus animales — — in corticali cerebri substantia procreari› — — — ›hæ partes medullares spirituum animalium exercitio et dispensationi — — — inserviunt;› andJ.J. Winslow: ›Exposition anatomique — — —›, 1732, IV., p. 210: ›Willisnous donne un système tout-à-fait particulier. Il loge le sens commun dans le corpus striatum ou corps rougé, l’imagination dans le corps callosum, et la mémoire dans l’écorce ou dans la substance grisâtre qui envelloppe la blanche.›[63]SeeM. Malpighi: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., p. 85: ›Suspicari possumus minimis hisce glandulis ex delato sanguine separari, recolligique particulas illas a natura ad promendum instrumentaliter sensuum destinatas, quibus per nervorum tubulis delatis continuatae partes inbibantur et turgeant.›[64]SeeMalpighi: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., De Cerebri cortice, pp. 78et seqq.›In — — cerebro corticem affusum minimarum glandularum proventum et congeriem esse deprehendi: hæ in cerebri gyris et protractis veluti intestinales, ad quæ desinunt albæ nervorum radices, vel inde, si mavis, oriuntur — — —›; andSwedenborg: Œc. R. A. II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114 etc.[65]SeeBoerhaave: ›Institutiones medicae›, 1720, No. 266: ›folliculi illi minimi glandulosi emittunt tenues fibras, albas, compactas quibus adenutis fit callosum, medullosumque corpus› — — —; No. 274: ›fibras has canaliculos tenuissimos pervios esse, qui in se excipiant humorem corporis humani omnium quidem subtilissimum, qui fabrica mirifica corticis praeparatus, secretus atque vi in has fistulas impulsus est, ex omni quidem parte hujus in medullam oblongatam collectus; see also No. 263; No. 284: ›fibrillas nerveas humorem medullae — — ad omne punctum totius corporis distinctissimis viis deferre.› — —[66]›Nisi mutua sit connexio et perpetua communicatio substantiae medullaris qua fibrillas et manipulos intra thecam vertebralem et cranium, undecunque ducitur ad corticem cerebri. — — —› (Œc. R. A. II., No. 193; See also No. 115).[67]See aboveCasp.andThom. Bartholin: ›Inst. Anat.›, 1645, p. 265.[68]SeeH. Boerhaave: ›Inst. Med.›, 1720, N. 574. or 274.[69]See aboveA. v. Haller: ›Elem. Physiol.›, 1762, IV., p. 392.[70]Œc. R. A. loco cit. and II., 88. See alsoA. Pacchioni: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.[71]SeeBoerhaave: ›Instit. med.›, 1720, No. 570, 574. The edition used bySwedenborgwas printed 1727.[72]›Nempe in sensorio communi distinctas loco provincias esse pro diversis sensibus, uti cuilibet sensui suum externum proprium organum datum est.›Boerhaave: ›Prael. acad.›, published byHaller1743, Vol. IV., p. 435. See alsoBoerhaave: ›Inst. med.›, 1720, No. 568.[73]These lobes are, as he says, ›marked out and encompassed by the carotid artery, a statement by which he probably means the same asRidley, when the latter says of the whole anterior region that it is marked out, as it were, by two branches of the carotid artery, one at the front and one at the side, i. e.,Arteria cerebri anteriorandArteria cerebri media.[74]J. J. Wepfer: ›Observationes anatomicæ ex cadaveribus eorum, quos sustulit Apoplexia›. Amstelædami, 1681, pp. 5-11, Case II.[75]SeeA. Pacchioni: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.[76]SeeJ. B. Winslow: ›Exposition anatomique de la Structure du corps humain.› Paris, 1732, IV., p. 210. WithWillisone also finds the same subdivision of the hemispheres of the brain into an anterior and a posterior ›province›, as that employed bySwedenborg.[77]Vieussens: ›Neur. univ.›, pp. 115, 117, and Tab. X.[78]Op. cit., pp. 115, 117, and Tab. XVI.[79]Op. cit., pp. 115, 117 and Tab. XV.[80]Œc. R. A. II., No. 153: ›Experientiae est et temporis, ut evestigetur, qui gyrus et qui serpens tumulus in cerebro hunc aut illum musculum ut correspondentem suum in corpore respiciat. ’Cuniculos cerebri serpere, per autopsiam deprehenditur’ ait Clar.Pacchionus,Bellinuset alii plures.›[81]SeeMalpighi: ›Op. omnia›, II., De Cerebro, p. 2, andSwedenborg: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 82, 58, etc.[82]Malpighi: ›Opera omnia›, 1686-87, II., De Cerebri cortice, p. 78, andSwedenborg: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114, etc.[83]Malpighi: Op. cit. p. 78: ›Harum glandularum distinctionem affuso atramento (ink) et leviter gossypio deterso, videbis, intercepta enim spatia ita denigrantur, ut circumscriptas glandulas facilius exhibeant.› See also Œc. R. A. No. 76.[84]Malpighi: Op. cit., p. 79: ›Corticales hae glandulae tortuose locatae exteriores cerebri gyros componunt, et exorientibus inde medullaribus fibris seu vasculis appenduntur›. See also Œc. R. A., II., No. 76.[85]See Œc. R. A., II., No. 191: ›Quod sensationes externæ non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et medullarium sunt principia, ultra quae si progrederentur, ut si in arteriolas aut meninges, tunc praescriptos terminos superscanderent et a centris in remotiores peripherias se conjicerent.›[86]See Œc. R. A., III., No. 127: ›Si enim vivum corticem in apertis cerebris lente microscopica, sive delineatum ex vivo contemplamur, evidenter conspicitur, quomodo fibra ex illo procedat, et tanquam rivulus ex fonticulo scaturiat; id etiam in hydrocephalis, apoplecticis, catalepticis, paralyticis, maniacis, motibus convulsivis et spasmis cynicis vexatis confirmatur, nam ipsa labes substantiæ eorum corticalis post mortem deprehensa in continuas fibras, et tandem in musculares, unde prodeunt actiones et inconcinni motus, derivatur. — — — Ergo, quia substantia corticalis est parens fibrarum, sequitur, quod cerebrum non nisi quam in hac sua substantia incipiat cerebrum esse, quatenus ibi est receptaculum sensationum seu sensorium commune, et simul principium actionum, seu motorium commune.›[87]See Œc. R. A., II., No. 156: ›Vitiato uno cerebellulo aut pluribus in toto, contagium se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate extendat.›

NOTES.

[1]See the treatise ofAnders Retziuson: ›The Origin and Development of Anatomy in the Scandinavian North›, which he delivered as an address on the occasion of his leaving the presidency of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on April 9th, 1845. See alsoGustaf Retzius: Preface to ›Emanuel Swedenborg’s Scientific Works›, edit. by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907, p. V.,et seqq., andAlfred H. Stroh, M. A.: ›Some testimonies concerningSwedenborg, the Scientist›, Stockholm 1909, p. 10.

[2]In an address before the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences at Stockholm in connection with a reference toSwedenborg’s work: ›De Cerebro›, which had just appeared in the English translation byDr. Rudolf Tafel; SeeGustaf Retzius: Op. cit. p. VI. andAlfred H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 11.

[3]See an address ofMax Neuburgerconcerning ›Swedenborg’s Beziehungen zur Gehirnphysiologie›, delivered before the ›Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte›, Hamburg, 1901.

[4]See the article byC. G. SantessonconcerningSwedenborgin ›Nordisk Tidskrift›, 1904, No. 5.

[5]See an address ofGustaf Retziusas president of the ›Versammlung der Anatomischen Gesellschaft›, Heidelberg, 1903; and also his preface to the edition ofEmanuel Swedenborg’s Scientific Works, which the Royal Academy of Sciences began to publish in 1907; and the references by the same author toSwedenborg’s statements concerning the anatomy and physiology of the brain in the Croonian lecture delivered by him in London, in the year 1908.

[6]See the address ofJ. J. Berzeliusat the meeting of Scandinavian Natural Scientists in 1842 concerning: ›The rise of the Scandinavian shore above the level of the surrounding ocean› etc., quoted fromAlfred H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 6.

[7]See the address ofA. E. Nordenskiöldbefore the Royal Academy of Sciences on March 26th, 1888, quoted fromA. H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 6.

[8]SeeA. G. Nathorst’s introduction to the edition ofSwedenborg’s Scientific Works of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907.

[9]See ›Vierteljahrschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft›, Part 14, 1879, quoted fromA. H. Stroh: Op. cit. p. 8.

[10]SeeS. Arrhenius’ introduction to the edition ofSwedenborg’s Scientific Works of the R. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. II., 1908.

[11]SeeGustaf Retzius: Preface to ›E. Swedenborg’s Scientific Works›, edit. by the R. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907, p. V.et seqq.

[12]Emanuel Swedenborgwas born at Stockholm, January 29th, 1688; matriculated at the University of Uppsala and ›Västmanlands-Dala-nation›, 1699; Diss. cum consensu Fac. Philos. publico examini submissa, Upsaliæ, 1. Junii, 1709; appointed assessor extraordinary in the Royal College of Mines, 1716; ordinary assessor in the same College, 1724; retired from the assessorship, 1747; died in London, March 29th, 1772. His name wasSwedberguntil the year 1719, when he was ennobled and his name changed toSwedenborg.

[13]Epistola Eman: Swedbergii ad Ericum Benzelium, Londini, Oct., 1710. SeeEmanuel Swedenborg: Opera quædam aut inedita aut obsoleta de rebus naturalibus, nunc edita sub auspiciis Regiæ Academiæ Scientiarum Suecicæ, I. Geologica et Epistolæ, Edit.Alfred H. Stroh, Holmiæ, 1907, p. 206et seqq.

[14]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., London, April, 1711, see Op. cit. p. 208et seqq.

[15]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., London, Augusti, 1712, see Op. cit. p. 218et seqq.

[16]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., Paris, Augusti, 1713, see Op. cit. p. 222et seqq.

[17]Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., Rostock, September, 1714, see. Op. cit. p. 224et seqq.

[18]Suggestions for a Flying Machine byEmanuel Swedenborg, translated from the original Swedish byHugo Lj. OdhnerandCarl Th. Odhner, published by the Swedenborg Scientific Association, Philadelphia, Pa., 1910.

[19]Dædalus Hyperboreus, Eller Några Nya Mathematiska och Physicaliska Försök och Anmerckningar: Som Wälborne Herr Assessor Polhammar och Andre Sinrike i Swerige Hafwa giordt Och Nu tijd efter annan til almen nytta lemna. Printed in Uppsala (and Skara), 1716-1718. Preface byEm. Svedberg, Stockholm, Dec. 23rd, 1715.

[20]›Förslag til wart Mynts och Måls Indelning, så at Rekningen kan lettas och alt Bråk afskaffas›. Stockholm, Kongl. Boktryckeriet, 1719, 8 pp. 4:o. SeeAlfred H. StrohandGreta Ekelöf: Chronological list of the works of Emanuel Swedenborg, dedicated to the Swedenborg Society by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Uppsala and Stockholm, 1910, pp. 17 and 19.

[21]Eman. Swedbergs Assess. i Kongl. Bergz Coll. Försök At finna Östra och Westra Lengden igen igenom Månan, Som Til the Lärdas ompröfwande framstelles. Upsala, 1718. SeeAlfr. H. StrohandG. Ekelöf: Op. cit. p. 17. See also the letters of Eman. Swedberg ad Ericum Benzelium in the Swedenborg edition of the Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I.

[22]SeeE. Liljedahl: ›Swedenborg›, Stockholm, 1908; andHj. Holmquist: ›Från Swedenborgs ungdom och första stora verksamhetsperiod›, Bibelforskaren, 1909, No. 3.

[23]See alsoAlfr. H. StrohandG. Ekelöf: Chronological list of the works of E. Swedenborg, pp. 15 and 16. The titles of the three pamphlets are in English: ›On the way to improve commerce and manufactures›, ›Memorial on the institution of saltboileries in Sweden›, ›On the utility and necessity of instituting an observatory in Sweden›.

[24]›Om Watnens Högd och Förra Werldens starcka Ebb och Flod, Bewjs utur Swergie›. (Stockholm, 1719; see also Acta Literaria Sueciæ Upsaliæ publ. 1720, pp. 5-11). Reprinted in the edition of Swedenborg’s Scientific works, publ. by the R. S. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., pp. 1-27.

[25]See concerning this the above-named work byHj. Holmquist, in which he says p. 223 concerningSwedenborg’s method of research: ›Swedenborghimself indicates the scientific method which he followed: first, the collecting of as many experiments and investigations as possible, afterwards the working over of these according to the laws of geometry, and lastly, speculation, hypotheses: ’as long as proofs are lacking, principles may not be accepted and hypotheses defended, as they then deserve better the name of fantasies than of principles’. ’Experientia, geometria et facultas ratiocinandi’, experience, geometry and reason, were the foundations ofSwedenborg’s work both within the world of nature and that of spirit.›

[26]See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, Vol. I., No. 360, where Swedenborg mentions Parts IV., V., VI. of the Œc. R. A.

[27]Œc. R. A. Vol. III., ›De Fibra›, translated into English by Rev. Prof.Alfred Actonin ›New Philosophy›.

[28]See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 71-75, 76-82, 112; III. No. 59, etc.

[29]See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 100, 101, 191; ›Quod sensationes externae non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et medullarium sunt principia›; and 113, 130, 140, 141, etc. See also ›The Brain› No. 98.

[30]As observed in Quain’s ›Elements of Anatomy›, Tenth edition, edit. byE. A. SchäferandG. D. Thane, Vol. III., Part. I, p. 39: ›The term medulla oblongata, as employed byWillisandVieussens, and by those who directly followed them, included the crura cerebri and pons Varolii, as well as that part to which byHallerfirst, and by most subsequent writers, this term has been restricted.›

[31]See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 83-85, 91, 93, 95, 114, 140: ›Proinde cum totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae istius substantiae;› and 144, 146: ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat & usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit;› 157 and 191-194-95, 202 etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 399.

[32]So, for example, in Œc. R. A. Vol. II., No. 100: ... ›quod Cortex sit principalis totius Cerebri substantia; in ipso termino primo Fibrarum et ultimo Arteriarum sita; See also Œc. R. A. Vol. II., 111-116, 133, 134, 138, 152, 197, 290, etc., or, for example, Œc. R. A. III., No. 127, fin., and No. 404, where we read as follows: ›Ex anatome Cerebri id constat, quod Cerebrum, seu substantia ejus corticalis, quae proprie cerebrum audit, sitSensorium commune, nam quinque organa suos sensus externos ad corticem ut ad suum sensorium commune et unicum internum referunt. Cerebrum corticale etiam estMotorium commune voluntarium, quicquid enim agendum est mediantibus nervis et musculis, id praevia voluntate a cerebro determinandum est.›

[33]Œc. R. A. II., 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae — — — merenturOrgana Sensuum interiorumet Cerebellula nuncupari, nam media substantia medullari et sanguine ab Organis externis alluentes modos et tactus recipiunt, et ad judicem animam referunt.› See also Œc. R. A. 191, 192, Œc. R. A. II., 195: — — ›Substantiae Corticales totidem sunt Cerebellula, — —; singula enim sensorium est in particulari, quale est Cerebrum in communi.›

[34]Œc. R. A. II., 193: ›Haec minime effectum consequerentur, — — — nisipartes substantiae Corticalis inter se, atque in gradus et series sint divisae, in quales sunt modificationum causae: seu nisi series substantiarum corticalium sint uti series sensationum; nisi sphaerularum Corticis perfectissima sit varietas harmonica, ita ut nulla earum, praeter qua essentialia et attributa, alteri sit simillima.› For the same see also ›Regnum Animale›, VII., chap. XX; Œc. R. A. II., No. 307: ›Ex lustratione ipsius Cerebri apparet, quodsubstantiae corticales ita Sapienter sunt ordinatae, ut cuilibet sensationi externae ad amussim correspondeant; namdictae substantiae, ut unitates glomatim in quendam numerum coalescunt, ethi glomulitanquam novae unitatesin congeriesadhuc majores, et hae in maximam, quae est ipsum Cerebrum:singulae partitionesdiscriminatae sunt per rimas, sulcos et anfractus, et consertae per vasa et productiones meningeas, sic ut quasi sint numeri unitatum in analogiae formam redacti, prorsus ut decet sensorium commune, quodrecepturum sit omnem speciem sensationis externae, distinctim suum visum, distinctim auditum, gustum et olfactum. Œc. R. A. II., chap. XX.

[35]Œc. R. A. II., No. 192, ›Ex anatome Cerebri in ipsius oculi luce est, quodradii visualesmedio nervo opticoinfluant in thalamos nervorum opticorum, et abinde per collectas e toto Cerebro, perque Fornicis basin transmissas, et thalamis superinstratas fibras, quaquaversum incorticemdiffundantur.›

[36]Œc. R. A. II., No. 192. — — ›quodsubtiles tactus membranae Olfactoriaecavitates labyrintheas narium investientis, et inde oriundae subtiles contremiscentiae aut modificationes per laminam cribrosam et processus mammillaresin Corpora striata, aut in medullam totius centri ovalis enitentes non desinant nisi in peripheriam fibrarum, seuin ambitum corticalem;› See also II., 38-42, where the processus mamillaris is supposed to mediate a reflex action from the sense of smell upon the muscles of breathing.

[37]Œc. R. A. II., No. 101: — — ›totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae illius substantiae (corticis)›; II., 140, 153, etc.

[38]Œc. R. A. II., No. 146, ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (Sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat, et usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit›; see also II., 135, 147, 150, 156: ›Ex his ... fluit consequens de singulis Cerebellulis ..., quod vitiato uno aut pluribus ... contagium se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate extendat.› And III., 59, 127, at the end, and 197.

[39]Œc. R. A. II., No. 147: ›Sphaerulae illum sortitae sunt in Cerebro ordinem et situm, utsingulae aut plures simul, aut omnes in communiqueant systolen suam et diastolen perficere›. Œc. R. A. II., No. 156: ›Quare ita compaginatum est Cerebrum, ut totum queat alterna vertigine auferri, utque solum ejus medietas aut semiglobi Haemisphaerium; aut solum plures aut una circumgyratio; aut utmodo hujus glomus, minor congeries, aut pars.› The same in ›The Brain›, No. 104 c.

[40]Œc. R. A. I., No. 505: ›Ergo inquirendum venit,qui tori corticei his aut illis musculis in Corpore correspondent; quod fieri non potest nisiper experientiam in vivis Animalibus; per punctiones, sectiones et compressionesplurium, perque inde in Corporis musculis redundantes effectus.›

[41]Œc. R. A. II. Nos. 151, 157: › — — — licetipsa fibra Cerebri non agat motricem in musculis, agit tamen in utraque illa Medulla, quarum fibras ad sic non aliter agendum disponit, uti ab Anatomia Cerebri tam humani, quam animalium brutorum, imo insectorum, clare colligitur: idque ob rationem, utCerebri Voluntarium abeat in spontaneum et naturale mediis Medullis, ne toties in particulares profundas motiones auferatur,quoties actio semel incepta ex consueto continuanda sit; id ejus sublimiorum officiorum administrationem toties alias interturbaret, et in Homine analyses rationales, quae quietiorem Cerebri statum poscunt: quareut primum actio voluntaria poscit seriem agendorum continuam, Cerebrum annuet et consentiet, tum et actionis actualitatem producet: Sicejusestcausa principalis, Medullis autem incineratis injuncta secundaria.› See also I., No. 574:—›origo secundariavel causa intermediaactionum Voluntariarum in Spontaneas abeuntiumsitin Medulla Spinali et oblongata.›

[42]Œc. R. A. II., No. 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae ex eadem ratione merenturOrgana Sensuum interiorum, et Cerebellula nuncupari›. See also II., No. 191, etc.

[43]Œc. R. A. II., No. 159: ›Id jam extra omnem dubitationis aleam ponimus, quodsubstantia corticalissitdeterminans, licet non omnium primum, actionum Corporis, quia determinans est fibrarum, et fibrae musculorum, a quibus actio›. — — — II., No. 160: ›Sed haesubstantiae corticaleslicet sunt determinantes actionum sui Corporis, respective tamen suntmodo subdeterminantes et mediantes, quibus respondent subdeterminantes in Corpore, quae sunt fibrae motrices.› See also II., No. 204.

[44]Œc. R. A. II., No. 277: ›— — — dicere quodAnima sit supra mentem intellectualem, — — —› See also II., No. 280. II., No. 160: ›Per illas (substantias corticales) etenim determinatur in actum voluntas, cujus principium altius est rimandum. — — —requiritur visaltior, sublimior, principalior, et universalior,in qua sit principium voluntatis, qua his mediis determinatur in actum. Proinde est fluidum spirituosum, in quo estvita, et proinde anima.›

[45]Œc. R. A. II., 285: ›Ex his jam sequitur, quodAnima sit, quae intelligit, cogitat, judicat, vult, desiderat, imaginatur, cupit, reminiscitur, videt, audit, gustat, odorat, sentit, loquitur, agit, — — —.› See also II., 287.

[46]Œc. R. A. II., No. 160, 161: ›Et haec denique concludit, quod sitanima, quae huic fluido (spirituoso) inest, cujus est determinare in actum.› II., 165. II., 303: ›Ipsum Fluidum Spirituosum est substantia eminenter organica suae Animae; uti Oculus est organum visus, Auris auditus, Lingua gustus, Cerebrum perceptionis omnium›; etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 7.

[47]See for example Œc. R. A. II., No. 246: — — — ›sic etiam quod hoc Fluidum sit Spiritus et Anima sui Corporis›. — — — Œc. R. A. III., No. 317: ›Anima est purissima essentia animalis, caelestis et spiritualis, quae fibram simplicem excitat et simul sanguinem tam candidum quam rubrum ingreditur.›

[48]See also Œc. R. A. II., No. 348: ›Ex his jam praemissis usque ad fidem intellectus demonstrari potest, quodFluidum Spirituosum humanumimmunissimum sit ab omni injuria contingentium in regione sublunari; nec exstinguibile, sedimmortale, tametsi non per se,post casum sui Corporis. Quod exsolutum a vinculis et laqueis terrestrium in omnem sui Corporis formam coaliturum sit et victurum vitam omni imaginatione puriorem. Tum quod nulla sit actiuncula ex consulto, et nulla vocula ex consensu, in vita ejus corporea, edita, quae non affulgente luce sapientiae, inhaerenter designatae, tunc ante ejus conscientiae judicium, distincte compariturae sint›.

[49]Œc. R. A. II., No. 303: ›usque eodem recidit, sive memoratum fluidum dicimus Spiritum aut Animam, sive ejus facultatemsibi repraesentandi universum et intuendi fines, nam unum non concipi potest, quia non datur sine altero.›

[50]J. J. Garth Wilkinsonhas published Part I. in an English translation in 1843, and Parts II. and III. in 1844, London.

[50 b]›Regnum Animale›, Pars quarta: ›De Sensibus›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, London, 1848; transl. into English byEnoch S. Pricein ›New Philosophy›; ›R. A.›, Pars septima: ›De Anima›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, Tübingen and London, 1849; transl. into English byFrank Sewall, New York, 1887 and 1900.

[51]The words enclosed in parentheses have been added by the author of this paper to make the meaning more clear, and are unmistakeably inferred from the connection.

[52]As ProfessorG. Retziusalso says in his ›Croonian lecture›, delivered in London, 1908: ›The theses cited [especially those concerning the localization of the motor centres in the cerebral cortex] are drawn up with such precision bySwedenborgthat they cannot possibly be based on divination only, but must rest upon a real grasp of natural phenomena as well as on actual experiments and dissecting work›.

[53]See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559et seqq.; also 571 and 572, andR. Vieussens: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124, etc.

[54]See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559et seqq., as alsoR. Vieussens: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124,et seqq.

[55]SeeBoerhaave: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugduni Batavor. 1720, No. 415: ›Ergo musculi voluntarii nervos habent ultimo oriundos a cerebro. Illi vero, qui spontaneis, vitalibusque motibus serviunt, a cerebello nervos accipiunt.›

[56]SeeTh. Willis: ›Cerebri Anatome›, Amsterdam, 1667, pp. 73-74: ›Cerebrum motuum et conceptuum omnium origo et fons. Sensus et motus, item passiones et instinctus mere naturales, licet a Cerebro quadantenus dependent, tamen proprie in Medulla oblongata et Cerebello aut perficiunter aut ab iis procedunt.

[57]See Œc. R. A. III., No. 404, etc.: ›Medulla oblongata — — — sensorium et motorium commune tam Cerebri quam Cerebelli, sed secundarium et instrumentale superius. Medulla spinalis similiter — — — sensorium et motorium commune, sed secundarium et instrumentale inferius.›

[58]Œc. R. A., III., No. 133: ›Substantia — — — corticalis est ipsum Cerebrum seu Sensorium — — — commune›; No. 404, etc.

[59]SeeR. Descartes: ›Tractatus de homine›, Lugd. Bat. 1662, pp. 77, 81, 82; 32, 67 etc.: 72, 79 etc.

[60]SeeH. Boerhaave: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugd. Bat. 1720, p. 253: ›Sensorium commune est pars cerebri, — — —, adeoque, ut apparet, medulla cerebri in capite;› andBoerhaave: ›Praelectiones academicae, (published byHaller), Göttingen, 1743, p. 451: ›Haec ergo sedes animae non est in pineali glandula, utiCartesiusvoluit,—neque est in medulla spinali, neque est in cerebello, verumin fornicata medulla circumstante cavitatem ventriculorum cerebri.›

[61]SeeCasp.etThom. Bartholin: ›Instit. anatom.›, 1641, p. 265: ›Putamus enim in Cerebro proprie dicto, vel cortice servari spiritum animalem pro sensu, in medulla vero tota tam quoad caput quam quoad caudam, reservari spiritum pro motu.›

[62]SeeThomas Willis: ›Cerebri Anatome., 1667, pp. 76, 77: ›Etenim existimare fas est, spiritus animales — — in corticali cerebri substantia procreari› — — — ›hæ partes medullares spirituum animalium exercitio et dispensationi — — — inserviunt;› andJ.J. Winslow: ›Exposition anatomique — — —›, 1732, IV., p. 210: ›Willisnous donne un système tout-à-fait particulier. Il loge le sens commun dans le corpus striatum ou corps rougé, l’imagination dans le corps callosum, et la mémoire dans l’écorce ou dans la substance grisâtre qui envelloppe la blanche.›

[63]SeeM. Malpighi: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., p. 85: ›Suspicari possumus minimis hisce glandulis ex delato sanguine separari, recolligique particulas illas a natura ad promendum instrumentaliter sensuum destinatas, quibus per nervorum tubulis delatis continuatae partes inbibantur et turgeant.›

[64]SeeMalpighi: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., De Cerebri cortice, pp. 78et seqq.›In — — cerebro corticem affusum minimarum glandularum proventum et congeriem esse deprehendi: hæ in cerebri gyris et protractis veluti intestinales, ad quæ desinunt albæ nervorum radices, vel inde, si mavis, oriuntur — — —›; andSwedenborg: Œc. R. A. II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114 etc.

[65]SeeBoerhaave: ›Institutiones medicae›, 1720, No. 266: ›folliculi illi minimi glandulosi emittunt tenues fibras, albas, compactas quibus adenutis fit callosum, medullosumque corpus› — — —; No. 274: ›fibras has canaliculos tenuissimos pervios esse, qui in se excipiant humorem corporis humani omnium quidem subtilissimum, qui fabrica mirifica corticis praeparatus, secretus atque vi in has fistulas impulsus est, ex omni quidem parte hujus in medullam oblongatam collectus; see also No. 263; No. 284: ›fibrillas nerveas humorem medullae — — ad omne punctum totius corporis distinctissimis viis deferre.› — —

[66]›Nisi mutua sit connexio et perpetua communicatio substantiae medullaris qua fibrillas et manipulos intra thecam vertebralem et cranium, undecunque ducitur ad corticem cerebri. — — —› (Œc. R. A. II., No. 193; See also No. 115).

[67]See aboveCasp.andThom. Bartholin: ›Inst. Anat.›, 1645, p. 265.

[68]SeeH. Boerhaave: ›Inst. Med.›, 1720, N. 574. or 274.

[69]See aboveA. v. Haller: ›Elem. Physiol.›, 1762, IV., p. 392.

[70]Œc. R. A. loco cit. and II., 88. See alsoA. Pacchioni: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.

[71]SeeBoerhaave: ›Instit. med.›, 1720, No. 570, 574. The edition used bySwedenborgwas printed 1727.

[72]›Nempe in sensorio communi distinctas loco provincias esse pro diversis sensibus, uti cuilibet sensui suum externum proprium organum datum est.›Boerhaave: ›Prael. acad.›, published byHaller1743, Vol. IV., p. 435. See alsoBoerhaave: ›Inst. med.›, 1720, No. 568.

[73]These lobes are, as he says, ›marked out and encompassed by the carotid artery, a statement by which he probably means the same asRidley, when the latter says of the whole anterior region that it is marked out, as it were, by two branches of the carotid artery, one at the front and one at the side, i. e.,Arteria cerebri anteriorandArteria cerebri media.

[74]J. J. Wepfer: ›Observationes anatomicæ ex cadaveribus eorum, quos sustulit Apoplexia›. Amstelædami, 1681, pp. 5-11, Case II.

[75]SeeA. Pacchioni: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.

[76]SeeJ. B. Winslow: ›Exposition anatomique de la Structure du corps humain.› Paris, 1732, IV., p. 210. WithWillisone also finds the same subdivision of the hemispheres of the brain into an anterior and a posterior ›province›, as that employed bySwedenborg.

[77]Vieussens: ›Neur. univ.›, pp. 115, 117, and Tab. X.

[78]Op. cit., pp. 115, 117, and Tab. XVI.

[79]Op. cit., pp. 115, 117 and Tab. XV.

[80]Œc. R. A. II., No. 153: ›Experientiae est et temporis, ut evestigetur, qui gyrus et qui serpens tumulus in cerebro hunc aut illum musculum ut correspondentem suum in corpore respiciat. ’Cuniculos cerebri serpere, per autopsiam deprehenditur’ ait Clar.Pacchionus,Bellinuset alii plures.›

[81]SeeMalpighi: ›Op. omnia›, II., De Cerebro, p. 2, andSwedenborg: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 82, 58, etc.

[82]Malpighi: ›Opera omnia›, 1686-87, II., De Cerebri cortice, p. 78, andSwedenborg: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114, etc.

[83]Malpighi: Op. cit. p. 78: ›Harum glandularum distinctionem affuso atramento (ink) et leviter gossypio deterso, videbis, intercepta enim spatia ita denigrantur, ut circumscriptas glandulas facilius exhibeant.› See also Œc. R. A. No. 76.

[84]Malpighi: Op. cit., p. 79: ›Corticales hae glandulae tortuose locatae exteriores cerebri gyros componunt, et exorientibus inde medullaribus fibris seu vasculis appenduntur›. See also Œc. R. A., II., No. 76.

[85]See Œc. R. A., II., No. 191: ›Quod sensationes externæ non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et medullarium sunt principia, ultra quae si progrederentur, ut si in arteriolas aut meninges, tunc praescriptos terminos superscanderent et a centris in remotiores peripherias se conjicerent.›

[86]See Œc. R. A., III., No. 127: ›Si enim vivum corticem in apertis cerebris lente microscopica, sive delineatum ex vivo contemplamur, evidenter conspicitur, quomodo fibra ex illo procedat, et tanquam rivulus ex fonticulo scaturiat; id etiam in hydrocephalis, apoplecticis, catalepticis, paralyticis, maniacis, motibus convulsivis et spasmis cynicis vexatis confirmatur, nam ipsa labes substantiæ eorum corticalis post mortem deprehensa in continuas fibras, et tandem in musculares, unde prodeunt actiones et inconcinni motus, derivatur. — — — Ergo, quia substantia corticalis est parens fibrarum, sequitur, quod cerebrum non nisi quam in hac sua substantia incipiat cerebrum esse, quatenus ibi est receptaculum sensationum seu sensorium commune, et simul principium actionum, seu motorium commune.›

[87]See Œc. R. A., II., No. 156: ›Vitiato uno cerebellulo aut pluribus in toto, contagium se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate extendat.›

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