Rabbinical and Chaldee.—Nathan ben Yeḥiel of Rome wrote in the beginning of the 12th century a Talmudic dictionary,Aruch, printed 1480 (?), s. l., fol.; Pesaro, 1517, fol.; Venice, 1531; and often: Isaiah ben Loeb, Berlin, wrote a supplement toAruch, vol. i. Breslau, 1830, 8vo; vol. ii. (ל to ת), Wien, 1859, 8vo: Münster, Basil. 1527, 4to, 1530, fol.: Elijah ben Asher, the Levite, transl. by Fagius, Isnae, 1541, fol.; Venet. 1560: David ben Isaac de Pomis,Zamaḥ David, Venet. 1587, fol.: Buxtorf, Basileae, 1639, fol.: ed. Fischer, Leipz. 1866-1875, 4to: Otho, Geneva, 1675, 8vo; Altona, 1757, 8vo: Zanolini, Patavii, 1747, 8vo: Hornheim, Halle, 1807, 8vo: Landau, Prag, 1819-1824, 8vo, 5 vols.: Dessauer, Erlangen, 1838, 8vo: Nork (i.e.Korn), Grimma, 1842, 4to: Schönhak, Warschau, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols.Targums.—Levy, Leipzig, 1866-68 4to, 2 vols.; 1875: Id. (Eng.), London, 1869, 8vo, 2 vols.Talmud.—Löwy (in Heb.), Wien, 1863, 8vo: Levy, Leipzig, 1876, &c., 4to.Prayer-Book.—Hecht, Kreuznach, 1860, 8vo: Nathan, Berlin, 1854, 12mo.Synonyms.—Pantavitius, Lodevae, 1640, fol.Foreign Words.—Rabeini, Lemberg, 1857, 8vo, &c.Jewish-German.—Callenberg, Halle, 1736, 8vo: Vollbeding, Hamburg, 1808, 8vo: Stern, München, 1833, 8vo, 2 vols.: Theile, Berlin, 1842-1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: Avé-Lallemant,Das deutsche Gaunerthum, Leipzig, 1858, 8vo, 4 vols.; vol. iv. pp. 321-512.Phœnician.—M. A. Levy, Breslau, 1864, 8vo.Samaritan.—Crinesius, Altdorphi, 1613, 4to: Morini, Parisiis, 1657, 12mo: Hilligerus, Wittebergae, 1679, 4to: Cellarius, Cizae, 1682, 4to; Frankof. 1705: Uhlemann, Leipsiae, 1837, 8vo: Nicholls, London, 1859, 8vo.Assyrian.—Norris, London, 1868, 8vo, 3 vols.Proper Names.—Menant, Paris, 1861, 8vo.Accadian.—Lenormant, Paris, 1875, 8vo.Syriac.—Joshua ben Ali, a physician, who lived about 885, made a Syro-Arabic lexicon, of which there is a MS. in the Vatican. Hoffmann printed this lexicon from Alif to Mim, from a Gotha MS., Kiel, 1874, 4to. Joshua bar Bahlul, living 963, wrote another, great part of which Castelli put into his lexicon. His MS. is now at Cambridge, and, with those at Florence and Oxford, was used by Bernstein. Elias bar Shinaya, born 975, metropolitan of Nisibis, 1009, wrote a Syriac and Arabic lexicon, entitledKitāb ūt Tarjuman fi Taalem Loghat es Sūriān(Book called the Interpreter for teaching the Language of the Syrians), of which there is a MS. in the British Museum. It was translated into Latin by Thomas à Novaria, a Minorite friar, edited by Germanus, and published at Rome by Obicinus, 1636, 8vo. It is a classified vocabulary, divided in 30 chapters, each containing several sections. Crinesius, Wittebergae,1612, 4to: Buxforf, Basileae, 1622, 4to: Ferrarius, Romae, 1622, 4to: Trost, Cothenis Anhaltor, 1643, 4to: Gutbir, Hamburgi, 1667, 8vo: Schaaf, Lugd. Bat, 1708, 4to: Zanolini, Patavii, 1742, 4to: Castellus, ed. Michaelis, Göttingen, 1788, 4to, 2 vols.: Bernstein, Berlin, 1857, &c. fol.: Smith (Robt. Paine), Dean of Canterbury, Oxonii, 1868, &c. fol.: fasc. 1-3 contain 538 pages: Zingerle, Romae, 1873, 8vo, 148 pages.Arabic.—The native lexicons are very many, voluminous and copious. In the preface to his great Arabic-English lexicon, Lane describes 33, the most remarkable of which are-the’Ain, so called from the letter which begins its alphabet, commonly ascribed to al Khalil (who died before A.H. 175 [a.d.791], aged seventy-four): theSihahof Jauhari (died 398 [1003]): theMohkamof Ibn Sidah the Andalusian, who was blind, and died A.H. 458 [a.d.1066], aged about sixty: theAsasof Zamakhshari (born 467 [1075], died 538 [1144]), “a most excellent repertory of choice words and phrases”: theLisān el ’Arabof Ibn Mukarram (born 630 [1232], died 711 [1311]); Lane’s copy is in 28 vols. 4to: theKamus(The Sea) of Fairuzabadi (born 729 [1328], died 816 [1413]),: theTaj el Arus, by Murtada Ez Zebadi (borna.d.1732, died 1791)—the copy made for Lane is in 24 vols. thick 4to. TheSihahwas printed Hardervici Getorum, 1774, 4to; Bulak, 1865, fol. 2 vols.:Kamus, Calcutta, 1817, fol. 2 vols.; Bombay, 1855, fol. 920 pages:Sirr el Lagal, by Farish esh Shidiac, Tunis, fol. 609 pages:Muhīt al Muhīt, by Beitrus Al Bustani Beirut, 1867-1870, 2 vols. 4to, 2358 pages (abridged asKatr Al Muhit, ib. 1867-1869, 2 vols. 8vo, 2352 pages), is excellent for spoken Arabic.Persian.—TheSurah, by Jumal, Calcutta, 1812-1815, 2 vols. 4to:Samachsharii Lexicon, ed. Wetzstein, Leipz. 1845, 4to; 1850:Muntakhal al Loghat, Calcutta, 1808; ib. 1836; Lucknow, 1845; Bombay, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.:Muntaha l’Arabi, 4 vols. fol. 1840:Shams al Loghat, Bombay, 1860, fol. 2 vols. 509 pages.Turkish.—Achteri Kabir, Constantinople. 1827, fol.:El Kamus, ib. 1816, fol. 3 vols.; translated by Açan Effendi, Bulak, fol. 3 vols.;El Sihah, translated by Al Vani, Constantinople, 1728, fol. 2 vols.: 1755-1756; Scutari, 1802, fol. 2 vols.Latin.—Raphelengius, Leiden, 1613, fol.: Giggeius, Mediolani, 1632, fol. 4 vols.: Golius Lugd. Bat. 1653, fol. (the best before Lane’s): Jahn, Vindobonae, 1802, 8vo: Freytag, Halle, 1830-1838, 4 vols. 4to; abridged, ib. 1837, 4to.English.—Catafago (Arab.-Eng. and Eng.-Arab.), London, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1873, 8vo: Lane, London, 1863-1893 (edited after Lane’s death, from 1876, by his grandnephew, Stanley Lane-Poole. The Arabic title isMedd el Kamoos, meaning either the Flow of the Sea, or The Extension of the Kamus. It was undertaken in 1842, at the suggestion and at the cost of the 6th duke of Northumberland, then Lord Prudhoe, by Mr Lane, who returned to Egypt for the purpose, and lived in Cairo for seven years to study, and obtain copies of, the great MS. lexicons in the libraries of the mosques, few of which had ever been seen by a European, and which were so quickly disappearing through decay, carelessness and theft, that the means of composing such a work would not long have existed). Newman (modern), ib. 1872, 8vo, 2 vols. 856 pages.French.—Ruphy (Fr.-Ar.), Paris, 1802, 4to: Bochtor (do.), Paris, 1828, 4to, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. ib. 1850: Roland de Bussy (Algiers, Fr.-Ar.), Alger, 1835, 16mo: Id., 1836, 8vo; 1839: Berggren (Fr.-vulg. Ar., Syria and Egypt.), Upsala, 1844, 4to: Farhat (Germanos), revu par Rochaid ed Dahdah, Marseille, 1849, 4to: Biberstein Kasimirski, Paris, 1846, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1853-1856; 1860, 2 vols. 3032 pages: Marcel (vulgar dialects of Africa), Paris, 1830; 1835, 8vo; 1837; enlarged, 1869, 8vo; Paulmier (Algeria), 2nd ed. Paris, 1860, 8vo, 931 pages; 1872: Bernard (Egypt), Lyon, 1864, 18mo: Cuche, Beirut, 1862, 8vo; 1867: Nar Bey (A. Calfa), 2nd ed. Paris, 1872, 12mo, 1042 pages: Cherbonneau (written language), Paris, 1876, 2 vols. 8vo: Id. (Fr.-Ar.), Paris, 1872, 8vo: Beausier (Algiers, Tunis, legal, epistolary), Alger, 1871, 4to, 764 pages; 1873.German.—Seyfarth (Algeria), Grimma, 1849, 16mo: Wolff (Mod. Ar.), Leipzig, 1867, 8vo: Wahrmund (do.), Giessen, 1870-1875, 8vo, 4 vols.Italian.—Germano, Roma, 1636, 8vo; (Ar. Lat. It.), Romae, 1639, fol.:Dizionario, Bulak. 1824, 4to: Schiaparelli, Firenze, 1871, 4to, 641 pages.Spanish.—Alcala, Grenada, 1505, 4to: Cañes, Madrid, 1787, fol. 3 vols.Sufi Technical Terms.—Abd Errahin, ed. Sprenger, Calcutta, 1845, 8vo.Technical Terms of the Mussulman Sciences.—Abd al Hagg and Gholam Kadir, Calcutta, 1853-1862, 4to, 1593 pages.Medical Terms.—Pharaon and Bertherand, Paris, 1860, 12mo.Materia Medica.—Muhammed Abd Allah Shirazi,Ulfaz Udwiyeh, translated by Gladwin (Eng. Pers. Hindi), Calcutta, 1793, 4to, 1441 words.Noms des Vêtements.—Dozy, Amst. 1845, 8vo.Wörter in entgegengesetzten Bedeutungen.—Redslob, Göttingen, 1873, 8vo.Koran.—Willmet (also in Haririum et vitam Timuri), Lugd. Bat. 1784, 4to; Amst. 1790: Fluegel,Concordantia, Leipz. 1842, 4to: Penrice,Dictionary and Glossary, London, 1873, 4to.El Tabrizi’s Logic.—Mir Abufeth (French), Bulak, 1842, 8vo.Maltese.—Vassali, Romae, 1796, 4to: Falzon (Malt. Ital. Eng.), Malta,s.a.8vo: Vella, Livorno, 1843, 8vo.Armenian.—Mechitar, Venice, 1749-1769, 4to, 2 vols.: Avedichiam, Sürmelian and Aucher (Aukerian), ib. 1836-1837, 4to, 2 vols.: Aucher, ib. 1846, 4to.Polyglot.—Villa (Arm.-vulg., litteralis, Lat. Indicae et Gallicae), Romae, 1780.Greek and Latin.—Lazarists, Venice, 1836-1837, 4to, 2 vols. 2217 pages.Latin.—Rivola, Mediolani, 1621, fol.: Nierszesovicz, Romae, 1695, 4to; Villotte, ib. 1714, fol.: Mechitar, Venetiae, 1747-1763, 4to, 2 vols.English.—Aucher, Venice, 1821-1825, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Aucher, Venise, 1812-1817, 8vo, 2 vols.; (Fr.-Arm. Turc.), ib. 1840, 4to: Eminian, Vienna, 1853, 4to: Calfa, Paris, 1861, 8vo, 1016 pages; 1872.Italian.—Ciakciak, Venezia, 1837, 4to.Russian.—Khudobashev [Khutapashian], Moskva, 1838, 8vo, 2 vols.Russ. Arm.—Adamdarov, ib. 1821, 8vo: Popov, ib. 1841, 8vo, 2 vols.Modern Words.—Riggs, Smyrna, 1847, 8vo.Georgian.—Paolini (Ital.), Roma, 1629, 4to: Klaproth (Fr.), Paris, 1827, 8vo: Tshubinov (Russian, French), St Petersburg, 1840, 4to; 1846, 8vo, 2 vols. 1187 pages.Circassian.—Loewe, London, 1854, 8vo.Ossetic.—Sjörgen, St Petersb. 1844, 4to.Kurd.—Garzoni, Roma, 1787, 8vo: Lerch (German), St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo: Id. (Russian), ib. 1856-1858, 8vo.Persian.—Burhani Qatiu, arranged by J. Roebuck, Calcutta, 1818, 4to:Burhan i Kati, Bulak, 1836, fol.: Muhammed Kazim, Tabriz, 1844, fol.:Haft Kulzum(The Seven Seas), by Ghazi ed din Haidar, King of Oude, Lucknow, 1822, fol. 7 vols.Arabic.—Shums ul Loghat, Calcutta, 1806, 4to, 2 vols.Turkish.—Ibrahim Effendi,Farhangi Shu’uri, ib. 1742, fol. 2 vols. 22,530 words, and 22,450 poetical quotations:Burhan Kati, by Ibn Kalif, translated by Ahmed Asin Aintabi, ib. 1799, fol.; Bulak, 1836, fol.: Hayret Effendi, ib. 1826, 8vo.Armenian.—Douzean, Constantinople, 1826, fol.Bengali.—Jay Gopal, Serampore, 1818, 8vo.Latin.—Vullers (Zend appendix), Bonnae ad Rhen, 1855-1868, 4to, 2 vols. 2544 pages; Supplement of Roots, 1867, 142 pages.English.—Gladwin, Malda in Bengal, 1780, 4to; Calcutta, 1797: Kirkpatrick, London, 1785, 4to: Moises, Newcastle, 1794, 4to: Rousseau, London, 1802, 8vo; 1810: Richardson (Arab, and Pers.), ib. 1780-1800, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Wilkins, ib. 1806-1810, 4to, 2 vols.; ed Johnson, ib. 1829, 4to: Ramdhen Sen, Calcutta, 1829, 8vo; 1831: Tucker (Eng.-Pers.), London, 1850, 4to: Johnson (Pers. and Arab.), ib. 1852, 4to: Palmer, ib. 1876, 8vo, 726 pages.French.—Handjeri (Pers. Arab. and Turkish), Moscou, 1841, 4to, 3 vols. 2764 pages: Bergé, Leipzig, 1869, 12mo.German.—Richardson, translated by Wahl asOrientalische Bibliotheque, Lemg, 1788-1792, 8vo, 3 vols.Italian.—Angelus a S. Josepho [i.e.Labrosse] (Ital. Lat. Fr.), Amst. 1684, fol.Old Persian.—(Cuneiform), Benfey (German), Leipzig, 1847, 8vo: Spiegel (id.), ib. 1862, 8vo: Kossovich (Latin), Petropoli, 1872, 8vo.Zend.—Justi, Leipzig, 1864, 4to: Vullers, Persian Lexicon, Appendix: Lagarde, Leipzig, 1868, 8vo.Pahlavi.—An old Pahlavi and Pazend Glossary, translated by Destur Hoshengi Jamaspji, ed. Haug, London, 1867, 8vo; 1870, 8vo: West, Bombay, 1874, 8vo.Indian Terms.—The Indian Vocabulary, London, 1788, 16mo: Gladwin, Calcutta, 1797, 4to: Roberts, London, 1800, 8vo: Rousseau, ib. 1802, 8vo: Roebuck (naval), ib. 1813, 12mo: C. P. Brown,Zillah Dict., Madras, 1852, 8vo: Robinson (Bengal Courts), Calcutta, 1854, 8vo; 1860: Wilson, London, 1855, 4to: Fallon, Calcutta, 1858, 8vo.Sanskrit.—Amarasimha (lived beforea.d.1000),AmarakoshaCalcutta, 1807, 8vo; ib. 1834, 4to; Bombay, 1860, 4to; Lucknow, 1863, 4to; Madras, 1870, 8vo, in Grantha characters; Cottayam, 1873, 8vo, in Malaylim characters; Benares, 1867, fol. withAmaraviveka, a commentary by Mahesvara: Rajah Radhakanta Deva,Sabdakalpadruma, Calcutta, 1821-1857, 4to, 8 vols. 8730 pages: 2nd ed. 1874, &c.: Bhattachdrya,Sabdastoma Mahanidhi, Calcutta, 1869-1870, 8vo, parts i.-vii. 528 pages:Abhidhanaratnamala, by Halayudha, ed. Aufrecht, London, 1861, 8vo:Vachaspatya, by Taranatha Tarkavachaspati, Calcutta, 1873, &c., 4to (parts i.-vii., 1680 pages).Bengali.—Sabdasindhu, Calcutta, 1808:Amarakosa, translated by Ramodoyu Bidjalunker, Calcutta, 1831, 4to: Mathurana Tarkaratna,Sabdasandarbhasindhu, Calcutta, 1863, 4to.Marathi.—Ananta Sastri Talekar, Poona, 1853, 8vo, 495 pages: Madhava Chandora, Bombay, 1870, 4to, 695 pages.Telugu.—Amarakosha, Madras, 1861, ed. Kala, withGurubalala prabodhika, a commentary, ib. 1861, 4to; with the same, ib. 1875, 4to, 516 pages; withAmarapadaparijata(Sans. and Tel.), by Vavilla Ramasvani Sastri, ib. 1862, 4to; ib. 1863, 8vo; 3rd ed. by Jaganmohana Tarkalankara and Khetramohana, 1872, &c., parts i.-iv. 600 pages: Suria Pracasa Row,Sarva-Sabda-Sambodhini, ib. 1875, 4to, 1064 pages.Tibetan and Mongol.—Schiefner,Buddhistische Triglotte, St Petersburg, 1859, fol., theVyupattiorMahavyupattifrom theTanguir, vol. 123 of the Sutra.Latin.—Paulinus a Sancto Bartholomeo, Amarasinha, sectio i. de coelo, Romae, 1798, 4to: Bopp. Berlin, 1828-1830, 4to; 2nd ed. 1840-1844; 3rd, 1866, 4to.English.—Amarakosha, trans. by Colebrooke, Serampore, 1808, 4to; 1845, 8vo: Rousseau, London, 1812, 4to: Wilson, Calcutta, 1819, 4to; 2nd ed. 1832: ed. Goldstücker, Berlin, 1862, &c., folio, to be in 20 parts: Yates, Calcutta, 1846, 4to: Benfey, London, 1865, 8vo: Ram Jasen, Benares, 1871, 8vo, 713 pages: Williams, Oxford, 1872, 4to.English-Sanskrit.—Williams, London, 1851, 4to.French.—Amarakosha, transl. by Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Paris, 1839-1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 796 pages: Burnouf and Leupol, Nancy, 1863-1864, 8vo.German.—Böhtlingk and Roth, St Petersb. 1853, &c., 4to, 7 vols. to 1875.Italian.—Gubernatis, Torino, 1856, &c. 8vo, unfinished, 2 parts.Russian.—Kossovich, St Petersburg, 1859,8vo.Roots.—Wilkins, London, 1815, 4to: Rosen, Berolini, 1827, 8vo: Westergaard, Bonnae, 1840-1841, 8vo: Vishnu Parasurama Sastri Pandita (Sans. and Marathi), Bombay, 1865, 8vo: Taranatha Tarkavachaspati,Dhatupadarsa, Calcutta, 1869, 8vo: Leupol, Paris, 1870, 8vo.Synonyms.—Abhidhanacintamani, by Hemachadra, ed. Colebrooke, Calcutta, 1807, 8vo; translated by Böhtlingk and Rieu (German), St Petersburg, 1847, 8vo.Homonyms.—Medinikara,Medinikosha, Benares, 1865, 4to; Calcutta, 1869, 8vo; ib. 1872, 8vo.Derivatives.—Hirochand and Rooji Rangit,Dhatumanjari, Bombay, 1865, 8vo.Technical Terms of the Nyâya Philosophy.—Nyâyakosa, by Bhimachârya Jhalakîkar (Sanskrit), Bombay, 1875, 8vo, 183 pages.Rig Veda.—Grassmann, Leipzig, 1873-1875, 8vo.Bengali.—Manoel, Lisboa, 1743, 8vo: Forster, Calcutta, 1799-1802, 4to, 2 vols. 893 pages: Carey, Serampore, 1815-1825, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Marshman, ib. 1827-1828, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1864-1867, 8vo; abridged by Marshman, ib. 1865, 8vo; ib. 1871, 8vo, 2 vols. 936 pages: Morton, Calcutta, 1828, 8vo: Houghton, London, 1833, 4to: Adea,Shabdabudhi, Calcutta, 1854, 604 pages.English.—Ram Comul Sen, ib. 1834, 4to, 2 vols.; London, 1835, 4to: D’Rozario, Calcutta, 1837, 8vo: Adea,Abhidan, Calcutta, 1854, 761 pages.English Lat.—Ramkissen Sen, ib. 1821, 4to.Eng.-Beng. and Manipuri.—[Gordon], Calcutta, 1837, 8vo.Canarese.—Reeve, Madras, 1824-1832, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Sanderson, Bangalore, 1858, 8vo, 1040 pages; abridged by the same, 1858, 8vo, 276 pages:Dictionarium Canarense, Bengalori, 1855, 8vo:School Dictionary, Mangalore, 1876, 8vo, 575 pages.Dardic Languages.—Leitner (Astori, Ghilghiti, Chilasi, and dialects of Shina, viz. Arnyia, Khajuna and Kalasha), Lahore, 1868, 4to.Guzarati.—(English) Mirza Mohammed Cauzim, Bombay, 1846, 4to; Shapurji Edalji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 896 pages: Karsandas Mulji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 643 pages.Hindi.—Rousseau, London, 1812, 4to: Adam, Calcutta, 1829, 8vo: Thompson, ib. 1846, 8vo: J. D. Bate, London, 1876, 8vo, 809 pages.English.—Adam, Calcutta, 1833, 8vo.English, Urdu and Hindi.—Mathuraprasada Mirsa, Benares, 1865, 8vo, 1345 pages.Hindustani.—Ferguson, London, 1773, 4to: Gilchrist, Calcutta, 1800, 8vo; ed. Hunter, Edinb. 1810; Lond. 1825: Taylor, Calcutta, 1808, 4to, 2 vols.: Gladwin (Persian and Hind.), Calcutta, 1809, 8vo, 2 vols.: Shakespeare, London, 1817, 4to; 1820; 1834; 1849: Forbes, London, 1847, 8vo; 1857: Bertrand (French), Paris, 1858, 8vo: Brice, London, 1864, 12mo: Fallon, Banaras, 1876, &c., to be in about 25 parts and 1200 pages.English.—Gilchrist, 1787-1780, 4to, 2 parts: Thompson, Serampore, 1838, 8vo.Kashmiri.—Elmslie, London, 1872, 12mo.Khassia.—Roberts, Calcutta, 1875, 12mo.Malayalim.—Fabricius and Breithaupt, Weperg, 1779, 4to: Bailey, Cottayam, 1846, 8vo: Gundert, Mangalore, 1871, 8vo, 1171 pages.Marathi.—Carey, Serampore, 1810, 8vo: Kennedy, Bombay, 1824, fol.: Jugunnauth Shastri Kramavant, Bombay, 1829-1831, 4to, 3 vols.: Molesworth, ib. 1831, 4to; 2nd ed. 1847, 4to; ed. Candy, Bombay, 1857, 4to, 957 pages; abridged by Baba Padmanji, ib. 1863, 8vo; 2nd ed. (abridged), London, 1876, 8vo, 644 pages.English.—Molesworth, Bombay, 1847, 4to.Oriya.—Mohunpersaud Takoor, Serampore, 1811, 8vo: Sutton, Cuttack, 1841-1848, 8vo, 3 vols. 856 pages.Pali.—Clough, Colombo, 1824, 8vo: Moggallana Thero (a Sinhalese priest of the 12th century),Abhidhanappika(Pali, Eng. Sinhalese), ed. Waskeduwe Subheti, Colombo, 1865, 8vo: Childers, London, 1872-1875, 8vo, 658 pages.Roots.—Silavansa,Dhatumanjusa(Pali Sing. and Eng.), Colombo, 1872, 8vo.Prakrit.—Delius,Radices, Bonnae ad Rh., 1839, 8vo.Punjabi.—Starkey, 1850, 8vo; Lodiana Mission, Lodiana, 1854-1860, 444 pages.PushtuorAfghan.—Dorn, St Petersb. 1845, 4to: Raverty, London, 1860, 4to; 2nd ed. ib. 1867, 4to: Bellew, 1867, 8vo.Sindhi.—Eastwick, Bombay, 1843, fol. 73 pages: Stack, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.Sinhalese.—Clough, Colombo, 1821-1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: Callaway (Eng., Portuguese and Sinhalese), ib. 1818, 8vo: Id.,School Dictionary, ib. 1821, 8vo: Bridgenell (Sinh.-Eng.), ib. 1847, 18mo: Nicholson (Eng.-Sinh.), 1864, 32mo, 646 pages.Tamil.—Provenza (Portug.), Ambalacotae, 1679, 8vo:Sadur Agurardi, written by Beschi in 1732, Madras, 1827, fol.; Pondicherry, 1875, 8vo: Blin (French), Paris, 1834, 8vo: Rottler, Madras, 1834-1841, 4to, 4 vols.: Jaffna Book Society (Tamil), Jaffna, 1842, 8vo, about 58,500 words: Knight and Spaulding (Eng. Tam.), ib. 1844, 8vo;Dictionary, ib. 1852, 4to: Pope, 2nd ed. ib. 1859, 8vo: Winslow, Madras, 1862, 4to, 992 pages, 67,452 words.Telugu.—Campbell, Madras, 1821, 4to: C. P. Brown, Madras (Eng.-Tel.), 1852, 8vo, 1429 pages: Id. (Tel.-Eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo, 1319 pages.Mixed Telugu.—Id., ib. 1854, 8vo.Thuggee.—Sleeman, Calcutta, 1830, 8vo, 680 Ramasi words.Indo-Chinese Languages.—Leyden,Comparative Vocabulary of Barma, Malaya and Thai, Serampore, 1810, 8vo.Annamese: Rhodes (Portug. and Lat.), Romae, 1651, 4to: Pigneaux and Taberd, Fredericinagori, 1838, 4to; Legrand de la Liraye, Paris, 1874, 8vo: Pauthier (Chin. Ann.-Fr. Lat.), Paris, 1867, &c., 8vo.Assamese: Mrs Cutter, Saipur, 1840, 12 mo; Bronson, London, 1876, 8vo, 617 pages.Burmese: Hough (Eng.-Burm.), Serampore, 1825, Moulmain, 1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 955 pages: Judson, Calcutta, 1826, 8vo; (Eng. Burm.), Moulmain, 1849, 4to; (Burm. Eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo; 2nd ed., Rangoon, 1866, 8vo, 2 vols. 968 pages: Lane, Calcutta, 1841, 4to.Cambodian: Aymonier (Fr.-Camb.), Saigon, 1874, 4to; Id. (Camb.-Fr.), ib. 1875, fol.Karen: Sau-kau Too (Karen), Tavoy, 1847, 12mo, 4 vols.: Mason, Tavoy, 1840, 4to.Sgau-Karen: Wade, ib. 1849, 8vo.Siamese (Thai): Pallegoix (Lat. French, Eng.), Paris, 1854, 4to:Dictionarium Latinum Thai, Bangkok, 1850, 4to, 498 pages.Malay.—Latin.—Haex, Romae, 1631, 4to; Batavia, 1707.Dutch.—Houtmann (Malay and Malagasy), Amst. 1603, 4to; 1673; 1680; 1687; 1703; Batavia, 1707: Wiltens and Dankaarts, Gravenhage, 1623, 4to; Amst. 1650; 1677; Batavia, 1708, 4to: Heurnius, Amst. 1640, 4to: Gueynier, Batavia, 1677, 4to; 1708: Loder, ib. 1707-1708, 4to: Van der Worm, ib. 1708, 4to: Roorda van Eysinga (Low), ib. 1824-1825, 8vo, 2 vols.; 12th ed. ’s Gravenhage, 1863, 8vo; Id. (Hof, Volks en Lagen Taal), ib. 1855, 8vo: Dissel and Lucardie (High Malay), Leiden, 1860, 12mo: Pijnappel, Amst. 1863, 8vo: Badings, Schoonhoven, 1873, 8vo.English.—Houtmann (Malay and Malagasy), translated by A. Spaulding, London, 1614, 4to: Bowrey, ib. 1701, 4to: Howison, ib. 1801, 4to: Marsden, ib. 1812, 4to: Thomsen, Malacca, 1820, 8vo; 1827: Crawford, London, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols.French.—Boze, Paris, 1825, 16mo: Elout (Dutch-Malay and French-Malay), Harlem, 1826, 4to: Bougourd, Le Havre, 1856, 8vo: Richard, Paris, 1873, 8vo, 2 vols.: Favre, Vienna, 1875, 8vo, 2 vols.Malay Archipelago.—Batak: Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1861, 8vo, 564 pages.Bugis: Mathes, Gravenh. 1874, 8vo, 1188 pages: Thomsen (Eng.-Bugis and Malay), Singapore, 1833, 8vo.Dyak: Hardeland (German), Amst. 1859, 8vo, 646 pages.Javanese: Senerpont Domis, Samarang, 1827, 4to, 2 vols.: Roorda van Eysinga, Kampen, 1834-1835, 8vo, 2 vols.: Gericke, Amst. 1847, 8vo; ed. Taco Roorda, ib. 1871, &c. parts i.-v., 880 pages: Jansz and Klinkert, Samarang, 1851, 8vo; 1865: Favre (French), Vienne, 1870, 8vo.Macassar: Matthes, Amst. 1859, 8vo, 951 pages. Sunda: De Wilde (Dutch, Malay and Sunda), Amsterdam, 1841, 8vo: Rigg (Eng.), Batavia, 1862, 4to, 573 pages.Formosa: Happart (Favorlang dialect, written about 1650), Parrapattan, 1840, 12mo.Philippines.—Bicol: Marcos, Sampaloc, 1754, fol.Bisaya: Sanchez, Manila, 1711, fol.: Bergaño, ib. 1735, fol.: Noceda, ib. 1841: Mentrida (also Hiliguena and Haraya) ib. 1637, 4to; 1841, fol. 827 pages: Felis de la Encarnacion, ib. 1851, 4to, 2 vols. 1217 pages.Ibanac: Bugarin, ib. 1854, 4to.Ilocana, Carro, ib. 1849, fol.Pampanga: Bergaño, ib. 1732, fol.Tagala: Santos, Toyabas, 1703, fol.; ib. 1835, 4to, 857 pages: Noceda and San Lucar, Manila, 1754, fol.; 1832.Chinese.—Native Dictionaries are very numerous. Many are very copious and voluminous, and have passed through many editions.Shwo wan, by Hü Shin, is a collection of the ancient characters, about 10,000 in number, arranged under 540 radicals, published 150b.c., usually in 12 vols.:Yu pien, by Ku Ye Wang, publisheda.d.530, arranged under 542 radicals, is the basis of the Chinese Japanese Dictionaries used in Japan:Ping tseu loui pien, Peking, 1726, 8vo, 130 vols.:Pei wan yün fu(Thesaurus of Literary Phrases), 1711, 131 vols. 8vo, prepared by 66 doctors of the Han lin Academy in seven years. It contains 10,362 characters, and countless combinations of two, three or four characters, forming compound words and idioms, with numerous and copious quotations. According to Williams (On the word Shin, p. 79), an English translation would fill 140 volumes octavo of 1000 pages each.Kanghi tsze tien(Kanghi’s Standard or Canon of the Character), the dictionary of Kanghi, the first emperor of the present dynasty, was composed by 30 members of the Han lin, and published in 1716, 40 vols. 4to, with a preface by the emperor. It contains 49,030 characters, arranged under the 214 radicals. It is generally in 12 vols., and is universally used in China, being the standard authority among native scholars for the readings as well as the meanings of characters.Latin.—De Guignes (French, Lat.), Paris, 1813, fol.; Klaproth, Supplément, 1819; ed. Bazil (Latin), Hong-Kong, 1853, 4to: Gonçalves (Lat.-Chin.), Macao, 1841, fol.: Callery,Systema phoneticum, Macao, 1841, 8vo: Schott,Vocabularium, Berlin, 1844, 4to.English.—Raper, London, 1807, fol. 4 vols.: Morrison, Macao, 1815-1823, 4to, 3 parts in 6 vols.: Medhurst, Batavia, 1842-1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: Thom, Canton, 1843, 8vo: Lobscheid, Hong-Kong, 1871, 4to: Williams, Shanghai, 1874, 4to.Eng. Chinese.—Morrison, part iii.: Williams, Macao, 1844, 8vo: Medhurst, Shanghai, 1847-1848, 8vo, 2 vols.: Hung Maou,Tung yung fan hwa(Common words of the Red-haired Foreigners), 1850, 8vo. Doolittle, Foochow, 1872, 4to, vol. i. 550 pages.French,—Callery,Dict. encyclopédique, Macao and Paris, 1845 (radicals 1-20 only): M. A. H., 1876, 8vo, autographié, 1730 pages.French-Chin.—Perny (Fr.-Latin, Spoken Mandarin), Paris, 1869, 4to; Appendice, 1770; Lemaire and Giguel, Shanghai, 1874, 16mo.Portuguese.—Gonçalves (Port.-Chin.), Macao, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: Id. (Chin.-Port.), ib. 1833, 8vo.Idioms.—Giles, Shanghai, 1873, 4to.Phrases.—Yaou Pei-keen,Luy yih, 1742-1765, 8vo, 55 vols.: Tseen Ta-hin,Shing luy, 1853, 8vo, 4 vols.Classical Expressions.—Keang Yang and 30 others,Sze Shoo teen Lin, 1795, 8vo, 30 vols.Elegant Expressions.—Chang ting yuh,Fun luy tsze kin, 1722,8vo, 64 vols.Phrases of Three Words.—Julien (Latin), Paris, 1864, 8vo.Poetical.—Pei wan she yun, 1800, 8vo, 5 vols.Proper Names.—F. Porter Smith (China, Japan, Corea, Annam, &c., Chinese-Eng.), Shanghai, 1870, 8vo.Topography.—Williams, Canton, 1841, 8vo.Names of Towns.—Biot, Paris, 1842, 8vo.Ancient Characters.—Foo Lwantseang,Luh shoo fun luy, 1800, 8vo, 12 vols.Seal Character.—Heu Shin,Shwo wan, ed. Seu Heuen, 1527, 8vo, 12 vols.Running Hand.—St Aulaire and Groeneveld (Square Characters, Running Hand; Running, Square), Amst. 1861, 4to, 117 pages.Technical Terms(in Buddhist translations from Sanskrit)—Yuen Ying,Yih ’see king pin e, 1848, 8vo.Dialects.—Amoy: Douglas, London, 1873, 4to, 632 pages: Macgowan, Hong-Kong, 1869, 8vo.Canton: Yu Heo-poo and Wan ke-shih,Keang hoo chih tuh fun yun tso yaou ho tseih, Canton, 1772, 8vo, 4 vols.; 1803, 8vo, 4 vols.; Fuh-shan, 1833, 8vo, 4 vols.: Morrison, Macao, 1828, 8vo: Wan ke shih, Canton, 1856, 8vo: Williams (tonic, Eng.-Chinese), Canton, 1856, 8vo: Chalmers, Hong-Kong, 1859, 12mo; 3rd ed. 1873, 8vo.Changchow in Fuhkeen: Seay Sew-lin,Ya suh tung shih woo yin, 1818, 8vo, 8 vols.; 1820.Foo-chow: Tseih (a Japanese general) and Lin Peih shan,Pa yin ho ting, ed. Tsin Gan, 1841, 8vo: Maclay and Baldwin, Foochow, 1870, 8vo, 1123 pages.Hok-keen: Medhurst, Macao, 1832, 4to:Peking, Stent, Shanghai, 1871, 8vo.Corean.—Chinese, Corean and Japanese.—Cham Seen Wo Kwo tsze mei, translated by Medhurst, Batavia, 1835, 8vo.Russian.—Putzillo, St Petersburg, 1874, 12mo, 746 pages.Japanese.—Sio Ken Zi Ko(Examination of Words and Characters), 1608, 8vo, 10 vols.:Wa Kan Won Se Ki Sio Gen Zi Ko, lithographed by Siebold, Lugd. Bat., 1835, fol.Jap.-Chinese.—Faga biki set yo siu.Chinese-Jap.—Kanghi Tse Tein, 30 vols. 12mo:Zi rin gioku ben.Dutch Dictionaries printed by Japanese.—Nieeu verzameld Japansch en Hollandsch Woordenbock, by the interpreter, B. Sadayok, 1810: Minamoto Masataka, Prince of Nakats (Jap. Chinese-Dutch), 5 vols. 4to, printed at Kakats by his servants:Jedo-Halma(Dutch-Jap.), Jedo, 4to, 20 vols.:Nederduitsche taal, Dutch Chinese, for the use of interpreters.Latin and Portuguese.—Calepinus,Dictionarium, Amacusa, 1595, 4to.Latin.—Collado,Compendium, Romae, 1632, 4to:Lexicon, Romae, 1870, 4to, from Calepinus.English.—Medhurst, Batavia, 1830, 8vo: Hepburn, Shanghai, 1867, 8vo; 1872.Eng.-Jap.—Hori Tatnoskoy, Yedo, 1862, 8vo; 2nd ed. Yeddo, 1866, 8vo: Satow and Ishibashi Masakata (spoken language), London, 1876, 8vo.French.—Rosny (Jap. Fr. Eng.), Paris, 1857, 4to, vol. i.: Pagés, Paris, 1869, 4to, translated from Calepinus.Fr.-Jap.—Soutcovey, Paris, 1864, 8vo.Fr. Eng. Jap.—Mermet de Cachon, Paris, 1866, 8vo, unfinished.German.—Pfizmaier (Jap.-Ger., Eng.), Wien, 1851, 4to, unfinished.Spanish.—Vocabulario del Japon, Manila, 1630, 4to, translated from the next.Portuguese.—Vocabulario da Lingua de Japam, Nagasaki, 1603, 4to.Russian.—Goshkevich, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo, 487 pages.Chinese Characters with Japanese Pronunciation.—Rosny, Paris, 1867, 8vo.Chinese and Japanese Names of Plants.—Hoffmann, Leyde, 1864, 8vo.Aino.—Pfizmaier, Wien, 1854, 4to.Northern and Central Asia.—Buriat: Castrén, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo.Calmuck: Zwick, Villingen, 1853, 4to: Smirnov, Kazan, 1857, 12mo: Jügl,Siddhi Kur, Leipzig, 1866, 8vo.Chuvash: Clergy of the school of the Kazan Eparchia, Kazan, 1836, 8vo, 2481 words: Lyulé (Russ.-Chuv. French), Odessa, 1846, 8vo, 244 pages: Zolotnitski, Kazan, 1875, 8vo, 287 pages.Jagatai: Mir Ali Shir,Abuska, ed. Vámbéry, with Hungarian translation, Pesth, 1862, 8vo: Vámbéry, Leipzig, 1867, 8vo: Pavet de Courteille, Paris, 1870, 8vo.Koibal and Karagas: Castrén, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo.Manchu:Yutchi tseng ting tsing wen kian(Manchu Chinese), 1771, 4to, 6 vols.:Sze li hoh pik wen kian(Manchu-Mongol, Tibetan, Chinese) 10 vols. 4to, the Chinese pronunciation represented in Manchu:San hoh pien lan(Manchu-Chinese, Mongol), 1792, 8vo, 12 vols.;—all three classed vocabularies: Langlès (French), Paris, 1789-1790, 4to, 3 vols.: Gabelentz (German), Leipzig, 1864, 8vo: Zakharov (Russian), St Petersburg, 1875, 8vo, 1235 pages:Mongol: I. J. Schmidt (German, Russian), St Petersburg, 1835, 4to: Schergin, Kazan, 1841, 8vo: Kovalevski, Kasan, 1844-1849, 4to, 3 vols. 2703 pages.Ostiak: Castrén, St Petersb. 1858, 8vo.Samoyed: Castrén, St Petersb. 1855, 8vo, 308 pages. Tartar: Giganov (Tobolsk), St Petersburg, 1804, 4to; (Russ.-Tartar), ib. 1840, 4to: Troyanski (Karan), Kasan, 1835-1855, 4to.Tibetan:Minggi djamtoo(Tibet-Mongol):Bodschi dajig togpar lama:Kad shi schand scharwi melonggi jige(Manchu-Mongol-Tibetan-Chinese), Kanghi’s Dictionary with the Tibetan added in the reign of Khian lung (1736-1795); Csoma de Körös (Eng.), Calcutta, 1834, 4to: I. J. Schmidt (German), St Petersburg, 1841, 4to: Id. (Russian), ib. 1843, 4to: Jaeschke (Eng.), London, 1870, 8vo, 160 pages: Id. (Germ.), Gnadau, 1871, 658 pages: (Bhotanta), Schroeter, Serampore, 1826, 4to.Tungusian: Castrén, St Petersburg, 1856, 8vo, 632 pages.Uigur: Vámbéry, Innspruck, 1870, 4to.Yakut: Böhtlingk, ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.Yenissei Ostiak: Castrén, ib. 1849, 8vo.AFRICAEgyptian.—Young (enchorial), London, 1830-1831, 8vo: Sharpe, London, 1837, 4to: Birch, London. 1838, 4to: Champollion (died March 4, 1832),Dictionnaire égyptien, Paris, 1841, 4to: Brugsch,Hieroglyphisch-Demotisches Wörterbuch, Leipzig, 1867-1868, 4to, 4 vols. 1775 pages, nearly 4700 words, arranged according to the hieroglyphic alphabet of 28 letters: Pierret,Vocabulaire hiérog., Paris, 1875, 8vo, containing also names of persons and places: Birch, in vol. v. pp. 337-580 of Bunsen’sEgypt’s Place, 2nd ed. London, 1867, &c. 8vo, 5010 words.Proper Names.—Brugsch, Berlin, 1851, 8vo, 726 names: Parthey, ib. 1864, 8vo, about 1500 names: Lieblein, Christiania, 1871, 8vo, about 3200 from hieroglyphic texts.Book of the Dead.—Id., Paris, 1875, 12mo.Coptic.—Veyssière de la Croze, Oxon. 1775, 8vo: Rossi, Romae, 1807, 4to: Tattam, Oxon. 1855, 8vo: Peyron, 1835, 4to (the standard): Parthey, Berolini, 1844, 8vo.Ethiopic.—Wemmer, Romae, 1638, 4to: Ludolf, London, 1661, 4to: Francof. ad M., 1699, fol.: Dillmann (Tigré appendix), Leipzig, 1863-1865, 4to, 828 pages.Amharic.—Ludolphus, Franc. ad Maenum, 1698, fol.: Isenberg, London, 1841, 4to, 442 pages.Tigré: Munzinger, Leipzig, 1865, 8vo: Beurmann, ib. 1868, 8vo.East Coast.—Dankali: Isenberg, London, 1840, 12mo.Galla: Krapf, London, 1842, 8vo: Tutschek, München, 1844, 8vo.Engutuk Iloigob: Erhardt, Ludwigsberg, 1857, 8vo.Kisuaheli:Vocabulary of the Soahili, Cambridge, U.S. 1845, 8vo: Steere, London, 1870, 8vo, about 5800 words.Kisuaheli, Kinika, Kikamba, Kipokono, Kikian, Kigalla: Krapf, Tübingen, 1850, 8vo.Malagasy.—Houtmann (Malaysche en Madagask Talen), Amst. 1603, 2nd ed. Matthysz, ib. 1680, 8vo: Huet de Froberville, Isle de France, fol. 2 vols.: Flacourt, Paris, 1658, 8vo: Challand (Southern), Isle de France, 1773, 4to: Freeman and Johns, London, 1835, 8vo, 2 vols.: Dalmont (Malgache, Salalave, et Betsimara), 1842, 8vo: Kessler, London, 1870, 8vo.Southern Africa.—Bleek,The Languages of Mozambique, London, 1856, 8vo.Kaffre: Bennie, Lovedale, 1826, 16mo: Ayliffe, Graham’s Town, 1846, 12mo: Appleyard, 1850, 8vo: Bleek, Bonn, 1853, 4to, 646 pages.Zulu-Kaffre: Perrin (Kaffre-Eng.), London, 1855, 24mo, 172 pages: Id. (Eng.-Kaffre), Pietermaritzburg, 1855, 24mo, 227 pages: Id. (Eng.-Zulu), ib. 1865, 12mo, 226 pages: Dohne, Cape Town, 1857, 8vo, 428 pages: Colenso, Pietermaritzburg, 1861, 8vo, 560 pages, about 8000 words.Hottentot: Bleek, Cape Town, 1857, 4to, 261 pages.Namaqua: Tindall, ib. 1852, 8vo:Vocabulary, Barmen, 1854, 8vo: Hahn, Leipzig, 1870, 12mo. Sechuana: Casalis, Paris, 1841, 8vo.Herero: Hahn, Berlin, 1857, 8vo, 207 pages, 4300 words.Western Africa.—AkraorGa: Zimmermann, Stuttgart, 1858, 8vo, 690 pages.Ashantee: Christaller (also Akra), Basel, 1874, 8vo, 299 pages.Bullom: Nylander, London, 1814, 12mo.Bunda or Angola: Cannecatim, Lisboa, 1804, 4to, 722 pages.Dualla Grammatical Elements, &c., Cameroons, 1855, 8vo.EfikorOld Calabar: Waddell, Old Calabar, 1846, 16mo, 126 pages; Edinb, 1849, 8vo, 95 pages.Eyo: Raban, London, 1830-1831, 12mo, 2 parts.Grebo:Vocabulary, Cape Palmas, 1837, 8vo;Dictionary, ib. 1839, 8vo, 119 pages.Ifa: Schlegel, Stuttgart, 1857, 8vo.Mpongwe: De Lorme (Franç.-Pongoué), Paris, 1876, 12mo, 354 pages.Oji: Riis, Basel, 1854, 8vo, 284 pages.Sherbro’: Schön,s. a. et l.8vo, written in 1839, 42 pages.Susu: Brunton, Edinburgh, 1802, 8vo, 145 pages.Vei: Koelle, London, 1854, 8vo, 266 pages.Wolof and Bambarra: Dard, Paris, 1825, 8vo.Wolof: Roger, ib. 1829, 8vo: Missionnaires de S. Esprit, Dakar, 1855, &c. 16mo. Faidherbe (French-Wolof, Poula and Soninke), St Louis, Senegambia, 1860, 12mo.Yoruba: Crowther, London, 1843, 8vo; 1852, 298 pages: Vidal, ib. 1852, 8vo: Bowen, Washington, 1858, 4to.Central Africa.—Barth,Vocabularies. Gotha, 1862-1866, 4to.Bari: Mitterreutzner, Brixen, 1867, 8vo: Reinisch, Vienna, 1874, 8vo.Dinka: Mitterreutzner, Brixen, 1866, 8vo.Haussa: Schön (Eng.), London, 1843, 8vo.Berber.—Venture de Paradis, Paris, 1844, 8vo: Brosselard, ib. 1844, 8vo: Delaporte, ib. 1844, 4to, by order of the Minister of War: Creusat, Franç.-Kabyle (Zouaoua), Alger, 1873, 8vo.Siwah: Minutoli, Berlin, 1827, 4to.AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIAAustralia.—New South Wales: Threlkeld (Lake Macquarie Language), Sydney, 1834, 8vo.Victoria: Bunce, Melbourne, 1856, 12mo, about 2200 words.South Australia: Williams, South Australia, 1839, 8vo: Teichelmann and Schürmann, Adelaide, 1840, 8vo: Meyer, ib. 1843, 8vo.Murray River: Moorhouse, ib. 1846, 8vo.Parnkalla: Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844, 8vo.Woolner District:Vocabulary, ib. 1869, 12mo.Western Australia: Sir George Grey, Perth, 1839, 4to; London, 1840, 8vo: Moore, ib. 1843: Brady, Roma, 1845, 24mo, 8vo, 187 pages.Tasmania: Millegan, Tasmania, 1857.Polynesia.—Hale,Grammars and Vocabularies of all the Polynesian Languages, Philadelphia, 1846, 4to.Marquesas, Sandwich Gambier: Mosblech, Paris, 1843, 8vo.Hawaiian: Andrews,Vocabulary, Lahainaluna, 1636, 8vo: Id.,Dictionary, Honolulu, 1865, 8vo, 575 pages, about 15,500 words.Marquesas: Pierquin, de Gembloux, Bourges, 1843, 8vo: Buschmann, Berlin, 1843, 8vo.Samoan:Dictionary, Samoa, 1862, 8vo.Tahitian:A Tahitian and English Dictionary, Tahiti, 1851, 8vo, 314 pages.Tonga: Rabone, Vavau, 1845, 8vo.Fijian: Hazlewood (Fiji-Eng.), Vewa. 1850,12mo: Id. (Eng.-Fiji), ib. 1852, 12mo: Id., London, 1872, 8vo.Maori: Kendall, 1820, 12mo: Williams, Paihia, 1844, 8vo; 3rd ed. London, 1871, 8vo: Taylor, Auckland, 1870, 12mo.AMERICANorth America.—Eskimo: Washington, London, 1850, 8vo: Petitot (Mackenzie and Anderson Rivers), Paris, 1876, 4to.Kinai: Radloff, St Petersburg, 1874, 4to.Greenland: Egede (Gr. Dan. Lat., 3 parts), Hafn, 1750, 8vo; 1760, Fabricius, Kjöbenhavn, 1804, 4to.Hudson’s Bay Indians: Bowrey, London, 1701, fol.Abnaki: Rasles, Cambridge, U.S., 1833, 4to.Chippewa: Baraga, Cincinnati, 1853, 12mo, 622 pages: Petitot, Paris, 1876, 4to, 455 pages.MassachusettsorNatick: Cotton, Cambridge, U.S. 1829, 8vo.Onondaga: Shea (French-Onon.), from a MS. (of 17th century), London, 1860, 4to, 109 pages.Dacota: Riggs, New York, 1851, 4to, 424 pages: Williamson (Eng. Dac.), Santos Agency, Nebraska, 12mo, 139 pages.Mohawk: Bruyas, New York, 1863, 8vo.Hidatsa (Minnetarees, Gros Ventres of the Missouri): Matthews, ib. 1874, 8vo.Choctaw: Byington, ib. 1852, 16mo.Clallam and Lummi: Gibbs, ib. 1863, 8vo.Yakama: Pandosy, translated by Gibbs and Shea, ib. 1862, 8vo.Chinook: Gibbs, New York, 1863, 4to.Chinook Jargon, the trade language of Oregon: Id., ib. 1863, 8vo.TatcheorTelamé: Sitjar, ib. 1841, 8vo.Mexico and Central America.—Tepehuan: Rinaldini, Mexico, 1743, 4to.Cora: Ortega, Mexico, 1732, 4to.Tarahumara: Steffel, Brünn, 1791, 8vo.Otomi: Carochi, Mexico, 1645, 4to: Neve y Molina, ib. 1767, 8vo: Yepes, ib. 1826, 4to: Piccolomini, Roma, 1841, 8vo.MexicanorAztec: Molina, Mexico, 1555, 4to; 1571, fol. 2 vols.: Arenas, ib. 1583; 1611, 8vo; 1683; 1725; 1793, 12mo: Biondelli, Milan, 1869, fol.Mexican, Tontonacan, and Huastecan: Olmos, Mexico, 1555-1560, 4to, 2 vols.Huastecan: Tapia Zenteno, ib. 1767, 4to, 128 pages.OpataorTequima: Lombardo, ib. 1702, 4to.Tarasca: Gilberti, ib. 1559, 4to: Lagunas, ib. 1574, 8vo.Mixtecan: Alvarado, Mexico, 1593, 4to.Zapoteca: Cordova, ib. 1578, 4to.Maya: Beltran de Santa Rosa Maria, ib. 1746, 4to; Merida de Yucatan, 1859, 4to, 250 pages: Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1874, 8vo, 745 pages.Quiché: Id. (also Cakchiquel and Trutuhil dialects), ib. 1862, 8vo.South America.—Chibcha: Uricoechea, Paris, 1871, 8vo.Chayma: Tauste, Madrid, 1680, 4to: Yanguas, Burgos, 1683, 4to.Carib: Raymond, Auxerre, 1665-1666, 8vo.Galibi: D.[e]. L.[a] S.[auvage], Paris, 1763, 8vo.Tupi: Costa Rubim, Rio de Janeiro, 1853, 8vo: Silva Guimaräes, Bahia, 1854, 8vo: Diaz, Lipsia, 1858, 16mo.Guarani: Ruiz de Montoyo, Madrid, 1639, 4to; 1640; 1722, 4to; ed. Platzmann, Leipzig, 1876, &c., 8vo, to be in 4 vols. 1850 pages.Moxa: Marban, Lima, 1701, 8vo.Lule: Machoni de Corderia, Madrid, 1732, 12mo.Quichua: Santo Thomas, Ciudad de los Reyes, 1586, 8vo: Torres Rubio, Sevilla, 1603, 8vo; Lima, 1609, 8vo; ed. Figueredo, Lima, 1754, 8vo; Holguin, Ciudad de los Reyes, 1608, 8vo: Tschudi, Wien, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols.: Markham, London, 1864, 8vo: Lopez,Les Races Aryennes de Perou, Paris, 1871, 8vo, comparative vocabulary, pp. 345-421.Aymara: Bertonio, Chicuyto, 1612, 4to, 2 vols.Chileno: Valdivia (also Allentiac and Milcocayac), Lima, 1607, 8vo: Febres, ib. 1765, 12mo; ed. Hernandez y Caluza, Santiago, 1846, 8vo, 2 vols.Tsonecan(Patagonian): Schmid, Bristol, 1860, 12mo.The above article incorporates the salient features of the 9th-edition article by the Rev. Ponsonby A. Lyons, and the 10th-edition article by Benjamin E. Smith.
Rabbinical and Chaldee.—Nathan ben Yeḥiel of Rome wrote in the beginning of the 12th century a Talmudic dictionary,Aruch, printed 1480 (?), s. l., fol.; Pesaro, 1517, fol.; Venice, 1531; and often: Isaiah ben Loeb, Berlin, wrote a supplement toAruch, vol. i. Breslau, 1830, 8vo; vol. ii. (ל to ת), Wien, 1859, 8vo: Münster, Basil. 1527, 4to, 1530, fol.: Elijah ben Asher, the Levite, transl. by Fagius, Isnae, 1541, fol.; Venet. 1560: David ben Isaac de Pomis,Zamaḥ David, Venet. 1587, fol.: Buxtorf, Basileae, 1639, fol.: ed. Fischer, Leipz. 1866-1875, 4to: Otho, Geneva, 1675, 8vo; Altona, 1757, 8vo: Zanolini, Patavii, 1747, 8vo: Hornheim, Halle, 1807, 8vo: Landau, Prag, 1819-1824, 8vo, 5 vols.: Dessauer, Erlangen, 1838, 8vo: Nork (i.e.Korn), Grimma, 1842, 4to: Schönhak, Warschau, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols.Targums.—Levy, Leipzig, 1866-68 4to, 2 vols.; 1875: Id. (Eng.), London, 1869, 8vo, 2 vols.Talmud.—Löwy (in Heb.), Wien, 1863, 8vo: Levy, Leipzig, 1876, &c., 4to.Prayer-Book.—Hecht, Kreuznach, 1860, 8vo: Nathan, Berlin, 1854, 12mo.Synonyms.—Pantavitius, Lodevae, 1640, fol.Foreign Words.—Rabeini, Lemberg, 1857, 8vo, &c.Jewish-German.—Callenberg, Halle, 1736, 8vo: Vollbeding, Hamburg, 1808, 8vo: Stern, München, 1833, 8vo, 2 vols.: Theile, Berlin, 1842-1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: Avé-Lallemant,Das deutsche Gaunerthum, Leipzig, 1858, 8vo, 4 vols.; vol. iv. pp. 321-512.
Phœnician.—M. A. Levy, Breslau, 1864, 8vo.
Samaritan.—Crinesius, Altdorphi, 1613, 4to: Morini, Parisiis, 1657, 12mo: Hilligerus, Wittebergae, 1679, 4to: Cellarius, Cizae, 1682, 4to; Frankof. 1705: Uhlemann, Leipsiae, 1837, 8vo: Nicholls, London, 1859, 8vo.
Assyrian.—Norris, London, 1868, 8vo, 3 vols.Proper Names.—Menant, Paris, 1861, 8vo.
Accadian.—Lenormant, Paris, 1875, 8vo.
Syriac.—Joshua ben Ali, a physician, who lived about 885, made a Syro-Arabic lexicon, of which there is a MS. in the Vatican. Hoffmann printed this lexicon from Alif to Mim, from a Gotha MS., Kiel, 1874, 4to. Joshua bar Bahlul, living 963, wrote another, great part of which Castelli put into his lexicon. His MS. is now at Cambridge, and, with those at Florence and Oxford, was used by Bernstein. Elias bar Shinaya, born 975, metropolitan of Nisibis, 1009, wrote a Syriac and Arabic lexicon, entitledKitāb ūt Tarjuman fi Taalem Loghat es Sūriān(Book called the Interpreter for teaching the Language of the Syrians), of which there is a MS. in the British Museum. It was translated into Latin by Thomas à Novaria, a Minorite friar, edited by Germanus, and published at Rome by Obicinus, 1636, 8vo. It is a classified vocabulary, divided in 30 chapters, each containing several sections. Crinesius, Wittebergae,1612, 4to: Buxforf, Basileae, 1622, 4to: Ferrarius, Romae, 1622, 4to: Trost, Cothenis Anhaltor, 1643, 4to: Gutbir, Hamburgi, 1667, 8vo: Schaaf, Lugd. Bat, 1708, 4to: Zanolini, Patavii, 1742, 4to: Castellus, ed. Michaelis, Göttingen, 1788, 4to, 2 vols.: Bernstein, Berlin, 1857, &c. fol.: Smith (Robt. Paine), Dean of Canterbury, Oxonii, 1868, &c. fol.: fasc. 1-3 contain 538 pages: Zingerle, Romae, 1873, 8vo, 148 pages.
Arabic.—The native lexicons are very many, voluminous and copious. In the preface to his great Arabic-English lexicon, Lane describes 33, the most remarkable of which are-the’Ain, so called from the letter which begins its alphabet, commonly ascribed to al Khalil (who died before A.H. 175 [a.d.791], aged seventy-four): theSihahof Jauhari (died 398 [1003]): theMohkamof Ibn Sidah the Andalusian, who was blind, and died A.H. 458 [a.d.1066], aged about sixty: theAsasof Zamakhshari (born 467 [1075], died 538 [1144]), “a most excellent repertory of choice words and phrases”: theLisān el ’Arabof Ibn Mukarram (born 630 [1232], died 711 [1311]); Lane’s copy is in 28 vols. 4to: theKamus(The Sea) of Fairuzabadi (born 729 [1328], died 816 [1413]),: theTaj el Arus, by Murtada Ez Zebadi (borna.d.1732, died 1791)—the copy made for Lane is in 24 vols. thick 4to. TheSihahwas printed Hardervici Getorum, 1774, 4to; Bulak, 1865, fol. 2 vols.:Kamus, Calcutta, 1817, fol. 2 vols.; Bombay, 1855, fol. 920 pages:Sirr el Lagal, by Farish esh Shidiac, Tunis, fol. 609 pages:Muhīt al Muhīt, by Beitrus Al Bustani Beirut, 1867-1870, 2 vols. 4to, 2358 pages (abridged asKatr Al Muhit, ib. 1867-1869, 2 vols. 8vo, 2352 pages), is excellent for spoken Arabic.Persian.—TheSurah, by Jumal, Calcutta, 1812-1815, 2 vols. 4to:Samachsharii Lexicon, ed. Wetzstein, Leipz. 1845, 4to; 1850:Muntakhal al Loghat, Calcutta, 1808; ib. 1836; Lucknow, 1845; Bombay, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.:Muntaha l’Arabi, 4 vols. fol. 1840:Shams al Loghat, Bombay, 1860, fol. 2 vols. 509 pages.Turkish.—Achteri Kabir, Constantinople. 1827, fol.:El Kamus, ib. 1816, fol. 3 vols.; translated by Açan Effendi, Bulak, fol. 3 vols.;El Sihah, translated by Al Vani, Constantinople, 1728, fol. 2 vols.: 1755-1756; Scutari, 1802, fol. 2 vols.Latin.—Raphelengius, Leiden, 1613, fol.: Giggeius, Mediolani, 1632, fol. 4 vols.: Golius Lugd. Bat. 1653, fol. (the best before Lane’s): Jahn, Vindobonae, 1802, 8vo: Freytag, Halle, 1830-1838, 4 vols. 4to; abridged, ib. 1837, 4to.English.—Catafago (Arab.-Eng. and Eng.-Arab.), London, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1873, 8vo: Lane, London, 1863-1893 (edited after Lane’s death, from 1876, by his grandnephew, Stanley Lane-Poole. The Arabic title isMedd el Kamoos, meaning either the Flow of the Sea, or The Extension of the Kamus. It was undertaken in 1842, at the suggestion and at the cost of the 6th duke of Northumberland, then Lord Prudhoe, by Mr Lane, who returned to Egypt for the purpose, and lived in Cairo for seven years to study, and obtain copies of, the great MS. lexicons in the libraries of the mosques, few of which had ever been seen by a European, and which were so quickly disappearing through decay, carelessness and theft, that the means of composing such a work would not long have existed). Newman (modern), ib. 1872, 8vo, 2 vols. 856 pages.French.—Ruphy (Fr.-Ar.), Paris, 1802, 4to: Bochtor (do.), Paris, 1828, 4to, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. ib. 1850: Roland de Bussy (Algiers, Fr.-Ar.), Alger, 1835, 16mo: Id., 1836, 8vo; 1839: Berggren (Fr.-vulg. Ar., Syria and Egypt.), Upsala, 1844, 4to: Farhat (Germanos), revu par Rochaid ed Dahdah, Marseille, 1849, 4to: Biberstein Kasimirski, Paris, 1846, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1853-1856; 1860, 2 vols. 3032 pages: Marcel (vulgar dialects of Africa), Paris, 1830; 1835, 8vo; 1837; enlarged, 1869, 8vo; Paulmier (Algeria), 2nd ed. Paris, 1860, 8vo, 931 pages; 1872: Bernard (Egypt), Lyon, 1864, 18mo: Cuche, Beirut, 1862, 8vo; 1867: Nar Bey (A. Calfa), 2nd ed. Paris, 1872, 12mo, 1042 pages: Cherbonneau (written language), Paris, 1876, 2 vols. 8vo: Id. (Fr.-Ar.), Paris, 1872, 8vo: Beausier (Algiers, Tunis, legal, epistolary), Alger, 1871, 4to, 764 pages; 1873.German.—Seyfarth (Algeria), Grimma, 1849, 16mo: Wolff (Mod. Ar.), Leipzig, 1867, 8vo: Wahrmund (do.), Giessen, 1870-1875, 8vo, 4 vols.Italian.—Germano, Roma, 1636, 8vo; (Ar. Lat. It.), Romae, 1639, fol.:Dizionario, Bulak. 1824, 4to: Schiaparelli, Firenze, 1871, 4to, 641 pages.Spanish.—Alcala, Grenada, 1505, 4to: Cañes, Madrid, 1787, fol. 3 vols.Sufi Technical Terms.—Abd Errahin, ed. Sprenger, Calcutta, 1845, 8vo.Technical Terms of the Mussulman Sciences.—Abd al Hagg and Gholam Kadir, Calcutta, 1853-1862, 4to, 1593 pages.Medical Terms.—Pharaon and Bertherand, Paris, 1860, 12mo.Materia Medica.—Muhammed Abd Allah Shirazi,Ulfaz Udwiyeh, translated by Gladwin (Eng. Pers. Hindi), Calcutta, 1793, 4to, 1441 words.Noms des Vêtements.—Dozy, Amst. 1845, 8vo.Wörter in entgegengesetzten Bedeutungen.—Redslob, Göttingen, 1873, 8vo.Koran.—Willmet (also in Haririum et vitam Timuri), Lugd. Bat. 1784, 4to; Amst. 1790: Fluegel,Concordantia, Leipz. 1842, 4to: Penrice,Dictionary and Glossary, London, 1873, 4to.El Tabrizi’s Logic.—Mir Abufeth (French), Bulak, 1842, 8vo.Maltese.—Vassali, Romae, 1796, 4to: Falzon (Malt. Ital. Eng.), Malta,s.a.8vo: Vella, Livorno, 1843, 8vo.
Armenian.—Mechitar, Venice, 1749-1769, 4to, 2 vols.: Avedichiam, Sürmelian and Aucher (Aukerian), ib. 1836-1837, 4to, 2 vols.: Aucher, ib. 1846, 4to.Polyglot.—Villa (Arm.-vulg., litteralis, Lat. Indicae et Gallicae), Romae, 1780.Greek and Latin.—Lazarists, Venice, 1836-1837, 4to, 2 vols. 2217 pages.Latin.—Rivola, Mediolani, 1621, fol.: Nierszesovicz, Romae, 1695, 4to; Villotte, ib. 1714, fol.: Mechitar, Venetiae, 1747-1763, 4to, 2 vols.English.—Aucher, Venice, 1821-1825, 4to, 2 vols.French.—Aucher, Venise, 1812-1817, 8vo, 2 vols.; (Fr.-Arm. Turc.), ib. 1840, 4to: Eminian, Vienna, 1853, 4to: Calfa, Paris, 1861, 8vo, 1016 pages; 1872.Italian.—Ciakciak, Venezia, 1837, 4to.Russian.—Khudobashev [Khutapashian], Moskva, 1838, 8vo, 2 vols.Russ. Arm.—Adamdarov, ib. 1821, 8vo: Popov, ib. 1841, 8vo, 2 vols.Modern Words.—Riggs, Smyrna, 1847, 8vo.
Georgian.—Paolini (Ital.), Roma, 1629, 4to: Klaproth (Fr.), Paris, 1827, 8vo: Tshubinov (Russian, French), St Petersburg, 1840, 4to; 1846, 8vo, 2 vols. 1187 pages.
Circassian.—Loewe, London, 1854, 8vo.
Ossetic.—Sjörgen, St Petersb. 1844, 4to.
Kurd.—Garzoni, Roma, 1787, 8vo: Lerch (German), St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo: Id. (Russian), ib. 1856-1858, 8vo.
Persian.—Burhani Qatiu, arranged by J. Roebuck, Calcutta, 1818, 4to:Burhan i Kati, Bulak, 1836, fol.: Muhammed Kazim, Tabriz, 1844, fol.:Haft Kulzum(The Seven Seas), by Ghazi ed din Haidar, King of Oude, Lucknow, 1822, fol. 7 vols.Arabic.—Shums ul Loghat, Calcutta, 1806, 4to, 2 vols.Turkish.—Ibrahim Effendi,Farhangi Shu’uri, ib. 1742, fol. 2 vols. 22,530 words, and 22,450 poetical quotations:Burhan Kati, by Ibn Kalif, translated by Ahmed Asin Aintabi, ib. 1799, fol.; Bulak, 1836, fol.: Hayret Effendi, ib. 1826, 8vo.Armenian.—Douzean, Constantinople, 1826, fol.Bengali.—Jay Gopal, Serampore, 1818, 8vo.Latin.—Vullers (Zend appendix), Bonnae ad Rhen, 1855-1868, 4to, 2 vols. 2544 pages; Supplement of Roots, 1867, 142 pages.English.—Gladwin, Malda in Bengal, 1780, 4to; Calcutta, 1797: Kirkpatrick, London, 1785, 4to: Moises, Newcastle, 1794, 4to: Rousseau, London, 1802, 8vo; 1810: Richardson (Arab, and Pers.), ib. 1780-1800, fol. 2 vols.; ed. Wilkins, ib. 1806-1810, 4to, 2 vols.; ed Johnson, ib. 1829, 4to: Ramdhen Sen, Calcutta, 1829, 8vo; 1831: Tucker (Eng.-Pers.), London, 1850, 4to: Johnson (Pers. and Arab.), ib. 1852, 4to: Palmer, ib. 1876, 8vo, 726 pages.French.—Handjeri (Pers. Arab. and Turkish), Moscou, 1841, 4to, 3 vols. 2764 pages: Bergé, Leipzig, 1869, 12mo.German.—Richardson, translated by Wahl asOrientalische Bibliotheque, Lemg, 1788-1792, 8vo, 3 vols.Italian.—Angelus a S. Josepho [i.e.Labrosse] (Ital. Lat. Fr.), Amst. 1684, fol.
Old Persian.—(Cuneiform), Benfey (German), Leipzig, 1847, 8vo: Spiegel (id.), ib. 1862, 8vo: Kossovich (Latin), Petropoli, 1872, 8vo.
Zend.—Justi, Leipzig, 1864, 4to: Vullers, Persian Lexicon, Appendix: Lagarde, Leipzig, 1868, 8vo.
Pahlavi.—An old Pahlavi and Pazend Glossary, translated by Destur Hoshengi Jamaspji, ed. Haug, London, 1867, 8vo; 1870, 8vo: West, Bombay, 1874, 8vo.
Indian Terms.—The Indian Vocabulary, London, 1788, 16mo: Gladwin, Calcutta, 1797, 4to: Roberts, London, 1800, 8vo: Rousseau, ib. 1802, 8vo: Roebuck (naval), ib. 1813, 12mo: C. P. Brown,Zillah Dict., Madras, 1852, 8vo: Robinson (Bengal Courts), Calcutta, 1854, 8vo; 1860: Wilson, London, 1855, 4to: Fallon, Calcutta, 1858, 8vo.
Sanskrit.—Amarasimha (lived beforea.d.1000),AmarakoshaCalcutta, 1807, 8vo; ib. 1834, 4to; Bombay, 1860, 4to; Lucknow, 1863, 4to; Madras, 1870, 8vo, in Grantha characters; Cottayam, 1873, 8vo, in Malaylim characters; Benares, 1867, fol. withAmaraviveka, a commentary by Mahesvara: Rajah Radhakanta Deva,Sabdakalpadruma, Calcutta, 1821-1857, 4to, 8 vols. 8730 pages: 2nd ed. 1874, &c.: Bhattachdrya,Sabdastoma Mahanidhi, Calcutta, 1869-1870, 8vo, parts i.-vii. 528 pages:Abhidhanaratnamala, by Halayudha, ed. Aufrecht, London, 1861, 8vo:Vachaspatya, by Taranatha Tarkavachaspati, Calcutta, 1873, &c., 4to (parts i.-vii., 1680 pages).Bengali.—Sabdasindhu, Calcutta, 1808:Amarakosa, translated by Ramodoyu Bidjalunker, Calcutta, 1831, 4to: Mathurana Tarkaratna,Sabdasandarbhasindhu, Calcutta, 1863, 4to.Marathi.—Ananta Sastri Talekar, Poona, 1853, 8vo, 495 pages: Madhava Chandora, Bombay, 1870, 4to, 695 pages.Telugu.—Amarakosha, Madras, 1861, ed. Kala, withGurubalala prabodhika, a commentary, ib. 1861, 4to; with the same, ib. 1875, 4to, 516 pages; withAmarapadaparijata(Sans. and Tel.), by Vavilla Ramasvani Sastri, ib. 1862, 4to; ib. 1863, 8vo; 3rd ed. by Jaganmohana Tarkalankara and Khetramohana, 1872, &c., parts i.-iv. 600 pages: Suria Pracasa Row,Sarva-Sabda-Sambodhini, ib. 1875, 4to, 1064 pages.Tibetan and Mongol.—Schiefner,Buddhistische Triglotte, St Petersburg, 1859, fol., theVyupattiorMahavyupattifrom theTanguir, vol. 123 of the Sutra.Latin.—Paulinus a Sancto Bartholomeo, Amarasinha, sectio i. de coelo, Romae, 1798, 4to: Bopp. Berlin, 1828-1830, 4to; 2nd ed. 1840-1844; 3rd, 1866, 4to.English.—Amarakosha, trans. by Colebrooke, Serampore, 1808, 4to; 1845, 8vo: Rousseau, London, 1812, 4to: Wilson, Calcutta, 1819, 4to; 2nd ed. 1832: ed. Goldstücker, Berlin, 1862, &c., folio, to be in 20 parts: Yates, Calcutta, 1846, 4to: Benfey, London, 1865, 8vo: Ram Jasen, Benares, 1871, 8vo, 713 pages: Williams, Oxford, 1872, 4to.English-Sanskrit.—Williams, London, 1851, 4to.French.—Amarakosha, transl. by Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Paris, 1839-1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 796 pages: Burnouf and Leupol, Nancy, 1863-1864, 8vo.German.—Böhtlingk and Roth, St Petersb. 1853, &c., 4to, 7 vols. to 1875.Italian.—Gubernatis, Torino, 1856, &c. 8vo, unfinished, 2 parts.Russian.—Kossovich, St Petersburg, 1859,8vo.Roots.—Wilkins, London, 1815, 4to: Rosen, Berolini, 1827, 8vo: Westergaard, Bonnae, 1840-1841, 8vo: Vishnu Parasurama Sastri Pandita (Sans. and Marathi), Bombay, 1865, 8vo: Taranatha Tarkavachaspati,Dhatupadarsa, Calcutta, 1869, 8vo: Leupol, Paris, 1870, 8vo.Synonyms.—Abhidhanacintamani, by Hemachadra, ed. Colebrooke, Calcutta, 1807, 8vo; translated by Böhtlingk and Rieu (German), St Petersburg, 1847, 8vo.Homonyms.—Medinikara,Medinikosha, Benares, 1865, 4to; Calcutta, 1869, 8vo; ib. 1872, 8vo.Derivatives.—Hirochand and Rooji Rangit,Dhatumanjari, Bombay, 1865, 8vo.Technical Terms of the Nyâya Philosophy.—Nyâyakosa, by Bhimachârya Jhalakîkar (Sanskrit), Bombay, 1875, 8vo, 183 pages.Rig Veda.—Grassmann, Leipzig, 1873-1875, 8vo.
Bengali.—Manoel, Lisboa, 1743, 8vo: Forster, Calcutta, 1799-1802, 4to, 2 vols. 893 pages: Carey, Serampore, 1815-1825, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Marshman, ib. 1827-1828, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1864-1867, 8vo; abridged by Marshman, ib. 1865, 8vo; ib. 1871, 8vo, 2 vols. 936 pages: Morton, Calcutta, 1828, 8vo: Houghton, London, 1833, 4to: Adea,Shabdabudhi, Calcutta, 1854, 604 pages.English.—Ram Comul Sen, ib. 1834, 4to, 2 vols.; London, 1835, 4to: D’Rozario, Calcutta, 1837, 8vo: Adea,Abhidan, Calcutta, 1854, 761 pages.English Lat.—Ramkissen Sen, ib. 1821, 4to.Eng.-Beng. and Manipuri.—[Gordon], Calcutta, 1837, 8vo.
Canarese.—Reeve, Madras, 1824-1832, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. Sanderson, Bangalore, 1858, 8vo, 1040 pages; abridged by the same, 1858, 8vo, 276 pages:Dictionarium Canarense, Bengalori, 1855, 8vo:School Dictionary, Mangalore, 1876, 8vo, 575 pages.
Dardic Languages.—Leitner (Astori, Ghilghiti, Chilasi, and dialects of Shina, viz. Arnyia, Khajuna and Kalasha), Lahore, 1868, 4to.
Guzarati.—(English) Mirza Mohammed Cauzim, Bombay, 1846, 4to; Shapurji Edalji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 896 pages: Karsandas Mulji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 643 pages.
Hindi.—Rousseau, London, 1812, 4to: Adam, Calcutta, 1829, 8vo: Thompson, ib. 1846, 8vo: J. D. Bate, London, 1876, 8vo, 809 pages.English.—Adam, Calcutta, 1833, 8vo.English, Urdu and Hindi.—Mathuraprasada Mirsa, Benares, 1865, 8vo, 1345 pages.
Hindustani.—Ferguson, London, 1773, 4to: Gilchrist, Calcutta, 1800, 8vo; ed. Hunter, Edinb. 1810; Lond. 1825: Taylor, Calcutta, 1808, 4to, 2 vols.: Gladwin (Persian and Hind.), Calcutta, 1809, 8vo, 2 vols.: Shakespeare, London, 1817, 4to; 1820; 1834; 1849: Forbes, London, 1847, 8vo; 1857: Bertrand (French), Paris, 1858, 8vo: Brice, London, 1864, 12mo: Fallon, Banaras, 1876, &c., to be in about 25 parts and 1200 pages.English.—Gilchrist, 1787-1780, 4to, 2 parts: Thompson, Serampore, 1838, 8vo.
Kashmiri.—Elmslie, London, 1872, 12mo.
Khassia.—Roberts, Calcutta, 1875, 12mo.
Malayalim.—Fabricius and Breithaupt, Weperg, 1779, 4to: Bailey, Cottayam, 1846, 8vo: Gundert, Mangalore, 1871, 8vo, 1171 pages.
Marathi.—Carey, Serampore, 1810, 8vo: Kennedy, Bombay, 1824, fol.: Jugunnauth Shastri Kramavant, Bombay, 1829-1831, 4to, 3 vols.: Molesworth, ib. 1831, 4to; 2nd ed. 1847, 4to; ed. Candy, Bombay, 1857, 4to, 957 pages; abridged by Baba Padmanji, ib. 1863, 8vo; 2nd ed. (abridged), London, 1876, 8vo, 644 pages.English.—Molesworth, Bombay, 1847, 4to.
Oriya.—Mohunpersaud Takoor, Serampore, 1811, 8vo: Sutton, Cuttack, 1841-1848, 8vo, 3 vols. 856 pages.
Pali.—Clough, Colombo, 1824, 8vo: Moggallana Thero (a Sinhalese priest of the 12th century),Abhidhanappika(Pali, Eng. Sinhalese), ed. Waskeduwe Subheti, Colombo, 1865, 8vo: Childers, London, 1872-1875, 8vo, 658 pages.Roots.—Silavansa,Dhatumanjusa(Pali Sing. and Eng.), Colombo, 1872, 8vo.
Prakrit.—Delius,Radices, Bonnae ad Rh., 1839, 8vo.
Punjabi.—Starkey, 1850, 8vo; Lodiana Mission, Lodiana, 1854-1860, 444 pages.
PushtuorAfghan.—Dorn, St Petersb. 1845, 4to: Raverty, London, 1860, 4to; 2nd ed. ib. 1867, 4to: Bellew, 1867, 8vo.
Sindhi.—Eastwick, Bombay, 1843, fol. 73 pages: Stack, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols.
Sinhalese.—Clough, Colombo, 1821-1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: Callaway (Eng., Portuguese and Sinhalese), ib. 1818, 8vo: Id.,School Dictionary, ib. 1821, 8vo: Bridgenell (Sinh.-Eng.), ib. 1847, 18mo: Nicholson (Eng.-Sinh.), 1864, 32mo, 646 pages.
Tamil.—Provenza (Portug.), Ambalacotae, 1679, 8vo:Sadur Agurardi, written by Beschi in 1732, Madras, 1827, fol.; Pondicherry, 1875, 8vo: Blin (French), Paris, 1834, 8vo: Rottler, Madras, 1834-1841, 4to, 4 vols.: Jaffna Book Society (Tamil), Jaffna, 1842, 8vo, about 58,500 words: Knight and Spaulding (Eng. Tam.), ib. 1844, 8vo;Dictionary, ib. 1852, 4to: Pope, 2nd ed. ib. 1859, 8vo: Winslow, Madras, 1862, 4to, 992 pages, 67,452 words.
Telugu.—Campbell, Madras, 1821, 4to: C. P. Brown, Madras (Eng.-Tel.), 1852, 8vo, 1429 pages: Id. (Tel.-Eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo, 1319 pages.Mixed Telugu.—Id., ib. 1854, 8vo.
Thuggee.—Sleeman, Calcutta, 1830, 8vo, 680 Ramasi words.
Indo-Chinese Languages.—Leyden,Comparative Vocabulary of Barma, Malaya and Thai, Serampore, 1810, 8vo.Annamese: Rhodes (Portug. and Lat.), Romae, 1651, 4to: Pigneaux and Taberd, Fredericinagori, 1838, 4to; Legrand de la Liraye, Paris, 1874, 8vo: Pauthier (Chin. Ann.-Fr. Lat.), Paris, 1867, &c., 8vo.Assamese: Mrs Cutter, Saipur, 1840, 12 mo; Bronson, London, 1876, 8vo, 617 pages.Burmese: Hough (Eng.-Burm.), Serampore, 1825, Moulmain, 1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 955 pages: Judson, Calcutta, 1826, 8vo; (Eng. Burm.), Moulmain, 1849, 4to; (Burm. Eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo; 2nd ed., Rangoon, 1866, 8vo, 2 vols. 968 pages: Lane, Calcutta, 1841, 4to.Cambodian: Aymonier (Fr.-Camb.), Saigon, 1874, 4to; Id. (Camb.-Fr.), ib. 1875, fol.Karen: Sau-kau Too (Karen), Tavoy, 1847, 12mo, 4 vols.: Mason, Tavoy, 1840, 4to.Sgau-Karen: Wade, ib. 1849, 8vo.Siamese (Thai): Pallegoix (Lat. French, Eng.), Paris, 1854, 4to:Dictionarium Latinum Thai, Bangkok, 1850, 4to, 498 pages.
Malay.—Latin.—Haex, Romae, 1631, 4to; Batavia, 1707.Dutch.—Houtmann (Malay and Malagasy), Amst. 1603, 4to; 1673; 1680; 1687; 1703; Batavia, 1707: Wiltens and Dankaarts, Gravenhage, 1623, 4to; Amst. 1650; 1677; Batavia, 1708, 4to: Heurnius, Amst. 1640, 4to: Gueynier, Batavia, 1677, 4to; 1708: Loder, ib. 1707-1708, 4to: Van der Worm, ib. 1708, 4to: Roorda van Eysinga (Low), ib. 1824-1825, 8vo, 2 vols.; 12th ed. ’s Gravenhage, 1863, 8vo; Id. (Hof, Volks en Lagen Taal), ib. 1855, 8vo: Dissel and Lucardie (High Malay), Leiden, 1860, 12mo: Pijnappel, Amst. 1863, 8vo: Badings, Schoonhoven, 1873, 8vo.English.—Houtmann (Malay and Malagasy), translated by A. Spaulding, London, 1614, 4to: Bowrey, ib. 1701, 4to: Howison, ib. 1801, 4to: Marsden, ib. 1812, 4to: Thomsen, Malacca, 1820, 8vo; 1827: Crawford, London, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols.French.—Boze, Paris, 1825, 16mo: Elout (Dutch-Malay and French-Malay), Harlem, 1826, 4to: Bougourd, Le Havre, 1856, 8vo: Richard, Paris, 1873, 8vo, 2 vols.: Favre, Vienna, 1875, 8vo, 2 vols.
Malay Archipelago.—Batak: Van der Tuuk, Amsterdam, 1861, 8vo, 564 pages.Bugis: Mathes, Gravenh. 1874, 8vo, 1188 pages: Thomsen (Eng.-Bugis and Malay), Singapore, 1833, 8vo.Dyak: Hardeland (German), Amst. 1859, 8vo, 646 pages.Javanese: Senerpont Domis, Samarang, 1827, 4to, 2 vols.: Roorda van Eysinga, Kampen, 1834-1835, 8vo, 2 vols.: Gericke, Amst. 1847, 8vo; ed. Taco Roorda, ib. 1871, &c. parts i.-v., 880 pages: Jansz and Klinkert, Samarang, 1851, 8vo; 1865: Favre (French), Vienne, 1870, 8vo.Macassar: Matthes, Amst. 1859, 8vo, 951 pages. Sunda: De Wilde (Dutch, Malay and Sunda), Amsterdam, 1841, 8vo: Rigg (Eng.), Batavia, 1862, 4to, 573 pages.Formosa: Happart (Favorlang dialect, written about 1650), Parrapattan, 1840, 12mo.
Philippines.—Bicol: Marcos, Sampaloc, 1754, fol.Bisaya: Sanchez, Manila, 1711, fol.: Bergaño, ib. 1735, fol.: Noceda, ib. 1841: Mentrida (also Hiliguena and Haraya) ib. 1637, 4to; 1841, fol. 827 pages: Felis de la Encarnacion, ib. 1851, 4to, 2 vols. 1217 pages.Ibanac: Bugarin, ib. 1854, 4to.Ilocana, Carro, ib. 1849, fol.Pampanga: Bergaño, ib. 1732, fol.Tagala: Santos, Toyabas, 1703, fol.; ib. 1835, 4to, 857 pages: Noceda and San Lucar, Manila, 1754, fol.; 1832.
Chinese.—Native Dictionaries are very numerous. Many are very copious and voluminous, and have passed through many editions.Shwo wan, by Hü Shin, is a collection of the ancient characters, about 10,000 in number, arranged under 540 radicals, published 150b.c., usually in 12 vols.:Yu pien, by Ku Ye Wang, publisheda.d.530, arranged under 542 radicals, is the basis of the Chinese Japanese Dictionaries used in Japan:Ping tseu loui pien, Peking, 1726, 8vo, 130 vols.:Pei wan yün fu(Thesaurus of Literary Phrases), 1711, 131 vols. 8vo, prepared by 66 doctors of the Han lin Academy in seven years. It contains 10,362 characters, and countless combinations of two, three or four characters, forming compound words and idioms, with numerous and copious quotations. According to Williams (On the word Shin, p. 79), an English translation would fill 140 volumes octavo of 1000 pages each.Kanghi tsze tien(Kanghi’s Standard or Canon of the Character), the dictionary of Kanghi, the first emperor of the present dynasty, was composed by 30 members of the Han lin, and published in 1716, 40 vols. 4to, with a preface by the emperor. It contains 49,030 characters, arranged under the 214 radicals. It is generally in 12 vols., and is universally used in China, being the standard authority among native scholars for the readings as well as the meanings of characters.Latin.—De Guignes (French, Lat.), Paris, 1813, fol.; Klaproth, Supplément, 1819; ed. Bazil (Latin), Hong-Kong, 1853, 4to: Gonçalves (Lat.-Chin.), Macao, 1841, fol.: Callery,Systema phoneticum, Macao, 1841, 8vo: Schott,Vocabularium, Berlin, 1844, 4to.English.—Raper, London, 1807, fol. 4 vols.: Morrison, Macao, 1815-1823, 4to, 3 parts in 6 vols.: Medhurst, Batavia, 1842-1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: Thom, Canton, 1843, 8vo: Lobscheid, Hong-Kong, 1871, 4to: Williams, Shanghai, 1874, 4to.Eng. Chinese.—Morrison, part iii.: Williams, Macao, 1844, 8vo: Medhurst, Shanghai, 1847-1848, 8vo, 2 vols.: Hung Maou,Tung yung fan hwa(Common words of the Red-haired Foreigners), 1850, 8vo. Doolittle, Foochow, 1872, 4to, vol. i. 550 pages.French,—Callery,Dict. encyclopédique, Macao and Paris, 1845 (radicals 1-20 only): M. A. H., 1876, 8vo, autographié, 1730 pages.French-Chin.—Perny (Fr.-Latin, Spoken Mandarin), Paris, 1869, 4to; Appendice, 1770; Lemaire and Giguel, Shanghai, 1874, 16mo.Portuguese.—Gonçalves (Port.-Chin.), Macao, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: Id. (Chin.-Port.), ib. 1833, 8vo.Idioms.—Giles, Shanghai, 1873, 4to.Phrases.—Yaou Pei-keen,Luy yih, 1742-1765, 8vo, 55 vols.: Tseen Ta-hin,Shing luy, 1853, 8vo, 4 vols.Classical Expressions.—Keang Yang and 30 others,Sze Shoo teen Lin, 1795, 8vo, 30 vols.Elegant Expressions.—Chang ting yuh,Fun luy tsze kin, 1722,8vo, 64 vols.Phrases of Three Words.—Julien (Latin), Paris, 1864, 8vo.Poetical.—Pei wan she yun, 1800, 8vo, 5 vols.Proper Names.—F. Porter Smith (China, Japan, Corea, Annam, &c., Chinese-Eng.), Shanghai, 1870, 8vo.Topography.—Williams, Canton, 1841, 8vo.Names of Towns.—Biot, Paris, 1842, 8vo.Ancient Characters.—Foo Lwantseang,Luh shoo fun luy, 1800, 8vo, 12 vols.Seal Character.—Heu Shin,Shwo wan, ed. Seu Heuen, 1527, 8vo, 12 vols.Running Hand.—St Aulaire and Groeneveld (Square Characters, Running Hand; Running, Square), Amst. 1861, 4to, 117 pages.Technical Terms(in Buddhist translations from Sanskrit)—Yuen Ying,Yih ’see king pin e, 1848, 8vo.Dialects.—Amoy: Douglas, London, 1873, 4to, 632 pages: Macgowan, Hong-Kong, 1869, 8vo.Canton: Yu Heo-poo and Wan ke-shih,Keang hoo chih tuh fun yun tso yaou ho tseih, Canton, 1772, 8vo, 4 vols.; 1803, 8vo, 4 vols.; Fuh-shan, 1833, 8vo, 4 vols.: Morrison, Macao, 1828, 8vo: Wan ke shih, Canton, 1856, 8vo: Williams (tonic, Eng.-Chinese), Canton, 1856, 8vo: Chalmers, Hong-Kong, 1859, 12mo; 3rd ed. 1873, 8vo.Changchow in Fuhkeen: Seay Sew-lin,Ya suh tung shih woo yin, 1818, 8vo, 8 vols.; 1820.Foo-chow: Tseih (a Japanese general) and Lin Peih shan,Pa yin ho ting, ed. Tsin Gan, 1841, 8vo: Maclay and Baldwin, Foochow, 1870, 8vo, 1123 pages.Hok-keen: Medhurst, Macao, 1832, 4to:Peking, Stent, Shanghai, 1871, 8vo.
Corean.—Chinese, Corean and Japanese.—Cham Seen Wo Kwo tsze mei, translated by Medhurst, Batavia, 1835, 8vo.Russian.—Putzillo, St Petersburg, 1874, 12mo, 746 pages.
Japanese.—Sio Ken Zi Ko(Examination of Words and Characters), 1608, 8vo, 10 vols.:Wa Kan Won Se Ki Sio Gen Zi Ko, lithographed by Siebold, Lugd. Bat., 1835, fol.Jap.-Chinese.—Faga biki set yo siu.Chinese-Jap.—Kanghi Tse Tein, 30 vols. 12mo:Zi rin gioku ben.Dutch Dictionaries printed by Japanese.—Nieeu verzameld Japansch en Hollandsch Woordenbock, by the interpreter, B. Sadayok, 1810: Minamoto Masataka, Prince of Nakats (Jap. Chinese-Dutch), 5 vols. 4to, printed at Kakats by his servants:Jedo-Halma(Dutch-Jap.), Jedo, 4to, 20 vols.:Nederduitsche taal, Dutch Chinese, for the use of interpreters.Latin and Portuguese.—Calepinus,Dictionarium, Amacusa, 1595, 4to.Latin.—Collado,Compendium, Romae, 1632, 4to:Lexicon, Romae, 1870, 4to, from Calepinus.English.—Medhurst, Batavia, 1830, 8vo: Hepburn, Shanghai, 1867, 8vo; 1872.Eng.-Jap.—Hori Tatnoskoy, Yedo, 1862, 8vo; 2nd ed. Yeddo, 1866, 8vo: Satow and Ishibashi Masakata (spoken language), London, 1876, 8vo.French.—Rosny (Jap. Fr. Eng.), Paris, 1857, 4to, vol. i.: Pagés, Paris, 1869, 4to, translated from Calepinus.Fr.-Jap.—Soutcovey, Paris, 1864, 8vo.Fr. Eng. Jap.—Mermet de Cachon, Paris, 1866, 8vo, unfinished.German.—Pfizmaier (Jap.-Ger., Eng.), Wien, 1851, 4to, unfinished.Spanish.—Vocabulario del Japon, Manila, 1630, 4to, translated from the next.Portuguese.—Vocabulario da Lingua de Japam, Nagasaki, 1603, 4to.Russian.—Goshkevich, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo, 487 pages.Chinese Characters with Japanese Pronunciation.—Rosny, Paris, 1867, 8vo.Chinese and Japanese Names of Plants.—Hoffmann, Leyde, 1864, 8vo.
Aino.—Pfizmaier, Wien, 1854, 4to.
Northern and Central Asia.—Buriat: Castrén, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo.Calmuck: Zwick, Villingen, 1853, 4to: Smirnov, Kazan, 1857, 12mo: Jügl,Siddhi Kur, Leipzig, 1866, 8vo.Chuvash: Clergy of the school of the Kazan Eparchia, Kazan, 1836, 8vo, 2481 words: Lyulé (Russ.-Chuv. French), Odessa, 1846, 8vo, 244 pages: Zolotnitski, Kazan, 1875, 8vo, 287 pages.Jagatai: Mir Ali Shir,Abuska, ed. Vámbéry, with Hungarian translation, Pesth, 1862, 8vo: Vámbéry, Leipzig, 1867, 8vo: Pavet de Courteille, Paris, 1870, 8vo.Koibal and Karagas: Castrén, St Petersburg, 1857, 8vo.Manchu:Yutchi tseng ting tsing wen kian(Manchu Chinese), 1771, 4to, 6 vols.:Sze li hoh pik wen kian(Manchu-Mongol, Tibetan, Chinese) 10 vols. 4to, the Chinese pronunciation represented in Manchu:San hoh pien lan(Manchu-Chinese, Mongol), 1792, 8vo, 12 vols.;—all three classed vocabularies: Langlès (French), Paris, 1789-1790, 4to, 3 vols.: Gabelentz (German), Leipzig, 1864, 8vo: Zakharov (Russian), St Petersburg, 1875, 8vo, 1235 pages:Mongol: I. J. Schmidt (German, Russian), St Petersburg, 1835, 4to: Schergin, Kazan, 1841, 8vo: Kovalevski, Kasan, 1844-1849, 4to, 3 vols. 2703 pages.Ostiak: Castrén, St Petersb. 1858, 8vo.Samoyed: Castrén, St Petersb. 1855, 8vo, 308 pages. Tartar: Giganov (Tobolsk), St Petersburg, 1804, 4to; (Russ.-Tartar), ib. 1840, 4to: Troyanski (Karan), Kasan, 1835-1855, 4to.Tibetan:Minggi djamtoo(Tibet-Mongol):Bodschi dajig togpar lama:Kad shi schand scharwi melonggi jige(Manchu-Mongol-Tibetan-Chinese), Kanghi’s Dictionary with the Tibetan added in the reign of Khian lung (1736-1795); Csoma de Körös (Eng.), Calcutta, 1834, 4to: I. J. Schmidt (German), St Petersburg, 1841, 4to: Id. (Russian), ib. 1843, 4to: Jaeschke (Eng.), London, 1870, 8vo, 160 pages: Id. (Germ.), Gnadau, 1871, 658 pages: (Bhotanta), Schroeter, Serampore, 1826, 4to.Tungusian: Castrén, St Petersburg, 1856, 8vo, 632 pages.Uigur: Vámbéry, Innspruck, 1870, 4to.Yakut: Böhtlingk, ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols.Yenissei Ostiak: Castrén, ib. 1849, 8vo.
AFRICA
Egyptian.—Young (enchorial), London, 1830-1831, 8vo: Sharpe, London, 1837, 4to: Birch, London. 1838, 4to: Champollion (died March 4, 1832),Dictionnaire égyptien, Paris, 1841, 4to: Brugsch,Hieroglyphisch-Demotisches Wörterbuch, Leipzig, 1867-1868, 4to, 4 vols. 1775 pages, nearly 4700 words, arranged according to the hieroglyphic alphabet of 28 letters: Pierret,Vocabulaire hiérog., Paris, 1875, 8vo, containing also names of persons and places: Birch, in vol. v. pp. 337-580 of Bunsen’sEgypt’s Place, 2nd ed. London, 1867, &c. 8vo, 5010 words.Proper Names.—Brugsch, Berlin, 1851, 8vo, 726 names: Parthey, ib. 1864, 8vo, about 1500 names: Lieblein, Christiania, 1871, 8vo, about 3200 from hieroglyphic texts.Book of the Dead.—Id., Paris, 1875, 12mo.
Coptic.—Veyssière de la Croze, Oxon. 1775, 8vo: Rossi, Romae, 1807, 4to: Tattam, Oxon. 1855, 8vo: Peyron, 1835, 4to (the standard): Parthey, Berolini, 1844, 8vo.
Ethiopic.—Wemmer, Romae, 1638, 4to: Ludolf, London, 1661, 4to: Francof. ad M., 1699, fol.: Dillmann (Tigré appendix), Leipzig, 1863-1865, 4to, 828 pages.
Amharic.—Ludolphus, Franc. ad Maenum, 1698, fol.: Isenberg, London, 1841, 4to, 442 pages.Tigré: Munzinger, Leipzig, 1865, 8vo: Beurmann, ib. 1868, 8vo.
East Coast.—Dankali: Isenberg, London, 1840, 12mo.Galla: Krapf, London, 1842, 8vo: Tutschek, München, 1844, 8vo.Engutuk Iloigob: Erhardt, Ludwigsberg, 1857, 8vo.Kisuaheli:Vocabulary of the Soahili, Cambridge, U.S. 1845, 8vo: Steere, London, 1870, 8vo, about 5800 words.Kisuaheli, Kinika, Kikamba, Kipokono, Kikian, Kigalla: Krapf, Tübingen, 1850, 8vo.
Malagasy.—Houtmann (Malaysche en Madagask Talen), Amst. 1603, 2nd ed. Matthysz, ib. 1680, 8vo: Huet de Froberville, Isle de France, fol. 2 vols.: Flacourt, Paris, 1658, 8vo: Challand (Southern), Isle de France, 1773, 4to: Freeman and Johns, London, 1835, 8vo, 2 vols.: Dalmont (Malgache, Salalave, et Betsimara), 1842, 8vo: Kessler, London, 1870, 8vo.
Southern Africa.—Bleek,The Languages of Mozambique, London, 1856, 8vo.Kaffre: Bennie, Lovedale, 1826, 16mo: Ayliffe, Graham’s Town, 1846, 12mo: Appleyard, 1850, 8vo: Bleek, Bonn, 1853, 4to, 646 pages.Zulu-Kaffre: Perrin (Kaffre-Eng.), London, 1855, 24mo, 172 pages: Id. (Eng.-Kaffre), Pietermaritzburg, 1855, 24mo, 227 pages: Id. (Eng.-Zulu), ib. 1865, 12mo, 226 pages: Dohne, Cape Town, 1857, 8vo, 428 pages: Colenso, Pietermaritzburg, 1861, 8vo, 560 pages, about 8000 words.Hottentot: Bleek, Cape Town, 1857, 4to, 261 pages.Namaqua: Tindall, ib. 1852, 8vo:Vocabulary, Barmen, 1854, 8vo: Hahn, Leipzig, 1870, 12mo. Sechuana: Casalis, Paris, 1841, 8vo.Herero: Hahn, Berlin, 1857, 8vo, 207 pages, 4300 words.
Western Africa.—AkraorGa: Zimmermann, Stuttgart, 1858, 8vo, 690 pages.Ashantee: Christaller (also Akra), Basel, 1874, 8vo, 299 pages.Bullom: Nylander, London, 1814, 12mo.Bunda or Angola: Cannecatim, Lisboa, 1804, 4to, 722 pages.Dualla Grammatical Elements, &c., Cameroons, 1855, 8vo.EfikorOld Calabar: Waddell, Old Calabar, 1846, 16mo, 126 pages; Edinb, 1849, 8vo, 95 pages.Eyo: Raban, London, 1830-1831, 12mo, 2 parts.Grebo:Vocabulary, Cape Palmas, 1837, 8vo;Dictionary, ib. 1839, 8vo, 119 pages.Ifa: Schlegel, Stuttgart, 1857, 8vo.Mpongwe: De Lorme (Franç.-Pongoué), Paris, 1876, 12mo, 354 pages.Oji: Riis, Basel, 1854, 8vo, 284 pages.Sherbro’: Schön,s. a. et l.8vo, written in 1839, 42 pages.Susu: Brunton, Edinburgh, 1802, 8vo, 145 pages.Vei: Koelle, London, 1854, 8vo, 266 pages.Wolof and Bambarra: Dard, Paris, 1825, 8vo.Wolof: Roger, ib. 1829, 8vo: Missionnaires de S. Esprit, Dakar, 1855, &c. 16mo. Faidherbe (French-Wolof, Poula and Soninke), St Louis, Senegambia, 1860, 12mo.Yoruba: Crowther, London, 1843, 8vo; 1852, 298 pages: Vidal, ib. 1852, 8vo: Bowen, Washington, 1858, 4to.
Central Africa.—Barth,Vocabularies. Gotha, 1862-1866, 4to.Bari: Mitterreutzner, Brixen, 1867, 8vo: Reinisch, Vienna, 1874, 8vo.Dinka: Mitterreutzner, Brixen, 1866, 8vo.Haussa: Schön (Eng.), London, 1843, 8vo.
Berber.—Venture de Paradis, Paris, 1844, 8vo: Brosselard, ib. 1844, 8vo: Delaporte, ib. 1844, 4to, by order of the Minister of War: Creusat, Franç.-Kabyle (Zouaoua), Alger, 1873, 8vo.Siwah: Minutoli, Berlin, 1827, 4to.
AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA
Australia.—New South Wales: Threlkeld (Lake Macquarie Language), Sydney, 1834, 8vo.Victoria: Bunce, Melbourne, 1856, 12mo, about 2200 words.South Australia: Williams, South Australia, 1839, 8vo: Teichelmann and Schürmann, Adelaide, 1840, 8vo: Meyer, ib. 1843, 8vo.Murray River: Moorhouse, ib. 1846, 8vo.Parnkalla: Schürmann, Adelaide, 1844, 8vo.Woolner District:Vocabulary, ib. 1869, 12mo.Western Australia: Sir George Grey, Perth, 1839, 4to; London, 1840, 8vo: Moore, ib. 1843: Brady, Roma, 1845, 24mo, 8vo, 187 pages.Tasmania: Millegan, Tasmania, 1857.
Polynesia.—Hale,Grammars and Vocabularies of all the Polynesian Languages, Philadelphia, 1846, 4to.Marquesas, Sandwich Gambier: Mosblech, Paris, 1843, 8vo.Hawaiian: Andrews,Vocabulary, Lahainaluna, 1636, 8vo: Id.,Dictionary, Honolulu, 1865, 8vo, 575 pages, about 15,500 words.Marquesas: Pierquin, de Gembloux, Bourges, 1843, 8vo: Buschmann, Berlin, 1843, 8vo.Samoan:Dictionary, Samoa, 1862, 8vo.Tahitian:A Tahitian and English Dictionary, Tahiti, 1851, 8vo, 314 pages.Tonga: Rabone, Vavau, 1845, 8vo.Fijian: Hazlewood (Fiji-Eng.), Vewa. 1850,12mo: Id. (Eng.-Fiji), ib. 1852, 12mo: Id., London, 1872, 8vo.Maori: Kendall, 1820, 12mo: Williams, Paihia, 1844, 8vo; 3rd ed. London, 1871, 8vo: Taylor, Auckland, 1870, 12mo.
AMERICA
North America.—Eskimo: Washington, London, 1850, 8vo: Petitot (Mackenzie and Anderson Rivers), Paris, 1876, 4to.Kinai: Radloff, St Petersburg, 1874, 4to.Greenland: Egede (Gr. Dan. Lat., 3 parts), Hafn, 1750, 8vo; 1760, Fabricius, Kjöbenhavn, 1804, 4to.Hudson’s Bay Indians: Bowrey, London, 1701, fol.Abnaki: Rasles, Cambridge, U.S., 1833, 4to.Chippewa: Baraga, Cincinnati, 1853, 12mo, 622 pages: Petitot, Paris, 1876, 4to, 455 pages.MassachusettsorNatick: Cotton, Cambridge, U.S. 1829, 8vo.Onondaga: Shea (French-Onon.), from a MS. (of 17th century), London, 1860, 4to, 109 pages.Dacota: Riggs, New York, 1851, 4to, 424 pages: Williamson (Eng. Dac.), Santos Agency, Nebraska, 12mo, 139 pages.Mohawk: Bruyas, New York, 1863, 8vo.Hidatsa (Minnetarees, Gros Ventres of the Missouri): Matthews, ib. 1874, 8vo.Choctaw: Byington, ib. 1852, 16mo.Clallam and Lummi: Gibbs, ib. 1863, 8vo.Yakama: Pandosy, translated by Gibbs and Shea, ib. 1862, 8vo.Chinook: Gibbs, New York, 1863, 4to.Chinook Jargon, the trade language of Oregon: Id., ib. 1863, 8vo.TatcheorTelamé: Sitjar, ib. 1841, 8vo.
Mexico and Central America.—Tepehuan: Rinaldini, Mexico, 1743, 4to.Cora: Ortega, Mexico, 1732, 4to.Tarahumara: Steffel, Brünn, 1791, 8vo.Otomi: Carochi, Mexico, 1645, 4to: Neve y Molina, ib. 1767, 8vo: Yepes, ib. 1826, 4to: Piccolomini, Roma, 1841, 8vo.MexicanorAztec: Molina, Mexico, 1555, 4to; 1571, fol. 2 vols.: Arenas, ib. 1583; 1611, 8vo; 1683; 1725; 1793, 12mo: Biondelli, Milan, 1869, fol.Mexican, Tontonacan, and Huastecan: Olmos, Mexico, 1555-1560, 4to, 2 vols.Huastecan: Tapia Zenteno, ib. 1767, 4to, 128 pages.OpataorTequima: Lombardo, ib. 1702, 4to.Tarasca: Gilberti, ib. 1559, 4to: Lagunas, ib. 1574, 8vo.Mixtecan: Alvarado, Mexico, 1593, 4to.Zapoteca: Cordova, ib. 1578, 4to.Maya: Beltran de Santa Rosa Maria, ib. 1746, 4to; Merida de Yucatan, 1859, 4to, 250 pages: Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1874, 8vo, 745 pages.Quiché: Id. (also Cakchiquel and Trutuhil dialects), ib. 1862, 8vo.
South America.—Chibcha: Uricoechea, Paris, 1871, 8vo.Chayma: Tauste, Madrid, 1680, 4to: Yanguas, Burgos, 1683, 4to.Carib: Raymond, Auxerre, 1665-1666, 8vo.Galibi: D.[e]. L.[a] S.[auvage], Paris, 1763, 8vo.Tupi: Costa Rubim, Rio de Janeiro, 1853, 8vo: Silva Guimaräes, Bahia, 1854, 8vo: Diaz, Lipsia, 1858, 16mo.Guarani: Ruiz de Montoyo, Madrid, 1639, 4to; 1640; 1722, 4to; ed. Platzmann, Leipzig, 1876, &c., 8vo, to be in 4 vols. 1850 pages.Moxa: Marban, Lima, 1701, 8vo.Lule: Machoni de Corderia, Madrid, 1732, 12mo.Quichua: Santo Thomas, Ciudad de los Reyes, 1586, 8vo: Torres Rubio, Sevilla, 1603, 8vo; Lima, 1609, 8vo; ed. Figueredo, Lima, 1754, 8vo; Holguin, Ciudad de los Reyes, 1608, 8vo: Tschudi, Wien, 1853, 8vo, 2 vols.: Markham, London, 1864, 8vo: Lopez,Les Races Aryennes de Perou, Paris, 1871, 8vo, comparative vocabulary, pp. 345-421.Aymara: Bertonio, Chicuyto, 1612, 4to, 2 vols.Chileno: Valdivia (also Allentiac and Milcocayac), Lima, 1607, 8vo: Febres, ib. 1765, 12mo; ed. Hernandez y Caluza, Santiago, 1846, 8vo, 2 vols.Tsonecan(Patagonian): Schmid, Bristol, 1860, 12mo.
The above article incorporates the salient features of the 9th-edition article by the Rev. Ponsonby A. Lyons, and the 10th-edition article by Benjamin E. Smith.