PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF THE VERBPRAISE.
INDICATIVE MODE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
INFINITIVES.
PARTICIPLES.
EXERCISE I.
Fully conjugate the verbfreezein both voices.
EXERCISE II.
Write out the progressive forms of the verbsing.
PARSING OF VERBS.
To parse a verb is to state itsclass, itsconjugation, itsvoice, itsmode, itstense, itsperson, andnumber, and itssubject.
Model.—The boyshave brokenthe window.
Have broken, a verb, transitive; strong conjugation (break, broke, broken); active voice; indicative mode; present perfect tense, third person; plural number, agreeing with its subjectboys.
Model.—If theyhelpmy friend Ishall beglad.
Help, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (help, helped, helped); active voice; subjunctive mode; present tense; third person; plural number, agreeing with its subjectthey.
Shall be, a verb, intransitive; strong conjugation (am, was, been); indicative mode; future tense; first person; singular number, agreeing with its subjectI.
Model.—Being providedwith tools, theyplanteda row of stakes within their palisade,to forma double fence.
Being provided, a present participle; passive form, modifyingthey.
Planted, a verb, transitive; weak conjugation (plant, planted, planted); active voice; indicative mode; past tense; third person; plural number, agreeing with its subjectthey.
To form, a present infinitive; active voice; used as an adverb to modifyplanted.
EXERCISE.
Parse the verbs, the infinitives, and the participles in the following sentences:—
CLASSES OF ADVERBS.
What does each adverb in the following sentences denote?—
Classes of Adverbs according to theirmeaning:—
1. Adverbs oftimeandsuccession; as, Sheseldomfails to call. We come next.
2. Adverbs ofplaceandmotion; as, John stoodtherefor an hour. They are goingback.
Note.—The wordthereis sometimes used merely to introduce a sentence, that the subject may follow the verb; as,Thereare two boys in the room. When it is used in this manner it is called anexpletive.
Note.—The wordthereis sometimes used merely to introduce a sentence, that the subject may follow the verb; as,Thereare two boys in the room. When it is used in this manner it is called anexpletive.
3. Adverbs ofmannerandquality; as, You did itwell. That man actsfoolishly.
4. Adverbs ofdegreeandmeasure; as, He isquiteill. She is averyindustrious woman.
5.Modeladverbs—those that express certainty or uncertainty; as, I shallsurelycome. You areprobablyright.
EXERCISE.
How is each adverb used in the following sentences?—
Classes of Adverbs according to theiruse:—
1. An adverb that simply modifies another word is called asimple adverb; as,Slowlyandsadlywe laid himdown.
2. An adverb that not only modifies a word, but also connects the clause of which it forms a part with another clause, is called aconjunctive adverb; as, I shall gowhenhe comes.
3. An adverb that is used to ask a question is called aninterrogative adverb; as,Whydid they take it away?
Note.—Some adverbs are compared like adjectives; as, Soon, sooner, soonest; swiftly, more swiftly, most swiftly.
Note.—Some adverbs are compared like adjectives; as, Soon, sooner, soonest; swiftly, more swiftly, most swiftly.
LESSON LII.
PARSING OF ADVERBS.
To parse an adverb is to state the kind of adverb, itsdegreeof comparison, if it has any, and what itmodifies.
Model.—Nowyou may read it.
Now, an adverb of time, modifying the verb-phrasemay read.
Model.—I knowwhereyou put it.
Where, a conjunctive adverb, showing place. It modifiesputand connects the clause, [where]you put itwith the clause,I know.
EXERCISE.
Parse the adverbs in the following sentences:—
LESSON LIII.
PREPOSITIONS.
What do the prepositions in the following sentences connect, and what relations do they express?—
Prepositions express a great variety of relations. The most common relations are as follows:—
1.Time; as, The scholars go homeafterschool.
2.Placeordirection; as, He satupona stone.
3.Agencyormeans; as, John cut his fingerwitha knife.
4.Possession; as, The callofthe shepherd was heard by his flock.
5.Separation; as, James took the bookfromhis brother.
6.Association; as, A manwithan axe in his hand came in.
7.Opposition; as, He isagainstme.
8.Object; as, The loveofpleasure destroys many a life.
9.Cause; as, They did itthroughignorance.
Note.—There are many phrases which have the use of prepositions and are treated as such; as, We stoodin front ofthe building. A woman cameout ofthe house. He livedaccording tohis light.
Note.—There are many phrases which have the use of prepositions and are treated as such; as, We stoodin front ofthe building. A woman cameout ofthe house. He livedaccording tohis light.
PARSING OF PREPOSITIONS.
Model.—I stoodonthe bridgeatmidnight.
On, a preposition, connecting the nounbridgewith the verbstood, and showing the relation ofplace.
At, a preposition, connecting the nounmidnightwith the verbstood, and showing the relation oftime.
EXERCISE.
Parse the prepositions in the following sentences:—
CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS.
Point out in the following examples conjunctions that connect sentences or parts of a sentence of equal rank, and those that connect sentences that are not of equal rank:—
A conjunction that connects sentences or parts of a sentence of equal rank, is called aco-ordinating conjunction; as, The night is coldandclear. It was sold,butI did not want it. I know he came home,andtook it away.
A conjunction that connects a dependent or subordinate clause to a principal clause, is called asubordinating conjunction; as, James saidthathe was sick. I cannot gounlesshe come.
Note.—Conjunctions used in pairs are calledcorrelatives; as,both—and,either—or,neither—nor.
Note.—Conjunctions used in pairs are calledcorrelatives; as,both—and,either—or,neither—nor.
PARSING OF CONJUNCTIONS.
Model.—The teacher gave me a book,andI read it.
And, a co-ordinating conjunction, connecting the two principal clauses,The teacher gave me a book, andI read it.
Model.—The boy is strongbutlazy.
But, a co-ordinating conjunction, connecting the adjectivesstrongandlazy.
Model.—His mother saidthathe might go.
That, a subordinating conjunction, connecting the subordinate clause,he might go, to the principal clause,his mother said.
EXERCISE I.
Parse the conjunctions in the following sentences:—
EXERCISE II.
1. Write three sentences each containing a co-ordinating conjunction. Underline example.
2. Write three sentences each containing a subordinating conjunction. Underline example.
3. Write an example of correlative conjunctions. Underline them.
INTERJECTIONS.
As an interjection bears no grammatical relation to the other words of a sentence, its parsing consists in naming the parts of speech, and the feeling expressed.
Model.—Hurrah! we have won.
Hurrah, an interjection—expresses the feeling of joy.
EXERCISE.
Parse the interjections in the following sentences:—
PART THIRD.SYNTAX.
PART THIRD.
SYNTAX.
Syntax treats of therelationswhich words bear to one another in sentences, and of theorderin which the words are arranged. The relation of a word in a sentence is called itsconstruction.
Note.—Many of the leading principles of syntax have been illustrated already. We shall now study them and others in a systematic way.
Note.—Many of the leading principles of syntax have been illustrated already. We shall now study them and others in a systematic way.
RELATIONS OF THE NOUN.
Examine the construction of the italicized nouns in the following sentences:—
1.Subject nominative.The noun may be used as the subject of a verb; as,Boysplay. The subject of a verb is in thenominative case.
2.Predicate nominative.A noun that is used to form a complete predicate, and refers to the same person or thing as the subject, is in thenominative caseafter the verb; as, John becameking. A noun so used is called apredicate nounorpredicate nominative. The verbsbe,seem,become,appear,lookare followed by apredicate nominative.
3.Apposition.A noun added to another noun to explain its meaning is said to be in apposition to the first noun; as,
Mr. Henry, ourprincipal, is sick. (Nominative in apposition.)
We like your sisterMary. (Objective in apposition.)
4.Nominative of address.A noun that is used in addressing a person or thing, is in thenominative case of address; as,Man, thy years are few.
5.Nominative absolute.A noun that is not related to any other word in the sentence is in thenominative absolute case; as, Thedaybeing bright, I went for a drive.
6.Object of a verb.A noun or pronoun on which the action expressed by a verb ends, is called the grammaticalobjectof the verb; as, I broke mypen.
7.Object of a preposition.A noun or pronoun which a preposition connects in sense to some other word in the sentence, is called theobjectof the preposition; as, He came from thecountry.
8.Indirect object.A noun or pronoun that is used to showtoorforwhom or what something is done, is called theindirectobject; as, He gavemea watch. The wordwatchis thedirectobject ofgave.
9.Possession.A noun that is used to denote ownership is in thepossessivecase; as, Myfriend’shat is missing.
10.Adverbial object.A noun that is used like an adverb to expresstime,distance,weight, orvalue, is called anadverbial objective; as, He walked fivemiles. It is worth eightdollars.
11.Retained object.When an active verb, taking two objects, is changed into the passive voice, one object becomes thesubject of the passive verb, but the other isretained as object; as, He was forgiven hisoffence.
12.Cognate object.When the objective has a similar or cognate meaning to that of the verb, it is called acognate object; as, She sung us asong.
13.Predicate objective.When a noun is in the predicate relation to an objective subject, it is called apredicate objective; as, I know him to be an honestman.
14.An objective predicate.A noun that completes the meaning of a transitive verb and describes its object, is called anobjective predicate; as, They elected himpresident. The verbscall,make,appoint,choose,elect, and those of like nature, take theobjective predicate.