Bibliography.—(a)Collected Works, Diaries, Correspondence, Conversations. The following authorized editions of Goethe’s writings appeared in the poet’s lifetime:Schriften(8 vols., Leipzig, 1787-1790);Neue Schriften(7 vols., Berlin, 1792-1800);Werke(13 vols., Stuttgart, 1806-1810);Werke(20 vols., Stuttgart, 1815-1819); to which six volumes were added in 1820-1822; Werke (Vollständige Ausgabe letzter Hand) (40 vols., Stuttgart, 1827-1830). Goethe’sNachgelassene Werkeappeared as a continuation of this edition in 15 volumes (Stuttgart, 1832-1834), to which five volumes were added in 1842. These were followed by several editions of Goethe’sSämtliche Werke, mostly in forty volumes, published by Cotta of Stuttgart. The first critical edition with notes was published by Hempel, Berlin, in thirty-six volumes, 1868-1879; that in Kürschner’sDeutsche Nationalliteratur, vols. 82-117 (1882-1897) is also important. In 1887 the monumental Weimar edition, which is now approaching completion, began to appear; it is divided into four sections: I.Werke(c.56 vols.); II.Naturwissenschaftliche Werke(12 vols.); III.Tagebücher(13 vols.); IV.Briefe(c.45 vols.). Of other recent editions the most noteworthy are: Sämtliche Werke (Jubiläums-Ausgabe), edited by E. von der Hellen (40 vols., Stuttgart, 1902 ff.);Werke, edited by K. Heinemann (30 vols., Leipzig, 1900 ff.), and the cheap edition of theSämtliche Werke, edited by L. Geiger (44 vols., Leipzig, 1901). There are also innumerable editions of selected works; reference need only be made here to the useful collection of the early writings and letters published by S. Hirzel with an introduction by M. Bernays,Der junge Goethe(3 vols., Leipzig, 1875, 2nd ed., 1887). A French translation of Goethe’sŒuvres complètes, by J. Porchat, appeared in 9 vols., at Paris, in 1860-1863. There is, as yet, no uniform English edition, but Goethe’s chief works have all been frequently translated and a number of them will be found in Bohn’s standard library.The definitive edition of Goethe’s diaries and letters is that forming Sections III. and IV. of the Weimar edition. Collections of selected letters based on the Weimar edition have been published by E. von der Hellen (6 vols., 1901 ff.), and by P. Stein (8 vols., 1902 ff.). Of the many separate collections of Goethe’s correspondence mention may be made of theBriefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe, edited by Goethe himself (1828-1829; 4th ed., 1881; also several cheap reprints. English translation by L. D. Schmitz, 1877-1879);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Zelter(6 vols., 1833-1834; reprint in Reclam’sUniversalbibliothek, 1904; English translation by A. D. Coleridge, 1887);Bettina von Arnim, Goethes Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde(1835; 4th ed., 1890; English translation, 1838);Briefe von und an Goethe, edited by F. W. Riemer (1846);Goethes Briefe an Frau von Stein, edited by A. Schöll (1848-1851; 3rd ed. by J. Wahle, 1899-1900);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und K. F. von Reinhard(1850);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Knebel(2 vols., 1851);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Staatsrat Schultz(1853);Briefwechsel des Herzogs Karl August mit Goethe(2 vols., 1863);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Kaspar Graf von Sternberg(1866);Goethes naturwissenschaftliche Korrespondenz, andGoethes Briefwechsel mit den Gebrüdern von Humboldt, edited by F. T. Bratranek (1874-1876);Goethes und Carlyles Briefwechsel(1887), also in English;Goethe und die Romantik, edited by C. Schüddekopf and O. Walzel (2 vols., 1898-1899);Goethe und Lavater, edited by H. Funck (1901);Goethe und Österreich, edited by A. Sauer (2 vols., 1902-1903). Besides the correspondence with Schiller and Zelter, Bonn’s library contains a translation ofEarly and MiscellaneousLetters, by E. Bell (1884). The chief collections of Goethe’s conversations are: J. P. Eckermann,Gespräche mit Goethe(1836; vol. iii., also containing conversations with Soret, 1848; 7th ed. by H. Düntzer, 1899; also new edition by L. Geiger, 1902; English translation by J. Oxenford, 1850). The complete conversations with Soret have been published in German translation by C. A. H. Burkhardt (1905);Goethes Unterhaltungen mit dem Kanzler F. von Müller(1870). Goethe’s collectedGesprächewere published by W. von Biedermann in 10 vols. (1889-1896).(b)Biography.—Goethe’s autobiography,Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit, appeared in three parts between 1811 and 1814, a fourth part, bringing the history of his life as far as his departure for Weimar in 1775, in 1833 (English translation by J. Oxenford, 1846); it is supplemented by other biographical writings, as theItalienische Reise, Aus einer Reise in die Schweiz im Jahre 1797;Aus einer Reise am Rhein, Main und Neckar in den Jahren 1814 und 1815, Tag- und Jahreshefte, &c., and especially by his diaries and correspondence. The following are the more important biographies: H. Döring,Goethes Leben(1828; subsequent editions, 1833, 1849, 1856); H. Viehoff,Goethes Leben(4 vols., 1847-1854; 5th ed., 1887); J. W. Schäfer,Goethes Leben(2 vols., 1851; 3rd ed., 1877); G. H. Lewes,The Life and Works of Goethe(2 vols., 1855; 2nd ed., 1864; 3rd ed., 1875; cheap reprint, 1906; the German translation by J. Frese is in its 18th edition, 1900; a shorter biography was published by Lewes in 1873 under the titleThe Story of Goethe’s Life); W. Mézières,W. Goethe, les œuvres expliquées par la vie(1872-1873); A. Bossert,Goethe(1872-1873); K. Goedeke,Goethes Leben und Schriften(1874; 2nd ed., 1877); H. Grimm,Goethe: Vorlesungen(1876; 8th ed., 1903; English translation, 1880); A. Hayward,Goethe(1878); H. H. Boyesen,Goethe and Schiller, their Lives and Works(1879); H. Düntzer,Goethes Leben(1880; 2nd ed., 1883; English translation, 1883); A. Baumgartner,Goethe, sein Leben und seine Werke(1885); J. Sime,Life of Goethe(1888); K. Heinemann,Goethes Leben und Werke(1889; 3rd ed., 1903); R. M. Meyer,Goethe(1894; 3rd ed., 1904); A. Bielschowsky,Goethe, sein Leben und seine Werke(vol. i., 1895; 5th ed., 1904; vol. ii., 1903; English translation by W. A. Cooper, 1905 ff.); G. Witkowsky, Goethe (1899); H. G. Atkins,J. W. Goethe(1904); P. Hansen and R. Meyer,Goethe, hans Liv og Vaerker(1906).Of writings on special periods and aspects of Goethe’s life the more important are as follows (the titles are arranged as far as possible in the chronological sequence of the poet’s life): H. Düntzer,Goethes Stammbaum(1894); K. Heinemann,Goethes Mutter(1891; 6th ed., 1900); P. Bastier,La Mère de Goethe(1902);Briefe der Frau Rat(2 vols., 2nd ed., 1905); F. Ewart,Goethes Vater(1899); G. Witkowski,Cornelia die Schwester Goethes(1903); P. Besson,Goethe, sa sœur et ses amies(1898); H. Düntzer,Frauenbilder aus Goethes Jugendzeit(1852); W. von Biedermann,Goethe und Leipzig(1865); P. F. Lucius,Friederike Brion(1878; 3rd ed., 1904); A. Bielschowsky,Friederike Brion(1880); F. E. von Durckheim,Lili’s Bild geschichtlich entworfen(1879; 2nd ed., 1894); W. Herbst,Goethe in Wetzlar(1881); A. Diezmann,Goethe und die lustige Zeit in Weimar(1857; 2nd ed., 1901); H. Düntzer,Goethe und Karl August(1859-1864; 2nd ed., 1888); also, by the same author,Aus Goethes Freundeskreise(1868) andCharlotte von Stein(2 vols., 1874); J. Haarhuus,Auf Goethes Spuren in Italien(1896-1898); O. Harnack,Zur Nachgeschichte der italienischen Reise(1890); H. Grimm,Schiller und Goethe(Essays, 1858; 3rd ed., 1884); G. Berlit,Goethe und Schiller im persönlichen Verkehre, nach brieflichen Mitteilungen von H. Voss(1895); E. Pasqué,Goethes Theaterleitung in Weimar(2 vols., 1863); C. A. H. Burkhards,Das Repertoire des weimarischen Theaters unter Goethes Leitung(1891); J. Wahle,Das Weimarer Hoftheater unter Goethes Leitung(1892); O. Harnack,Goethe in der Epoche seiner Vollendung(2nd ed., 1901); J. Barbey d’Aurevilly,Goethe et Diderot(1880); A Fischer,Goethe und Napoleon(1899; 2nd ed., 1900); R. Steig,Goethe und die Gebrüder Grimm(1892).(c)Criticism.—H. G. Graef,Goethe über seine Dichtungen(1901 ff.); J. W. Braun,Goethe im Urteile seiner Zeitgenossen(3 vols., 1883-1885); T. Carlyle,Essays on Goethe(1828-1832); X. Marmier,Études sur Goethe(1835); W. von Biedermann,Goethe-Forschungen(1879, 1886); J. Minor and A. Sauer,Studien zur Goethe-Philologie(1880); H. Düntzer,Abhandlungen zu Goethes Leben und Werken(1881); A. Schöll,Goethe in Hauptzügen seines Lebens und Wirkens(1882); V. Hehn,Gedanken über Goethe(1884; 4th ed., 1900); W. Scherer,Aufsätze über Goethe(1886); J. R. Seeley,Goethe reviewed after Sixty Years(1894); E. Dowden,New Studies in Literature(1895); É. Rod,Essai sur Goethe(1898); A. Luther,Goethe, sechs Vorträge(1905); R. Saitschik,Goethes Charakter(1898); W. Bode,Goethes Lebenskunst(1900; 2nd ed., 1902); by the same,Goethes Ästhetik(1901); T. Vollbehr,Goethe und die bildende Kunst(1895); E. Lichtenberger,Études sur les poésies lyriques de Goethe(1878); T. Achelis,Grundzüge der Lyrik Goethes(1900); B. Litzmann,Goethes Lyrik(1903); R. Riemann,Goethes Romantechnik(1901); R. Virchow,Goethe als Naturforscher(1861); E. Caro,La Philosophie de Goethe(1866; 2nd ed., 1870); R. Steiner,Goethes Weltanschauung(1897); F. Siebeck,Goethe als Denker(1902); F. Baldensperger, Goethe en France (1904); S. Waetzoldt,Goethe und die Romantik(1888).More special treatises dealing with individual works are the following: W. Scherer,Aus Goethes Frühzeit(1879); R. Weissenfels,Goethe in Sturm und Drang, vol. i. (1894); W. Wilmanns,Quellenstudien zu Goethes Götz von Berlichingen(1874); J. Baechtold,Goethes Götz von Berlichingen in dreifacher Gestalt(1882); J. W. Appell,Werther und seine Zeit(1855; 4th ed., 1896); E. Schmidt,Richardson, Rousseau und Goethe(1875); M. Herrmann,Das Jahrmarktsfest zu Plundersweilen(1900); E. Schmidt, Goethes Faust in ursprünglicher Gestalt (1887; 5th ed., 1901); J. Collin,Goethes Faust in seiner ältesten Gestalt(1896); H. Hettner,Goethes Iphigenie in ihrem Verhältnis zur Bildungsgeschichte des Dichters(1861; inKleine Schriften, 1884); K. Fischer,Goethes Iphigenie(1888); F. T. Bratranek,Goethes Egmont und Schillers Wallenstein(1862); C. Schuchardt,Goethes italienische Reise(1862); H. Düntzer,Iphigenie auf Tauris; die drei ältesten Bearbeitungen(1854); F. Kern,Goethes Tasso(1890); J. Schubart,Die philosophischen Grundgedanken in Goethes Wilhelm Meister(1896); E. Boas,Schiller und Goethe in Xenienkampf(1851); E. Schmidt and B. Suphan,Xenien 1796, nach den Handschriften(1893); W. von Humboldt,Ästhetische Versuche: Hermann und Dorothea(1799); V. Hehn,Über Goethes Hermann und Dorothea(1893); A. Fries,Quellen und Komposition der Achilleis(1901); K. Alt,Studien zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dichtung und Wahrheit(1898); A. Jung,Goethes Wanderjahre und die wichtigsten Fragen des 19. Jahrhunderts(1854); F. Kreyssig,Vorlesungen über Goethes Faust(1866); the editions ofFaustby G. von Loeper (2 vols., 1879), and K. J. Schröer (2 vols., 3rd and 4th ed., 1898-1903); K. Fischer,Goethes Faust(3 vols., 1893, 1902, 1903); O. Pniower,Goethes Faust, Zeugnisse und Excurse zu seiner Entstehungsgeschichte(1899); J. Minor,Goethes Faust, Entstehungsgeschichte und Erklärung(2 vols., 1901).(d)Bibliographical Works, Goethe-Societies, &c.—L. Unflad,Die Goethe-Literatur in Deutschland(1878); S. Hirzel,Verzeichnis einer Goethe-Bibliothek(1884), to which G. von Loeper and W. von Biedermann have supplied supplements. F. Strehlke,Goethes Briefe: Verzeichnis unter Angabe der Quelle(1882-1884);British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books: Goethe(1888); Goedeke’sGrundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung(2nd ed., vol. iv. 1891); and the bibliographies in theGoethe-Jahrbuch(since 1880). Also K. Hoyer,Zur Einführung in die Goethe-Literatur(1904). On Goethe in England see E. Oswald,Goethe in England and America(1899; 2nd ed., 1909); W. Heinemann,A Bibliographical List of the English Translations and Annotated Editions of Goethe’s Faust(1886). Reference may also be made here to F. Zarncke’sVerzeichnis der Originalaufnahmen von Goethes Bildnissen(1888).A Goethe-Gesellschaftwas founded at Weimar in 1885, and numbers over 2800 members; its publications include the annualGoethe-Jahrbuch(since 1880), and a series ofGoethe-Schriften. AGoethe-Vereinhas existed in Vienna since 1887, and an English Goethe society, which has also issued several volumes of publications, since 1886.
Bibliography.—(a)Collected Works, Diaries, Correspondence, Conversations. The following authorized editions of Goethe’s writings appeared in the poet’s lifetime:Schriften(8 vols., Leipzig, 1787-1790);Neue Schriften(7 vols., Berlin, 1792-1800);Werke(13 vols., Stuttgart, 1806-1810);Werke(20 vols., Stuttgart, 1815-1819); to which six volumes were added in 1820-1822; Werke (Vollständige Ausgabe letzter Hand) (40 vols., Stuttgart, 1827-1830). Goethe’sNachgelassene Werkeappeared as a continuation of this edition in 15 volumes (Stuttgart, 1832-1834), to which five volumes were added in 1842. These were followed by several editions of Goethe’sSämtliche Werke, mostly in forty volumes, published by Cotta of Stuttgart. The first critical edition with notes was published by Hempel, Berlin, in thirty-six volumes, 1868-1879; that in Kürschner’sDeutsche Nationalliteratur, vols. 82-117 (1882-1897) is also important. In 1887 the monumental Weimar edition, which is now approaching completion, began to appear; it is divided into four sections: I.Werke(c.56 vols.); II.Naturwissenschaftliche Werke(12 vols.); III.Tagebücher(13 vols.); IV.Briefe(c.45 vols.). Of other recent editions the most noteworthy are: Sämtliche Werke (Jubiläums-Ausgabe), edited by E. von der Hellen (40 vols., Stuttgart, 1902 ff.);Werke, edited by K. Heinemann (30 vols., Leipzig, 1900 ff.), and the cheap edition of theSämtliche Werke, edited by L. Geiger (44 vols., Leipzig, 1901). There are also innumerable editions of selected works; reference need only be made here to the useful collection of the early writings and letters published by S. Hirzel with an introduction by M. Bernays,Der junge Goethe(3 vols., Leipzig, 1875, 2nd ed., 1887). A French translation of Goethe’sŒuvres complètes, by J. Porchat, appeared in 9 vols., at Paris, in 1860-1863. There is, as yet, no uniform English edition, but Goethe’s chief works have all been frequently translated and a number of them will be found in Bohn’s standard library.
The definitive edition of Goethe’s diaries and letters is that forming Sections III. and IV. of the Weimar edition. Collections of selected letters based on the Weimar edition have been published by E. von der Hellen (6 vols., 1901 ff.), and by P. Stein (8 vols., 1902 ff.). Of the many separate collections of Goethe’s correspondence mention may be made of theBriefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe, edited by Goethe himself (1828-1829; 4th ed., 1881; also several cheap reprints. English translation by L. D. Schmitz, 1877-1879);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Zelter(6 vols., 1833-1834; reprint in Reclam’sUniversalbibliothek, 1904; English translation by A. D. Coleridge, 1887);Bettina von Arnim, Goethes Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde(1835; 4th ed., 1890; English translation, 1838);Briefe von und an Goethe, edited by F. W. Riemer (1846);Goethes Briefe an Frau von Stein, edited by A. Schöll (1848-1851; 3rd ed. by J. Wahle, 1899-1900);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und K. F. von Reinhard(1850);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Knebel(2 vols., 1851);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Staatsrat Schultz(1853);Briefwechsel des Herzogs Karl August mit Goethe(2 vols., 1863);Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Kaspar Graf von Sternberg(1866);Goethes naturwissenschaftliche Korrespondenz, andGoethes Briefwechsel mit den Gebrüdern von Humboldt, edited by F. T. Bratranek (1874-1876);Goethes und Carlyles Briefwechsel(1887), also in English;Goethe und die Romantik, edited by C. Schüddekopf and O. Walzel (2 vols., 1898-1899);Goethe und Lavater, edited by H. Funck (1901);Goethe und Österreich, edited by A. Sauer (2 vols., 1902-1903). Besides the correspondence with Schiller and Zelter, Bonn’s library contains a translation ofEarly and MiscellaneousLetters, by E. Bell (1884). The chief collections of Goethe’s conversations are: J. P. Eckermann,Gespräche mit Goethe(1836; vol. iii., also containing conversations with Soret, 1848; 7th ed. by H. Düntzer, 1899; also new edition by L. Geiger, 1902; English translation by J. Oxenford, 1850). The complete conversations with Soret have been published in German translation by C. A. H. Burkhardt (1905);Goethes Unterhaltungen mit dem Kanzler F. von Müller(1870). Goethe’s collectedGesprächewere published by W. von Biedermann in 10 vols. (1889-1896).
(b)Biography.—Goethe’s autobiography,Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit, appeared in three parts between 1811 and 1814, a fourth part, bringing the history of his life as far as his departure for Weimar in 1775, in 1833 (English translation by J. Oxenford, 1846); it is supplemented by other biographical writings, as theItalienische Reise, Aus einer Reise in die Schweiz im Jahre 1797;Aus einer Reise am Rhein, Main und Neckar in den Jahren 1814 und 1815, Tag- und Jahreshefte, &c., and especially by his diaries and correspondence. The following are the more important biographies: H. Döring,Goethes Leben(1828; subsequent editions, 1833, 1849, 1856); H. Viehoff,Goethes Leben(4 vols., 1847-1854; 5th ed., 1887); J. W. Schäfer,Goethes Leben(2 vols., 1851; 3rd ed., 1877); G. H. Lewes,The Life and Works of Goethe(2 vols., 1855; 2nd ed., 1864; 3rd ed., 1875; cheap reprint, 1906; the German translation by J. Frese is in its 18th edition, 1900; a shorter biography was published by Lewes in 1873 under the titleThe Story of Goethe’s Life); W. Mézières,W. Goethe, les œuvres expliquées par la vie(1872-1873); A. Bossert,Goethe(1872-1873); K. Goedeke,Goethes Leben und Schriften(1874; 2nd ed., 1877); H. Grimm,Goethe: Vorlesungen(1876; 8th ed., 1903; English translation, 1880); A. Hayward,Goethe(1878); H. H. Boyesen,Goethe and Schiller, their Lives and Works(1879); H. Düntzer,Goethes Leben(1880; 2nd ed., 1883; English translation, 1883); A. Baumgartner,Goethe, sein Leben und seine Werke(1885); J. Sime,Life of Goethe(1888); K. Heinemann,Goethes Leben und Werke(1889; 3rd ed., 1903); R. M. Meyer,Goethe(1894; 3rd ed., 1904); A. Bielschowsky,Goethe, sein Leben und seine Werke(vol. i., 1895; 5th ed., 1904; vol. ii., 1903; English translation by W. A. Cooper, 1905 ff.); G. Witkowsky, Goethe (1899); H. G. Atkins,J. W. Goethe(1904); P. Hansen and R. Meyer,Goethe, hans Liv og Vaerker(1906).
Of writings on special periods and aspects of Goethe’s life the more important are as follows (the titles are arranged as far as possible in the chronological sequence of the poet’s life): H. Düntzer,Goethes Stammbaum(1894); K. Heinemann,Goethes Mutter(1891; 6th ed., 1900); P. Bastier,La Mère de Goethe(1902);Briefe der Frau Rat(2 vols., 2nd ed., 1905); F. Ewart,Goethes Vater(1899); G. Witkowski,Cornelia die Schwester Goethes(1903); P. Besson,Goethe, sa sœur et ses amies(1898); H. Düntzer,Frauenbilder aus Goethes Jugendzeit(1852); W. von Biedermann,Goethe und Leipzig(1865); P. F. Lucius,Friederike Brion(1878; 3rd ed., 1904); A. Bielschowsky,Friederike Brion(1880); F. E. von Durckheim,Lili’s Bild geschichtlich entworfen(1879; 2nd ed., 1894); W. Herbst,Goethe in Wetzlar(1881); A. Diezmann,Goethe und die lustige Zeit in Weimar(1857; 2nd ed., 1901); H. Düntzer,Goethe und Karl August(1859-1864; 2nd ed., 1888); also, by the same author,Aus Goethes Freundeskreise(1868) andCharlotte von Stein(2 vols., 1874); J. Haarhuus,Auf Goethes Spuren in Italien(1896-1898); O. Harnack,Zur Nachgeschichte der italienischen Reise(1890); H. Grimm,Schiller und Goethe(Essays, 1858; 3rd ed., 1884); G. Berlit,Goethe und Schiller im persönlichen Verkehre, nach brieflichen Mitteilungen von H. Voss(1895); E. Pasqué,Goethes Theaterleitung in Weimar(2 vols., 1863); C. A. H. Burkhards,Das Repertoire des weimarischen Theaters unter Goethes Leitung(1891); J. Wahle,Das Weimarer Hoftheater unter Goethes Leitung(1892); O. Harnack,Goethe in der Epoche seiner Vollendung(2nd ed., 1901); J. Barbey d’Aurevilly,Goethe et Diderot(1880); A Fischer,Goethe und Napoleon(1899; 2nd ed., 1900); R. Steig,Goethe und die Gebrüder Grimm(1892).
(c)Criticism.—H. G. Graef,Goethe über seine Dichtungen(1901 ff.); J. W. Braun,Goethe im Urteile seiner Zeitgenossen(3 vols., 1883-1885); T. Carlyle,Essays on Goethe(1828-1832); X. Marmier,Études sur Goethe(1835); W. von Biedermann,Goethe-Forschungen(1879, 1886); J. Minor and A. Sauer,Studien zur Goethe-Philologie(1880); H. Düntzer,Abhandlungen zu Goethes Leben und Werken(1881); A. Schöll,Goethe in Hauptzügen seines Lebens und Wirkens(1882); V. Hehn,Gedanken über Goethe(1884; 4th ed., 1900); W. Scherer,Aufsätze über Goethe(1886); J. R. Seeley,Goethe reviewed after Sixty Years(1894); E. Dowden,New Studies in Literature(1895); É. Rod,Essai sur Goethe(1898); A. Luther,Goethe, sechs Vorträge(1905); R. Saitschik,Goethes Charakter(1898); W. Bode,Goethes Lebenskunst(1900; 2nd ed., 1902); by the same,Goethes Ästhetik(1901); T. Vollbehr,Goethe und die bildende Kunst(1895); E. Lichtenberger,Études sur les poésies lyriques de Goethe(1878); T. Achelis,Grundzüge der Lyrik Goethes(1900); B. Litzmann,Goethes Lyrik(1903); R. Riemann,Goethes Romantechnik(1901); R. Virchow,Goethe als Naturforscher(1861); E. Caro,La Philosophie de Goethe(1866; 2nd ed., 1870); R. Steiner,Goethes Weltanschauung(1897); F. Siebeck,Goethe als Denker(1902); F. Baldensperger, Goethe en France (1904); S. Waetzoldt,Goethe und die Romantik(1888).
More special treatises dealing with individual works are the following: W. Scherer,Aus Goethes Frühzeit(1879); R. Weissenfels,Goethe in Sturm und Drang, vol. i. (1894); W. Wilmanns,Quellenstudien zu Goethes Götz von Berlichingen(1874); J. Baechtold,Goethes Götz von Berlichingen in dreifacher Gestalt(1882); J. W. Appell,Werther und seine Zeit(1855; 4th ed., 1896); E. Schmidt,Richardson, Rousseau und Goethe(1875); M. Herrmann,Das Jahrmarktsfest zu Plundersweilen(1900); E. Schmidt, Goethes Faust in ursprünglicher Gestalt (1887; 5th ed., 1901); J. Collin,Goethes Faust in seiner ältesten Gestalt(1896); H. Hettner,Goethes Iphigenie in ihrem Verhältnis zur Bildungsgeschichte des Dichters(1861; inKleine Schriften, 1884); K. Fischer,Goethes Iphigenie(1888); F. T. Bratranek,Goethes Egmont und Schillers Wallenstein(1862); C. Schuchardt,Goethes italienische Reise(1862); H. Düntzer,Iphigenie auf Tauris; die drei ältesten Bearbeitungen(1854); F. Kern,Goethes Tasso(1890); J. Schubart,Die philosophischen Grundgedanken in Goethes Wilhelm Meister(1896); E. Boas,Schiller und Goethe in Xenienkampf(1851); E. Schmidt and B. Suphan,Xenien 1796, nach den Handschriften(1893); W. von Humboldt,Ästhetische Versuche: Hermann und Dorothea(1799); V. Hehn,Über Goethes Hermann und Dorothea(1893); A. Fries,Quellen und Komposition der Achilleis(1901); K. Alt,Studien zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dichtung und Wahrheit(1898); A. Jung,Goethes Wanderjahre und die wichtigsten Fragen des 19. Jahrhunderts(1854); F. Kreyssig,Vorlesungen über Goethes Faust(1866); the editions ofFaustby G. von Loeper (2 vols., 1879), and K. J. Schröer (2 vols., 3rd and 4th ed., 1898-1903); K. Fischer,Goethes Faust(3 vols., 1893, 1902, 1903); O. Pniower,Goethes Faust, Zeugnisse und Excurse zu seiner Entstehungsgeschichte(1899); J. Minor,Goethes Faust, Entstehungsgeschichte und Erklärung(2 vols., 1901).
(d)Bibliographical Works, Goethe-Societies, &c.—L. Unflad,Die Goethe-Literatur in Deutschland(1878); S. Hirzel,Verzeichnis einer Goethe-Bibliothek(1884), to which G. von Loeper and W. von Biedermann have supplied supplements. F. Strehlke,Goethes Briefe: Verzeichnis unter Angabe der Quelle(1882-1884);British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books: Goethe(1888); Goedeke’sGrundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung(2nd ed., vol. iv. 1891); and the bibliographies in theGoethe-Jahrbuch(since 1880). Also K. Hoyer,Zur Einführung in die Goethe-Literatur(1904). On Goethe in England see E. Oswald,Goethe in England and America(1899; 2nd ed., 1909); W. Heinemann,A Bibliographical List of the English Translations and Annotated Editions of Goethe’s Faust(1886). Reference may also be made here to F. Zarncke’sVerzeichnis der Originalaufnahmen von Goethes Bildnissen(1888).
A Goethe-Gesellschaftwas founded at Weimar in 1885, and numbers over 2800 members; its publications include the annualGoethe-Jahrbuch(since 1880), and a series ofGoethe-Schriften. AGoethe-Vereinhas existed in Vienna since 1887, and an English Goethe society, which has also issued several volumes of publications, since 1886.
(J. G. R.)
Goethe’s Descendants.—Goethe’s only son,August, born on the 25th of December 1789 at Weimar, married in 1817 Ottilie von Pogwisch (1796-1872), who had come as a child to Weimar with her mother (néeCountess Henckel von Donnersmarck). The marriage was a very unhappy one, the husband having no qualities that could appeal to a woman who, whatever the censorious might say of her moral character, was distinguished to the last by a lively intellect and a singular charm. August von Goethe, whose sole distinction was his birth and his position as grand-ducal chamberlain, died in Italy, on the 27th of October 1830, leaving three children;Walther Wolfgang, born on April 9, 1818, died on April 15, 1885;Wolfgang Maximilian, born on September 18, 1820, died on January 20, 1883;Alma, born on October 22, 1827, died on September 29, 1844.
Of Walther von Goethe little need be said. In youth he had musical ambitions, studied under Mendelssohn and Weinlig at Leipzig, under Loewe at Stettin, and afterwards at Vienna. He published a few songs of no great merit, and had at his death no more than the reputation among his friends of a kindly and accomplished man.
Wolfgang or, as he was familiarly called, Wolf von Goethe, was by far the more gifted of the two brothers, and his gloomy destiny by so much the more tragic. A sensitive and highly imaginative boy, he was the favourite of his grandfather, who made him his constant companion. This fact, instead of being to the boy’s advantage, was to prove his bane. The exalted atmosphere of the great man’s ideas was too rarefied for the child’s intellectual health, and a brain well fitted to do excellent work in the world was ruined by the effort to live up to an impossible ideal. To maintain himself on the same height as his grandfather, and to make the name of Goethe illustrious in his descendants also, became Wolfgang’s ambition; and his incapacity to realize this, very soon borne in upon him, paralyzedhis efforts and plunged him at last into bitter revolt against his fate and gloomy isolation from a world that seemed to have no use for him but as a curiosity. From the first, too, he was hampered by wretched health; at the age of sixteen he was subjected to one of those terrible attacks of neuralgia which were to torment him to the last; physically and mentally alike he stood in tragic contrast with his grandfather, in whose gigantic personality the vigour of his race seems to have been exhausted.
From 1839 to 1845 Wolfgang studied law at Bonn, Jena, Heidelberg and Berlin, taking his degree ofdoctor jurisat Heidelberg in 1845. During this period he had made his first literary efforts. HisStudenten-Briefe(Jena, 1842), a medley of letters and lyrics, are wholly conventional. This was followed byDer Mensch und die elementarische Natur(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1845), in three parts (Beiträge): (1) an historical and philosophical dissertation on the relations of mankind and the “soul of nature,” largely influenced by Schelling, (2) a dissertation on the juridical side of the question,De fragmento Vegoiae, being the thesis presented for his degree, (3) a lyrical drama,Erlinde. In this last, as in his other poetic attempts, Wolfgang showed a considerable measure of inherited or acquired ability, in his wealth of language and his easy mastery of the difficulties of rhythm and rhyme. But this was all. The work was characteristic of his self-centred isolation: ultra-romantic at a time when Romanticism was already an outworn fashion, remote alike from the spirit of the age and from that of Goethe. The cold reception it met with shattered at a blow the dream of Wolfgang’s life; henceforth he realized that to the world he was interesting mainly as “Goethe’s grandson,” that anything he might achieve would be measured by that terrible standard, and he hated the legacy of his name.
The next five years he spent in Italy and at Vienna, tormented by facial neuralgia. Returning to Weimar in 1850, he was made a chamberlain by the grand-duke, and in 1852, his health being now somewhat restored, he entered the Prussian diplomatic service and went as attaché to Rome. The fruit of his long years of illness was a slender volume of lyrics,Gedichte(Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1851), good in form, but seldom inspired, and showing occasionally the influence of a morbid sensuality. In 1854 he was appointed secretary of legation; but the aggressive ultramontanism of the Curia became increasingly intolerable to his overwrought nature, and in 1856 he was transferred, at his own request, as secretary of legation to Dresden. This post he resigned in 1859, in which year he was raised to the rank ofFreiherr(baron). In 1866 he received the title of councillor of legation; but he never again occupied any diplomatic post.
The rest of his life he devoted to historical research, ultimately selecting as his special subject the Italian libraries up to the year 1500. The outcome of all his labours was, however, only the first part ofStudies and Researches in the Times and Life of Cardinal Bessarion, embracing the period of the council of Florence (privately printed at Jena, 1871), a catalogue of the MSS. in the monastery of Sancta Justina at Padua (Jena, 1873), and a mass of undigested material, which he ultimately bequeathed to the university of Jena.
In 1870 Ottilie von Goethe, who had resided mainly at Vienna, returned to Weimar and took up her residence with her two sons in the Goethehaus. So long as she lived, her small salon in the attic storey of the great house was a centre of attraction for many of the most illustrious personages in Europe. But after her death in 1872 the two brothers lived in almost complete isolation. The few old friends, including the grand-duke Charles Alexander, who continued regularly to visit the house, were entertained with kindly hospitality by Baron Walther; Wolfgang refused to be drawn from his isolation even by the advent of royalty. “Tell the empress,” he cried on one occasion, “that I am not a wild beast to be stared at!” In 1879, his increasing illness necessitating the constant presence of an attendant, he went to live at Leipzig, where he died.
Goethe’s grandsons have been so repeatedly accused of having displayed a dog-in-the-manger temper in closing the Goethehaus to the public and the Goethe archives to research, that the charge has almost universally come to be regarded as proven. It is true that the house was closed and access to the archives only very sparingly allowed until Baron Walther’s death in 1885. But the reason for this was not, as Herr Max Hecker rather absurdly suggests, Wolfgang’s jealousy of his grandfather’s oppressive fame, but one far more simple and natural. From one cause or another, principally Ottilie von Goethe’s extravagance, the family was in very straitened circumstances; and the brothers, being thoroughly unbusinesslike, believed themselves to be poorer than they really were.1They closed the Goethehaus and the archives, because to have opened them would have needed an army of attendants.2If they deserve any blame it is for the pride, natural to their rank and their generation, which prevented them from charging an entrance fee, an expedient which would not only have made it possible for them to give access to the house and collections, but would have enabled them to save the fabric from falling into the lamentable state of disrepair in which it was found after their death. In any case, the accusation is ungenerous. With an almost exaggeratedPietätGoethe’s descendants preserved his house untouched, at great inconvenience to themselves, and left it, with all its treasures intact, to the nation. Had they been the selfish misers they are sometimes painted, they could have realized a fortune by selling its contents.
Wolf Goethe(Weimar, 1889) is a sympathetic appreciation by Otto Mejer, formerly president of the Lutheran consistory in Hanover. See also Jenny v. Gerstenbergk,Ottilie von Goethe und ihre Söhne Walther und Wolf(Stuttgart, 1901), and the article on Maximilian Wolfgang von Goethe by Max F. Hecker inAllgem. deutsche Biographie, Bd. 49,Nachträge(Leipzig, 1904).
Wolf Goethe(Weimar, 1889) is a sympathetic appreciation by Otto Mejer, formerly president of the Lutheran consistory in Hanover. See also Jenny v. Gerstenbergk,Ottilie von Goethe und ihre Söhne Walther und Wolf(Stuttgart, 1901), and the article on Maximilian Wolfgang von Goethe by Max F. Hecker inAllgem. deutsche Biographie, Bd. 49,Nachträge(Leipzig, 1904).
(W. A. P.)
1After Walther’s death upwards of £10,000 in bonds, &c., were discovered put away and forgotten in escritoires and odd corners.2This was the reason given by Baron Walther himself to the writer’s mother, an old friend of Frau von Goethe, who lived with her family in the Goethehaus for some years after 1871.
1After Walther’s death upwards of £10,000 in bonds, &c., were discovered put away and forgotten in escritoires and odd corners.
2This was the reason given by Baron Walther himself to the writer’s mother, an old friend of Frau von Goethe, who lived with her family in the Goethehaus for some years after 1871.
GOETZ, HERMANN(1840-1876), German musical composer, was born at Königsberg in Prussia, on the 17th of December 1840, and began his regular musical studies at the comparatively advanced age of seventeen. He entered the music-school of Professor Stern at Berlin, and studied composition chiefly under Ulrich and Hans von Bülow. In 1863 he was appointed organist at Winterthur in Switzerland, where he lived in obscurity for a number of years, occupying himself with composition during his leisure hours. One of his works was an opera,The Taming of the Shrew, the libretto skilfully adapted from Shakespeare’s play. After much delay it was produced at Mannheim (in October 1874), and its success was as instantaneous as it has up to the present proved lasting. It rapidly made the round of the great German theatres, and spread its composer’s fame over all the land. But Goetz did not live to enjoy this happy result for long. In December 1876 he died at Zürich from overwork. A second opera,Francesco da Rimini, on which he was engaged, remained a fragment; but it was finished according to his directions, and was performed for the first time at Mannheim a few months after the composer’s death on the 4th of December 1876. Besides his dramatic work, Goetz also wrote various compositions for chamber-music, of which a trio (Op. 1) and a quintet (Op. 16) have been given with great success at the London Monday Popular Concerts. Still more important is theSymphony in F. As a composer of comic opera Goetz lacks the sprightliness and artisticsavoir faireso rarely found amongst Germanic nations. His was essentially a serious nature, and passion and pathos were to him more congenial than humour. The more serious sides of the subject are therefore insisted upon more successfully than Katherine’s ravings and Petruchio’s eccentricities. There are, however, very graceful passages,e.g.the singing lesson Bianca receives from her disguised lover. Goetz’s style, although influenced by Wagner and other masters, shows signs of a distinct individuality. The design of his music is essentially of a polyphonic character, and the working out and interweaving of his themes betray the musician of high scholarship. But breadth and beautiful flow of melody also were his,as is seen in the symphony, and perhaps still more in the quintet for pianoforte and strings above referred to. The most important of Goetz’s posthumous works are a setting of the 137th Psalm for soprano solo, chorus and orchestra, a “Spring” overture (Op. 15), and a pianoforte sonata for four hands (Op. 17).
GOFFE(orGough),WILLIAM(fl. 1642-1660), English parliamentarian, son of Stephen Goffe, puritan rector of Stanmer in Essex, began life as an apprentice to a London salter, a zealous parliamentarian, but on the outbreak of the civil war he joined the army and became captain in Colonel Harley’s regiment of the new model in 1645. He was imprisoned in 1642 for his share in the petition to give the control of the militia to the parliament. By his marriage with Frances, daughter of General Edward Whalley, he became connected with Oliver Cromwell’s family and one of his most faithful followers. He was a member of the deputation which on the 6th of July 1647 brought up the charge against the eleven members. He was active in bringing the king to trial and signed the death warrant. In 1649 he received the honorary degree of M.A. at Oxford. He distinguished himself at Dunbar, commanding a regiment there and at Worcester. He assisted in the expulsion of Barebone’s parliament in 1653, took an active part in the suppression of Penruddock’s rising in July 1654, and in October 1655 was appointed major-general for Berkshire, Sussex and Hampshire. Meanwhile he had been elected member for Yarmouth in the parliament of 1654 and for Hampshire in that of 1656. He supported the proposal to bestow a royal title upon Cromwell, who greatly esteemed him, was included in the newly-constituted House of Lords, obtained Lambert’s place as major-general of the Foot, and was even thought of as a fit successor to Cromwell. As a member of the committee of nine appointed in June 1658 on public affairs, he was witness to the protector’s appointment of Richard Cromwell as his successor. He supported the latter during his brief tenure of power and his fall involved his own loss of influence. In November 1659 he took part in the futile mission sent by the army to Monk in Scotland, and at the Restoration escaped with his father-in-law General Edward Whalley to Massachusetts. Goffe’s political aims appear not to have gone much beyond fighting “to pull down Charles and set up Oliver”; and he was no doubt a man of deep religious feeling, who acted throughout according to a strict sense of duty as he conceived it. He was destined to pass the rest of his life in exile, separated from his wife and children, dying, it is supposed, about 1679.
GOFFER,to give a fluted or crimped appearance to anything, particularly to linen or lace frills or trimmings by means of heated irons of a special shape, called goffering-irons or tongs. “Goffering,” or the French termgaufrage, is also used of the wavey or crimped edging in certain forms of porcelain, and also of the stamped or embossed decorations on the edges of the binding of books. The French wordgaufre, from which the English form is adapted, means a thin cake marked with a pattern like a honeycomb, a “wafer,” which is etymologically the same word.Waufreappears in the phraseun fer à waufres, an iron for baking cakes on (quotation of 1433 in J. B. Roquefort’sGlossaire de la langue romane). The word is Teutonic, cf. Dutchwafel, Ger.Waffel, a form seen in “waffle,” the name given to the well-known batter-cakes of America. The “wafer” was so called from its likeness to a honeycomb,Wabe, ultimately derived from the rootwab-, to weave, the cells of the comb appearing to be woven together.
GOG(possibly connected with the GentilicGagaya, “of the land of Gag,” used in Amarna Letters i. 38, as a synonym for “barbarian,” or with Ass.Gagu, a ruler of the land ofSahi, N. of Assyria, or withGyges, Ass.Gugu, a king of Lydia), a Hebrew name found in Ezek. xxxviii.-xxxix. and in Rev. xx., and denoting an antitheocratic power that is to manifest itself in the world immediately before the final dispensation. In the later passage, Gog and Magog are spoken of as co-ordinate; in the earlier, Gog is given as the name of the person or people and Magog as that of the land of origin. Magog is perhaps a contracted form of Mat-gog,matbeing the common Assyrian word for “land.” The passages are, however, intimately related and both depend upon Gen. x. 2, though here Magog alone is mentioned. He is the second “son” of Japhet, and the order of the names here and in Ezekiel xxxviii. 2, indicates a locality between Cappadocia and Media,i.e.in Armenia. According to Josephus, who is followed by Jerome, the Scythians were primarily intended by this designation; and this plausible opinion has been generally followed. The nameΣκύθαι, it is to be observed, however, is often but a vague word for any or all of the numerous and but partially known tribes of the north; and any attempt to assign a more definite locality to Magog can only be very hesitatingly made. According to some, the Maiotes about the Palus Maeotis are meant; according to others, the Massagetae; according to Kiepert, the inhabitants of the northern and eastern parts of Armenia. The imagery employed in Ezekiel’s prophetic description was no doubt suggested by the Scythian invasion which about the time of Josiah, 630B.C., had devastated Asia (Herodotus i. 104-106; Jer. iv. 3-vi. 30). Following on this description, Gog figures largely in Jewish and Mahommedan as well as in Christian eschatology. In the district of Astrakhan a legend is still to be met with, to the effect that Gog and Magog were two great races, which Alexander the Great subdued and banished to the inmost recesses of the Caucasus, where they are meanwhile kept in by the terror of twelve trumpets blown by the winds, but whence they are destined ultimately to make their escape and destroy the world.
The legends that attach themselves to the gigantic effigies (dating from 1708 and replacing those destroyed in the Great Fire) of Gog and Magog in Guildhall, London, are connected only remotely, if at all, with the biblical notices. According to theRecuyell des histoires de Troye, Gog and Magog were the survivors of a race of giants descended from the thirty-three wicked daughters of Diocletian; after their brethren had been slain by Brute and his companions, Gog and Magog were brought to London (Troy-novant) and compelled to officiate as porters at the gate of the royal palace. It is known that effigies similar to the present existed in London as early as the time of Henry V.; but when this legend began to attach to them is uncertain. They may be compared with the giant images formerly kept at Antwerp (Antigomes) and Douai (Gayant). According to Geoffrey of Monmouth (Chronicles, i. 16), Goëmot or Goëmagot (either corrupted from or corrupted into “Gog and Magog”) was a giant who, along with his brother Corineus, tyrannized in the western horn of England until slain by foreign invaders.
GOGO, orGogha, a town of British India in Ahmedabad district, Bombay, 193 m. N.W. of Bombay. Pop. (1901) 4798. About ¾ m. east of the town is an excellent anchorage, in some measure sheltered by the island of Piram, which lies still farther east. The natives of this place are reckoned the best sailors in India; and ships touching here may procure water and supplies, or repair damages. The anchorage is a safe refuge during the south-west monsoon, the bottom being a bed of mud and the water always smooth. Gogo has lost its commercial importance and has steadily declined in population and trade since the time of the American Civil War, when it was an important cotton-mart.
GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH(1809-1852), Russian novelist, was born in the province of Poltava, in South Russia, on the 31st of March 1809. Educated at the Niezhin gymnasium, he there started a manuscript periodical, “The Star,” and wrote several pieces including a tragedy,The Brigands. Having completed his course at Niezhin, he went in 1829 to St Petersburg, where he tried the stage but failed. Next year he obtained a clerkship in the department of appanages, but he soon gave it up. In literature, however, he found his true vocation. In 1829 he published anonymously a poem calledItaly, and, under the pseudonym of V. Alof, an idyll,Hans Kuchel Garten, which he had written while still at Niezhin. The idyll was so ridiculed by a reviewer that its author bought up all the copies he could secure, and burnt them in a room which he hired for the purpose at an inn. Gogol then fell back upon South Russian popular literature, and especially the tales of Cossackdom on which his boyish fancy had been nursed, his father having occupied thepost of “regimental secretary,” one of the honorary officials in the Zaporogian Cossack forces.
In 1830 he published in a periodical the first of the stories which appeared next year under the title ofEvenings in a Farm near Dikanka: by Rudy Panko. This work, containing a series of attractive pictures of that Little-Russian life which lends itself to romance more readily than does the monotony of “Great-Russian” existence, immediately obtained a great success—its light and colour, its freshness and originality being hailed with enthusiasm by the principal writers of the day in Russia. Whereupon Gogol planned, not only a history of Little-Russia, but also one of the middle ages, to be completed in eight or nine volumes. This plan he did not carry out, though it led to his being appointed to a professorship in the university of St Petersburg, a post in which he met with small success and which he resigned in 1835. Meanwhile he had published hisArabesques, a collection of essays and stories; hisTaras Bulba, the chief of theCossack Talestranslated into English by George Tolstoy; and a number of novelettes, which mark his transition from the romantic to the realistic school of fiction, such as the admirable sketch of the tranquil life led in a quiet country house by two kindly specimens ofOld-world Gentlefolks, or the description of the petty miseries endured by an ill-paid clerk in a government office, the great object of whose life is to secure the “cloak” from which his story takes its name. To the same period belongs his celebrated comedy, theRevizor, or government inspector. His aim in writing it was to drag into light “all that was bad in Russia,” and to hold it up to contempt. And he succeeded in rendering contemptible and ludicrous the official life of Russia, the corruption universally prevailing throughout the civil service, the alternate arrogance and servility of men in office. The plot of the comedy is very simple. A traveller who arrives with an empty purse at a provincial town is taken for an inspector whose arrival is awaited with fear, and he receives all the attentions and bribes which are meant to propitiate the dreaded investigator of abuses. The play appeared on the stage in the spring of 1836, and achieved a full success, in spite of the opposition attempted by the official classes whose malpractices it exposed. The aim which Gogol had in view when writing theRevizorhe afterwards fully attained in his great novel,Mertvuiya Dushi, or Dead Souls, the first part of which appeared in 1842. The hero of the story is an adventurer who goes about Russia making fictitious purchases of “dead souls,”i.e.of serfs who have died since the last census, with the view of pledging his imaginary property to the government. But his adventures are merely an excuse for drawing a series of pictures, of an unfavourable kind, of Russian provincial life, and of introducing on the scene a number of types of Russian society. Of the force and truth with which these delineations are executed the universal consent of Russian critics in their favour may be taken as a measure. From the French version of the story a general idea of its merits may be formed, and some knowledge of its plot and its principal characters may be gathered from the English adaptation published in 1854, as an original work, under the title ofHome Life in Russia. But no one can fully appreciate Gogol’s merits as a humorist who is not intimate with the language in which he wrote as well as with the society which he depicted.
In 1836 Gogol for the first time went abroad. Subsequently he spent a considerable amount of time out of Russia, chiefly in Italy, where much of hisDead Soulswas written. His residence there, especially at Rome, made a deep impression on his mind, which, during his later years, turned towards mysticism. The last works which he published, hisConfessionandCorrespondence with Friends, offer a painful contrast to the light, bright, vigorous, realistic, humorous writings which had gained and have retained for him his immense popularity in his native land. Asceticism and mystical exaltation had told upon his nervous system, and its feeble condition showed itself in his literary compositions. In 1848 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and on his return settled down at Moscow, where he died on the 3rd of March 1852.
SeeMaterials for the Biography of Gogol(in Russian) (1897), by Shenrok; “Illness and Death of Gogol,” by N. Bazhenov,Russkaya Muisl, January 1902.
SeeMaterials for the Biography of Gogol(in Russian) (1897), by Shenrok; “Illness and Death of Gogol,” by N. Bazhenov,Russkaya Muisl, January 1902.
(W. R. S.-R.)
GOGRA, orGhagra, a river of northern India. It is an important tributary of the Ganges, bringing down to the plains more water than the Ganges itself. It rises in Tibet near Lake Manasarowar, not far from the sources of the Brahmaputra and the Sutlej, passes through Nepal where it is known as the Kauriala, and after entering British territory becomes the most important waterway in the United Provinces. It joins the Ganges at Chapra after a course of 600 m. Its tributary, the Rapti, also has considerable commercial importance. The Gogra has the alternative name of Sarju, and in its lower course is also known as the Deoha.
GOHIER, LOUIS JÉRÔME(1746-1830), French politician, was born at Semblançay (Indre-et-Loire) on the 27th of February 1746, the son of a notary. He was called to the bar at Rennes, and practised there until he was sent to represent the town in the states-general. In the Legislative Assembly he represented Ille-et-Vilaine. He took a prominent part in the deliberations; he protested against the exaction of a new oath from priests (Nov. 22, 1791), and demanded the sequestration of the emigrants’ property (Feb. 7, 1792). He was minister of justice from March 1793 to April 1794, and in June 1799 he succeeded Treilhard in the Directory, where he represented the republican interest. His wife was intimate with Josephine Bonaparte, and when Bonaparte suddenly returned from Egypt in October 1799 he repeatedly protested his friendship for Gohier, who was then president of the Directory, and tried in vain to gain him over. After thecoup d’étatof the 18th Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), he refused to abdicate his functions, and sought out Bonaparte at the Tuileries “to save the republic,” as he boldly expressed it. He was escorted to the Luxembourg, and on his release he retired to his estate at Eaubonne. In 1802 Napoleon made him consul-general at Amsterdam, and on the union of the Netherlands with France he was offered a similar post in the United States. His health did not permit of his taking up a new appointment, and he died at Eaubonne on the 29th of May 1830.
HisMémoires d’un vétéran irréprochable de la Révolutionwas published in 1824, his report on the papers of the civil list preparatory to the trial of Louis XVI. is printed in LeProcès de Louis XVI(Paris, an III) and elsewhere, while others appear in theMoniteur.
HisMémoires d’un vétéran irréprochable de la Révolutionwas published in 1824, his report on the papers of the civil list preparatory to the trial of Louis XVI. is printed in LeProcès de Louis XVI(Paris, an III) and elsewhere, while others appear in theMoniteur.
GÖHRDE, a forest of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, immediately W. of the Elbe, between Wittenberg and Lüneburg. It has an area of about 85 sq. m. and is famous for its oaks, beeches and game preserves. It is memorable for the victory gained here, on the 16th of September 1813, by the allies, under Wallmoden, over the French forces commanded by Pecheur. The hunting-box situated in the forest was built in 1689 and was restored by Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover. It is known to history on account of the constitution of Göhrde, promulgated here in 1719.
GOITO, a village of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Mantua, from which it is 11 m. N.W., on the road to Brescia. Pop. (village) 737; (commune) 5712. It is situated on the right bank of the Mincio near the bridge. Its position has given it a certain military importance in various campaigns and it has been repeatedly fortified as a bridge-head. The Piedmontese forces won two actions (8th of April and 30th of May 1848) over the Austrians here.
GOITRE(from Lat.guttur, the throat; synonyms, Bronchocele, Derbyshire Neck), a term applied to a swelling in the front of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland. This structure, which lies between the skin and the anterior surface of the windpipe, and in health is not large enough to give rise to any external prominence (except in the pictures of certain artists), is liable to variations in size, more especially in females, a temporary enlargement of the gland being not uncommon at the catamenial periods, as well as during pregnancy. In goitre the swelling is conspicuous and is not only unsightly but may occasion much discomfort from its pressure upon the windpipe and other important parts of the neck. J. L. Alibert recorded cases ofgoitre where the tumour hung down over the breast, or reached as low as the middle of the thigh.
Goitre usually appears in early life, often from the eighth to the twelfth year; its growth is at first slow, but after several years of comparative quiescence a sudden increase is apt to occur. In the earlier stages the condition of the gland is simply an enlargement of its constituent parts, which retain their normal soft consistence; but in the course of time other changes supervene, and it may become cystic, or acquire hardness from increase of fibrous tissue or from calcareous deposits. Occasionally the enlargement is uniform, but more commonly one of the lobes, generally the right, is the larger. In rare instances the disease is limited to the isthmus which connects the two lobes of the gland. The growth is unattended with pain, and is not inconsistent with good health.
Goitre is a marked example of an endemic disease. There are few parts of the world where it is not found prevailing in certain localities, these being for the most part valleys and elevated plains in mountainous districts (seeCretinism). The malady is generally ascribed to the use of drinking water impregnated with the salts of lime and magnesia, in which ingredients the water of goitrous districts abounds. But in localities not far removed from those in which goitre prevails, and where the water is of the same chemical composition, the disease may be entirely unknown. The disease may be the result of a combination of causes, among which local telluric or malarial influences concur with those of the drinking water. Goitre is sometimes cured by removal of the individual from the district where it prevails, and it is apt to be acquired by previously healthy persons who settle in goitrous localities; and it is only in such places that the disease exhibits hereditary tendencies.
In the early stages, change of air, especially to the seaside, is desirable, and small doses of iron and of iodine should be given; if this fails small doses of thyroid extract should be tried. If palliative measures prove unsuccessful, operation must be undertaken for the removal of one lateral lobe and the isthmus of the tumour. This may be done under chloroform or after the subcutaneous injection of cocaine. If chloroform is used, it must be given very sparingly, as the breathing is apt to become seriously embarrassed during the operation. After the successful performance of the operation great improvement takes place, the remaining part of the gland slowly decreasing in size. The whole of the gland must not be removed during the operation, lest the strange disease known as Myxoedema should be produced (seeMetabolic Diseases).
Inexophthalmic goitrethe bronchocele is but one of three phenomena, which together constitute the disease, viz. palpitation of the heart,enlargementof the thyroid gland, and protrusion of the eyeballs. This group of symptoms is known by the name of “Graves’s disease” or “Von Basedow’s disease”—the physicians by whom the malady was originally described. Although occasionally observed in men, this affection occurs chiefly in females, and in comparatively early life. It is generally preceded by impoverishment of blood, and by nervous or hysterical disorders, and it is occasionally seen in cases of organic heart disease. It has been suddenly developed as the effect of fright or of violent emotion. The first symptom is usually the palpitation of the heart, which is aggravated by slight exertion, and may be so severe as not only to shake the whole frame but even to be audible at some distance. A throbbing is felt throughout the body, and many of the larger blood-vessels are, like the heart, seen to pulsate strongly. The enlargement of the thyroid is gradual, and rarely increases to any great size, thus differing from the commoner form of goitre. The enlarged gland is of soft consistence, and communicates a thrill to the touch from its dilated and pulsating blood-vessels. Accompanying the goitre a remarkable change is observed in the eyes, which attract attention by their prominence, and by the startled expression thus given to the countenance. In extreme cases the eyes protrude from their sockets to such a degree that the eyelids cannot be closed, and injury may thus arise to the constantly exposed eyeballs. Apart from such risk, however, the vision is rarely affected. It occasionally happens that in undoubted cases of the disease one or other of the three above-named phenomena is absent, generally either the goitre or the exophthalmos. The palpitation of the heart is the most constant symptom. Sleeplessness, irritability, disorders of digestion, diarrhoea and uterine derangements, are frequent accompaniments. It is a serious disease and, if unchecked, may end fatally. Some cases are improved by general hygienic measures, others by electric treatment, or by the administration of animal extracts or of sera. Some cases, on the other hand, may be considered suitable for operative treatment.