Point out the pronouns in the following sentences that do not stand for any particular persons or things:—
Pronouns which do not stand for particular or definite persons or things, are calledindefinite pronouns; as,Fewbelieved him.
The principal words used as indefinite pronouns areall,any,other,another,both,some,such,few,many,one,none,each,either,neither, and words made by joiningsome,any,everyandnoto the wordsone,thingandbody.
EXERCISE.
Select the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences, and give the case of each:—
PARSING.
To parse a pronoun is to state the class to which it belongs, its gender, person, number, case, and its grammatical relation to other words in the sentence.
Parse all the pronouns in the following sentences:—
Model:—I have the knifewhich yougaveme.
I, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; first person; singular number; nominative case, subject ofhave.which, a relative pronoun; third person; singular number; objective case, direct object of the verbgave.you, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; second person; singular or plural number; nominative case, subject of the verbgave.me, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; first person; singular number; objective case, indirect object of the verbgave.
I, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; first person; singular number; nominative case, subject ofhave.
which, a relative pronoun; third person; singular number; objective case, direct object of the verbgave.
you, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; second person; singular or plural number; nominative case, subject of the verbgave.
me, a personal pronoun; masculine or feminine gender; first person; singular number; objective case, indirect object of the verbgave.
LESSON XXIX.
CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES.
ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY.
Point out the adjectives in the following sentences that expressqualityorkindin the objects named by the nouns with which they are used:—
Adjectives that express quality or kind in the objects named by the nouns with which they are used, are calledqualifying adjectives; as, Thesekindgirls took somefreshflowers to asickwoman.
Qualifying adjectives that are formed from proper nouns are calledproper adjectives. They begin with capital letters; as, He gave her anEnglishcoin.
EXERCISE.
Select the qualifying adjectives in the following sentences, and state the nouns they qualify:—
LESSON XXX.
ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY.
Point out the adjectives in the following sentences, that express thequantityornumberof the objects named by the nouns with which they are used:—
Adjectives that express the quantity or number of the objects named by the nouns with which they are used, are calledquantifying adjectives; as, He won thesecondprize.
EXERCISE.
Select the quantifying adjectives in the following sentences, and state the noun each modifies:—
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
Which of the italicized words are used as pronouns and which as adjectives?
Adjectives that are sometimes used as pronouns are calledpronominal adjectives; as,Thesebooks are mine.Allboys can learn.
There are five kinds ofpronominal adjectives.
1.Possessive adjectives.These are the possessive forms of the personal pronouns used as adjectives. They are given in Lesson XXII., and are as follows:—myormine,thyorthine,ourorours,youroryours,his,herorhers,its,theirortheirs.
2.Interrogative adjectives.These arewhichandwhatwhen used with a noun to ask a question; as,Whichpoem will you recite?Whatwrong have you done?
3.Relative adjectives.These are the wordswhichandwhatused relativelywith a noun; as, I knowwhichpen you prefer. I seewhatcourse you are taking.
4.Indefinite adjectives.These are the words which, when used without nouns, are indefinite pronouns; as,Fewpersons believe his story. [See Lesson XXVII.]
5.Demonstrative adjectives.These arethis,these;that,those;yon,yonder, when used with nouns; as,Thattree is very tall.Yonship is coming nearer.
To the foregoing list of demonstrative adjectives we may adda,an, andthe, since they aredemonstrative in their nature, that is they are usedto point out, but they haveno pronominal use; as,Theman is well again.Anapple is on the table.
Note.—Anis used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as,Anorange is yellow.Anhour contains sixty minutes.Ais used before a word beginning with a consonant sound; as,Apencil is on the desk. Manyaone has succeeded. (Onebegins with the consonant sound ofw.)
Note.—Anis used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as,Anorange is yellow.Anhour contains sixty minutes.
Ais used before a word beginning with a consonant sound; as,Apencil is on the desk. Manyaone has succeeded. (Onebegins with the consonant sound ofw.)
EXERCISE.
Select the pronominal adjectives in the following sentences, give thekindof each and the word it modifies:—
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
In the following sentences what degree of quality do the different forms of the adjectivelargeexpress?
In sentence number 2, two balls arecompared. In sentence number 3, three or more balls arecompared. Hence the change of form of adjectives to express differentdegreesof quality is calledcomparison.
The form of the adjective, which merely expresses the quality, is called thepositive degree; as, I have asmallpen.
The form of the adjective that expresses a higher or lower degree of the quality, is called thecomparative degree; as, Charles has asmallerpen than mine.
The form of the adjective that expresses the highest or the lowest degree of the quality, is called thesuperlative degree; as, The teacher has thesmallestpen in the room.
Most adjectives of one syllable form the comparative by addingerto the simple form, and the superlative by addingestto the same form; as,
Note.—If the simple form ends ine, one e is omitted in the comparison.
Note.—If the simple form ends ine, one e is omitted in the comparison.
Most adjectives of more than one syllable are composed by prefixingmoreandmost, orlessandleastto the simple form; as,
The following adjectives of two syllables are often compared by addingerandest:happy,pleasant,common,noble,able,narrow.
The following adjectives are compared irregularly:—
EXERCISE I.
Name each adjective in the following sentences, state its degree, and give the word it modifies:—
EXERCISE II.
Compare the following adjectives:—
Parse all the adjectives in the following sentences:
Model.These kindgirls brought mesomeflowers.
These, a pronominal adjective; demonstrative; modifying the noungirls.
kind, a qualifying adjective; positive degree; (kind, kinder, kindest), modifying the noungirls.
some, a pronominal adjective; indefinite; modifying the nounflowers.
CLASSES OF VERBS.
Name the verbs in the following sentences that express an action or feeling that goes out from the agent or doer to something else, and the verbs that express an action or feeling that does not go out to anything, but remains with the doer:—
A verb that expresses an action or feeling that goes out from the agent or doer to something else, is called atransitive verb; as, Hewrotea letter. Weloveour friends.
A verb that expresses being, a state, or an action or feeling that does not go out to anything, but remains with the doer, is called anintransitive verb; as, Heishere. Shesleepsnow. The windblowsfrom the north. This manfeelssick.
EXERCISE I.
Classify the verbs in the following sentences:—
EXERCISE II.
Note.—The same verb may be used either transitively or intransitively; as, Iseethe house. Iseethrough this paper.
Some verbs have only an intransitive use because they do not express action; as,be,seem,appear,remain,become, etc.
1. Write sentences using the following words as transitive verbs:—
2. Write sentences using the following words as intransitive verbs:—
Point out each verb that is used by itself to make a complete statement, and each verb that is not used by itself to make a complete statement:—
When a verb by itself makes a complete statement, it is calleda verb of complete predication; as, Birdsfly.
When a verb by itself does not make a complete statement, it is calleda verb of incomplete predication; as, This manisa merchant.
EXERCISE.
Select the verbs of incomplete predication, and state the word or words that complete the predication:—