MACHIAVELLI.
MACHIAVELLI.
Origin of his Family850.256(February 3d.) His Birth1469.257His Parentage257Nothing known of his Childhood and Education257Paul Jovius257Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil1494.257Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola1497.258Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor258Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court1498.258Is Secretary of the Council of Ten259His Missions to various Sovereigns and States259Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels1492.259Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy,instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown260Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion inFlorence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family1493.260Italy overrun by Charles260The Italian System of Warfare260Death of Charles VIII.1498.261Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan261Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; theyimplore Charles to restore their Independence1501.261Pisa besieged by the Florentines1500.262Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republicas Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions262They fail in their Object, and return to Italy263Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia263Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name ofAlexander VI.264His Character264Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to theChurch264His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom hecauses to be waylaid and murdered264He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy ofValence in France265He determines to form the Principality in Italy265His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII.265His Attack on Bologna266Revolt of his chief Condottieri266Conspiracy of Magione267Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola1502.268His Interview with Caesar Borgia268His Opinion of him268Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself269His Policy269Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola269Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence269His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia270His Admiration of Borgia's Talents271Machiavelli solicits to be recalled271Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates271Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject272Borgia leaves Imola273Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena273His Letter273He again writes from Cesena274The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia275Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia275He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners275Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction275His Letter275Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates276(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic277His Recal to Florence1503.278His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke inputting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli278The "Decenal"278An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia279Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed fromPoison280(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander281Accession of Pope Pius III.281Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia281Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultationsconcerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia281Julius II.281Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See282Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgiarefuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent onboard a French Galley283He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated283He goes to Naples283He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in theFortress of Medina del Campo284His Escape and Death1506.284Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France1504.284Peace between France and Spain284Formation of a native Militia in Florence1506.285Pope Julius II., his Projects285The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant atRome; his Letters285Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian atTrent1507.286Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines toTrent1508.286On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany"286Pisa besieged by the Florentines1509.286Machiavelli sent to assist them286Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope287Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters1510.287His Audience with the King at Blois288Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence1511.288Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisafor it288Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli torecal this Offer288Disastrous War, the Consequence289Diet of Mantua1512.289Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence289Restoration of the Medici289Machiavelli deprived of his Place291Conspiracy against the Medici291Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prisonin consequence291He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X.291His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation1513.291Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli292His Letter in Reply292Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli293Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori294Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince"297Machiavelian Policy300His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy"304His "Art of War"304His "Belfegor"304His Comedies304His Letter to Vettori1514.305Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice1519.306Machiavelli, his Reply306His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence"306Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi1521.306Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment;Machiavelli, his Reply307Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History ofFlorence1524.307Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makesMachiavelli his Historiographer1526.308Deplorable State of Italy308Constable Bourbon at Milan308Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications atFlorence309Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna1527.309A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V.310(6th of May.) Sack of Rome310Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who isbesieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo310He returns to Florence310His Death311His Wife and Children311His Person and Character311Complete Edition of his Works published1782.312His Descendants312
Origin of his Family
850.
256
(February 3d.) His Birth
1469.
257
His Parentage
257
Nothing known of his Childhood and Education
257
Paul Jovius
257
Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil
1494.
257
Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola
1497.
258
Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor
258
Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court
1498.
258
Is Secretary of the Council of Ten
259
His Missions to various Sovereigns and States
259
Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels
1492.
259
Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy,instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown
260
Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion inFlorence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family
1493.
260
Italy overrun by Charles
260
The Italian System of Warfare
260
Death of Charles VIII.
1498.
261
Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan
261
Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; theyimplore Charles to restore their Independence
1501.
261
Pisa besieged by the Florentines
1500.
262
Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republicas Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions
262
They fail in their Object, and return to Italy
263
Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia
263
Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name ofAlexander VI.
264
His Character
264
Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to theChurch
264
His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom hecauses to be waylaid and murdered
264
He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy ofValence in France
265
He determines to form the Principality in Italy
265
His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII.
265
His Attack on Bologna
266
Revolt of his chief Condottieri
266
Conspiracy of Magione
267
Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola
1502.
268
His Interview with Caesar Borgia
268
His Opinion of him
268
Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself
269
His Policy
269
Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola
269
Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence
269
His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia
270
His Admiration of Borgia's Talents
271
Machiavelli solicits to be recalled
271
Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates
271
Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject
272
Borgia leaves Imola
273
Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena
273
His Letter
273
He again writes from Cesena
274
The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia
275
Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia
275
He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners
275
Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction
275
His Letter
275
Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates
276
(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic
277
His Recal to Florence
1503.
278
His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke inputting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli
278
The "Decenal"
278
An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia
279
Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed fromPoison
280
(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander
281
Accession of Pope Pius III.
281
Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia
281
Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultationsconcerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia
281
Julius II.
281
Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See
282
Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgiarefuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent onboard a French Galley
283
He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated
283
He goes to Naples
283
He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in theFortress of Medina del Campo
284
His Escape and Death
1506.
284
Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France
1504.
284
Peace between France and Spain
284
Formation of a native Militia in Florence
1506.
285
Pope Julius II., his Projects
285
The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant atRome; his Letters
285
Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian atTrent
1507.
286
Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines toTrent
1508.
286
On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany"
286
Pisa besieged by the Florentines
1509.
286
Machiavelli sent to assist them
286
Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope
287
Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters
1510.
287
His Audience with the King at Blois
288
Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence
1511.
288
Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisafor it
288
Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli torecal this Offer
288
Disastrous War, the Consequence
289
Diet of Mantua
1512.
289
Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence
289
Restoration of the Medici
289
Machiavelli deprived of his Place
291
Conspiracy against the Medici
291
Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prisonin consequence
291
He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X.
291
His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation
1513.
291
Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli
292
His Letter in Reply
292
Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli
293
Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori
294
Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince"
297
Machiavelian Policy
300
His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy"
304
His "Art of War"
304
His "Belfegor"
304
His Comedies
304
His Letter to Vettori
1514.
305
Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice
1519.
306
Machiavelli, his Reply
306
His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence"
306
Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi
1521.
306
Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment;Machiavelli, his Reply
307
Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History ofFlorence
1524.
307
Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makesMachiavelli his Historiographer
1526.
308
Deplorable State of Italy
308
Constable Bourbon at Milan
308
Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications atFlorence
309
Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna
1527.
309
A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V.
310
(6th of May.) Sack of Rome
310
Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who isbesieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo
310
He returns to Florence
310
His Death
311
His Wife and Children
311
His Person and Character
311
Complete Edition of his Works published
1782.
312
His Descendants
312
GALILEO.
GALILEO.
A. D.PAGE(15th of February.) His Birth1564.1His Ancestors2His early Years3A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa1581.3Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus3His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance4Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravityof solid Bodies4Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa4Giordano Bruno burnt1600.4Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the AristotelianLaws of Gravity5Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries6A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposedby Don Giovanni de' Medici6Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence6He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the Universityof Padua1592.6Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System1593.7He meets with an Accident9He completes his first Engagement at Padua9Is re-elected other six Years1598.9Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba10A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo1604.10Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua1606.10His increasing Popularity10His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone10Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published1500.11His Death1603.11Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa11The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner ofurging them12Dutch Telescopes13Galileo constructs his first Telescope13Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice14The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect15Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon16His Examination of the fixed Stars16The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo1610.18Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published18Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler19Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo20Simon Mayer21Discovery of new Satellites21First Enigma of Galileo published23His Observations on Saturn and Venus23His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the QuirinalGarden1611.24(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots24Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December)1610.25Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the SolarSpots26These Letters answered by Galileo26Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo26His Observations on Saturn27The Subject of floating Bridges discussed28Galileo "On Floating Bodies"28His Letter to the Abbé Castelli1613.31Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit31Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct31Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian31(26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition1615.31He renounces his Opinions33The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition34Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V.1616.34Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este34Negotiations of Galileo with Spain35Three Comets appear1618.36Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci1619.36"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance"37Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore"1623.37Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne37Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII.1624.38His Reception38Death of Cosmo1629.39Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo39Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System1630.41"The System of the World of Galileo Galilei"1632.42Influence of this Work on the public Mind43Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition44(14th of February.) He arrives at Rome1633.45Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him46Trial of Galileo47(22d of June.) His Sentence48His Abjuration49What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration?50Imprisonment of Galileo52He leaves Rome52He returns to Arcetri52Death of his Daughter53His Indisposition and Melancholy53He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence1638.53Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him54His "Dialogues on Local Motion"54Discovery of the Moon's Libration55Blindness of Galileo1637.56He is visited by a Number of Strangers58(8th of January.) His Death1642.58His Epitaph and Monument95His House60His domestic Character60His Person60His scientific Character61
A. D.
PAGE
(15th of February.) His Birth
1564.
1
His Ancestors
2
His early Years
3
A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa
1581.
3
Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus
3
His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance
4
Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravityof solid Bodies
4
Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa
4
Giordano Bruno burnt
1600.
4
Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the AristotelianLaws of Gravity
5
Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries
6
A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposedby Don Giovanni de' Medici
6
Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence
6
He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the Universityof Padua
1592.
6
Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System
1593.
7
He meets with an Accident
9
He completes his first Engagement at Padua
9
Is re-elected other six Years
1598.
9
Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba
10
A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo
1604.
10
Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua
1606.
10
His increasing Popularity
10
His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone
10
Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published
1500.
11
His Death
1603.
11
Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa
11
The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner ofurging them
12
Dutch Telescopes
13
Galileo constructs his first Telescope
13
Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice
14
The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect
15
Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon
16
His Examination of the fixed Stars
16
The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo
1610.
18
Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published
18
Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler
19
Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo
20
Simon Mayer
21
Discovery of new Satellites
21
First Enigma of Galileo published
23
His Observations on Saturn and Venus
23
His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the QuirinalGarden
1611.
24
(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots
24
Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December)
1610.
25
Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the SolarSpots
26
These Letters answered by Galileo
26
Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo
26
His Observations on Saturn
27
The Subject of floating Bridges discussed
28
Galileo "On Floating Bodies"
28
His Letter to the Abbé Castelli
1613.
31
Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit
31
Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct
31
Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian
31
(26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition
1615.
31
He renounces his Opinions
33
The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition
34
Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V.
1616.
34
Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este
34
Negotiations of Galileo with Spain
35
Three Comets appear
1618.
36
Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci
1619.
36
"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance"
37
Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore"
1623.
37
Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne
37
Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII.
1624.
38
His Reception
38
Death of Cosmo
1629.
39
Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo
39
Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System
1630.
41
"The System of the World of Galileo Galilei"
1632.
42
Influence of this Work on the public Mind
43
Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition
44
(14th of February.) He arrives at Rome
1633.
45
Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him
46
Trial of Galileo
47
(22d of June.) His Sentence
48
His Abjuration
49
What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration?
50
Imprisonment of Galileo
52
He leaves Rome
52
He returns to Arcetri
52
Death of his Daughter
53
His Indisposition and Melancholy
53
He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence
1638.
53
Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him
54
His "Dialogues on Local Motion"
54
Discovery of the Moon's Libration
55
Blindness of Galileo
1637.
56
He is visited by a Number of Strangers
58
(8th of January.) His Death
1642.
58
His Epitaph and Monument
95
His House
60
His domestic Character
60
His Person
60
His scientific Character
61